Wakil Pertama Perdana Menteri Uni Soviet: Perbedaan antara revisi

Deputi Perdana Menteri Pertama
Uni Soviet
Deputi Perdana Menteri Pertama ; Uni Soviet
	Lambang
Kediaman	Kremlin Moskwa
Pendahulu	Ketua Deputi Dewan Komisar Rakyat
Dibentuk	14 Mei 1936
Pejabat pertama	Valerian Kuibyshev
Pejabat terakhir	Vladimir Velichko dan Vitaly Doguzhiev
Jabatan dihapus	26 November 1991
Suksesi	Deputi Perdana Menteri Pertama Federasi Rusia

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Revisi terkini sejak 20 September 2023 17.02

Jabatan Deputi Perdana Menteri Pertama Uni Soviet, yang juga disebut Wakil Perdana Menteri Pertama Uni Soviet, adalah sinonim dari wakil kepala pemerintahan Uni Republik Sosialis Soviet (URSS); Deputi Perdana Menteri pertama tak selalu menjabat dalam jabatannya sendirian. Sebanyak 26 orang telah memegang jabatan tersebut; 18 diantaranya memegang jabatan lainnya bersamaan dengan jabatan Deputi Perdana Menteri Pertama. Pemegang jabatan pertamanya adalah Valerian Kuibyshev, yang dilantik pada 1934 sebagai Ketua Deputi Pertama Dewan Komisar Rakyat (bahasa Rusia: Первый заместитель Председателя Совета Народных Комиссаров, disingkat Sovnarkom). Lavrentiy Beria menjalani masa jabatan terpendek dan menjabat selama 113 hari. Sepanjang tujuh belas tahun, Vyacheslav Molotov menjalani masa jabatan terpanjang, dan memegang jabatannya sepanjang sebagian besar masa kepemimpinan Joseph Stalin sebagai Perdana Menteri, serta sepanjang masa kepemimpinan Georgy Malenkov dan Nikolai Bulganin.

Seorang Wakil Perdana Menteri Pertama biasanya diberikan tenggung jawab lebih dari satu area khusus. Sebagai contoh, Kirill Mazurov bertanggung jawab bidang industri, dan Dmitry Polyansky bertanggung jawab masalah pertanian. Namun sayangnya, setelah kemunduran Polyansky pada tahun 1973 Mazurov menjadi yang tersisa satu-satunya sebagai Wakil Perdana Menteri Pertama, sampai dengan Tikhonov diangkat pada tahun 1976.^[1]^:34 Seorang pejabat dapat juga bertanggung jawab untuk mengoordinasikan aktivitas-aktivitas kementerian dan komite negara dan badan-badan di bawahnya dari Dewan Menteri. Untuk melakukan tugasnya, Wakil Perdana Menteri Pertama harus memberikan bimbingan badan-badan secara cepat untuk memastikan implementasi rencana pengembangan ekonomi dan sosial jika perintah dan keputusan Dewan Menteri ditaati. Jika Perdana Menteri tidak dapat melaksanakan tugas-tugasnya, salah satu dari Wakil Perdana Menteri Pertama dapat mengambil peran sampai Perdana Menteri kembali.^[2] Selama akhir dasawarsa 1970-an, ketika kesehatan Perdana Menteri Alexei Kosygin memburuk, Nikolai Tikhonov, Wakil Perdana Menteri Pertama, bertindak mewakili selama ketidakhadirannya. Ketika Tikhonov memegang kendali ekonomi Soviet, Kosygin perannya bersiap siaga. Pada sebuah sidang pleno Komite Pusat yang diselenggarakan bulan Juni 1980, rencana pengembangan ekonomi Soviet dijalankan oleh Tikhonov, dan bukan Kosygin.^[3]

Sebelum adanya transformasi di tubuh Dewan Komisar Rakyat ke Dewan Menteri (bahasa Rusia: Первый заместитель Председателя Совета Министров, abbreviated Sovmin) posisi wakil kepala pemerintahan diberikan kepada Ketua Deputi dari Sovnarkom;^[1]^:281 namun, ada tiga pengecualian: Nikolai Voznesensky, Kuibyshev dan Molotov yang terpilih sebagai Wakil Ketua Pertama pada pertengahan dasawarsa 1930-an dan 1940-an. Tidak ada Wakil Perdana Menteri Pertama sejak 1935 sampai dengan tahun 1941 sebab tak seorang pun terpilih menduduki pos tersebut. Molotov, salah satu dari dua Wakil Perdana Menteri Pertama di bawah masa jabatan Stalin, hampir kehilangan posisinya ketika Stalin, yang menjabat sebagai Perdana Menteri, mengambil cuti; Molotov, dalam kapasitasnya sebagai Wakil Perdana Menteri Pertama, berketetapan bahwa Stalin melihat adanya pelanggaran berat atas kebijakannya.^[4] Pengganti Stalin, Malenkov, mempromosikan Bulganin, Beria dan Lazar Kaganovich untuk menduduki pos sebagai Wakil Perdana Menteri Pertama dari Dewan Menteri. Dalam sebuah resolusi Dewan Menteri, dinyatakan bahwa Perdana Menteri, Wakil Perdana Menteri Pertama dan Wakil Perdana Menteri merancang Presidium Dewan Menteri.^[1]^:30^[1]^:31 Sebuah dekrit telah ditandatangani oleh Perdana Menteri atau seorang Wakil Perdana Menteri Pertama, dan dalam kasus ketidakhadiran Perdana Menteri, seorang Wakil Perdana Menteri Pertama akan dianggap sebagai yang menjalankan tugas Perdana Menteri.^[1]^:123 Wakil-wakil Perdana Menteri Pertama (bahasa Rusia: Первый заместитель Председателя Совета Министров) merupakan anggota dari Kabinet Menteri (bahasa Rusia: Кабинет Министров СССР), badan pelaksana dan administrasi yang menggantikan Dewan Menteri pada tahun 1990.^[5]

Daftar deputi pertama[sunting | sunting sumber]

Pemegang		Masa jabatan (lama masa jabatan)	Perdana Menteri	Jabatan lainnya yang dipegang saat menjadi Deputi Perdana Menteri Pertama
Ketua Deputi Pertama Dewan Komisar Rakyat (1934 – 1935/1941 – 1946)
Valerian Kuybyshev (1888–1935)^[6]		14 Mei 1934 – 25 Januari 1935 (256 hari)	Vyacheslav Molotov	Ketua Komisi Kontrol Soviet^[7]
Nikolai Voznesensky (1895–1950)^[8]	—	10 Maret 1941 – 15 Maret 1946 (5 tahun, 5 hari)	Vyacheslav Molotov	Ketua Komisi Perencanaan Negara^[8]
Nikolai Voznesensky (1895–1950)^[8]	—	10 Maret 1941 – 15 Maret 1946 (5 tahun, 5 hari)	Joseph Stalin	Ketua Komisi Perencanaan Negara^[8]
Vyacheslav Molotov (1890–1986)^[9]		16 Agustus 1942 – 15 Maret 1946 (3 tahun, 211 hari)	Joseph Stalin	Komisar Rakyat untuk Urusan Luar Negeri^[10]
Ketua Deputi Pertama Dewan Menteri(1946 – 1990)
Vyacheslav Molotov (1890–1986)^[9]		19 Maret 1946 – 29 Juni 1957 (11 tahun, 106 hari)	Joseph Stalin	Menteri Luar Negeri^[11]
			Georgy Malenkov
			Nikolai Bulganin
Nikolai Bulganin (1895–1975)^[12]		7 April 1950 – 8 Februari 1955 (4 tahun, 307 hari)	Joseph Stalin	Menteri Pertahanan^[13]
Nikolai Bulganin (1895–1975)^[12]		7 April 1950 – 8 Februari 1955 (4 tahun, 307 hari)	Georgy Malenkov	Menteri Pertahanan^[13]
Lavrentiy Beria (1899–1953)^[10]		5 Maret 1953 – 26 Juni 1953 (113 hari)	Georgy Malenkov	Menteri Dalam Negeri^[10]
Lazar Kaganovich (1893–1991)^[14]		5 Maret 1953 – 29 Juni 1957 (4 tahun, 141 hari)	Georgy Malenkov	Menteri Industri Bahan Bangunan^[15] Ketua Komite Negara Dewan Menteri untuk Buruh dan Upah^[16]
			Nikolai Bulganin
			Nikita Khrushchev
Anastas Mikoyan (1895–1978)^[17]		28 Februari 1955 – 15 Juli 1964 (9 tahun, 138 hari)	Nikolai Bulganin	—
Anastas Mikoyan (1895–1978)^[17]		28 Februari 1955 – 15 Juli 1964 (9 tahun, 138 hari)	Nikita Khrushchev	—
Mikhail Pervukhin (1904–1974)^[18]	—	28 Februari 1955 – 5 Juli 1957 (2 tahun, 127 hari)	Nikolai Bulganin	Ketua Komisi Ekonomi Negara Dewan Menteri untuk Perencanaan Ekonomi Saat Ini^[18] Menteri Bangunan Mesin Ringan^[18]
Maksim Saburov (1900–1977)^[19]	—	28 Februari 1955 – 5 Juli 1957 (2 tahun, 127 hari)	Nikolai Bulganin	Ketua Komite Perencanaan Negara^[19]
Joseph Kuzmin (1910–1996)^[20]	—	28 Februari 1955 – 5 Juli 1957 (2 tahun, 127 hari)	Nikolai Bulganin	Ketua Komite Perencanaan Negara^[20]
Frol Kozlov (1908–1965)^[21]	—	31 Maret 1958 – 4 Mei 1960 (2 tahun, 34 hari)	Nikita Khrushchev	Ketua Komite Perencanaan Negara^[21]
Alexei Kosygin (1904–1980)^[22]		4 Mei 1960 – 15 Oktober 1964 (4 tahun, 164 hari)	Nikita Khrushchev	—
Dmitriy Ustinov (1908–1984)^[23]		13 Maret 1963 – 26 Maret 1965 (2 tahun, 13 hari)	Nikita Khrushchev	—
Dmitriy Ustinov (1908–1984)^[23]		13 Maret 1963 – 26 Maret 1965 (2 tahun, 13 hari)	Alexei Kosygin	—
Kirill Mazurov (1914–1989)^[24]	—	26 Maret 1965 – 28 November 1978 (13 tahun, 247 hari)	Alexei Kosygin	Sekretaris Pertama Partai Komunis Byelorussia^[24]
Dmitry Polyansky (1917–2001)^[25]	—	2 Oktober 1965 – 2 Februari 1973 (7 tahun, 123 hari)	Alexei Kosygin	—
Nikolai Tikhonov (1905–1997)^[26]	—	2 September 1976 – 23 Oktober 1980 (4 tahun, 51 hari)	Alexei Kosygin	—
Ivan Arkhipov (1907–1998)^[27]	—	27 Oktober 1980 – 4 Oktober 1986 (5 tahun, 342 hari)	Nikolai Tikhonov	—
Ivan Arkhipov (1907–1998)^[27]	—	27 Oktober 1980 – 4 Oktober 1986 (5 tahun, 342 hari)	Nikolai Ryzhkov	—
Heydar Aliyev (1923–2003)^[28]		24 November 1982 – 23 Oktober 1987 (4 tahun, 333 hari)	Nikolai Tikhonov	Sekretaris Pertama Partai Komunis Azerbaijan^[29]
Heydar Aliyev (1923–2003)^[28]		24 November 1982 – 23 Oktober 1987 (4 tahun, 333 hari)	Nikolai Ryzhkov	Sekretaris Pertama Partai Komunis Azerbaijan^[29]
Andrei Gromyko (1909–1989)^[30]		24 Maret 1983 – 2 Juli 1985 (2 tahun, 100 hari)	Nikolai Tikhonov	Menteri Luar Negeri^[31]
Nikolai Talyzin (1929–1991)^[32]	—	14 Oktober 1985 – 1 Oktober 1988 (2 tahun, 353 hari)	Nikolai Ryzhkov	Ketua Komite Perencanaan Negara^[32]
Vsevolod Murakhovski (1926-2017)^[33]	—	1 November 1985 – 7 Juni 1989 (3 tahun, 218 hari)	Nikolai Ryzhkov	Ketua Komite Negara Dewan Menteri Bidang Pertanian^[33]
Yuri Maslyukov (1937–2010)^[34]	—	5 Februari 1988 – 26 Desember 1990 (2 tahun, 324 hari)	Nikolai Ryzhkov	Ketua Komite Perencanaan Negara^[35]
Lev Voronin (1928–2006)^[36]	—	17 Juli 1989 – 26 Desember 1990 (1 tahun, 162 hari)	Nikolai Ryzhkov	—
Vladilen Nikitin (lahir 1936)^[37]	—	27 Juli 1989 – 30 Agustus 1990 (1 tahun, 34 hari)	Nikolai Ryzhkov	—
Wakil Perdana Mentri Pertama Kabinet Menteri (1991)
Vladimir Velichko (lahir 1937)^[38]	—	15 Januari 1991 – 26 November 1991 (315 hari)	Valentin Pavlov	Menteri Bangunan Mesin Berat^[39]
Vladimir Velichko (lahir 1937)^[38]	—	15 Januari 1991 – 26 November 1991 (315 hari)	Ivan Silayev	Menteri Bangunan Mesin Berat^[39]
Vitaly Doguzhiev (lahir 1935)^[39]	—	15 Januari 1991 – 26 November 1991 (315 hari)	Valentin Pavlov	—
Vitaly Doguzhiev (lahir 1935)^[39]	—	15 Januari 1991 – 26 November 1991 (315 hari)	Ivan Silayev	—

Referensi[sunting | sunting sumber]

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Huskey, Eugene (1992). Executive Power and Soviet Politics: The Rise and Decline of the Soviet State. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 1-56324-059-9.
^ Кабинет Министров СССР. 5 июля 1978 «ЗАКОН О СОВЕТЕ МИНИСТРОВ СССР». (Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. 5 July 1978 Law of the Council of Ministers of the USSR).
^ Zemtsov, Ilya (1989). Chernenko: The Last Bolshevik: The Soviet Union on the Eve of Perestroika. New Brunswick, N.J: Transaction Publishers. hlm. 119. ISBN 0-88738-260-6.
^ Peerie, Maureen; Lieven, D.C.B.; Suny, Ronald Grigory (2006). The Cambridge History of Russia: The Twentieth Century. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 259. ISBN 0-521-81144-9.
^ Кабинет Министров СССР. Статья №130 от 26 декабря 1990г. «Президент СССР». (Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. Article #130 of 26 December 1990 Cabinet of Ministers of the USSR).
^ Shepilov, Dmitri; Austin, Anthony; Bittner, Stephen (2007). The Kremlin's Scholar: A Memoir of Soviet Politics under Stalin and Khrushchev. Yale University Press. hlm. 403. ISBN 978-0-300-09206-6.
^ Hollander, Paul (2006). From the Gulag to the Killing Fields: Personal Accounts of Political Violence and Repression in Communist States. ISI Books. hlm. 113. ISBN 1-932236-78-3.
^ ^a ^b McCauley, Martin (1997). Who's Who in Russia since 1900. Routledge. hlm. 224–225. ISBN 0-415-13898-1.
^ ^a ^b Phillips, Steven (2000). Lenin and the Russian Revolution. Heinemann. hlm. 89. ISBN 0-435-32719-4.
^ ^a ^b ^c Service, Robert (2009). History of Modern Russia: From Tsarism to the Twenty-first Century. Penguin Books Ltd. hlm. 332. ISBN 978-0-14-103797-4. ^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]}
^ Ulam, Adam (2007). Stalin: The Man and his Era. Tauris Parke Paperbacks. hlm. 508. ISBN 978-1-84511-422-0.
^ Trahair, R.C.S. (2004). Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies, and Secret Operations. Greenwood Publishing Group. hlm. 69. ISBN 0-313-31955-3.
^ Siddiqi, Asif Azam (2010). The Red Rockets' Glare: Spaceflight and the Soviet Imagination, 1857–1957. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 266. ISBN 978-0-521-89760-0.
^ Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (2009). Stalin's Terror of 1937–1938: Political Genocide in the USSR. Mehring Books. hlm. 332. ISBN 978-1-893638-04-4.
^ McCauley, Martin (1997). Who's Who in Russia since 1900. Routledge. hlm. 106. ISBN 0-415-13898-1.
^ McAuley, Alastair (1979). Economic Welfare in the Soviet Union: Poverty, Living standards, and Inequality. University of Wisconsin Press. hlm. 2000. ISBN 0-04-335038-0.
^ Микоян Анастас Иванович (dalam bahasa Russian). War Heroes. Diakses tanggal 12 January 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c Первухин, Михаил Георгиевич (dalam bahasa Russian). War Heroes. Diakses tanggal 12 January 2011.
^ ^a ^b Сабуров, Максим Захарович (dalam bahasa Russian). hrono. Diakses tanggal 12 January 2011.
^ ^a ^b Государственная власть СССР: Высшие органы власти и управления и их руководители: 1923—1991. Moscow, Russian Federation: Историко-биографический справочник./Сост. В. И. Ивкин. 2004. hlm. 69. ISBN 978-5-8243-0014-7.
^ ^a ^b Staff writer. Фрол Романович КОЗЛОВ (dalam bahasa Russian). proekt-wms.narod.ru. Diakses tanggal 12 January 2011.
^ Trahair, R.C.S. (2004). Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies, and Secret Operations. Greenwood Publishing Group. hlm. 37. ISBN 0-313-31955-3.
^ Staff writer. Устинов, Дмитрий Фёдорович (dalam bahasa Russian). warheroes.ru. Diakses tanggal 12 January 2011.
^ ^a ^b Staff writer. Мазуров Кирилл Тимофеевич (dalam bahasa Russian). hrono.ru. Diakses tanggal 12 January 2011.
^ Staff writer. Полянский, Дмитрий Степанович (dalam bahasa Russian). Pseudology. Diakses tanggal 12 January 2011.
^ Ploss, Sidney (2010). The Roots of Perestroika: The Soviet Breakdown in Historical Context. McFarland & Company. hlm. 219. ISBN 978-0-7864-4486-1.
^ Ziyang, Zhao; Bao, Pu; Chiang, Renee (1998). Prisoner of the State: The Secret Journal of Zhao Ziyang. Routledge. hlm. 289. ISBN 1-4391-4938-0.
^ Staff writer (16 December 2003). "Azerbaijan's Geidar Aliev dies at 80". China Daily. Diakses tanggal 12 January 2011.
^ Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States. Routledge. 1998. hlm. 156. ISBN 1-85743-058-1.
^ Ploss, Sidney (2010). The Roots of Perestroika: The Soviet Breakdown in Historical Context. McFarland & Company. hlm. 217. ISBN 978-0-7864-4486-1.
^ Laird, Robin F., Hoffmann, Erik P.; Fleron, Fredrick J. (1991). Soviet Foreign Policy: Classic and Contemporary Issues. Transaction Publishers. hlm. 445–46. ISBN 0-202-24171-8.
^ ^a ^b Staff writer (26 January 1991). "Nikolai Talyzin, 62; Assisted Gorbachev in Starting Reforms". The New York Times. Reuters. Diakses tanggal 12 January 2011.
^ ^a ^b Staff writer. "Всеволод Серафимович Мураховский". portrets.ru. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-01-13. Diakses tanggal 13 February 2011.
^ Staff writer (1 April 2010). "Скончался депутат Госдумы от КПРФ Юрий Маслюков". Gazeta.ru. Diakses tanggal 13 February 2011.
^ Маслюков Юрий Дмитриевич (dalam bahasa Russian). hrono. Diakses tanggal 13 February 2011.
^ Staff writer. Воронин, Лев Алексеевич (dalam bahasa Russian). moscow-tombs.narod.ru. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-07-10. Diakses tanggal 8 April 2011.
^ Abrosimov, Igor. Н – Свод персоналий (dalam bahasa Russian). proza.ru. Diakses tanggal 13 February 2011.
^ Schulz-Torge, Ulrich-Joachim (1992). Who Was Who in the Soviet Union. K. G. Saur Verlag. hlm. 232. ISBN 978-3-598-10810-5.
^ ^a ^b Shevchenko, Iulia (2004). The Central Government of Russia: From Gorbachev to Putin. Ashgate Publishing. hlm. 32. ISBN 978-0-7546-3982-4.

[Huskey1992-1] Huskey, Eugene (1992). Executive Power and Soviet Politics: The Rise and Decline of the Soviet State. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 1-56324-059-9.

[2] Кабинет Министров СССР. 5 июля 1978 «ЗАКОН О СОВЕТЕ МИНИСТРОВ СССР». (Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. 5 July 1978 Law of the Council of Ministers of the USSR).

[3] Zemtsov, Ilya (1989). Chernenko: The Last Bolshevik: The Soviet Union on the Eve of Perestroika. New Brunswick, N.J: Transaction Publishers. hlm. 119. ISBN 0-88738-260-6.

[4] Peerie, Maureen; Lieven, D.C.B.; Suny, Ronald Grigory (2006). The Cambridge History of Russia: The Twentieth Century. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 259. ISBN 0-521-81144-9.

[5] Кабинет Министров СССР. Статья №130 от 26 декабря 1990г. «Президент СССР». (Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. Article #130 of 26 December 1990 Cabinet of Ministers of the USSR).

[6] Shepilov, Dmitri; Austin, Anthony; Bittner, Stephen (2007). The Kremlin's Scholar: A Memoir of Soviet Politics under Stalin and Khrushchev. Yale University Press. hlm. 403. ISBN 978-0-300-09206-6.

[7] Hollander, Paul (2006). From the Gulag to the Killing Fields: Personal Accounts of Political Violence and Repression in Communist States. ISI Books. hlm. 113. ISBN 1-932236-78-3.

[Voznesensky-8] McCauley, Martin (1997). Who's Who in Russia since 1900. Routledge. hlm. 224–225. ISBN 0-415-13898-1.

[Molotov-9] Phillips, Steven (2000). Lenin and the Russian Revolution. Heinemann. hlm. 89. ISBN 0-435-32719-4.

[goodgobad-10] Service, Robert (2009). History of Modern Russia: From Tsarism to the Twenty-first Century. Penguin Books Ltd. hlm. 332. ISBN 978-0-14-103797-4. ^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]}

[11] Ulam, Adam (2007). Stalin: The Man and his Era. Tauris Parke Paperbacks. hlm. 508. ISBN 978-1-84511-422-0.

[12] Trahair, R.C.S. (2004). Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies, and Secret Operations. Greenwood Publishing Group. hlm. 69. ISBN 0-313-31955-3.

[stalinbulganin-13] Siddiqi, Asif Azam (2010). The Red Rockets' Glare: Spaceflight and the Soviet Imagination, 1857–1957. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 266. ISBN 978-0-521-89760-0.

[14] Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (2009). Stalin's Terror of 1937–1938: Political Genocide in the USSR. Mehring Books. hlm. 332. ISBN 978-1-893638-04-4.

[15] McCauley, Martin (1997). Who's Who in Russia since 1900. Routledge. hlm. 106. ISBN 0-415-13898-1.

[16] McAuley, Alastair (1979). Economic Welfare in the Soviet Union: Poverty, Living standards, and Inequality. University of Wisconsin Press. hlm. 2000. ISBN 0-04-335038-0.

[17] Микоян Анастас Иванович (dalam bahasa Russian). War Heroes. Diakses tanggal 12 January 2011.

[Peruvkhin-18] Первухин, Михаил Георгиевич (dalam bahasa Russian). War Heroes. Diakses tanggal 12 January 2011.

[saburov-19] Сабуров, Максим Захарович (dalam bahasa Russian). hrono. Diakses tanggal 12 January 2011.

[kuzmin-20] Государственная власть СССР: Высшие органы власти и управления и их руководители: 1923—1991. Moscow, Russian Federation: Историко-биографический справочник./Сост. В. И. Ивкин. 2004. hlm. 69. ISBN 978-5-8243-0014-7.

[kozlov-21] Staff writer. Фрол Романович КОЗЛОВ (dalam bahasa Russian). proekt-wms.narod.ru. Diakses tanggal 12 January 2011.

[22] Trahair, R.C.S. (2004). Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies, and Secret Operations. Greenwood Publishing Group. hlm. 37. ISBN 0-313-31955-3.

[23] Staff writer. Устинов, Дмитрий Фёдорович (dalam bahasa Russian). warheroes.ru. Diakses tanggal 12 January 2011.

[mazurov-24] Staff writer. Мазуров Кирилл Тимофеевич (dalam bahasa Russian). hrono.ru. Diakses tanggal 12 January 2011.

[25] Staff writer. Полянский, Дмитрий Степанович (dalam bahasa Russian). Pseudology. Diakses tanggal 12 January 2011.

[26] Ploss, Sidney (2010). The Roots of Perestroika: The Soviet Breakdown in Historical Context. McFarland & Company. hlm. 219. ISBN 978-0-7864-4486-1.

[27] Ziyang, Zhao; Bao, Pu; Chiang, Renee (1998). Prisoner of the State: The Secret Journal of Zhao Ziyang. Routledge. hlm. 289. ISBN 1-4391-4938-0.

[28] Staff writer (16 December 2003). "Azerbaijan's Geidar Aliev dies at 80". China Daily. Diakses tanggal 12 January 2011.

[29] Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States. Routledge. 1998. hlm. 156. ISBN 1-85743-058-1.

[30] Ploss, Sidney (2010). The Roots of Perestroika: The Soviet Breakdown in Historical Context. McFarland & Company. hlm. 217. ISBN 978-0-7864-4486-1.

[31] Laird, Robin F., Hoffmann, Erik P.; Fleron, Fredrick J. (1991). Soviet Foreign Policy: Classic and Contemporary Issues. Transaction Publishers. hlm. 445–46. ISBN 0-202-24171-8.

[talyzin-32] Staff writer (26 January 1991). "Nikolai Talyzin, 62; Assisted Gorbachev in Starting Reforms". The New York Times. Reuters. Diakses tanggal 12 January 2011.

[Vsevolod-33] Staff writer. "Всеволод Серафимович Мураховский". portrets.ru. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-01-13. Diakses tanggal 13 February 2011.

[34] Staff writer (1 April 2010). "Скончался депутат Госдумы от КПРФ Юрий Маслюков". Gazeta.ru. Diakses tanggal 13 February 2011.

[35] Маслюков Юрий Дмитриевич (dalam bahasa Russian). hrono. Diakses tanggal 13 February 2011.

[36] Staff writer. Воронин, Лев Алексеевич (dalam bahasa Russian). moscow-tombs.narod.ru. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-07-10. Diakses tanggal 8 April 2011.

[37] Abrosimov, Igor. Н – Свод персоналий (dalam bahasa Russian). proza.ru. Diakses tanggal 13 February 2011.

[38] Schulz-Torge, Ulrich-Joachim (1992). Who Was Who in the Soviet Union. K. G. Saur Verlag. hlm. 232. ISBN 978-3-598-10810-5.

[heavyminister-39] Shevchenko, Iulia (2004). The Central Government of Russia: From Gorbachev to Putin. Ashgate Publishing. hlm. 32. ISBN 978-0-7546-3982-4.

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[2]

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[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

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[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

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[39]

@@ Baris 3: / Baris 3: @@
 |post            = Deputi Perdana Menteri Pertama
 |body            = <br>[[Uni Soviet]]
-|insignia        = State Emblem of the Soviet Union.svg
+|insignia        = Coat of arms of the Soviet Union 1.svg
 |insigniasize    = 120px
 |insigniacaption = '''[[Lambang Uni Soviet|Lambang]]'''
@@ Baris 34: / Baris 34: @@
 ! scope="col" width="40%" | Jabatan lainnya<br>yang dipegang saat menjadi Deputi Perdana Menteri Pertama
 |-
-!colspan="5" align="center" |Ketua Deputi Pertama [[Dewan Komisar Rakyat]]  (1934 &ndash; 1935/1941 &ndash; 1946)
+!colspan="5" align="center" |Ketua Deputi Pertama [[Dewan Komisar Rakyat]]  (1934 – 1935/1941 – 1946)
 |-
-!rowspan="1" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Valerian Kuybyshev]]<br>(1888&ndash;1935)<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Dmitri Shepilov|Shepilov, Dmitri]]; Austin, Anthony; Bittner, Stephen|page=403|title=The Kremlin's Scholar: A Memoir of Soviet Politics under Stalin and Khrushchev|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|year=2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RwfIEhLDaMsC&dq|isbn=978-0-300-09206-6}}</ref>
+!rowspan="1" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Valerian Kuybyshev]]<br>(1888–1935)<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Dmitri Shepilov|Shepilov, Dmitri]]; Austin, Anthony; Bittner, Stephen|page=403|title=The Kremlin's Scholar: A Memoir of Soviet Politics under Stalin and Khrushchev|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|year=2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RwfIEhLDaMsC&dq|isbn=978-0-300-09206-6}}</ref>
 |rowspan="1"|[[Berkas:USSR stamp 1953 CPA 1718.jpg|60px]]
-|rowspan="1"| 14 Mei 1934 &ndash; 25 Januari 1935<br>({{Age in days|1934|05|14|1935|01|25}} hari)
+|rowspan="1"| 14 Mei 1934 – 25 Januari 1935<br>({{Age in days|1934|05|14|1935|01|25}} hari)
 |rowspan="1"|[[Vyacheslav Molotov|Vyacheslav&nbsp;Molotov]]
 |rowspan="1"|Ketua [[Komisi Kontrol Soviet]]<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Paul Hollander|Hollander, Paul]]|page=113|title=From the Gulag to the Killing Fields: Personal Accounts of Political Violence and Repression in Communist States|publisher=[[Intercollegiate Studies Institute|ISI Books]]|year=2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zyaDAAAAMAAJ&q|isbn=1-932236-78-3}}</ref>
 |-
-!rowspan="2" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Nikolai Voznesensky]]<br>(1895&ndash;1950)<ref name="Voznesensky">{{Cite book| author=McCauley, Martin|title=Who's Who in Russia since 1900|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=1997|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4A6rFD_AXOEC&dq|isbn= 0-415-13898-1|pages=224–225}}</ref>
+!rowspan="2" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Nikolai Voznesensky]]<br>(1895–1950)<ref name="Voznesensky">{{Cite book| author=McCauley, Martin|title=Who's Who in Russia since 1900|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=1997|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4A6rFD_AXOEC&dq|isbn= 0-415-13898-1|pages=224–225}}</ref>
 |rowspan="2"| {{center|—}}
-|rowspan="2"| 10 Maret 1941 &ndash; 15 Maret 1946<br>({{Age in years and days|1941|03|10|1946|03|15}})
+|rowspan="2"| 10 Maret 1941 – 15 Maret 1946<br>({{Age in years and days|1941|03|10|1946|03|15}})
 |rowspan="1"|[[Vyacheslav Molotov]]
 |rowspan="2"|Ketua [[Gosplan|Komisi Perencanaan Negara]]<ref name="Voznesensky"/>
@@ Baris 50: / Baris 50: @@
 |rowspan="1"|[[Joseph Stalin]]
 |-
-! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Vyacheslav Molotov|Vyacheslav&nbsp;Molotov]]<br>(1890&ndash;1986)<ref name="Molotov">{{cite book| author=Phillips, Steven|page=89|title=Lenin and the Russian Revolution|publisher=[[Heinemann (book publisher)|Heinemann]]|year=2000|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_na0zfdhKQMC&dq|isbn=0-435-32719-4}}</ref>
+! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Vyacheslav Molotov|Vyacheslav&nbsp;Molotov]]<br>(1890–1986)<ref name="Molotov">{{cite book| author=Phillips, Steven|page=89|title=Lenin and the Russian Revolution|publisher=[[Heinemann (book publisher)|Heinemann]]|year=2000|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_na0zfdhKQMC&dq|isbn=0-435-32719-4}}</ref>
 |[[Berkas:Molotov.bra.jpg|60px|alt=A man in a dark suit, light shirt and dark tie, smiling]]
-| 16 Agustus 1942 &ndash; 15 Maret 1946<br>({{Age in years and days|1942|08|16|1946|03|15}})
+| 16 Agustus 1942 – 15 Maret 1946<br>({{Age in years and days|1942|08|16|1946|03|15}})
 |[[Joseph Stalin]]
 |[[Kementerian Urusan Luar Negeri (Uni Soviet)|Komisar Rakyat untuk Urusan Luar Negeri]]<ref name="goodgobad"/>
 |-
-!colspan="5" align="center" |Ketua Deputi Pertama [[Dewan Menteri (Uni Soviet)|Dewan Menteri]](1946 &ndash; 1990)
+!colspan="5" align="center" |Ketua Deputi Pertama [[Dewan Menteri (Uni Soviet)|Dewan Menteri]](1946 – 1990)
 |-
-!rowspan="3" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | [[Vyacheslav Molotov]]<br>(1890&ndash;1986)<ref name="Molotov"/>
+!rowspan="3" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | [[Vyacheslav Molotov]]<br>(1890–1986)<ref name="Molotov"/>
 |rowspan="3"|[[Berkas:Molotov.bra.jpg|60px|alt=A man in a dark suit, light shirt and dark tie, smiling]]
-|rowspan="3"| 19 Maret 1946 &ndash; 29 Juni 1957<br>({{Age in years and days|1946|03|15|1957|06|29}})
+|rowspan="3"| 19 Maret 1946 – 29 Juni 1957<br>({{Age in years and days|1946|03|15|1957|06|29}})
 |rowspan="1"|[[Joseph Stalin]]
 |rowspan="3"|[[Kementerian Urusan Luar Negeri (Uni Soviet)|Menteri Luar Negeri]]<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Adam Ulam|Ulam, Adam]]| page=508|title=Stalin: The Man and his Era|publisher=[[I.B. Tauris|Tauris Parke Paperbacks]]|year=2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gOImZ1q6v2MC&dq|isbn=978-1-84511-422-0}}</ref>
@@ Baris 68: / Baris 68: @@
 |rowspan="1"|[[Nikolai Bulganin]]
 |-
-!rowspan="2" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Nikolai Bulganin]]<br>(1895&ndash;1975)<ref>{{cite book|author=Trahair, R.C.S.| page=69|title=Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies, and Secret Operations|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|year=2004|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=tFJLIIGVk10C&dq|isbn=0-313-31955-3}}</ref>
+!rowspan="2" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Nikolai Bulganin]]<br>(1895–1975)<ref>{{cite book|author=Trahair, R.C.S.| page=69|title=Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies, and Secret Operations|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|year=2004|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=tFJLIIGVk10C&dq|isbn=0-313-31955-3}}</ref>
+|rowspan="2"|
-|rowspan="2"|[[Berkas:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-29921-0001, Bulganin, Nikolai Alexandrowitsch.jpg|60px]]
-|rowspan="2"| 7 April 1950 &ndash; 8 Februari 1955<br>({{Age in years and days|1950|04|7|1955|02|08}})
+|rowspan="2"| 7 April 1950 – 8 Februari 1955<br>({{Age in years and days|1950|04|7|1955|02|08}})
 |rowspan="1"|[[Joseph Stalin]]
 |rowspan="2"|[[Kementerian Pertahanan (Uni Soviet)|Menteri Pertahanan]]<ref name="stalinbulganin">{{cite book|author=[[Asif Azam Siddiqi|Siddiqi, Asif Azam]]|page=266|title=The Red Rockets' Glare: Spaceflight and the Soviet Imagination, 1857–1957|publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iVilfSI_5sAC&dq|isbn=978-0-521-89760-0}}</ref>
@@ Baris 76: / Baris 76: @@
 |rowspan="1"|[[Georgy Malenkov]]
 |-
-! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Lavrentiy Beria]]<br>(1899&ndash;1953)<ref name="goodgobad">{{cite book|author=[[Robert Service (sejarawan)|Service, Robert]]|title=History of Modern Russia: From Tsarism to the Twenty-first Century|publisher=[[Penguin Books Ltd]]|year=2009|page=332|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=o8Z1QAAACAAJ&dq|isbn=978-0-14-103797-4}}</ref>
+! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Lavrentiy Beria]]<br>(1899–1953)<ref name="goodgobad">{{cite book|author=[[Robert Service (sejarawan)|Service, Robert]]|title=History of Modern Russia: From Tsarism to the Twenty-first Century|publisher=[[Penguin Books Ltd]]|year=2009|page=332|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o8Z1QAAACAAJ&dq|isbn=978-0-14-103797-4}}{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
 |[[Berkas:Lavrenty Beria.jpg|60px]]
 | 5 Maret 1953 – 26 Juni 1953<br>({{Age in days|1953|03|05|1953|06|26}} hari)
@@ Baris 82: / Baris 82: @@
 |[[Kementerian Urusan Dalam Negeri (Soviet Union)|Menteri Dalam Negeri]]<ref name="goodgobad"/>
 |-
-!rowspan="3" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Lazar Kaganovich]]<br>(1893&ndash;1991)<ref>{{cite book|author=Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich|title=Stalin's Terror of 1937–1938: Political Genocide in the USSR|publisher=[[Mehring Books]]|year=2009|page=332|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=dDiFNXLNPDEC&dq|isbn=978-1-893638-04-4}}</ref>
+!rowspan="3" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Lazar Kaganovich]]<br>(1893–1991)<ref>{{cite book|author=Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich|title=Stalin's Terror of 1937–1938: Political Genocide in the USSR|publisher=[[Mehring Books]]|year=2009|page=332|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=dDiFNXLNPDEC&dq|isbn=978-1-893638-04-4}}</ref>
 |rowspan="3"| [[Berkas:Каганович.jpg|60px]]
-|rowspan="3"| 5 Maret 1953 &ndash; 29 Juni 1957<br>({{Age in years and days|1953|03|10|1957|07|29}})
+|rowspan="3"| 5 Maret 1953 – 29 Juni 1957<br>({{Age in years and days|1953|03|10|1957|07|29}})
 |rowspan="1"|[[Georgy Malenkov]]
 |rowspan="3"| [[Kementerian Industri Bahan Bangunan|Menteri Industri Bahan Bangunan]]<ref>{{Cite book|author=McCauley, Martin |title = Who's Who in Russia since 1900|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=1997|page=106|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4A6rFD_AXOEC&dq|isbn=0-415-13898-1}}</ref><br> Ketua Komite Negara [[Dewan Menteri (Uni Soviet)|Dewan Menteri]] untuk [[Komite Negara untuk Buruh dan Masalah Sosial|Buruh dan Upah]]<ref>{{Cite book|author=McAuley, Alastair|title= Economic Welfare in the Soviet Union: Poverty, Living standards, and Inequality|publisher=[[University of Wisconsin Press]]|year=1979| page=2000|url=https://books.google.com/?id=tUiTAAAAIAAJ&dq|isbn=0-04-335038-0}}</ref>
@@ Baris 92: / Baris 92: @@
 |rowspan="1"|[[Nikita Khrushchev]]
 |-
-!rowspan="2" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Anastas Mikoyan]]<br>(1895&ndash;1978)<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=9089|script-title=ru:Микоян Анастас Иванович|trans_title=Anastas Ivanovich Mikoyan|language=Russian| publisher=War Heroes|accessdate=12 January 2011}}</ref>
+!rowspan="2" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Anastas Mikoyan]]<br>(1895–1978)<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=9089|script-title=ru:Микоян Анастас Иванович|trans_title=Anastas Ivanovich Mikoyan|language=Russian| publisher=War Heroes|accessdate=12 January 2011}}</ref>
-|rowspan="2"| [[Berkas:Анастас Иванович Микоян 3x4.jpg|60px]]
+|rowspan="2"| [[Berkas:Анастас Иванович Микоян.jpg|60px]]
-|rowspan="2"| 28 Februari 1955 &ndash; 15 Juli 1964<br>({{Age in years and days|1955|02|28|1964|07|15}})
+|rowspan="2"| 28 Februari 1955 – 15 Juli 1964<br>({{Age in years and days|1955|02|28|1964|07|15}})
 |[[Nikolai Bulganin]]
 |rowspan="2"| {{center|—}}
@@ Baris 100: / Baris 100: @@
 |rowspan="1"|[[Nikita Khrushchev]]
 |-
-! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Mikhail Pervukhin]]<br>(1904&ndash;1974)<ref name="Peruvkhin">{{cite web|url= http://www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=9053|script-title=ru:Первухин, Михаил Георгиевич|trans_title=G. Pervukhin, Mikhail|language=Russian| publisher=War Heroes|accessdate=12 January 2011}}</ref>
+! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Mikhail Pervukhin]]<br>(1904–1974)<ref name="Peruvkhin">{{cite web|url= http://www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=9053|script-title=ru:Первухин, Михаил Георгиевич|trans_title=G. Pervukhin, Mikhail|language=Russian| publisher=War Heroes|accessdate=12 January 2011}}</ref>
 | {{center|—}}
-| 28 Februari 1955 &ndash; 5 Juli 1957<br>({{Age in years and days|1955|02|28|1957|07|05}})
+| 28 Februari 1955 – 5 Juli 1957<br>({{Age in years and days|1955|02|28|1957|07|05}})
 | [[Nikolai Bulganin]]
-| Ketua Komisi Ekonomi Negara [[Dewan Menteri (Uni Soviet)|Dewan Menteri]] untuk Perencanaan Ekonomi Saat Ini<ref name="Peruvkhin"/><br>[[Kementerian Bangunan Mesin Ringan (Uni Soviet)|Menteri Bangunan Mesin Ringan]]<ref name="Peruvkhin"/>
+| Ketua Komisi Ekonomi Negara [[Dewan Menteri (Uni Soviet)|Dewan Menteri]] untuk Perencanaan Ekonomi Saat Ini<ref name="Peruvkhin"/><br>[[Kementerian Bangunan Mesin Ringan (Uni Soviet)|Menteri Bangunan Mesin Ringan]]<ref name="Peruvkhin"/>
 |-
-! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Maksim Saburov]]<br>(1900&ndash;1977)<ref name="saburov">{{cite web|url= http://hronos.km.ru/biograf/saburov_mz.html|script-title=ru:Сабуров, Максим Захарович|trans_title = Maksim Zakharovich Saburov|language=Russian | publisher=hrono| accessdate = 12 January 2011}}</ref>
+! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Maksim Saburov]]<br>(1900–1977)<ref name="saburov">{{cite web|url= http://hronos.km.ru/biograf/saburov_mz.html|script-title=ru:Сабуров, Максим Захарович|trans_title = Maksim Zakharovich Saburov|language=Russian | publisher=hrono| accessdate = 12 January 2011}}</ref>
 | {{center|—}}
 | 28 Februari 1955 – 5 Juli 1957<br>({{Age in years and days|1955|02|28|1957|07|05}})
@@ Baris 112: / Baris 112: @@
 | Ketua [[Gosplan|Komite Perencanaan Negara]]<ref name="saburov"/>
 |-
-! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Joseph Kuzmin]]<br>(1910&ndash;1996)<ref name="kuzmin">{{cite book | page = 69 | title = Государственная власть СССР: Высшие органы власти и управления и их руководители: 1923—1991 | trans_title = The state power of the USSR: Higher authorities and governments and their leaders: 1923–1991 | location = [[Moscow]], [[Russia|Russian Federation]] | publisher = Историко-биографический справочник./Сост. В. И. Ивкин. | year = 2004 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=tFJLIIGVk10C&dq | isbn = 978-5-8243-0014-7 }}</ref>
+! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Joseph Kuzmin]]<br>(1910–1996)<ref name="kuzmin">{{cite book | page = 69 | title = Государственная власть СССР: Высшие органы власти и управления и их руководители: 1923—1991 | trans_title = The state power of the USSR: Higher authorities and governments and their leaders: 1923–1991 | location = [[Moscow]], [[Russia|Russian Federation]] | publisher = Историко-биографический справочник./Сост. В. И. Ивкин. | year = 2004 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=tFJLIIGVk10C&dq | isbn = 978-5-8243-0014-7 }}</ref>
 | {{center|—}}
 | 28 Februari 1955 – 5 Juli 1957<br>({{Age in years and days|1955|02|28|1957|07|05}})
@@ Baris 118: / Baris 118: @@
 | Ketua [[Gosplan|Komite Perencanaan Negara]]<ref name="kuzmin"/>
 |-
-! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Frol Kozlov]]<br>(1908&ndash;1965)<ref name="kozlov">{{cite web | url = http://proekt-wms.narod.ru/states/kozlov-fr.htm | script-title=ru:Фрол Романович КОЗЛОВ | trans_title = Frol Romanovich Kozlov | language = Russian | publisher = proekt-wms.narod.ru | accessdate = 12 January 2011 | author = [[Staff writer]] }}</ref>
+! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Frol Kozlov]]<br>(1908–1965)<ref name="kozlov">{{cite web | url = http://proekt-wms.narod.ru/states/kozlov-fr.htm | script-title=ru:Фрол Романович КОЗЛОВ | trans_title = Frol Romanovich Kozlov | language = Russian | publisher = proekt-wms.narod.ru | accessdate = 12 January 2011 | author = [[Staff writer]] }}</ref>
 | {{center|—}}
 | 31 Maret 1958 – 4 Mei 1960<br>({{Age in years and days|1958|03|31|1960|05|04}})
@@ Baris 124: / Baris 124: @@
 | Ketua [[Gosplan|Komite Perencanaan Negara]]<ref name="kozlov"/>
 |-
-! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Alexei Kosygin]]<br>(1904&ndash;1980)<ref>{{cite book | author = Trahair, R.C.S. | page = 37 | title = Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies, and Secret Operations | location = | publisher = [[Greenwood Publishing Group]] | year = 2004 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=tFJLIIGVk10C&dq | isbn = 0-313-31955-3}}</ref>
+! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Alexei Kosygin]]<br>(1904–1980)<ref>{{cite book | author = Trahair, R.C.S. | page = 37 | title = Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies, and Secret Operations | location = | publisher = [[Greenwood Publishing Group]] | year = 2004 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=tFJLIIGVk10C&dq | isbn = 0-313-31955-3}}</ref>
 | [[Berkas:Kossygin Glassboro.jpg|60px|alt=A man in a dark suit, seated, in discussion with someone to his left]]
 | 4 Mei 1960 – 15 Oktober 1964<br>({{Age in years and days|1960|05|4|1964|10|15}})
@@ Baris 130: / Baris 130: @@
 | {{center|—}}
 |-
-! rowspan="2" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Dmitriy Ustinov]]<br>(1908&ndash;1984)<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=1333 | script-title=ru:Устинов, Дмитрий Фёдорович | trans_title = Ustinov, Dmitry Fedorovich | language = Russian | publisher = warheroes.ru | accessdate = 12 January 2011 | author = [[Staff writer]] }}</ref>
+! rowspan="2" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Dmitriy Ustinov]]<br>(1908–1984)<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=1333 | script-title=ru:Устинов, Дмитрий Фёдорович | trans_title = Ustinov, Dmitry Fedorovich | language = Russian | publisher = warheroes.ru | accessdate = 12 January 2011 | author = [[Staff writer]] }}</ref>
 | rowspan="2" | [[Berkas:1988 CPA 6001.jpg|60px|alt=A man wearing glasses dressed in his military uniform]]
 | rowspan="2" | 13 Maret 1963 – 26 Maret 1965<br>({{Age in years and days|1963|03|13|1965|03|26}})
@@ Baris 138: / Baris 138: @@
 | [[Alexei Kosygin]]
 |-
-! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Kirill Mazurov]]<br>(1914&ndash;1989)<ref name="mazurov">{{cite web | url = http://www.hrono.ru/biograf/bio_m/mazurovkt.php | script-title=ru:Мазуров Кирилл Тимофеевич | trans_title = Kirill Trofimovich Mazurov | language = Russian | publisher = hrono.ru | accessdate = 12 January 2011 | author = [[Staff writer]] }}</ref>
+! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Kirill Mazurov]]<br>(1914–1989)<ref name="mazurov">{{cite web | url = http://www.hrono.ru/biograf/bio_m/mazurovkt.php | script-title=ru:Мазуров Кирилл Тимофеевич | trans_title = Kirill Trofimovich Mazurov | language = Russian | publisher = hrono.ru | accessdate = 12 January 2011 | author = [[Staff writer]] }}</ref>
 | {{center|—}}
 | 26 Maret 1965 – 28 November 1978<br>({{Age in years and days|1965|03|26|1978|11|28}})
@@ Baris 144: / Baris 144: @@
 | Sekretaris Pertama [[Partai Komunis Byelorussia]]<ref name="mazurov"/>
 |-
-! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Dmitry Polyansky]]<br>(1917&ndash;2001)<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.pseudology.org/Italy/Poliansky.htm | script-title=ru:Полянский, Дмитрий Степанович | trans_title = Polyansky, Dmitry Stepanovich | language = Russian | publisher = Pseudology| accessdate = 12 January 2011 | author = [[Staff writer]] }}</ref>
+! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Dmitry Polyansky]]<br>(1917–2001)<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.pseudology.org/Italy/Poliansky.htm | script-title=ru:Полянский, Дмитрий Степанович | trans_title = Polyansky, Dmitry Stepanovich | language = Russian | publisher = Pseudology| accessdate = 12 January 2011 | author = [[Staff writer]] }}</ref>
 | {{center|—}}
-| 2 Oktober 1965 &ndash; 2 Februari 1973<br>({{Age in years and days|1965|10|02|1973|02|02}})
+| 2 Oktober 1965 – 2 Februari 1973<br>({{Age in years and days|1965|10|02|1973|02|02}})
 | [[Alexei Kosygin]]
 | {{center|—}}
 |-
-! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Nikolai Tikhonov]]<br>(1905&ndash;1997)<ref>{{cite book | author = Ploss, Sidney | page = 219 | title = The Roots of Perestroika: The Soviet Breakdown in Historical Context | location = | publisher = [[McFarland & Company]] | year = 2010 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6BzucnMoWfQC&dq | isbn = 978-0-7864-4486-1 }}</ref>
+! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Nikolai Tikhonov]]<br>(1905–1997)<ref>{{cite book | author = Ploss, Sidney | page = 219 | title = The Roots of Perestroika: The Soviet Breakdown in Historical Context | location = | publisher = [[McFarland & Company]] | year = 2010 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6BzucnMoWfQC&dq | isbn = 978-0-7864-4486-1 }}</ref>
 | {{center|—}}
-| 2 September 1976 &ndash; 23 Oktober 1980<br>({{Age in years and days|1976|09|02|1980|10|23}})
+| 2 September 1976 – 23 Oktober 1980<br>({{Age in years and days|1976|09|02|1980|10|23}})
 | [[Alexei Kosygin]]
 | {{center|—}}
 |-
-! rowspan="2" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Ivan Arkhipov]]<br>(1907&ndash;1998)<ref>{{cite book | author = [[Zhao Ziyang|Ziyang, Zhao]]; Bao, Pu; Chiang, Renee| page = 289 | title = Prisoner of the State: The Secret Journal of Zhao Ziyang | location = | publisher = [[Routledge]] | year = 1998 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9ooub2kRkRQC&dq | isbn = 1-4391-4938-0 }}</ref>
+! rowspan="2" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Ivan Arkhipov]]<br>(1907–1998)<ref>{{cite book | author = [[Zhao Ziyang|Ziyang, Zhao]]; Bao, Pu; Chiang, Renee| page = 289 | title = Prisoner of the State: The Secret Journal of Zhao Ziyang | location = | publisher = [[Routledge]] | year = 1998 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9ooub2kRkRQC&dq | isbn = 1-4391-4938-0 }}</ref>
 | rowspan="2" | {{center|—}}
 | rowspan="2" | 27 Oktober 1980 – 4 Oktober 1986<br>({{Age in years and days|1980|10|27|1986|10|04}})
@@ Baris 164: / Baris 164: @@
 | [[Nikolai Ryzhkov]]
 |-
-! rowspan="2" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Heydar Aliyev]]<br>(1923&ndash;[[Death and state funeral of Heydar Aliyev|2003]])<ref>{{cite web | author = [[Staff writer]] | title = Azerbaijan's Geidar Aliev dies at 80 | work = [[China Daily]] | url = http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/en/doc/2003-12/16/content_290650.htm | accessdate = 12 January 2011 | date = 16 December 2003 }}</ref>
+! rowspan="2" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Heydar Aliyev]]<br>(1923–[[Death and state funeral of Heydar Aliyev|2003]])<ref>{{cite web | author = [[Staff writer]] | title = Azerbaijan's Geidar Aliev dies at 80 | work = [[China Daily]] | url = http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/en/doc/2003-12/16/content_290650.htm | accessdate = 12 January 2011 | date = 16 December 2003 }}</ref>
 | rowspan="2" | [[Berkas:Heydar Aliyev 1997.jpg|60px|alt=A man in a dark suit with a red tie standing in front of the Azerbaijani flag]]
 | rowspan="2" | 24 November 1982 – 23 Oktober 1987<br>({{Age in years and days|1982|11|24|1987|10|23}})
@@ Baris 172: / Baris 172: @@
 | [[Nikolai Ryzhkov]]
 |-
-! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Andrei Gromyko]]<br>(1909&ndash;1989)<ref>{{cite book | author = Ploss, Sidney | page = 217 | title = The Roots of Perestroika: The Soviet Breakdown in Historical Context | location = | publisher = [[McFarland & Company]] | year = 2010 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6BzucnMoWfQC&dq | isbn = 978-0-7864-4486-1 }}</ref>
+! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Andrei Gromyko]]<br>(1909–1989)<ref>{{cite book | author = Ploss, Sidney | page = 217 | title = The Roots of Perestroika: The Soviet Breakdown in Historical Context | location = | publisher = [[McFarland & Company]] | year = 2010 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6BzucnMoWfQC&dq | isbn = 978-0-7864-4486-1 }}</ref>
 | [[Berkas:Andrej Gromyko 1967.png|60px|alt=A man in a dark suit, seated, looking to his left]]
 | 24 Maret 1983 – 2 Juli 1985<br>({{Age in years and days|1983|03|24|1985|07|02}})
@@ Baris 178: / Baris 178: @@
 | [[Kementerian Urusan Luar Negeri (Uni Soviet)|Menteri Luar Negeri]]<ref>{{cite book | author = Laird, Robin F., Hoffmann, Erik P.; Fleron, Fredrick J. | title = Soviet Foreign Policy: Classic and Contemporary Issues | publisher = [[Transaction Publishers]] | year = 1991 | location = | pages = 445–46 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6z5k4lmY_XMC&dq | isbn = 0-202-24171-8 }}</ref>
 |-
-! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Nikolai Talyzin]]<br>(1929&ndash;1991)<ref name="talyzin">{{cite web | author = [[Staff writer]] | title = Nikolai Talyzin, 62; Assisted Gorbachev in Starting Reforms | publisher = [[Reuters]] | work = [[The New York Times]] | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1991/01/26/obituaries/nikolai-talyzin-62-assisted-gorbachev-in-starting-reforms.html | accessdate = 12 January 2011 | date = 26 January 1991 }}</ref>
+! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Nikolai Talyzin]]<br>(1929–1991)<ref name="talyzin">{{cite web | author = [[Staff writer]] | title = Nikolai Talyzin, 62; Assisted Gorbachev in Starting Reforms | publisher = [[Reuters]] | work = [[The New York Times]] | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1991/01/26/obituaries/nikolai-talyzin-62-assisted-gorbachev-in-starting-reforms.html | accessdate = 12 January 2011 | date = 26 January 1991 }}</ref>
 | {{center|—}}
 | 14 Oktober 1985 – 1 Oktober 1988<br>({{Age in years and days|1985|10|14|1988|10|01}})
@@ Baris 184: / Baris 184: @@
 | Ketua [[Gosplan|Komite Perencanaan Negara]]<ref name="talyzin"/>
 |-
-! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Vsevolod Murakhovsky|Vsevolod Murakhovski]]<br>(1926-2017)<ref name="Vsevolod">{{cite web | author = [[Staff writer]] | title = Всеволод Серафимович Мураховский | trans_title = Vsevolod Seraphimovich Murakhovski | publisher = portrets.ru | url = http://www.portrets.ru/5.44.html | accessdate = 13 February 2011}}</ref>
+! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Vsevolod Murakhovsky|Vsevolod Murakhovski]]<br>(1926-2017)<ref name="Vsevolod">{{cite web | author = [[Staff writer]] | title = Всеволод Серафимович Мураховский | trans_title = Vsevolod Seraphimovich Murakhovski | publisher = portrets.ru | url = http://www.portrets.ru/5.44.html | accessdate = 13 February 2011 | archive-date = 2017-01-13 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170113170032/http://portrets.ru/5.44.html | dead-url = yes }}</ref>
 | {{center|—}}
 | 1 November 1985 – 7 Juni 1989<br>({{Age in years and days|1985|11|01|1989|06|07}})
@@ Baris 190: / Baris 190: @@
 | Ketua Komite Negara [[Dewan Menteri (Uni Soviet)|Dewan Menteri]] Bidang Pertanian<ref name="Vsevolod"/>
 |-
-! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Yuri Maslyukov]]<br>(1937&ndash;2010)<ref>{{cite web | author = [[Staff writer]] | title = Скончался депутат Госдумы от КПРФ Юрий Маслюков | trans_title = Yuri Maslyukov, a Communist Party State Duma Deputy dies | publisher = [[Gazeta.ru]] | url = http://www.gazeta.ru/news/lastnews/2010/04/01/n_1477763.shtml | accessdate = 13 February 2011 | date = 1 April 2010 }}</ref>
+! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Yuri Maslyukov]]<br>(1937–2010)<ref>{{cite web | author = [[Staff writer]] | title = Скончался депутат Госдумы от КПРФ Юрий Маслюков | trans_title = Yuri Maslyukov, a Communist Party State Duma Deputy dies | publisher = [[Gazeta.ru]] | url = http://www.gazeta.ru/news/lastnews/2010/04/01/n_1477763.shtml | accessdate = 13 February 2011 | date = 1 April 2010 }}</ref>
 | {{center|—}}
 | 5 Februari 1988 – 26 Desember 1990<br>({{Age in years and days|1988|02|05|1990|12|26}})
@@ Baris 196: / Baris 196: @@
 | Ketua [[Gosplan|Komite Perencanaan Negara]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hrono.ru/biograf/bio_m/maslyukov_yu.html|script-title=ru:Маслюков Юрий Дмитриевич|trans_title=Yuri Dmitriyevich Maslyukov|language=Russian|publisher=hrono|accessdate=13 February 2011}}</ref>
 |-
-! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Lev Voronin]]<br>(1928&ndash;2006)<ref>{{cite web | author = [[Staff writer]] | url = http://moscow-tombs.narod.ru/2008/voronin_la.htm | script-title=ru:Воронин, Лев Алексеевич | trans_title = Voronin, Lev Alekseyevich | publisher = moscow-tombs.narod.ru | accessdate = 8 April 2011 | language = Russian }}</ref>
+! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |[[Lev Voronin]]<br>(1928–2006)<ref>{{cite web | author = [[Staff writer]] | url = http://moscow-tombs.narod.ru/2008/voronin_la.htm | script-title = ru:Воронин, Лев Алексеевич | trans_title = Voronin, Lev Alekseyevich | publisher = moscow-tombs.narod.ru | accessdate = 8 April 2011 | language = Russian | archive-date = 2012-07-10 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20120710231230/moscow-tombs.narod.ru/2008/voronin_la.htm | dead-url = yes }}</ref>
 | {{center|—}}
 | 17 Juli 1989 – 26 Desember 1990<br>({{Age in years and days|1989|07|17|1990|12|26}})
@@ Baris 229: / Baris 229: @@
 == Referensi ==
 {{Reflist|30em}}
-{{daftar pilihan}}
 [[Kategori:Pemerintahan Uni Soviet|Deputi Perdana Menteri Pertama]]
 [[Kategori:Daftar pemegang jabatan menurut negara|Deputi Perdana Menteri Pertama]]
-[[Kategori:Pendirian 1934 di Uni Soviet|Deputi Perdana Menteri Pertama]]
+[[Kategori:Pendirian tahun 1934 di Uni Soviet|Deputi Perdana Menteri Pertama]]
 [[Kategori:Deputi perdana menteri|Uni Soviet]]