Zanj: Perbedaan antara revisi

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Revisi terkini sejak 12 Oktober 2023 08.21

Zanj (bahasa Arab: زَنْج, artinya "Orang kulit hitam"^[1]^[2]^[3]) adalah sebuah nama yang dipakai oleh para geografer Muslim pada abad pertengahan untuk menyebut bagian tertentu dari Afrika Tenggara (terutama Pesisir Swahili), dan untuk para penduduk suku bangsa Bantu di kawasan tersebut.^[4] Kata tersebut juga merupakan asal muasal dari nama-nama tempat Zanzibar ("pantai orang kulit hitam") dan Laut Zanj.

Etimologi

Zanj dalam bahasa Arab berarti negara orang hitam. Transliterasi lainnya adalah Zenj, Zinj, and Zang.^[5]^[6] Anthony Christie berpendapat bahwa kata zanj atau zang mungkin bukan berasal dari bahasa Arab, bentuk bahasa Cina (seng-ch'i) dicatat pada awal 607 Masehi. Christie berpendapat bahwa kata itu berasal dari Asia Tenggara.^[7] Diketahui bahwa orang Austronesia dari Indonesia mencapai Madagaskar sekitar 50–500 M.^[8]^[9] Adapun rute mereka, satu kemungkinan adalah bahwa orang Indonesia datang langsung melintasi Samudera Hindia dari Jawa ke Madagaskar. Sangat mungkin bahwa mereka pergi melalui Maladewa di mana bukti teknologi nelayan dan desain kapal Indonesia yang lama masih ada sampai sekarang.^[10]

Referensi

^ "Zanj dictionary definition | zanj defined". www.yourdictionary.com (dalam bahasa Inggris).
^ "Zanj - WordSense.eu". www.wordsense.eu (dalam bahasa Inggris).
^ Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, Volume 131 (Kommissionsverlag F. Steiner, 1981), p. 130.
^ F. R. C. Bagley et al., The Last Great Muslim Empires (Brill: 1997), p. 174.
^ Bagley, F. R. C.; et al. (1997). The Last Great Muslim Empires. Brill. hlm. 174. ISBN 1-55876-112-8.
^ Raunig, Walter (2005). Afrikas Horn: Akten der Ersten Internationalen Littmann-Konferenz 2. bis 5. Mai 2002 in München. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. hlm. 130. ISBN 3-447-05175-2. ancient Arabic geography had quite a fixed pattern in listing the countries from the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean: These are al-Misr (Egypt)—al-Muqurra (or other designations for Nubian kingdoms)—Zanj (Azania, i.e. the country of the "blacks"). Correspondingly almost all these terms (or as I believe: all of them!) also appear in ancient and medieval Chinese geography .
^ Dick-Read, Robert (July 2006). "Indonesia and Africa: questioning the origins of some of Africa's most famous icons". The Journal for Transdisciplinary Research in Southern Africa. 2: 23–45.
^ Dewar RE, Wright HT (1993). "The culture history of Madagascar". Journal of World Prehistory. 7 (4): 417–466. doi:10.1007/BF00997802. hdl:2027.42/45256 .
^ Burney DA, Burney LP, Godfrey LR, Jungers WL, Goodman SM, Wright HT, Jull AJ (August 2004). "A chronology for late prehistoric Madagascar". Journal of Human Evolution. 47 (1–2): 25–63. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.05.005. PMID 15288523.
^ P. Y. Manguin. Pre-modern Southeast Asian Shipping in the Indian Ocean: The Maldive Connection. ‘New Directions in Maritime History Conference’ Fremantle. December 1993.

Pranala luar

African Revolts Diarsipkan 2012-01-22 di Wayback Machine.
Map of Tanganyika and Zanzibar in 1886 showing Zanj

[1] "Zanj dictionary definition | zanj defined". www.yourdictionary.com (dalam bahasa Inggris).

[2] "Zanj - WordSense.eu". www.wordsense.eu (dalam bahasa Inggris).

[Steiner-3] Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, Volume 131 (Kommissionsverlag F. Steiner, 1981), p. 130.

[Bagley-4] F. R. C. Bagley et al., The Last Great Muslim Empires (Brill: 1997), p. 174.

[Bagley2-5] Bagley, F. R. C.; et al. (1997). The Last Great Muslim Empires. Brill. hlm. 174. ISBN 1-55876-112-8.

[Raunig-6] Raunig, Walter (2005). Afrikas Horn: Akten der Ersten Internationalen Littmann-Konferenz 2. bis 5. Mai 2002 in München. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. hlm. 130. ISBN 3-447-05175-2. ancient Arabic geography had quite a fixed pattern in listing the countries from the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean: These are al-Misr (Egypt)—al-Muqurra (or other designations for Nubian kingdoms)—Zanj (Azania, i.e. the country of the "blacks"). Correspondingly almost all these terms (or as I believe: all of them!) also appear in ancient and medieval Chinese geography .

[7] Dick-Read, Robert (July 2006). "Indonesia and Africa: questioning the origins of some of Africa's most famous icons". The Journal for Transdisciplinary Research in Southern Africa. 2: 23–45.

[Dewar1993-8] Dewar RE, Wright HT (1993). "The culture history of Madagascar". Journal of World Prehistory. 7 (4): 417–466. doi:10.1007/BF00997802. hdl:2027.42/45256 .

[Burney2004-9] Burney DA, Burney LP, Godfrey LR, Jungers WL, Goodman SM, Wright HT, Jull AJ (August 2004). "A chronology for late prehistoric Madagascar". Journal of Human Evolution. 47 (1–2): 25–63. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.05.005. PMID 15288523.

[10] P. Y. Manguin. Pre-modern Southeast Asian Shipping in the Indian Ocean: The Maldive Connection. ‘New Directions in Maritime History Conference’ Fremantle. December 1993.

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@@ Baris 2: / Baris 2: @@
 == Etimologi ==
-''Zanj'' dalam bahasa Arab berarti negara orang hitam. Transliterasi lainnya adalah '''Zenj''', '''Zinj''', and '''Zang'''.<ref name="Bagley2">{{cite book|title=The Last Great Muslim Empires|last=Bagley|first=F. R. C.|last2=Kissling|first2=Hans Joachim|publisher=Brill|year=1997|isbn=1-55876-112-8|location=|page=174|displayauthors=1}}</ref><ref name="Raunig">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JpNY7VPn1WUC&pg=PA130#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Afrikas Horn: Akten der Ersten Internationalen Littmann-Konferenz 2. bis 5. Mai 2002 in München|last=Raunig|first=Walter|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|year=2005|isbn=3-447-05175-2|pages=130|quote=ancient Arabic geography had quite a fixed pattern in listing the countries from the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean: These are al-Misr (Egypt)—al-Muqurra (or other designations for Nubian kingdoms)—Zanj (Azania, i.e. the country of the "blacks"). Correspondingly almost all these terms (or as I believe: all of them!) also appear in ancient and medieval Chinese geography}}.</ref> Anthony Christie berpendapat bahwa kata ''zanj'' atau ''zang'' mungkin bukan berasal dari bahasa Arab, bentuk bahasa Cina (''seng''-''ch'i'') dicatat pada awal 607 Masehi. Christie berpendapat bahwa kata itu berasal dari Asia Tenggara.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dick-Read|first=Robert|date=July 2006|title=Indonesia and Africa: questioning the origins of some of Africa’s most famous icons|url=|journal=The Journal for Transdisciplinary Research in Southern Africa|volume=2|pages=23-45|via=}}</ref> Diketahui bahwa orang Austronesia dari Indonesia mencapai Madagaskar sekitar 50–500 M.<ref name="Dewar1993">{{cite journal|last1=Dewar|first1=Robert E.|last2=Wright|first2=Henry T.|date=1993|title=The culture history of Madagascar|journal=Journal of World Prehistory|volume=7|issue=4|pages=417–466|doi=10.1007/BF00997802|hdl-access=free|s2cid=21753825|name-list-format=vanc|hdl=2027.42/45256}}</ref><ref name="Burney2004">{{cite journal|date=August 2004|title=A chronology for late prehistoric Madagascar|journal=Journal of Human Evolution|volume=47|issue=1–2|pages=25–63|doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.05.005|pmid=15288523|vauthors=Burney DA, Burney LP, Godfrey LR, Jungers WL, Goodman SM, Wright HT, Jull AJ}}</ref> Adapun rute mereka, satu kemungkinan adalah bahwa orang Indonesia datang langsung melintasi Samudera Hindia dari [[Jawa]] ke [[Madagaskar]]. Sangat mungkin bahwa mereka pergi melalui [[Maladewa]] di mana bukti teknologi nelayan dan desain kapal Indonesia yang lama masih ada sampai sekarang.<ref>P. Y. Manguin. ''Pre-modern Southeast Asian Shipping in the Indian Ocean: The Maldive Connection''. ‘New Directions in Maritime History Conference’ Fremantle. December 1993.</ref>
+''Zanj'' dalam bahasa Arab berarti negara orang hitam. Transliterasi lainnya adalah '''Zenj''', '''Zinj''', and '''Zang'''.<ref name="Bagley2">{{cite book|title=The Last Great Muslim Empires|url=https://archive.org/details/lastgreatmuslime00frcb|last=Bagley|first=F. R. C.|last2=Kissling|first2=Hans Joachim|publisher=Brill|year=1997|isbn=1-55876-112-8|location=|page=[https://archive.org/details/lastgreatmuslime00frcb/page/174 174]|displayauthors=1}}</ref><ref name="Raunig">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JpNY7VPn1WUC&pg=PA130#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Afrikas Horn: Akten der Ersten Internationalen Littmann-Konferenz 2. bis 5. Mai 2002 in München|last=Raunig|first=Walter|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|year=2005|isbn=3-447-05175-2|pages=130|quote=ancient Arabic geography had quite a fixed pattern in listing the countries from the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean: These are al-Misr (Egypt)—al-Muqurra (or other designations for Nubian kingdoms)—Zanj (Azania, i.e. the country of the "blacks"). Correspondingly almost all these terms (or as I believe: all of them!) also appear in ancient and medieval Chinese geography}}.</ref> Anthony Christie berpendapat bahwa kata ''zanj'' atau ''zang'' mungkin bukan berasal dari bahasa Arab, bentuk bahasa Cina (''seng''-''ch'i'') dicatat pada awal 607 Masehi. Christie berpendapat bahwa kata itu berasal dari Asia Tenggara.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dick-Read|first=Robert|date=July 2006|title=Indonesia and Africa: questioning the origins of some of Africa’s most famous icons|url=|journal=The Journal for Transdisciplinary Research in Southern Africa|volume=2|pages=23-45|via=}}</ref> Diketahui bahwa orang Austronesia dari Indonesia mencapai Madagaskar sekitar 50–500 M.<ref name="Dewar1993">{{cite journal|last1=Dewar|first1=Robert E.|last2=Wright|first2=Henry T.|date=1993|title=The culture history of Madagascar|journal=Journal of World Prehistory|volume=7|issue=4|pages=417–466|doi=10.1007/BF00997802|hdl-access=free|s2cid=21753825|name-list-format=vanc|hdl=2027.42/45256}}</ref><ref name="Burney2004">{{cite journal|date=August 2004|title=A chronology for late prehistoric Madagascar|journal=Journal of Human Evolution|volume=47|issue=1–2|pages=25–63|doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.05.005|pmid=15288523|vauthors=Burney DA, Burney LP, Godfrey LR, Jungers WL, Goodman SM, Wright HT, Jull AJ}}</ref> Adapun rute mereka, satu kemungkinan adalah bahwa orang Indonesia datang langsung melintasi Samudera Hindia dari [[Jawa]] ke [[Madagaskar]]. Sangat mungkin bahwa mereka pergi melalui [[Maladewa]] di mana bukti teknologi nelayan dan desain kapal Indonesia yang lama masih ada sampai sekarang.<ref>P. Y. Manguin. ''Pre-modern Southeast Asian Shipping in the Indian Ocean: The Maldive Connection''. ‘New Directions in Maritime History Conference’ Fremantle. December 1993.</ref>
 == Referensi ==
@@ Baris 8: / Baris 8: @@
 == Pranala luar ==
-* [http://www.africanholocaust.net/news_ah/africanrevolt.html African Revolts]
+* [http://www.africanholocaust.net/news_ah/africanrevolt.html African Revolts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120122145648/http://www.africanholocaust.net/news_ah/africanrevolt.html |date=2012-01-22 }}
 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051119170414/http://unimaps.com/tanzania1886/index.html Map of Tanganyika and Zanzibar in 1886 showing Zanj]