Agama Dharmik: Perbedaan antara revisi
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#ALIH [[Agama darmik]] |
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{{Pie chart |
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| caption = Agama-agama Dharmik dalam persentase penduduk dunia |
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| label1 = Hinduisme |
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| value1 =15 |
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| color1 = orange |
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| label2 = Buddhisme |
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| value2 = 7.1 |
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| color2 = yellow |
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| label3 = Sikhisme |
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| value3 = 0.35 |
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| color3 = DarkKhaki |
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| label4 = Jainisme |
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| value4 = 0.06 |
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| color4 = LightCoral |
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|label5=Zoroastrianisme |
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|value5=0.03 |
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|other = Lainnya |
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}} |
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'''Agama Dharmik''' atau '''Agama-agama India''' adalah agama-agama yang berasal dari [[anak benua India]]; yakni [[Hinduisme]], [[Jainisme]], [[Buddhisme]], dan [[Sikhisme]] yang mengikuti aturan [[Dharma]].<ref group=web name = EB>Adams, C. J., [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-38030/classification-of-religions Classification of religions: Geographical], [[Encyclopædia Britannica]], 2007. Accessed: 15 July 2010</ref>{{refn|group=note|Adams: "Agama-agama India, meliputi Buddhisme awal, Hinduisme, Jainisme, dan Sikhisme, dan kadangkala Buddhisme Theravāda dan agama-agama yang terinsipirasi Hindu dan Buddha di Asia Selatan dan Tenggara".}} [[Zoroastrianisme]] meskipun tidak berasal dari anak benua India, juga kadang kala dianggap sebagai suatu agama Dharmik.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://councilofdharmicfaithsuk.com/the-dharmic-faiths.php|title=Council of Dharmic Faiths UK|website=councilofdharmicfaithsuk.com|access-date=2017-05-27}}</ref> [[Agama|Agama-agama]] ini semuanya juga diklasifikasikan sebagai [[Agama Timur|agama-agama Timur]]. Meskipun agama-agama India terhubung melalui [[sejarah India]], mereka membentuk berbagai komunitas keagamaan, dan tidak terbatas pada anak benua India.<ref group=web name="EB"/> |
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Bukti yang membuktikan [[agama prasejarah]] di anak benua India berasal dari lukisan batu [[Mesolitikum]] yang tersebar. Orang-orang [[Harappa]] dari [[Peradaban Lembah Indus]], yang berlangsung dari tahun 3300 sampai 1300 SM (periode dewasa, 2600-1900 SM), memiliki budaya urban awal yang mendahului agama Veda.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rude Travel: Down The Sages|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch-stories/rude-travel-down-the-sages/article1-1121641.aspx | publisher =Hindustan Times |author= Vir Sanghvi }}</ref>{{Better source|reason=Vir Singhvi is a Journalist not a scholar.|date=February 2017}} |
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Sejarah yang tercatat mengenai agama-agama India diawali dengan [[agama Weda historis]], praktik keagamaan dari [[bangsa India-Iran]] awal, yang dikumpulkan dan kemudian [[shakha|disusun]] ke dalam ''[[Weda]]''. Periode komposisi, redaksi, dan komentar teks-teks ini dikenal sebagai [[periode Weda]], yang berlangsung dari sekitar tahun 1750 sampai 500 SM.{{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=33}} Bagian filosofis dari Weda dirangkum dalam [[upanisad]], yang sering disebut sebagai ''[[Wedanta]]'', yang ditafsirkan bermacam-macam yang berarti "bab terakhir, bagian dari [[Weda]], atau "objek, tujuan tertinggi dari Weda".<ref>Max Muller, [https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/n93/mode/2up The Upanishads], Part 1, Oxford University Press, page LXXXVI footnote 1</ref> Upanisad awal semuanya mendahului Era Umum (Masehi), lima{{refn|group=note|Upanishad pra-Buddhis adalah: Upanishad Brihadaranyaka, Chandogya, Kaushitaki, Aitareya, dan Taittiriya.}} dari sebelas [[Mukhya Upanishad|Prinsip Upanisad]] disusun kemungkinan besar sebelum abad ke-6 SM,{{sfn|King|1995|p=52}} dan mengandung sebutan paling awal mengenai ''[[Yoga]]'' dan [[Moksha]].{{sfn|Olivelle|1998|p=xxiii}} |
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Periode Reformasi atau Sramana antara tahun 800-200 SM menandai "titik balik antara Hinduisme Weda dan Hinduisme Purana".{{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=38}} Gerakan Sramana, sebuah gerakan keagamaan India kuno yang sejalan dengan namun terpisah dari tradisi Weda, yang sering menentang banyak konsep Weda dan Upanisad mengenai (Atman) dan realitas tertinggi (Brahman). Pada abad ke-6 SM, gerakan Sramana berkembang menjadi [[Jainisme]]{{sfn|Jain|2008|p=210}} dan [[Buddhisme]]{{sfn|Svarghese|2008|p=259-60}} dan bertanggung jawab atas perpecahan agama-agama India menjadi dua cabang filsafat utama yakni astika, yang memuliakan Weda (seperti enam mazhab ortodoks Hinduisme) dan nastika (seperti Buddhisme, Jainisme, Sarvaka, dsb.). Namun, kedua cabang tersebut berbagi konsep terkait [[Yoga]], '' [[saṃsāra]]'' (siklus kelahiran dan kematian), dan ''[[moksha]]'' (pembebasan dari siklus itu){{refn|group=note|KOnsep bersama tersebut meliputi kelabiran kembali, samsara, karma, meditasi, pelepasan keduniawian, dan moksha.{{sfn|Olivelle|1998|pp=xx-xxiv}}}}{{refn|group=note|Tradisi pelepasan keduniawaian Upanisad, Buddhis, dan Jaina membentuk tradisi-tradisi sejalan, yang berbagi beberapa konsep dan perhatian yang sama. Sementara [[Kerajaan Kuru|Kuru]]-[[Panchala]], di Dataran Gangga tengah, merupakan pusat tradisi Upanisad awal, [[Kerajaan Kosala|Kosala]]-[[Magadha]] di Dataran Gangga tengah merupakan pusat tradisi-tradisi [[sramana]] lainnya.{{sfn|Samuel|2010}}}}.<ref>[[Buddhisme dan Hinduisme#Kemiripian]]</ref> |
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== Catatan == |
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{{reflist|group=note|30em}} |
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== Referensi == |
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{{refend}} |
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=== Sumber-sumber situs web === |
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{{reflist|group=web}} |
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{{reflist|group=web}} |
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== Bacaan lebih lanjut == |
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* {{Citation | last =Heehs | first =Peter | year =2002 | title =Indian Religions: A Historical Reader of Spiritual Expression and Experience | publisher =C. Hurst & Co. Publishers | url =https://books.google.com/?id=xYglQ5ossEkC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false | isbn =9781850654964}} |
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== Pranala luar == |
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;Statistik |
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* {{cite web|title=Census of India 2001: Data on religion |work=Government of India (Office of the Registrar General) |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ |accessdate=28 May 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070514045222/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ |archivedate=14 May 2007 }} |
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;Konstitusi dan hukum |
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* {{cite web |title=Constitution of India |work=Government of India (Ministry of Law and Justice) |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/welcome.html |accessdate=28 May 2007}} |
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;Laporan |
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* {{cite web |title=International Religious Freedom Report 2006: India |work=United States Department of State |url=http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71440.htm |accessdate=28 May 2007}} |
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[[Kategori:Agama]] |
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[[Kategori:Agama di Asia]] |
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[[Kategori:Agama di India]] |
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[[Kategori:Agama di Nepal]] |
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Revisi per 30 Oktober 2023 00.37
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