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| etymology = Kapal Kapten Robert Gray, ''[[Columbia Rediviva]]''
| etymology = Kapal Kapten Robert Gray, ''[[Columbia Rediviva]]''
| nickname = Big River, the River of the West, River Oregon<ref>{{cite book|last=Holbrook|first=Stewart|title=The Columbia|publisher=Comstock Editions|year=1956|location=San Francisco|pages=|isbn=978-0-89174-051-3}}</ref>
| nickname = Big River, the River of the West, River Oregon<ref>{{cite book|last=Holbrook|first=Stewart|title=The Columbia|url=https://archive.org/details/columbia0000holb|publisher=Comstock Editions|year=1956|location=San Francisco|pages=|isbn=978-0-89174-051-3}}</ref>
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| country = Amerika Serikat
| country = Amerika Serikat
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| length_imperial = 1243
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| length_note =<ref>{{cite web | title = The Columbia River | publisher = Columbia River Keeper | date = 2013 | url = http://columbiariverkeeper.org/the-river/ | accessdate = December 5, 2013}}</ref>
| length_note =<ref>{{cite web | title = The Columbia River | publisher = Columbia River Keeper | date = 2013 | url = http://columbiariverkeeper.org/the-river/ | accessdate = December 5, 2013 | archive-date = 2019-01-07 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190107035115/https://www.columbiariverkeeper.org/the-river/ | dead-url = yes }}</ref>
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'''Sungai Columbia''' adalah sungai terbesar di kawasan [[Pacific Northwest]] di Amerika Utara.<ref>According to the United States Geological Survey fact sheet, [http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/ofr87-242/pdf/ofr87242.pdf "Largest Rivers in the United States"], "Rivers are considered large on the basis of one or more of three characteristics: total length from source to mouth, area of basin (watershed) drained by the stream, and average rate of flow (discharge) at the mouth." The Columbia is the largest river of the Pacific Northwest in all three senses.</ref> [[Hulu sungai]] terletak di [[Pegunungan Rocky]] di [[British Columbia]], Kanada. Mengalir ke barat laut dan kemudian ke selatan ke negara bagian AS [[Washington (negara bagian)|Washington]], kemudian berubah ke barat untuk membentuk sebagian besar perbatasan antara Washington dan negara bagian [[Oregon]] sebelum bermuara ke Samudra Pasifik. Sungai ini panjangnya {{convert|1243|mi|km|abbr=on}}, dan [[anak sungai]] yang terbesar adalah [[Sungai Snake]]. [[Daerah aliran sungai]]nya adalah kira-kira seukuran Perancis dan meluas ke tujuh negara bagian AS dan provinsi Kanada.
'''Sungai Columbia''' adalah sungai terbesar di kawasan [[Pacific Northwest]] di Amerika Utara.<ref>According to the United States Geological Survey fact sheet, [http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/ofr87-242/pdf/ofr87242.pdf "Largest Rivers in the United States"], "Rivers are considered large on the basis of one or more of three characteristics: total length from source to mouth, area of basin (watershed) drained by the stream, and average rate of flow (discharge) at the mouth." The Columbia is the largest river of the Pacific Northwest in all three senses.</ref> [[Hulu sungai]] terletak di [[Pegunungan Rocky]] di [[British Columbia]], Kanada. Mengalir ke barat laut dan kemudian ke selatan ke negara bagian AS [[Washington (negara bagian)|Washington]], kemudian berubah ke barat untuk membentuk sebagian besar perbatasan antara Washington dan negara bagian [[Oregon]] sebelum bermuara ke Samudra Pasifik. Sungai ini panjangnya {{convert|1243|mi|km|abbr=on}}, dan [[anak sungai]] yang terbesar adalah [[Sungai Snake]]. [[Daerah aliran sungai]]nya adalah kira-kira seukuran Prancis dan meluas ke tujuh negara bagian AS dan provinsi Kanada.


Menurut volume, Sungai Columbia adalah sungai terbesar keempat di Amerika Serikat; Sungai Columbia memiliki aliran terbesar dari setiap sungai Amerika Utara mengalir ke Pasifik. Aliran deras sungai dan [[Kemiringan|gradien]] yang relatif curam memberikan potensi yang sangat besar untuk pembangkitan listrik. [[Daftar bendungan di daerah aliran sungai Columbia|Empat belas bendungan hidroelektrik]] pada [[batang utama]] Columbia dan banyak lagi pada anak sungainya menghasilkan lebih dari 44% dari total [[Hidroelektrisitas|generasi hidroelektrik]] AS<ref name="IEA2014">{{cite web |url=http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=16891 |title=The Columbia River Basin provides more than 40% of total U.S. hydroelectric generation |date=27 June 2014 |accessdate=1 June 2016 |work=report |format=web |publisher=International Energy Agency (IEA) |author=}}</ref> – daya hidroelektrik yang jauh lebih besar dibandingkan sungai lainnya di Amerika Utara.
Menurut volume, Sungai Columbia adalah sungai terbesar keempat di Amerika Serikat; Sungai Columbia memiliki aliran terbesar dari setiap sungai Amerika Utara mengalir ke Pasifik. Aliran deras sungai dan [[Kemiringan|gradien]] yang relatif curam memberikan potensi yang sangat besar untuk pembangkitan listrik. [[Daftar bendungan di daerah aliran sungai Columbia|Empat belas bendungan hidroelektrik]] pada [[batang utama]] Columbia dan banyak lagi pada anak sungainya menghasilkan lebih dari 44% dari total [[Hidroelektrisitas|generasi hidroelektrik]] AS<ref name="IEA2014">{{cite web |url=http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=16891 |title=The Columbia River Basin provides more than 40% of total U.S. hydroelectric generation |date=27 June 2014 |accessdate=1 June 2016 |work=report |format=web |publisher=International Energy Agency (IEA) |author=}}</ref> – daya hidroelektrik yang jauh lebih besar dibandingkan sungai lainnya di Amerika Utara.
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*{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Columbia River |volume=6 |short=x}}
*{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Columbia River |volume=6 |short=x}}
* [http://www.critfc.org/ Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission]
* [http://www.critfc.org/ Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission]
* [http://www2.epa.gov/columbiariver Columbia River] US Environmental Protection Agency
* [http://www2.epa.gov/columbiariver Columbia River] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160929021732/https://www.epa.gov/columbiariver |date=2016-09-29 }} US Environmental Protection Agency
* [http://www.ppl.nl/index.php?option=com_wrapper&view=wrapper&Itemid=82 Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law] Peace Palace Library
* [http://www.ppl.nl/index.php?option=com_wrapper&view=wrapper&Itemid=82 Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law] Peace Palace Library
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080102084202/www.iinet.com/~englishriver/LewisClarkColumbiaRiver/Regions/Places/columbia_river.html ''National Geographic'' on the Columbia]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080102084202/http://www.iinet.com/~englishriver/LewisClarkColumbiaRiver/Regions/Places/columbia_river.html ''National Geographic'' on the Columbia]
* [http://www.bchydro.com/energy_in_bc/our_system/generation.html BC Hydro Generation System Information]
* [http://www.bchydro.com/energy_in_bc/our_system/generation.html BC Hydro Generation System Information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503163806/http://www.bchydro.com/energy_in_bc/our_system/generation.html |date=2012-05-03 }}
* [http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/columbia/forest/ Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area] from the US Forest Service
* [http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/columbia/forest/ Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area] from the US Forest Service
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080102084202/www.iinet.com/~englishriver/LewisClarkColumbiaRiver/Regions/Places/columbia_river.html CORIE, a Columbia River observation and prediction system]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080102084202/http://www.iinet.com/~englishriver/LewisClarkColumbiaRiver/Regions/Places/columbia_river.html CORIE, a Columbia River observation and prediction system]
* [http://digitalcollections.lib.washington.edu/cdm/search/collection/tollcan/searchterm/columbia/field/all/mode/all/conn/and/order/title/ad/asc University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections&nbsp;– Tollman and Canaris Photographs] Photographs document the salmon fishing industry on the southern Washington coast and in the lower Columbia River around the year 1897 and offer valuable insights into the history of commercial salmon fishing and the techniques used at the beginning of the 20th century.
* [http://digitalcollections.lib.washington.edu/cdm/search/collection/tollcan/searchterm/columbia/field/all/mode/all/conn/and/order/title/ad/asc University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections&nbsp;– Tollman and Canaris Photographs] Photographs document the salmon fishing industry on the southern Washington coast and in the lower Columbia River around the year 1897 and offer valuable insights into the history of commercial salmon fishing and the techniques used at the beginning of the 20th century.
* {{Wayback |date=20080102084202 |url=www.iinet.com/~englishriver/LewisClarkColumbiaRiver/Regions/Places/columbia_river.html |title=Timeline of exploration of the Columbia }}, dating back to the 17th&nbsp;century
* {{Wayback |date=20080102084202 |url=www.iinet.com/~englishriver/LewisClarkColumbiaRiver/Regions/Places/columbia_river.html |title=Timeline of exploration of the Columbia }}, dating back to the 17th&nbsp;century

Revisi terkini sejak 12 Oktober 2023 11.00

Sungai Columbia
Aerial view of a large river winding through a mountainous gorge. It passes over a dam stretching in four segments from bank to bank across three intervening islands. Highways, passing by clusters of buildings here and there on both banks, run parallel to the river. Whitewater and foam curl downriver from one of the central segments.
Bendungan Bonneville, di Ngarai Sungai Columbia
Nama asal: Kapal Kapten Robert Gray, Columbia Rediviva
Julukan: Big River, the River of the West, River Oregon[1]
Countries Amerika Serikat, Kanada
Provinsi Washington, Oregon
Provinsi British Columbia
Anak sungai
 - kiri Sungai Spillimacheen, Sungai Beaver, Sungai Illecillewaet, Sungai Incomappleux, Sungai Kootenay, Sungai Pend Oreille, Sungai Spokane, Sungai Snake, Sungai John Day, Sungai Deschutes, Sungai Willamette
 - kanan Sungai Kicking Horse, Sungai Blaeberry, Sungai Canoe, Sungai Kettle, Sungai Sanpoil, Sungai Okanogan, Sungai Entiat, Sungai Wenatchee, Sungai Yakima, Sungai Lewis, Sungai Cowlitz
Kota Revelstoke, BC, Tri-Cities, WA, Portland, OR, Vancouver, WA, Longview, WA, Astoria, OR
Sumber Danau Columbia
 - location British Columbia, Kanada
 - elevation 2.690 ft (820 m) [2]
Muara Samudra Pasifik, di Clatsop County, Oregon / Pacific County, Washington
 - elevation ft (0 m)
Panjang 1.243 mi (2.000 km) [3]
DAS 258.000 sq mi (668.000 km2)
Debit air for muara (rata-rata); maks dan min di The Dalles, Oregon, 1.889 mil (3.040 km) dari muara
 - rerata 265.000 cu ft/s (7.500 m3/s) [4][5][6]
 - max 1.240.000 cu ft/s (35.100 m3/s)
 - min 12.100 cu ft/s (300 m3/s)
Three-color map of the Columbia River watershed. The watershed is shaped roughly like a funnel with its wide end to the east and its narrow end along the border between Washington and Oregon as it nears the Pacific Ocean. The watershed extends into the western US states of Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Nevada, Utah, Wyoming, and Montana, and the western Canadian province of British Columbia as far east as its border with Alberta. The river itself makes a hairpin turn from north-west to south in British Columbia and another sharp turn from south to west as it nears Oregon.
Daerah aliran sungai dari Sungai Columbia
Wikimedia Commons: Columbia River

Sungai Columbia adalah sungai terbesar di kawasan Pacific Northwest di Amerika Utara.[7] Hulu sungai terletak di Pegunungan Rocky di British Columbia, Kanada. Mengalir ke barat laut dan kemudian ke selatan ke negara bagian AS Washington, kemudian berubah ke barat untuk membentuk sebagian besar perbatasan antara Washington dan negara bagian Oregon sebelum bermuara ke Samudra Pasifik. Sungai ini panjangnya 1.243 mi (2.000 km), dan anak sungai yang terbesar adalah Sungai Snake. Daerah aliran sungainya adalah kira-kira seukuran Prancis dan meluas ke tujuh negara bagian AS dan provinsi Kanada.

Menurut volume, Sungai Columbia adalah sungai terbesar keempat di Amerika Serikat; Sungai Columbia memiliki aliran terbesar dari setiap sungai Amerika Utara mengalir ke Pasifik. Aliran deras sungai dan gradien yang relatif curam memberikan potensi yang sangat besar untuk pembangkitan listrik. Empat belas bendungan hidroelektrik pada batang utama Columbia dan banyak lagi pada anak sungainya menghasilkan lebih dari 44% dari total generasi hidroelektrik AS[8] – daya hidroelektrik yang jauh lebih besar dibandingkan sungai lainnya di Amerika Utara.

Sungai Columbia dan anak-anak sungainya telah menjadi pusat budaya dan ekonomi di kawasan itu selama ribuan tahun. Sungai ini telah digunakan untuk transportasi sejak zaman kuno, yang menghubungkan banyak kelompok budaya daerah. Sistem sungai menjadi tempat hidup banyak spesies ikan anadromous, yang bermigrasi antara habitat air tawar dan air garam dari Samudra Pasifik. Ikan-ikan ini—terutama spesies salmon—menyediakan subsistensi inti untuk orang-orang pribumi; di abad yang lalu, masyarakat adat melintasi Amerika Utara bagian barat ke Columbia untuk perdagangan untuk ikan.

Catatan dan referensi

[sunting | sunting sumber]
  1. ^ Holbrook, Stewart (1956). The Columbia. San Francisco: Comstock Editions. ISBN 978-0-89174-051-3. 
  2. ^ Marsh, James H. (2013). "Columbia River". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Foundation. Diakses tanggal September 30, 2015. 
  3. ^ "The Columbia River". Columbia River Keeper. 2013. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2019-01-07. Diakses tanggal December 5, 2013. 
  4. ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama USGSrivers
  5. ^ Kimbrough, R. A.; Ruppert, G. P.; Wiggins, W. D.; Smith, R. R.; Kresch, D. L. (2006). "Water Data Report WA-05-1: Klickitat and White Salmon River Basins and the Columbia River from Kennewick to Bonneville Dam" (PDF). Water Resources Data-Washington Water Year 2005. United States Geological Survey. Diakses tanggal April 1, 2008. 
  6. ^ Identical data in: Loy, William G.; Stuart Allan; Aileen R. Buckley; James E. Meecham (2001). Atlas of Oregon. University of Oregon Press. hlm. 164–65. ISBN 0-87114-102-7. 
  7. ^ According to the United States Geological Survey fact sheet, "Largest Rivers in the United States", "Rivers are considered large on the basis of one or more of three characteristics: total length from source to mouth, area of basin (watershed) drained by the stream, and average rate of flow (discharge) at the mouth." The Columbia is the largest river of the Pacific Northwest in all three senses.
  8. ^ "The Columbia River Basin provides more than 40% of total U.S. hydroelectric generation" (web). report. International Energy Agency (IEA). 27 June 2014. Diakses tanggal 1 June 2016. 

Bacaan lebih lanjut

[sunting | sunting sumber]
  • Cody, Robin (2012). Voyage of a Summer Sun: Canoeing the Columbia River. Corvallis: Oregon State University Press. ISBN 978-0-87071-661-4. 
  • MacGibbon, Elma (1904). "Columbia River and Pullman". Leaves of Knowledge (DJVU). Washington State Library's Classics in Washington History collection. Shaw & Borden. ISBN 978-1-110-68495-3. 

Pranala luar

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Templat:Sungai Columbia Templat:Hidrografi British Columbia Templat:Portland, Oregon, watersheds