Peningkatan keasaman air laut: Perbedaan antara revisi

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Sebaris

Revisi terkini sejak 4 Desember 2023 04.17

Peningkatan keasaman air laut adalah peristiwa berkurangnya pH lautan yang berada di bumi, yang disebabkan oleh penyerapan karbon dioksida dari atmosfer (pH berkurang = keasaman meningkat).^[1] Diperkirakan 30-40% karbon dioksida yang dilepaskan oleh manusia ke atmosfer larut ke perairan.^[2]^[3] Untuk mempertahankan kesetimbangan kimia, sebagian akan bereaksi dengan air membentuk asam karbonat. Sebagian dari molekul asam karbonat akan beraksi dengan molekul air membentuk ion bikarbonat dan ion hidronium, sehingga meningkatkan keasaman laut. Antara tahun 1751 hingga 1994, pH permukaan laut diperkirakan menurun dari 8.25 menjadi 8.14,^[4] yang merupakan peningkatan konsentrasi ion hidronium sebanyak 30% di lautan.^[5]^[6]

Peningkatan keasaman air aut diperkirakan memiliki beragam konsekuensi, seperti penurunan laju metabolisme cumi-cumi jumbo (Dosidicus gigas),^[7] penurunan sistem imunitas kerang biru,^[8] dan pemutihan koral.

Reaksi kimia

CO₂ (g) + H₂O (l)

CO₂ (aq) + H₂O (l)

H₂CO₃ (aq)

HCO₃⁻ (aq) + H⁺ (aq)

CO₃²⁻ (aq) + 2 H⁺ (aq)

Reaksi kimia lain juga terjadi sehingga kadar ion karbonat di lautan yang tersedia akan berkurang. Hal ini akan menyulitkan bagi hewan laut yang membutuhkan ion karbonat bagi pertumbuhan hidupnya seperti koral untuk proses kalsifikasi tubuhnya, dan beberapa jenis plankton. Struktur yang mengandung ion karbonat pun akan cepat rapuh karena larut oleh asam.^[9] Peningkatan keasaman lautan akan memicu gangguan pada rantai makanan yang ada pada dan terhubung dengan lautan.^[10]^[11] Sebanyak 105 akademi ilmu pengetahuan telah mengeluarkan rekomendasi untuk mengurangi emisi karbon dioksida global sebanyak setidaknya 50% dari tingkat emisi tahun 1990.^[12]

Peningkatan keasaman air laut telah terjadi sebelumnya dalam sejarah bumi, seperti peristiwa Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM),^[13] yang terjadi setidaknya 56 juta tahun yang lalu dan menyebabkan pelarutan struktur karbonat hewan laut hingga membentuk sedimen di basin lautan di seluruh dunia.

Lihat pula

Referensi

^ Caldeira, K. (2003). "Anthropogenic carbon and ocean pH" (PDF). Nature. 425 (6956): 365–365. Bibcode:2001AGUFMOS11C0385C. doi:10.1038/425365a. PMID 14508477.
^ Millero, Frank J. (1995). "Thermodynamics of the carbon dioxide system in the oceans". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 59 (4): 661–677. Bibcode:1995GeCoA..59..661M. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(94)00354-O.
^ Feely, R. A. (2004). "Impact of Anthropogenic CO₂ on the CaCO₃ System in the Oceans". Science. 305 (5682): 362–366. Bibcode:2004Sci...305..362F. doi:10.1126/science.1097329. PMID 15256664.
^ Jacobson, M. Z. (2005). "Studying ocean acidification with conservative, stable numerical schemes for nonequilibrium air-ocean exchange and ocean equilibrium chemistry". Journal of Geophysical Research – Atmospheres. 110: D07302. Bibcode:2005JGRD..11007302J. doi:10.1029/2004JD005220.
^ Hall-Spencer, J. M. (2008). "Volcanic carbon dioxide vents show ecosystem effects of ocean acidification". Nature. 454 (7200): 96–9. Bibcode:2008Natur.454...96H. doi:10.1038/nature07051. PMID 18536730.
^ Report of the Ocean Acidification and Oxygen Working Group, International Council for Science's Scientific Committee on Ocean Research (SCOR) Biological Observatories Workshop
^ Rosa, R.; Seibel, B. (2008). "Synergistic effects of climate-related variables suggest future physiological impairment in a top oceanic predator". P.n.a.s. 105 (52): 20776–20780. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10520776R. doi:10.1073/pnas.0806886105. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2014-12-06. Diakses tanggal 2013-12-01.
^ Bibby, R. (2008). "Effects of ocean acidification on the immune response of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis". Aquatic Biology. 2: 67–74. doi:10.3354/ab00037.
^ Orr, James C. (2005). "Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms" (PDF). Nature. 437 (7059): 681–686. Bibcode:2005Natur.437..681O. doi:10.1038/nature04095. PMID 16193043. Diarsipkan (PDF) dari versi asli tanggal 2008-06-25. Diakses tanggal 2013-12-01.
^ Cornelia Dean (January 30, 2009). "Rising Acidity Is Threatening Food Web of Oceans, Science Panel Says". New York Times.
^ Robert E. Service (13 July 2012). "Rising Acidity Brings and Ocean Of Trouble". Science. 337 (6091): 146–148. Bibcode:2012Sci...337..146S. doi:10.1126/science.337.6091.146. PMID 22798578.
^ IAP (June 2009). "Interacademy Panel (IAP) Member Academies Statement on Ocean Acidification". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-08-06. Diakses tanggal 2013-12-01 , Secretariat: TWAS (the Academy of Sciences for the Developing World), Trieste, Italy.
^ Zachos, J.C. (2005). "Rapid acidification of the ocean during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum". Science. 308 (5728): 1611–1615. doi:10.1126/science.1109004. PMID 15947184.

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Bahan bacaan terkait

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Doney, S. C. (2006). "The Dangers of Ocean Acidification". Scientific American. 294 (3): 58–65. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0306-58. ISSN 0036-8733. PMID 16502612. , (Article preview only).
Feely, R. A. (2004). "Impact of Anthropogenic CO₂ on the CaCO₃ System in the Oceans". Science. 305 (5682): 362–366. Bibcode:2004Sci...305..362F. doi:10.1126/science.1097329. PMID 15256664.
Harrould-Kolieb, E.; Savitz, J. (2008). "Acid Test: Can We Save Our Oceans From CO₂?". Oceana. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-10-09. Diakses tanggal 2013-12-01.
Henderson, Caspar (2006-08-05). "Ocean acidification: the other CO₂ problem". NewScientist.com news service.
Jacobson, M. Z. (2005). "Studying ocean acidification with conservative, stable numerical schemes for nonequilibrium air-ocean exchange and ocean equilibrium chemistry". Journal of Geophysical Research – Atmospheres. 110: D07302. Bibcode:2005JGRD..11007302J. doi:10.1029/2004JD005220.
Kim, Rakhyun E. (2012). "Is a New Multilateral Environmental Agreement on Ocean Acidification Necessary?" (PDF). Review of European Community & International Environmental Law. 21 (3): 243–258. doi:10.1111/reel.12000.x.
Kleypas, J. A., R. A. Feely, V. J. Fabry, C. Langdon, C. L. Sabine, and L. L. Robbins. (2006). Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Coral Reefs and Other Marine Calcifiers: A Guide for Further Research Diarsipkan 2011-07-20 di Wayback Machine., report of a workshop held 18–20 April 2005, St. Petersburg, FL, sponsored by National Science Foundation, NOAA and the U.S. Geological Survei, 88pp.
Kolbert, E. (2006-11-20). "The Darkening Sea: Carbon emissions and the ocean". The New Yorker.
Riebesell, U., V. J. Fabry, L. Hansson and J.-P. Gattuso (Eds.). (2010). Guide to best practices for ocean acidification research and data reporting, 260 p. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
Sabine, C. L. (2004). "The Oceanic Sink for Anthropogenic CO₂". Science. 305 (5682): 367–371. Bibcode:2004Sci...305..367S. doi:10.1126/science.1097403. PMID 15256665.
Stone, R. (2007). "A World Without Corals?". Science. 316 (5825): 678–681. doi:10.1126/science.316.5825.678. PMID 17478692.

Pranala luar

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Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center Diarsipkan 2011-08-14 di Wayback Machine. (CDIAC), the primary data analysis center of the U.S. Department of Energy (located at Oak Ridge National Laboratory)
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[cald03-1] Caldeira, K. (2003). "Anthropogenic carbon and ocean pH" (PDF). Nature. 425 (6956): 365–365. Bibcode:2001AGUFMOS11C0385C. doi:10.1038/425365a. PMID 14508477.

[millero95-2] Millero, Frank J. (1995). "Thermodynamics of the carbon dioxide system in the oceans". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 59 (4): 661–677. Bibcode:1995GeCoA..59..661M. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(94)00354-O.

[Feely04-3] Feely, R. A. (2004). "Impact of Anthropogenic CO₂ on the CaCO₃ System in the Oceans". Science. 305 (5682): 362–366. Bibcode:2004Sci...305..362F. doi:10.1126/science.1097329. PMID 15256664.

[jacob05-4] Jacobson, M. Z. (2005). "Studying ocean acidification with conservative, stable numerical schemes for nonequilibrium air-ocean exchange and ocean equilibrium chemistry". Journal of Geophysical Research – Atmospheres. 110: D07302. Bibcode:2005JGRD..11007302J. doi:10.1029/2004JD005220.

[pmid18536730-5] Hall-Spencer, J. M. (2008). "Volcanic carbon dioxide vents show ecosystem effects of ocean acidification". Nature. 454 (7200): 96–9. Bibcode:2008Natur.454...96H. doi:10.1038/nature07051. PMID 18536730.

[scor-int-6] Report of the Ocean Acidification and Oxygen Working Group, International Council for Science's Scientific Committee on Ocean Research (SCOR) Biological Observatories Workshop

[Rosa-7] Rosa, R.; Seibel, B. (2008). "Synergistic effects of climate-related variables suggest future physiological impairment in a top oceanic predator". P.n.a.s. 105 (52): 20776–20780. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10520776R. doi:10.1073/pnas.0806886105. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2014-12-06. Diakses tanggal 2013-12-01.

[Bibby-8] Bibby, R. (2008). "Effects of ocean acidification on the immune response of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis". Aquatic Biology. 2: 67–74. doi:10.3354/ab00037.

[orr05-9] Orr, James C. (2005). "Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms" (PDF). Nature. 437 (7059): 681–686. Bibcode:2005Natur.437..681O. doi:10.1038/nature04095. PMID 16193043. Diarsipkan (PDF) dari versi asli tanggal 2008-06-25. Diakses tanggal 2013-12-01.

[10] Cornelia Dean (January 30, 2009). "Rising Acidity Is Threatening Food Web of Oceans, Science Panel Says". New York Times.

[11] Robert E. Service (13 July 2012). "Rising Acidity Brings and Ocean Of Trouble". Science. 337 (6091): 146–148. Bibcode:2012Sci...337..146S. doi:10.1126/science.337.6091.146. PMID 22798578.

[iap_statement-12] IAP (June 2009). "Interacademy Panel (IAP) Member Academies Statement on Ocean Acidification". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-08-06. Diakses tanggal 2013-12-01 , Secretariat: TWAS (the Academy of Sciences for the Developing World), Trieste, Italy.

[Zachos2005-13] Zachos, J.C. (2005). "Rapid acidification of the ocean during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum". Science. 308 (5728): 1611–1615. doi:10.1126/science.1109004. PMID 15947184.

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@@ Baris 1: / Baris 1: @@
-[[File:WOA05 GLODAP del pH AYool.png|thumb|right|300px|Perkiraan perubahan [[pH]] air laut yang disebabkan oleh [[karbon dioksida]] yang dihasilkan manusia, sejak tahun 1700an sampai 1990an. Data dari [[Global Ocean Data Analysis Project]] dan [[World Ocean Atlas]]]]
+[[Berkas:WOA05 GLODAP del pH AYool.png|jmpl|ka|300px|Perkiraan perubahan [[pH]] air laut yang disebabkan oleh [[karbon dioksida]] yang dihasilkan manusia, sejak tahun 1700-an sampai 1990-an. Data dari [[Global Ocean Data Analysis Project]] dan [[World Ocean Atlas]].]]
-'''Peningkatan keasaman air laut''' adalah peristiwa berkurangnya [[pH]] [[lautan]] yang berada di bumi, yang disebabkan oleh penyerapan [[karbon dioksida]] dari atmosfer (pH berkurang = keasaman meningkat).<ref name=cald03>{{Cite journal |last=Caldeira |first=K. |coauthors=Wickett, M. E. |year=2003 |title=Anthropogenic carbon and ocean pH |url=http://pangea.stanford.edu/research/Oceans/GES205/Caldeira_Science_Anthropogenic%20Carbon%20and%20ocean%20pH.pdf |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=425 |issue=6956 |pages=365–365 |doi=10.1038/425365a |pmid=14508477 |bibcode=2001AGUFMOS11C0385C |ref=harv}}</ref> Diperkirakan 30-40% karbon dioksida yang dilepaskan oleh manusia ke atmosfer larut ke perairan.<ref name=millero95>{{Cite journal |last=Millero|first=Frank J. |year=1995 |title=Thermodynamics of the carbon dioxide system in the oceans |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/001670379400354O | archiveurl = | archivedate = | journal=Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=661–677 |doi=  10.1016/0016-7037(94)00354-O|pmid= |bibcode= 1995GeCoA..59..661M |ref=harv}}</ref><ref name=Feely04>{{cite journal |last=Feely |first=R. A. |coauthors=''et al.'' |title=Impact of Anthropogenic CO<sub>2</sub> on the CaCO<sub>3</sub> System in the Oceans |journal=Science |volume=305 |year=2004 |month=July |pages=362–366 |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/content/305/5682/362.abstract |bibcode = 2004Sci...305..362F |doi = 10.1126/science.1097329 |pmid=15256664 |issue=5682 |ref=harv}}</ref> Untuk mempertahankan [[kesetimbangan kimia]], sebagian akan bereaksi dengan air membentuk [[asam karbonat]]. Beberapa dari molekul asam karbonat akan beraksi dengan molekul air membentuk ion [[bikarbonat]] dan ion [[hydronium]], sehingga meningkatkan [[keasaman]] laut. Antara tahun 1751 hingga 1994, pH permukaan laut diperkirakan menurun dari 8.25 menjadi 8.14,<ref name=jacob05>{{cite journal | last=Jacobson | first=M. Z. | year=2005 | title=Studying ocean acidification with conservative, stable numerical schemes for nonequilibrium air-ocean exchange and ocean equilibrium chemistry | journal=[[Journal of Geophysical Research]] – Atmospheres | volume=110 | doi=10.1029/2004JD005220 | url=http://www.agu.org/journals/ABS/2005/2004JD005220.shtml | pages=D07302 | bibcode=2005JGRD..11007302J | ref=harv}}</ref> yang merupakan peningkatan konsentrasi ion hydronium sebanyak 30% di lautan.<ref name="pmid18536730">{{Cite journal |author=Hall-Spencer, J. M. |coauthors=Rodolfo-Metalpa, R.; Martin, S.; ''et al.'' |title=Volcanic carbon dioxide vents show ecosystem effects of ocean acidification |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=454 |issue=7200 |pages=96–9 |year=2008 |month=July |pmid=18536730 |doi=10.1038/nature07051 |bibcode=2008Natur.454...96H |ref=harv}}</ref><ref name="scor-int">[http://www.scor-int.org/OBO2009/A&O_Report.pdf Report of the Ocean Acidification and Oxygen Working Group, International Council for Science's Scientific Committee on Ocean Research (SCOR) Biological Observatories Workshop]</ref>
+'''Peningkatan keasaman air laut''' adalah peristiwa berkurangnya [[pH]] [[lautan]] yang berada di bumi, yang disebabkan oleh penyerapan [[karbon dioksida]] dari atmosfer (pH berkurang = keasaman meningkat).<ref name=cald03>{{Cite journal |last=Caldeira |first=K. |coauthors=Wickett, M. E. |year=2003 |title=Anthropogenic carbon and ocean pH |url=http://pangea.stanford.edu/research/Oceans/GES205/Caldeira_Science_Anthropogenic%20Carbon%20and%20ocean%20pH.pdf |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=425 |issue=6956 |pages=365–365 |doi=10.1038/425365a |pmid=14508477 |bibcode=2001AGUFMOS11C0385C |ref=harv}}</ref> Diperkirakan 30-40% karbon dioksida yang dilepaskan oleh manusia ke atmosfer larut ke perairan.<ref name=millero95>{{Cite journal |last=Millero|first=Frank J. |year=1995 |title=Thermodynamics of the carbon dioxide system in the oceans |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/001670379400354O | archiveurl = | archivedate = | journal=Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=661–677 |doi=  10.1016/0016-7037(94)00354-O|pmid= |bibcode= 1995GeCoA..59..661M |ref=harv}}</ref><ref name=Feely04>{{cite journal |last=Feely |first=R. A. |coauthors=''et al.'' |title=Impact of Anthropogenic CO<sub>2</sub> on the CaCO<sub>3</sub> System in the Oceans |journal=Science |volume=305 |year=2004 |month=July |pages=362–366 |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/content/305/5682/362.abstract |bibcode = 2004Sci...305..362F |doi = 10.1126/science.1097329 |pmid=15256664 |issue=5682 |ref=harv}}</ref> Untuk mempertahankan [[kesetimbangan kimia]], sebagian akan bereaksi dengan air membentuk [[asam karbonat]]. Sebagian dari molekul asam karbonat akan beraksi dengan molekul air membentuk ion [[bikarbonat]] dan ion [[hidronium]], sehingga meningkatkan [[keasaman]] laut. Antara tahun 1751 hingga 1994, pH permukaan laut diperkirakan menurun dari 8.25 menjadi 8.14,<ref name=jacob05>{{cite journal | last=Jacobson | first=M. Z. | year=2005 | title=Studying ocean acidification with conservative, stable numerical schemes for nonequilibrium air-ocean exchange and ocean equilibrium chemistry | journal=[[Journal of Geophysical Research]] – Atmospheres | volume=110 | doi=10.1029/2004JD005220 | url=http://www.agu.org/journals/ABS/2005/2004JD005220.shtml | pages=D07302 | bibcode=2005JGRD..11007302J | ref=harv}}</ref> yang merupakan peningkatan konsentrasi ion hidronium sebanyak 30% di lautan.<ref name="pmid18536730">{{Cite journal |author=Hall-Spencer, J. M. |coauthors=Rodolfo-Metalpa, R.; Martin, S.; ''et al.'' |title=Volcanic carbon dioxide vents show ecosystem effects of ocean acidification |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=454 |issue=7200 |pages=96–9 |year=2008 |month=July |pmid=18536730 |doi=10.1038/nature07051 |bibcode=2008Natur.454...96H |ref=harv}}</ref><ref name="scor-int">[http://www.scor-int.org/OBO2009/A&O_Report.pdf Report of the Ocean Acidification and Oxygen Working Group, International Council for Science's Scientific Committee on Ocean Research (SCOR) Biological Observatories Workshop]</ref>
-Peningkatan keasaman air aut diperkirakan memiliki beragam konsekuensi, seperti penurunan laju metabolisme [[cumi-cumi jumbo]](''Dosidicus gigas''),<ref name=Rosa>{{cite journal |last=Rosa |first=R. |last2=Seibel |first2=B. |title=Synergistic effects of climate-related variables suggest future physiological impairment in a top oceanic predator |journal=P.n.a.s. |volume=105 |year=2008 |month= |pages=20776–20780 |url=http://www.pnas.org/content/105/52/20776.short |bibcode = 2008PNAS..10520776R |doi = 10.1073/pnas.0806886105 |issue=52 |ref=harv }}</ref> penurunan sistem imunitas kerang biru,<ref name=Bibby>{{cite journal |last=Bibby |first=R. |coauthors=''et al.'' |title=Effects of ocean acidification on the immune response of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis |journal=Aquatic Biology |volume=2 |year=2008 |month= |pages=67–74 |url=http://www.int-res.com/abstracts/ab/v2/n1/p67-74/ |doi=10.3354/ab00037 |ref=harv }}</ref> dan [[pemutihan koral]].
+Peningkatan keasaman air aut diperkirakan memiliki beragam konsekuensi, seperti penurunan laju metabolisme [[cumi-cumi jumbo]] (''Dosidicus gigas''),<ref name=Rosa>{{cite journal |last=Rosa |first=R. |last2=Seibel |first2=B. |title=Synergistic effects of climate-related variables suggest future physiological impairment in a top oceanic predator |journal=P.n.a.s. |volume=105 |year=2008 |month= |pages=20776–20780 |url=http://www.pnas.org/content/105/52/20776.short |bibcode=2008PNAS..10520776R |doi=10.1073/pnas.0806886105 |issue=52 |ref=harv |access-date=2013-12-01 |archive-date=2014-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141206113108/http://www.pnas.org/content/105/52/20776.short |dead-url=yes }}</ref> penurunan sistem imunitas kerang biru,<ref name=Bibby>{{cite journal |last=Bibby |first=R. |coauthors=''et al.'' |title=Effects of ocean acidification on the immune response of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis |journal=Aquatic Biology |volume=2 |year=2008 |month= |pages=67–74 |url=http://www.int-res.com/abstracts/ab/v2/n1/p67-74/ |doi=10.3354/ab00037 |ref=harv }}</ref> dan [[pemutihan koral]].
+== Reaksi kimia ==
-Reaksi kimia lain juga terjadi sehingga kadar ion karbonat di lautan yang tersedia akan berkurang. Hal ini akan menyulitkan bagi hewan laut yang membutuhkan ion karbonat bagi pertumbuhan hidupnya seperti [[koral]] untuk proses kalsifikasi tubuhnya, dan beberapa jenis [[plankton]]. Struktur yang mengandung ion karbonat pun akan cepat rapuh karena larut oleh asam.<ref name=orr05>{{Cite journal |last=Orr|first=James C.|coauthors=''et al.'' |year=2005 |title=Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms |url=http://www.ipsl.jussieu.fr/~jomce/acidification/paper/Orr_OnlineNature04095.pdf | archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080625100559/http://www.ipsl.jussieu.fr/~jomce/acidification/paper/Orr_OnlineNature04095.pdf | archivedate = 2008-06-25 | journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=437 |issue=7059 |pages=681–686 |doi=10.1038/nature04095 |pmid=16193043 |bibcode=2005Natur.437..681O |ref=harv}}</ref> Peningkatan keasaman lautan akan memicu gangguan pada [[rantai makanan]] yang ada pada dan terhubung dengan lautan.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/31/science/earth/31ocean.html|title=Rising Acidity Is Threatening Food Web of Oceans, Science Panel Says|author=Cornelia Dean|publisher=New York Times|date=January 30, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author= Robert E. Service |title= Rising Acidity Brings and Ocean Of Trouble |journal=Science|pages= 146–148 |volume= 337 |date= 13 July 2012|bibcode = 2012Sci...337..146S|doi= 10.1126/science.337.6091.146|pmid= 22798578|issue= 6091|ref= harv }}</ref> Sebanyak 105 [[akademi ilmu pengetahuan]] telah mengeluarkan rekomendasi untuk mengurangi emisi karbon dioksida global sebanyak setidaknya 50% dari tingkat emisi tahun 1990.<ref name="iap statement">{{Cite web | author=IAP | title=Interacademy Panel (IAP) Member Academies Statement on Ocean Acidification | date=June 2009 | url=http://www.interacademies.net/10878/13951.aspx | ref=harv | postscript={{inconsistent citations}}}}, Secretariat: TWAS (the Academy of Sciences for the Developing World), Trieste, Italy.</ref>
+: <big>{{CO2}} (g) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l) {{eqm}} {{CO2}} (aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l) {{eqm}} H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> (aq) {{eqm}} HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> (aq) + H<sup>+</sup> (aq) {{eqm}} CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2−</sup> (aq) + 2 H<sup>+</sup> (aq)</big>
+[[Reaksi kimia]] lain juga terjadi sehingga kadar ion karbonat di lautan yang tersedia akan berkurang. Hal ini akan menyulitkan bagi hewan laut yang membutuhkan ion karbonat bagi pertumbuhan hidupnya seperti [[koral]] untuk proses kalsifikasi tubuhnya, dan beberapa jenis [[plankton]]. Struktur yang mengandung ion karbonat pun akan cepat rapuh karena larut oleh asam.<ref name=orr05>{{Cite journal |last=Orr |first=James C. |coauthors=''et al.'' |year=2005 |title=Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms |url=http://www.ipsl.jussieu.fr/~jomce/acidification/paper/Orr_OnlineNature04095.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625100559/http://www.ipsl.jussieu.fr/~jomce/acidification/paper/Orr_OnlineNature04095.pdf |archivedate=2008-06-25 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=437 |issue=7059 |pages=681–686 |doi=10.1038/nature04095 |pmid=16193043 |bibcode=2005Natur.437..681O |ref=harv |access-date=2013-12-01 |dead-url=no }}</ref> Peningkatan keasaman lautan akan memicu gangguan pada [[rantai makanan]] yang ada pada dan terhubung dengan lautan.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/31/science/earth/31ocean.html|title=Rising Acidity Is Threatening Food Web of Oceans, Science Panel Says|author=Cornelia Dean|publisher=New York Times|date=January 30, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author= Robert E. Service |title= Rising Acidity Brings and Ocean Of Trouble |journal=Science|pages= 146–148 |volume= 337 |date= 13 July 2012|bibcode = 2012Sci...337..146S|doi= 10.1126/science.337.6091.146|pmid= 22798578|issue= 6091|ref= harv }}</ref> Sebanyak 105 [[akademi ilmu pengetahuan]] telah mengeluarkan rekomendasi untuk mengurangi emisi karbon dioksida global sebanyak setidaknya 50% dari tingkat emisi tahun 1990.<ref name="iap statement">{{Cite web | author=IAP | title=Interacademy Panel (IAP) Member Academies Statement on Ocean Acidification | date=June 2009 | url=http://www.interacademies.net/10878/13951.aspx | ref=harv | postscript={{inconsistent citations}} | access-date=2013-12-01 | archive-date=2013-08-06 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806073912/http://www.interacademies.net/10878/13951.aspx | dead-url=yes }}, Secretariat: TWAS (the Academy of Sciences for the Developing World), Trieste, Italy.</ref>
 Peningkatan keasaman air laut telah terjadi sebelumnya dalam [[sejarah bumi]], seperti peristiwa ''[[Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum]]'' (PETM),<ref name=Zachos2005>{{cite journal | author = Zachos, J.C. | coauthors = Röhl, U.; Schellenberg, S.A.; Sluijs, A.; Hodell, D.A.; Kelly, D.C.; Thomas, E.; Nicolo, M.; Raffi, I.; Lourens, L. J.; McCarren, H.; Kroon, D. | title = Rapid acidification of the ocean during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum | year = 2005 | journal = Science | volume = 308 | pages = 1611–1615 | doi = 10.1126/science.1109004 | issue = 5728 | pmid = 15947184 | ref = harv }}</ref> yang terjadi setidaknya 56 juta tahun yang lalu dan menyebabkan pelarutan struktur karbonat hewan laut hingga membentuk sedimen di basin lautan di seluruh dunia.
-==Lihat pula==
+== Lihat pula ==
 {{Portal|Lingkungan}}
 * [[Pompa biologis]]
@@ Baris 17: / Baris 21: @@
 * [[Dampak lingkungan dari industri batu bara]]
-==Referensi==
+== Referensi ==
 {{Reflist|colwidth=35em}}
 <!-- Note:
@@ Baris 25: / Baris 29: @@
 * 'citation' works better than 'cite xxx'.
  -->
-*{{Cite journal
+* {{Cite journal
  | ref=CITEREFClarkeothers2007
  | author=Clarke, L., ''et al.''
@@ Baris 34: / Baris 38: @@
  | url=http://www.climatescience.gov/Library/sap/sap2-1/finalreport/default.htm
  | postscript={{inconsistent citations}}
+ | journal=
-}}
+ | access-date=2013-12-01
-*{{Cite journal
+ | archive-date=2013-06-30
+ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630034207/http://www.climatescience.gov/Library/sap/sap2-1/finalreport/default.htm
+ | dead-url=yes
+ }}
+* {{Cite journal
  | title=An updated review of developments in climate science research since IPCC AR4. A report by the AVOID consortium
  | ref=CITEREFGoodothers2010
@@ Baris 44: / Baris 53: @@
  | location=London, UK
  | postscript={{inconsistent citations}}
+ | journal=
-}}. [http://www.theccc.org.uk/publication/the-fourth-carbon-budget-reducing-emissions-through-the-2020s-2/ Report website.]
+ | access-date=2013-12-01
-*{{Cite journal
+ | archive-date=2018-09-24
+ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924092022/http://archive.theccc.org.uk/aws2/4th%20Budget/fourthbudget_supporting_research_reviewofclimatescience_developements_since_IPPC_AR4.pdf
+ | dead-url=yes
+ }}. [http://www.theccc.org.uk/publication/the-fourth-carbon-budget-reducing-emissions-through-the-2020s-2/ Report website.]
+* {{Cite journal
  | title=Geoengineering the climate: science, governance and uncertainty
  | author=UK Royal Society
@@ Baris 56: / Baris 70: @@
  | postscript={{inconsistent citations}}
 }}, RS Policy document 10/09. [http://royalsociety.org/policy/publications/2009/geoengineering-climate/ Report website.]
-*{{Cite journal
+* {{Cite journal
  | title=The Emissions Gap Report: Are the Copenhagen Accord pledges sufficient to limit global warming to 2°C or 1.5°C? A preliminary assessment
  | date=November 2010
@@ Baris 66: / Baris 80: @@
  | ref=harv
  | postscript={{inconsistent citations}}
+ | journal=
-}}
+ | access-date=2013-12-01
-*{{Cite book
+ | archive-date=2011-01-24
+ | archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20110124023417/http://www.unep.org/publications/ebooks/emissionsgapreport/
+ | dead-url=yes
+ }}
+* {{Cite book
 |year=2011
 |title=America's Climate Choices. A report by the Committee on America's Climate Choices, US National Research Council (US NRC)
@@ Baris 78: / Baris 97: @@
 |postscript={{inconsistent citations}}
 }}
-*{{Cite book
+* {{Cite book
 |year=2006
 |title=Special Report: The Future Oceans – Warming Up, Rising High, Turning Sour
@@ Baris 88: / Baris 107: @@
 |ref=harv
 |postscript={{inconsistent citations}}
+|access-date=2013-12-01
-}}.
+|archive-date=2013-09-19
+|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130919174046/http://www.wbgu.de/fileadmin/templates/dateien/veroeffentlichungen/sondergutachten/sn2006/wbgu_sn2006_en.pdf
+|dead-url=yes
+}}.
 * [http://www.wbgu.de/en/special-reports/sr-2006-the-future-oceans/ Report website.]
-==Bahan bacaan terkait==
+== Bahan bacaan terkait ==
-* Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre (ACE CRC) (2008). [http://web.archive.org/web/20080722034317/http://www.acecrc.org.au/uploaded/117/797619_20pa02_acidification_0805.pdf Position analysis: CO<sub>2</sub> emissions and climate change: Ocean impacts and adaptation issues.] ISSN: 1835–7911. Hobart, Tasmania.
+* Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre (ACE CRC) (2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20080722034317/http://www.acecrc.org.au/uploaded/117/797619_20pa02_acidification_0805.pdf Position analysis: CO<sub>2</sub> emissions and climate change: Ocean impacts and adaptation issues.] ISSN: 1835–7911. Hobart, Tasmania.
-* {{Cite journal|last=Cicerone|first=R.|coauthors=J. Orr, P. Brewer ''et al.''|year=2004|title=The Ocean in a High {{chem|CO|2}} World|url=http://www.ipsl.jussieu.fr/~jomce/pubs/Cicerone_etal_2004_EOS.pdf|journal=[[Eos (journal)|Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union]]|publisher=[[American Geophysical Union]]|volume=85|issue=37|pages=351–353|doi=10.1029/2004EO370007|bibcode=2004EOSTr..85R.351C|ref=harv}}
+* {{Cite journal|last=Cicerone|first=R.|coauthors=J. Orr, P. Brewer ''et al.''|year=2004|title=The Ocean in a High {{chem|CO|2}} World|url=http://www.ipsl.jussieu.fr/~jomce/pubs/Cicerone_etal_2004_EOS.pdf|journal=[[Eos (journal)|Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union]]|publisher=[[American Geophysical Union]]|volume=85|issue=37|pages=351–353|doi=10.1029/2004EO370007|bibcode=2004EOSTr..85R.351C|ref=harv|access-date=2013-12-01|archive-date=2007-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070305235225/http://www.ipsl.jussieu.fr/~jomce/pubs/Cicerone_etal_2004_EOS.pdf|dead-url=yes}}
-* {{Cite journal|last=Doney|first=S. C. |year=2006|title=The Dangers of Ocean Acidification|url=|journal=[[Scientific American]] |issn=0036-8733|volume=294|issue=3|pages=58–65 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0306-58|pmid=16502612|ref=harv}}, ([http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa006&colID=1&articleID=00057536-E87F-13F5-A75F83414B7FFE9F Article preview only]).
+* {{Cite journal|last=Doney|first=S. C. |year=2006|title=The Dangers of Ocean Acidification|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_scientific-american_2006-03_294_3/page/58|journal=[[Scientific American]] |issn=0036-8733|volume=294|issue=3|pages=58–65 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0306-58|pmid=16502612|ref=harv}}, ([http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa006&colID=1&articleID=00057536-E87F-13F5-A75F83414B7FFE9F Article preview only]).
 * {{Cite journal|last=Feely|first=R. A.|coauthors=Sabine, Christopher L.; Lee, Kitack; Berelson, Will; Kleypas, Joanie; Fabry, Victoria J.; Millero, Frank J.|year=2004|title=Impact of Anthropogenic {{chem|CO|2}} on the {{chem|CaCO|3}} System in the Oceans|url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/sci;305/5682/362|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=305|issue=5682|pages=362–366|doi=10.1126/science.1097329|pmid=15256664|bibcode = 2004Sci...305..362F|ref=harv }}
-* {{Cite journal| last1=Harrould-Kolieb | first1=E. | last2=Savitz | first2=J. | year=2008 | url=http://na.oceana.org/en/news-media/publications/reports/acid-test-can-we-save-our-oceans-from-co2 | title=Acid Test: Can We Save Our Oceans From CO<sub>2</sub>? | journal=Oceana| ref=harv }}
+* {{Cite journal | last1=Harrould-Kolieb | first1=E. | last2=Savitz | first2=J. | year=2008 | url=http://na.oceana.org/en/news-media/publications/reports/acid-test-can-we-save-our-oceans-from-co2 | title=Acid Test: Can We Save Our Oceans From CO<sub>2</sub>? | journal=Oceana | ref=harv | access-date=2013-12-01 | archive-date=2011-10-09 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009114644/http://na.oceana.org/en/news-media/publications/reports/acid-test-can-we-save-our-oceans-from-co2 | dead-url=yes }}
 * {{Cite news|last=[[Caspar Henderson|Henderson]]|first=Caspar|title=Ocean acidification: the other CO<sub>2</sub> problem|url=http://environment.newscientist.com/article/mg19125631.200|publisher=[[NewScientist]].com news service|date=2006-08-05}}
 * {{Cite journal|last=Jacobson|first=M. Z.|coauthors=|year=2005|title=Studying ocean acidification with conservative, stable numerical schemes for nonequilibrium air-ocean exchange and ocean equilibrium chemistry|url=|journal=[[Journal of Geophysical Research]] – Atmospheres|volume=110|issue=|pages=D07302|doi=10.1029/2004JD005220|bibcode=2005JGRD..11007302J|ref=harv}}
 * {{cite journal|last=Kim|first=Rakhyun E.|title=Is a New Multilateral Environmental Agreement on Ocean Acidification Necessary?|journal=Review of European Community & International Environmental Law|year=2012|volume=21|issue=3|pages=243–258|doi=10.1111/reel.12000.x|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1111/reel.12000.x/asset/reel12000.pdf?v=1&t=hje8up3l&s=acfe7a98dabdf9fd728223ed0266031e9c9b1d83|ref=harv}}
-* Kleypas, J. A., R. A. Feely, V. J. Fabry, C. Langdon, C. L. Sabine, and L. L. Robbins. (2006). [http://www.ucar.edu/communications/Final_acidification.pdf Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Coral Reefs and Other Marine Calcifiers: A Guide for Further Research], report of a workshop held 18–20 April 2005, St. Petersburg, FL, sponsored by [[National Science Foundation]], NOAA and the U.S. Geological Survei, 88pp.
+* Kleypas, J. A., R. A. Feely, V. J. Fabry, C. Langdon, C. L. Sabine, and L. L. Robbins. (2006). [http://www.ucar.edu/communications/Final_acidification.pdf Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Coral Reefs and Other Marine Calcifiers: A Guide for Further Research] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720101953/http://www.ucar.edu/communications/Final_acidification.pdf |date=2011-07-20 }}, report of a workshop held 18–20 April 2005, St. Petersburg, FL, sponsored by [[National Science Foundation]], NOAA and the U.S. Geological Survei, 88pp.
 * {{Cite news|last=[[Elizabeth Kolbert|Kolbert]]|first=E.|title=The Darkening Sea: Carbon emissions and the ocean|publisher=[[The New Yorker]]|date=2006-11-20|url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/11/20/061120fa_fact_kolbert }}
 * Riebesell, U., V. J. Fabry, L. Hansson and J.-P. Gattuso (Eds.). (2010). [http://www.epoca-project.eu/index.php/Home/Guide-to-OA-Research/ Guide to best practices for ocean acidification research and data reporting], 260 p.&nbsp;Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
@@ Baris 108: / Baris 131: @@
 * {{Cite journal|last=Stone|first=R. |year=2007|title=A World Without Corals?|url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/316/5825/678|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=316|issue=5825|pages=678–681|doi=10.1126/science.316.5825.678|pmid=17478692|ref=harv}}
-==Pranala luar==
+== Pranala luar ==
 * [http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=threatening-ocean-life How Acidification Threatens Oceans from the Inside Out] [[Scientific American]] August 9, 2010 by Marah J. Hardt and [[Carl Safina]]
 * [http://royalsociety.org/displaypagedoc.asp?id=13539 Ocean acidification due to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide], report by the [[Royal Society]] (UK)
-* [http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter5.pdf AR4 WG1 Chapter 5: Oceanic Climate Change and Sea Level], [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|IPCC]]
+* [http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter5.pdf AR4 WG1 Chapter 5: Oceanic Climate Change and Sea Level] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170513164252/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter5.pdf |date=2017-05-13 }}, [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|IPCC]]
-* [http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/yos/resource/01state_of_science.pdf State of the Science FACT SHEET: Ocean acidification], [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]
+* [http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/yos/resource/01state_of_science.pdf State of the Science FACT SHEET: Ocean acidification] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715113115/http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/yos/resource/01state_of_science.pdf |date=2011-07-15 }}, [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]
-* [http://cdiac.ornl.gov/ Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center] (CDIAC), the primary data analysis center of the [[United States Department of Energy|U.S. Department of Energy]] (located at [[Oak Ridge National Laboratory]])
+* [http://cdiac.ornl.gov/ Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814011957/http://cdiac.ornl.gov/ |date=2011-08-14 }} (CDIAC), the primary data analysis center of the [[United States Department of Energy|U.S. Department of Energy]] (located at [[Oak Ridge National Laboratory]])
-* [http://coastal.er.usgs.gov/ocean-acidification/ Ocean acidification introduction], [[United States Geological Survey|USGS]]
+* [http://coastal.er.usgs.gov/ocean-acidification/ Ocean acidification introduction] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722104724/http://coastal.er.usgs.gov/ocean-acidification/ |date=2011-07-22 }}, [[United States Geological Survey|USGS]]
-* [http://csiro.au/multimedia/Climate-change-threat-to-Southern-Ocean.html Climate change threatening the Southern Ocean], report by [[Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation|CSIRO]]
+* [http://csiro.au/multimedia/Climate-change-threat-to-Southern-Ocean.html Climate change threatening the Southern Ocean] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091231054943/http://www.csiro.au/multimedia/Climate-change-threat-to-Southern-Ocean.html |date=2009-12-31 }}, report by [[Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation|CSIRO]]
 * [http://www.ocean-acidification.net/ The Ocean in a High {{chem|CO|2}} World], an international science symposium series
 * [http://www.realclimate.org/index.php?p=169 The Acid Ocean&nbsp;– the Other Problem with {{chem|CO|2}} Emission], [[David Archer (scientist)]], a [[RealClimate]] discussion
 * [http://oceanacidification.wordpress.com/ Regularly updated "blog" of ocean acidification publications and news], [http://www.obs-vlfr.fr/~gattuso/ Jean-Pierre Gattuso]
-* [http://www.pacificscience.org/tfoceanacidification.html Task Force on Ocean Acidification in the Pacific], including recent presentations on ocean acidification, [[Pacific Science Association]]
+* [http://www.pacificscience.org/tfoceanacidification.html Task Force on Ocean Acidification in the Pacific] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607093450/http://www.pacificscience.org/tfoceanacidification.html |date=2007-06-07 }}, including recent presentations on ocean acidification, [[Pacific Science Association]]
-* [http://www.thew2o.net/events/oceans/oa.php ''Ocean Acidification''], a multimedia, interactive site from [http://www.thew2o.net The World Ocean Observatory]
+* [http://www.thew2o.net/events/oceans/oa.php ''Ocean Acidification''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724103219/http://www.thew2o.net/events/oceans/oa.php |date=2011-07-24 }}, a multimedia, interactive site from [http://www.thew2o.net The World Ocean Observatory]
 * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kQMZfCKuFIQ Acidic Oceans: Why should we care? Perspectives in ocean science], Andrew Dickson, [[Scripps Institution of Oceanography]]
-* [http://site.videoproject.com/coralreefs/ Climate Change: Coral Reefs on the Edge] A video presentation by Prof. [[Ove Hoegh-Guldberg (biologist)|Ove Hoegh-Guldberg]] on impact of ocean acidification on coral reefs
+* [http://site.videoproject.com/coralreefs/ Climate Change: Coral Reefs on the Edge] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100614033126/http://site.videoproject.com/coralreefs/ |date=2010-06-14 }} A video presentation by Prof. [[Ove Hoegh-Guldberg (biologist)|Ove Hoegh-Guldberg]] on impact of ocean acidification on coral reefs
-*[http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/01/science/new-studies-of-permian-extinction-shed-light-on-the-great-dying.html Life in the Sea Found Its Fate in a Paroxysm of Extinction] April 30, 2012
+* [http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/01/science/new-studies-of-permian-extinction-shed-light-on-the-great-dying.html Life in the Sea Found Its Fate in a Paroxysm of Extinction] April 30, 2012
-* [http://i2i.loven.gu.se/AcidOcean/AcidOcean.htm Ocean acidification virtual lab]
+* [http://i2i.loven.gu.se/AcidOcean/AcidOcean.htm Ocean acidification virtual lab] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007234411/http://i2i.loven.gu.se/AcidOcean/AcidOcean.htm |date=2013-10-07 }}
-* [http://dels.nas.edu/Materials/Booklets/Ocean-Acidification/ Ocean Acidification: Starting with the Science], a booklet from the Division on Earth & Life Studies of the [[United States National Research Council]] (released April 2011)
+* [http://dels.nas.edu/Materials/Booklets/Ocean-Acidification/ Ocean Acidification: Starting with the Science] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203035836/http://dels.nas.edu/Materials/Booklets/Ocean-Acidification/ |date=2013-12-03 }}, a booklet from the Division on Earth & Life Studies of the [[United States National Research Council]] (released April 2011)
-* [http://oceanacidification.nas.edu/ Ocean Acidification], a [[United States National Academy of Sciences]]/ National Research Council website that includes downloadable figures and interviews with ocean scientists
+* [http://oceanacidification.nas.edu/ Ocean Acidification] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224071842/http://oceanacidification.nas.edu/ |date=2013-02-24 }}, a [[United States National Academy of Sciences]]/ National Research Council website that includes downloadable figures and interviews with ocean scientists
 * [http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=ancient-ocean-acidification-intimates-long-recovery-from-climate-change Ancient Ocean Acidification Intimates Long Recovery from Climate Change], July 22, 2010
 * [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1200/is_4_181/ai_n58571638/ Acidification alters fish behavior: higher carbon dioxide in oceans may affect brain chemistry] February 25, 2012 [[Science News]]
-* [http://www.imber.info/index.php/Science/Working-Groups/SOLAS-IMBER-Carbon/Subgroup-3/ Coordination of international research efforts and synthesis activities in ocean acidification.] IMBER/SOLAS
+* [http://www.imber.info/index.php/Science/Working-Groups/SOLAS-IMBER-Carbon/Subgroup-3/ Coordination of international research efforts and synthesis activities in ocean acidification.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010132252/http://www.imber.info/index.php/Science/Working-Groups/SOLAS-IMBER-Carbon/Subgroup-3 |date=2013-10-10 }} IMBER/SOLAS
-* [http://www.imber.info/index.php/Science/Working-Groups/SOLAS-IMBER-Carbon/Subgroup-3 Understanding Ocean Acidification -- Educational Site from Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary -- Education Team]
+* [http://www.imber.info/index.php/Science/Working-Groups/SOLAS-IMBER-Carbon/Subgroup-3 Understanding Ocean Acidification -- Educational Site from Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary -- Education Team] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010132252/http://www.imber.info/index.php/Science/Working-Groups/SOLAS-IMBER-Carbon/Subgroup-3 |date=2013-10-10 }}
-*[http://ocean.si.edu/ocean-videos/dr-francisco-chavez-ocean-acidification ''Dr. Francisco Chavez on Ocean Acidification'' – Smithsonian Ocean Portal]
+* [http://ocean.si.edu/ocean-videos/dr-francisco-chavez-ocean-acidification ''Dr. Francisco Chavez on Ocean Acidification'' – Smithsonian Ocean Portal]
 * [http://epoca-project.eu/ European Project of Ocean Acidification] (EPOCA), a 4-year-long [[European Union|EU]] initiative to investigate ocean acidification (initiated June 2008)
 * [http://bioacid.ifm-geomar.de/index.htm Biological Impacts of Ocean Acidification] (BIOACID), a [[Germany|German]] initiative funded by [[Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany)|BMBF]]
 * [http://www.oceanacidification.org.uk/ Ocean Acidification Research Programme] (UKOARP), a 5-year-long [[United Kingdom|UK]] initiative funded by [[Natural Environment Research Council|NERC]], [[Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs|Defra]] and [[Department of Energy and Climate Change|DECC]]
-* [http://www.ozean-der-zukunft.de/english/research-areas/greenhouse-oceans/ocean-acidification/facts/ Research Program on Ocean Acidification] at the Cluster of Excellence "Future Ocean", [[Kiel]]
+* [http://www.ozean-der-zukunft.de/english/research-areas/greenhouse-oceans/ocean-acidification/facts/ Research Program on Ocean Acidification] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719072116/http://www.ozean-der-zukunft.de/english/research-areas/greenhouse-oceans/ocean-acidification/facts/ |date=2011-07-19 }} at the Cluster of Excellence "Future Ocean", [[Kiel]]
-* [http://www.sfos.uaf.edu/oarc/ Ocean Acidification Research Center] at [[University of Alaska Fairbanks]]
+* [http://www.sfos.uaf.edu/oarc/ Ocean Acidification Research Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719000914/http://www.sfos.uaf.edu/oarc/ |date=2011-07-19 }} at [[University of Alaska Fairbanks]]
 * [http://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo35773 Effects of Climate Change and Ocean Acidification on Living Marine Organisms: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Oceans, Atmosphere, Fisheries, and Coast Guard of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United States Senate, One Hundred Tenth Congress, First Session, May 10, 2007]
 * [http://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo7764 The Environmental and Economic Impacts of Ocean Acidification: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Oceans, Atmosphere, Fisheries, and Coast Guard of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United States Senate, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, Second Session, April 22, 2010]
@@ Baris 146: / Baris 169: @@
 * [http://abcnews.go.com/video/playerIndex?id=6248578 "Ocean Acidification & Climate"], by Clayton Sandell [[ABC News]]
 * [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/philippe-cousteau/a-world-without-whales_b_254717.html A World Without Whales?] by [[Philippe Cousteau]], ''[[The Huffington Post]]''
-* [http://www.oceana.org/climate/solutions/oceana/acidtest/ Acid Test: Can we save our oceans from {{chem|CO|2}}?], [[Oceana (non-profit group)|Oceana]]
+* http://www.oceana.org/climate/solutions/oceana/acidtest/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090925215720/http://oceana.org/climate/solutions/oceana/acidtest |date=2009-09-25 }}, [[Oceana (non-profit group)|Oceana]]
-* [http://www.stanford.edu/group/microdocs/acidocean.html The Acid Ocean], [[Stanford University]]
+* [http://www.stanford.edu/group/microdocs/acidocean.html The Acid Ocean] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604094904/http://www.stanford.edu/group/microdocs/acidocean.html |date=2011-06-04 }}, [[Stanford University]]
 * Sea Change (Parts [http://apps.seattletimes.com/reports/sea-change/2013/sep/11/pacific-ocean-perilous-turn-overview/ One], [http://apps.seattletimes.com/reports/sea-change/2013/sep/11/alaska-crab-industry/ Two], and [http://apps.seattletimes.com/reports/sea-change/2013/sep/11/oysters-hit-hard/ Three]), ''[[The Seattle Times]]''
 * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=55D8TGRsl4k&feature=related ''The Other {{chem|CO|2}} Problem''], an EPOCA-commissioned educational animation created by students from [[Ridgeway School, Plympton|Ridgeway School]], [[Plymouth]]
 * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5cqCvcX7buo ''Acid Test: The Global Challenge of Ocean Acidification''], by [[Natural Resources Defense Council]]
-* [http://aseachange.net/ ''A Sea Change: Imagine a world without fish''], an award-winning documentary and related blog about ocean acidification
+* [http://aseachange.net/ ''A Sea Change: Imagine a world without fish''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080609073108/http://www.aseachange.net/ |date=2008-06-09 }}, an award-winning documentary and related [[blog]] about ocean acidification
-* [http://www.greenpeace.org/new-zealand/en/Multimedia/Videos/Ocean-Acidification-in-a-nutshell/ ''Ocean Acidification in a Nutshell''], by [[Greenpeace Aotearoa New Zealand]]
+* [http://www.greenpeace.org/new-zealand/en/Multimedia/Videos/Ocean-Acidification-in-a-nutshell/ ''Ocean Acidification in a Nutshell''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110114213319/http://www.greenpeace.org/new-zealand/en/Multimedia/Videos/Ocean-Acidification-in-a-nutshell/ |date=2011-01-14 }}, by [[Greenpeace Aotearoa New Zealand]]
 * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m-1fcNnJzaY&feature=youtu.be Ocean Acidification: An Ecosystem Facing Dissolution] by GEOMAR I Helmholtz-Centre for Ocean Research Kiel
-* [http://cdiac.ornl.gov/oceans/co2rprt.html CO2SYS], a stand-alone [[executable]] (also available in a [http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/eap/models.html version for Microsoft Excel/VBA])
+* [http://cdiac.ornl.gov/oceans/co2rprt.html CO2SYS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111014235319/http://cdiac.ornl.gov/oceans/co2rprt.html |date=2011-10-14 }}, a stand-alone [[executable]] (also available in a [http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/eap/models.html version for Microsoft Excel/VBA])
-* [http://cran.at.r-project.org/src/contrib/Descriptions/seacarb.html seacarb], a [[R (programming language)|R package]] for [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]], [[Mac OS X]] and [[Linux]] (also available [http://www.obs-vlfr.fr/~gattuso/seacarb.php here])
+* [http://cran.at.r-project.org/src/contrib/Descriptions/seacarb.html seacarb] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821112247/http://cran.at.r-project.org/src/contrib/Descriptions/seacarb.html |date=2008-08-21 }}, a [[R (programming language)|R package]] for [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]], [[Mac OS X]] and [[Linux]] (also available [http://www.obs-vlfr.fr/~gattuso/seacarb.php here]{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }})
 * [http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/oceanography/faculty/zeebe_files/CO2_System_in_Seawater/csys.html CSYS], a [[MATLAB|Matlab script]]
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