Orang Tionghoa dalam Revolusi Rusia dan Perang Saudara Rusia: Perbedaan antara revisi

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Revisi terkini sejak 12 Oktober 2023 04.17

Terdapat sejumlah laporan soal keterlibatan detasemen Tionghoa dalam Revolusi Rusia dan Perang Saudara Rusia. Orang Tionghoa bertugas sebagai para penjaga fungsioner Bolshevik,^[1]^[2] bertugas di Cheka,^[3] dan bahkan membentuk resimen lengkap Tentara Merah.^[4] Meskipun diperkirakan terdapat sepuluh ribu pasukan Tionghoa dalam Tentara Merah,^[5] mereka tak meliputi sebuah fraksi signifikan dari Tentara Merah.^[6] Pada musim panas 1919, Tentara Merah terdiri dari lebih dari satu juta pasukan. Pada November 1920, tentara tersebut terdiri dari sekitar 1.8 juta pasukan.^[7]

Contoh terkenal lain dari orang asing yang bertugas dalam Tentara Merah meliputi orang Korea di Timur Jauh Rusia,^[8]^[9] warga Ceko dan Slowakia, Yahudi Bolshevik Hungaria di bawah naungan Béla Kun, Pasukan Senapan Latvia Merah serta sejumlah detasemen nasional lainnya.^[10]

Tokoh terkenal

Ren Fuchen (任辅臣) (1884–1918) asal Tieling adalah Bolshevik pertama di Liaoning Utara dan panglima resimen Tionghoa dari Tentara Merah Soviet. Ia dikenal sebagai pahlawan revolusioner di Repubalik Rakyat Tiongkok.^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]

Dalam sastra

Terdapat sebuah cerpen tahun 1923, Chinese Story karya Mikhail Bulgakov, tentang seorang merkenari Tionghoa dalam Tentara Merah.^[15]

Novel sejarah tahun 1936 Names in Marble karya penulis Estonia Albert Kivikas mengisahkan nasib beberapa prajurit Tionghoa yang ditangkap yang unit-unitnya merupakan bagian dari pasukan invasi Rusia, di tangan para patriot Estionia pada Perang Kemerdekaan Estonia.

Lihat pula

Brigade Internasional - detasemen orang asing yang berjuang untuk faksi Republik pada Perang Saudara Spanyol

Referensi

^ Пын Мин. История китайско-советской дружбы. М., 1959. (Peng Ming, "History of the Chinese-Russian Friendship", translation from Chinese, Moscow, Sotsekgiz, 1959, original: "Zhong-su yu she", Pekin, 1957 (Rusia)
^
Россия и мир глазами друг друга: Из истории взаимовосприятия / Под ред. А.В. Голубева; РАН. Ин-т рос. истории. - М., 2000. Вып. 1. - 365 с. ISBN 5-8055-0043-4, Chapter IV, Section "The Perception of China by USSR Political Elite^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]}" (Rusia)
- "Chinese detachments, together with Latvians and other nationals guarded the Soviet government already in 1917-1918"
^
Donald Rayfield, Stalin and His Hangmen: The Tyrant and Those Who Killed for Him, Viking Press 2004: ISBN 0-670-91088-0 (hardcover)
- "In 1919, 75 percent of the Cheka's central management was Latvian. When Russian soldiers refused to carry out executions, Latvian (and Chinese force of some 500 men) were brought in.
^ Lukin, Alexander (2002). The Bear Watches the Dragon: Russia's Perceptions of China and the Evolution of Russian Chinese Relations since the Eighteenth Century. China: M.E. Sharpe. hlm. 98. ISBN 0-7656-1026-4.
^ "Книга для учителя. История политических репрессий и сопротивления несвободе в СССР. - М.: Издательство обьединения "Мосгорархив", 2002. - 504 с.", p. 95 Diarsipkan 2008-05-31 di Wayback Machine. (quoted from the book: Попов Н.А. "Они с нами сражались за власть Советов". Л., 1959. p.p 42, 83, 94) (Rusia)
^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama BrianMurphy
^ Krivosheev. Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century. hlm. 11. "Personnel Strength[s] of the Fighting Troops" and "Personnel Strength[s] of the Armed Forces of the Soviet Republic" (both figures including naval infantry, internal security, etc.)
^ Ким М.Т. Корейские интернационалисты в борьбе за власть Советов на Дальнем Востоке ( 1918-1922 ). М., 1979 (Rusia)
^ German Kim (1999) "The History of Korean Immigration", Book 1, Second half of 19th Century — 1945", Almaty, Dayk-Press
^ "National detachments of the Red Army and Cheka"
^ Tieling Diarsipkan 28 September 2007 di Wayback Machine.
^ History Diarsipkan 28 September 2007 di Wayback Machine.
^ 铁岭市资源条件 Diarsipkan 30 March 2007 di Wayback Machine. (Tieling City resources) (Tionghoa)
^ 任辅臣，中国第一位布尔什维克 Ren Fuchen, China's first Bolshevik
^ "Chinese Story" Diarsipkan 20 April 2007 di Wayback Machine., in "Bulgakov's Encyclopedia" (Rusia)

[1] Пын Мин. История китайско-советской дружбы. М., 1959. (Peng Ming, "History of the Chinese-Russian Friendship", translation from Chinese, Moscow, Sotsekgiz, 1959, original: "Zhong-su yu she", Pekin, 1957 (Rusia)

[2] Россия и мир глазами друг друга: Из истории взаимовосприятия / Под ред. А.В. Голубева; РАН. Ин-т рос. истории. - М., 2000. Вып. 1. - 365 с. ISBN 5-8055-0043-4, Chapter IV, Section "The Perception of China by USSR Political Elite^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]}" (Rusia)
"Chinese detachments, together with Latvians and other nationals guarded the Soviet government already in 1917-1918"

[3] "Chinese detachments, together with Latvians and other nationals guarded the Soviet government already in 1917-1918"

[Rayfield-3] Donald Rayfield, Stalin and His Hangmen: The Tyrant and Those Who Killed for Him, Viking Press 2004: ISBN 0-670-91088-0 (hardcover)
"In 1919, 75 percent of the Cheka's central management was Latvian. When Russian soldiers refused to carry out executions, Latvian (and Chinese force of some 500 men) were brought in.

[5] "In 1919, 75 percent of the Cheka's central management was Latvian. When Russian soldiers refused to carry out executions, Latvian (and Chinese force of some 500 men) were brought in.

[Lukin-4] Lukin, Alexander (2002). The Bear Watches the Dragon: Russia's Perceptions of China and the Evolution of Russian Chinese Relations since the Eighteenth Century. China: M.E. Sharpe. hlm. 98. ISBN 0-7656-1026-4.

[kniga-5] "Книга для учителя. История политических репрессий и сопротивления несвободе в СССР. - М.: Издательство обьединения "Мосгорархив", 2002. - 504 с.", p. 95 Diarsipkan 2008-05-31 di Wayback Machine. (quoted from the book: Попов Н.А. "Они с нами сражались за власть Советов". Л., 1959. p.p 42, 83, 94) (Rusia)

[BrianMurphy-6] Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama BrianMurphy

[7] Krivosheev. Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century. hlm. 11. "Personnel Strength[s] of the Fighting Troops" and "Personnel Strength[s] of the Armed Forces of the Soviet Republic" (both figures including naval infantry, internal security, etc.)

[8] Ким М.Т. Корейские интернационалисты в борьбе за власть Советов на Дальнем Востоке ( 1918-1922 ). М., 1979 (Rusia)

[9] German Kim (1999) "The History of Korean Immigration", Book 1, Second half of 19th Century — 1945", Almaty, Dayk-Press

[10] "National detachments of the Red Army and Cheka"

[11] Tieling Diarsipkan 28 September 2007 di Wayback Machine.

[12] History Diarsipkan 28 September 2007 di Wayback Machine.

[13] 铁岭市资源条件 Diarsipkan 30 March 2007 di Wayback Machine. (Tieling City resources) (Tionghoa)

[14] 任辅臣，中国第一位布尔什维克 Ren Fuchen, China's first Bolshevik

[15] "Chinese Story" Diarsipkan 20 April 2007 di Wayback Machine., in "Bulgakov's Encyclopedia" (Rusia)

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@@ Baris 2: / Baris 2: @@
 Terdapat sejumlah laporan soal keterlibatan '''detasemen Tionghoa dalam Revolusi Rusia dan Perang Saudara Rusia'''. Orang Tionghoa bertugas sebagai para penjaga fungsioner [[Bolshevik]],<ref>Пын Мин. История китайско-советской дружбы. М., 1959. (Peng Ming, "History of the Chinese-Russian Friendship", translation from Chinese, Moscow, [[Sotsekgiz]], 1959, original: "Zhong-su yu she", [[Beijing|Pekin]], 1957 {{ru icon}}</ref><ref>Россия и мир глазами друг друга: Из истории взаимовосприятия / Под ред. А.В. Голубева; РАН. Ин-т рос. истории. - М., 2000. Вып. 1. - 365 с. {{ISBN|5-8055-0043-4}}, Chapter IV, Section "[http://www.auditorium.ru/books/666/r4.pdf The Perception of China by USSR Political Elite]{{dead link|date=August 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}" {{ru icon}}
 * "Chinese detachments, together with [[Latvian people|Latvians]] and other nationals guarded the Soviet government already in 1917-1918"</ref> bertugas di [[Cheka]],<ref name=Rayfield>[[Donald Rayfield]], ''[[Stalin and His Hangmen]]: The Tyrant and Those Who Killed for Him'', ''[[Viking Press]]'' 2004: {{ISBN|0-670-91088-0}} (hardcover)
-* "In 1919, 75 percent of the Cheka's central management was Latvian. When Russian soldiers refused to carry out executions, Latvian (and Chinese force of some 500 men) were brought in.''</ref> dan bahkan membentuk resimen lengkap [[Tentara Merah]].<ref name=Lukin>{{cite book |title=The Bear Watches the Dragon: Russia's Perceptions of China and the Evolution of Russian Chinese Relations since the Eighteenth Century |pages=98 |first=Alexander |last=Lukin |year=2002 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |location=China |isbn=0-7656-1026-4 }}</ref> Meskipun diperkirakan terdapat sepuluh ribu pasukan Tionghoa dalam Tentara Merah,<ref name=kniga>"Книга для учителя. История политических репрессий и сопротивления несвободе в СССР. - М.: Издательство обьединения "Мосгорархив", 2002. - 504 с.", [http://memory.sakharov-center.ru/tb/0Main2.asp?BookPartID=805 p. 95] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080531091347/http://memory.sakharov-center.ru/tb/0Main2.asp?BookPartID=805 |date=2008-05-31 }} (quoted from the book: Попов Н.А. "Они с нами сражались за власть Советов". Л., 1959. p.p 42, 83, 94) {{ru icon}}</ref> mereka tak meliputi sebuah fraksi signifikan dari Tentara Merah.<ref name=BrianMurphy /> Pada musim panas 1919, Tentara Merah terdiri dari lebih dari satu juta pasukan. Pada November 1920, tentara tersebut terdiri dari sekitar 1.8 juta pasukan.<ref>{{cite book |author=Krivosheev |title=Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century |pages=11 |quote="Personnel Strength[s] of the Fighting Troops" and "Personnel Strength[s] of the Armed Forces of the Soviet Republic" (both figures including naval infantry, internal security, etc.)}}</ref>
+* "In 1919, 75 percent of the Cheka's central management was Latvian. When Russian soldiers refused to carry out executions, Latvian (and Chinese force of some 500 men) were brought in.''</ref> dan bahkan membentuk resimen lengkap [[Tentara Merah]].<ref name=Lukin>{{cite book |title=The Bear Watches the Dragon: Russia's Perceptions of China and the Evolution of Russian Chinese Relations since the Eighteenth Century |url=https://archive.org/details/bearwatchesdrago0000luki |pages=[https://archive.org/details/bearwatchesdrago0000luki/page/98 98] |first=Alexander |last=Lukin |year=2002 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |location=China |isbn=0-7656-1026-4 }}</ref> Meskipun diperkirakan terdapat sepuluh ribu pasukan Tionghoa dalam Tentara Merah,<ref name=kniga>"Книга для учителя. История политических репрессий и сопротивления несвободе в СССР. - М.: Издательство обьединения "Мосгорархив", 2002. - 504 с.", [http://memory.sakharov-center.ru/tb/0Main2.asp?BookPartID=805 p. 95] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080531091347/http://memory.sakharov-center.ru/tb/0Main2.asp?BookPartID=805 |date=2008-05-31 }} (quoted from the book: Попов Н.А. "Они с нами сражались за власть Советов". Л., 1959. p.p 42, 83, 94) {{ru icon}}</ref> mereka tak meliputi sebuah fraksi signifikan dari Tentara Merah.<ref name=BrianMurphy /> Pada musim panas 1919, Tentara Merah terdiri dari lebih dari satu juta pasukan. Pada November 1920, tentara tersebut terdiri dari sekitar 1.8 juta pasukan.<ref>{{cite book |author=Krivosheev |title=Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century |pages=11 |quote="Personnel Strength[s] of the Fighting Troops" and "Personnel Strength[s] of the Armed Forces of the Soviet Republic" (both figures including naval infantry, internal security, etc.)}}</ref>
 Contoh terkenal lain dari orang asing yang bertugas dalam Tentara Merah meliputi [[orang Korea]] di [[Timur Jauh Rusia]],<ref>Ким М.Т. Корейские интернационалисты в борьбе за власть Советов на Дальнем Востоке ( 1918-1922 ). М., 1979 {{ru icon}}</ref><ref>[[German Kim]] (1999) "The History of Korean Immigration", Book 1, Second half of 19th Century — 1945", [[Almaty]], Dayk-Press</ref> warga Ceko dan Slowakia, Yahudi Bolshevik Hungaria di bawah naungan [[Béla Kun]], [[Pasukan Senapan Latvia Merah]] serta sejumlah detasemen nasional lainnya.<ref>[http://www.whiterussia1.narod.ru/GENOC/NAC.htm "National detachments of the Red Army and Cheka"]</ref>