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:{{cite book|last=Díaz del Castillo |first=Bernal |authorlink=Bernal Díaz del Castillo |title=Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España |publisher=Editores Mexicanos Unidos, S.A |origyear=1632 |year=2005 |location=Mexico City, Mexico |isbn=968-15-0863-7 |oclc=34997012|language=es |ref=harv}} |
:{{cite book|last=Díaz del Castillo |first=Bernal |authorlink=Bernal Díaz del Castillo |title=Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España |publisher=Editores Mexicanos Unidos, S.A |origyear=1632 |year=2005 |location=Mexico City, Mexico |isbn=968-15-0863-7 |oclc=34997012|language=es |ref=harv}} |
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:{{cite book|last=Fox |first=John W. |origyear=1987|year=2008 |title=Maya Postclassic state formation |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK and New York, USA |isbn=978-0-521-10195-0 |oclc=297146853 |ref=harv}} |
:{{cite book|last=Fox |first=John W. |origyear=1987|year=2008 |title=Maya Postclassic state formation |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK and New York, USA |isbn=978-0-521-10195-0 |oclc=297146853 |ref=harv}} |
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:{{cite journal |last1=Gámez |first1=Laura |year=2007 |title=Salvamento arqueológico en el área central de Petén: Nuevos resultados sobre la conformación y evolución del asentamiento prehispánico en la isla de Flores |volume=XX, 2006 |
:{{cite journal |last1=Gámez |first1=Laura |year=2007 |title=Salvamento arqueológico en el área central de Petén: Nuevos resultados sobre la conformación y evolución del asentamiento prehispánico en la isla de Flores |volume=XX, 2006 |journal=Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala |editor1=J.P. Laporte |editor2=B. Arroyo |editor3=H. Mejía |pages=258–273 |publisher=Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología |location=Guatemala City, Guatemala |url=http://www.asociaciontikal.com/pdf/18_-_Gamez.06_-_www.pdf |accessdate=2016-11-29 |language=es |ref=harv |archive-date=2017-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205074136/http://www.asociaciontikal.com/pdf/18_-_Gamez.06_-_www.pdf |dead-url=yes }} |
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:{{cite book |last=Jones |first=Grant D. |year=1998 |title=The Conquest of the Last Maya Kingdom |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PeOWl54Mt7UC&pg=206#v=onepage&q&f=false |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=9780804735223 |oclc=38747674 |ref=harv}} |
:{{cite book |last=Jones |first=Grant D. |year=1998 |title=The Conquest of the Last Maya Kingdom |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PeOWl54Mt7UC&pg=206#v=onepage&q&f=false |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=9780804735223 |oclc=38747674 |ref=harv}} |
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:{{cite book |last=Jones |first=Grant D. |year=2009 |chapter=The Kowoj in Ethnohistorical Perspective |editor=Prudence M. Rice and Don S. Rice (eds.) |title=The Kowoj: identity, migration, and geopolitics in late postclassic Petén, Guatemala |location=Boulder, Colorado, US |publisher=[[University Press of Colorado]] |pages= |
:{{cite book |last=Jones |first=Grant D. |year=2009 |chapter=The Kowoj in Ethnohistorical Perspective |editor=Prudence M. Rice and Don S. Rice (eds.) |title=The Kowoj: identity, migration, and geopolitics in late postclassic Petén, Guatemala |url=https://archive.org/details/kowojidentitymig0000unse |location=Boulder, Colorado, US |publisher=[[University Press of Colorado]] |pages=[https://archive.org/details/kowojidentitymig0000unse/page/55 55]–69|isbn=978-0-87081-930-8 |oclc=225875268 |ref=harv}} |
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:{{cite web |last=McArdle |first=Angela Brie Bleggi |title=When Trash Becomes Treasure: A Postclassic Maya Obsidian Core Cache from Nojpeten |url=https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/handle/1813/38967/abm228.pdf?sequence=1 |publisher=Cornell University Library |location=New York, US |date=August 2014 |accessdate=2016-05-24 |pages=99–102 |ref=harv}} |
:{{cite web |last=McArdle |first=Angela Brie Bleggi |title=When Trash Becomes Treasure: A Postclassic Maya Obsidian Core Cache from Nojpeten |url=https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/handle/1813/38967/abm228.pdf?sequence=1 |publisher=Cornell University Library |location=New York, US |date=August 2014 |accessdate=2016-05-24 |pages=99–102 |ref=harv}} |
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:{{cite journal |last=Reina |first=Ruben E. |date=Fall 1966 |title=A Peninsula That May Have Been an Island: Tayasal, Peten, Guatemala |url=http://www.penn.museum/documents/publications/expedition/PDFs/9-1/Reina.pdf |journal=Expedition |volume=9 |issue=1 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA |issn=0014-4738 |ref=harv}} |
:{{cite journal |last=Reina |first=Ruben E. |date=Fall 1966 |title=A Peninsula That May Have Been an Island: Tayasal, Peten, Guatemala |url=http://www.penn.museum/documents/publications/expedition/PDFs/9-1/Reina.pdf |journal=Expedition |volume=9 |issue=1 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA |issn=0014-4738 |ref=harv}} |
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| Baris 24: | Baris 24: | ||
:{{cite book |last=Rice |first=Prudence M. |last2=Rice |first2=Don S. |year=2009 |chapter=Introduction to the Kowoj and their Petén Neighbors |editor=Prudence M. Rice and Don S. Rice (eds.) |title=The Kowoj: identity, migration, and geopolitics in late postclassic Petén, Guatemala |url=https://archive.org/details/kowojidentitymig00rice |location=Boulder, Colorado, US |publisher=[[University Press of Colorado]] |pages=[https://archive.org/details/kowojidentitymig00rice/page/n25 3]–15|isbn=978-0-87081-930-8 |oclc=225875268 |ref=harv}} |
:{{cite book |last=Rice |first=Prudence M. |last2=Rice |first2=Don S. |year=2009 |chapter=Introduction to the Kowoj and their Petén Neighbors |editor=Prudence M. Rice and Don S. Rice (eds.) |title=The Kowoj: identity, migration, and geopolitics in late postclassic Petén, Guatemala |url=https://archive.org/details/kowojidentitymig00rice |location=Boulder, Colorado, US |publisher=[[University Press of Colorado]] |pages=[https://archive.org/details/kowojidentitymig00rice/page/n25 3]–15|isbn=978-0-87081-930-8 |oclc=225875268 |ref=harv}} |
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:{{cite book |last=Rice |first=Prudence M. |last2=Rice |first2=Don S. |last3=Pugh |first3=Timothy W. |last4= Polo |first4=Rómulo Sánchez |year=2009 |chapter=Defensive architecture and the context of warfare at Zacpetén |editor=Prudence M. Rice and Don S. Rice (eds.) |title=The Kowoj: identity, migration, and geopolitics in late postclassic Petén, Guatemala |url=https://archive.org/details/kowojidentitymig00rice |location=Boulder, Colorado, US |publisher=[[University Press of Colorado]] |pages=[https://archive.org/details/kowojidentitymig00rice/page/n145 123]–140 |isbn=978-0-87081-930-8 |oclc=225875268 |ref=harv}} |
:{{cite book |last=Rice |first=Prudence M. |last2=Rice |first2=Don S. |last3=Pugh |first3=Timothy W. |last4= Polo |first4=Rómulo Sánchez |year=2009 |chapter=Defensive architecture and the context of warfare at Zacpetén |editor=Prudence M. Rice and Don S. Rice (eds.) |title=The Kowoj: identity, migration, and geopolitics in late postclassic Petén, Guatemala |url=https://archive.org/details/kowojidentitymig00rice |location=Boulder, Colorado, US |publisher=[[University Press of Colorado]] |pages=[https://archive.org/details/kowojidentitymig00rice/page/n145 123]–140 |isbn=978-0-87081-930-8 |oclc=225875268 |ref=harv}} |
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:{{cite book |last=Schwartz |first=Norman B. |year=1990 |title=Forest Society: A Social History of Peten, Guatemala |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA |isbn=0-8122-1316-5 |oclc=21974298 |ref=harv}} |
:{{cite book |last=Schwartz |first=Norman B. |year=1990 |title=Forest Society: A Social History of Peten, Guatemala |url=https://archive.org/details/forestsocietysoc0000schw |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA |isbn=0-8122-1316-5 |oclc=21974298 |ref=harv}} |
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:{{cite book |last=Sharer |first=Robert J. |authorlink=Robert Sharer|author2=Loa P. Traxler |year=2006 |title=The Ancient Maya |url=https://archive.org/details/ancientmaya0006shar |edition=6th (fully revised) |location=Stanford, CA |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=0-8047-4817-9 |oclc=57577446 |ref=harv}} |
:{{cite book |last=Sharer |first=Robert J. |authorlink=Robert Sharer|author2=Loa P. Traxler |year=2006 |title=The Ancient Maya |url=https://archive.org/details/ancientmaya0006shar |edition=6th (fully revised) |location=Stanford, CA |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=0-8047-4817-9 |oclc=57577446 |ref=harv}} |
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{{Situs Maya}} |
{{Situs Maya}} |
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[[Kategori:Itza]] |
[[Kategori:Itza]] |
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[[Kategori:Sejarah Guatemala]] |
[[Kategori:Sejarah Guatemala]] |
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[[Kategori:Situs Maya]] |
[[Kategori:Situs Maya]] |
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Revisi terkini sejak 10 Desember 2023 23.22
Nojpetén (juga dikenal dengan nama Tayasal) adalah ibu kota sebuah kerajaan Maya Itza yang terletak di sebuah pulau di Danau Petén Itzá di Departemen Petén, Guatemala utara.[1] Pulau ini kini merupakan tempat berdirinya kota Flores, ibu kota Departemen Petén,[2] dan telah dihuni oleh manusia semenjak masa kedatangan bangsa Spanyol.[3] Nojpetén memiliki tembok pertahanan yang dibangun di dataran rendah pulau dan kemungkinan dibangun secara tergesa-gesa ketika mereka merasa terancam oleh serangan bangsa Spanyol atau kelompok Maya lainnya.[4]
Penaklukan
[sunting | sunting sumber]Nojpetén jatuh ke tangan Spanyol pada tahun 1697; kota ini merupakan ibu kota kerajaan Maya terakhir yang jatuh ke tangan Spanyol.[5] Martín de Ursúa y Arismendi tiba di pesisir barat Danau Petén Itzá pada Februari 1697 dengan 235 pasukan Spanyol dan 120 tenaga kerja penduduk asli.[6][7] Ia melancarkan serangan dengan menggunakan kapal pada 13 Maret; pengeboman yang dilancarkan oleh Spanyol mengakibatkan gugurnya banyak pasukan Itza, dan mereka terpaksa meninggalkan kota tersebut.[6]
Bangsa Spanyol mengganti nama Nojpetén menjadi Nuestra Señora de los Remedios y San Pablo, Laguna del Itza ("Bunda Maria Penyembuh dan Santo Paulus, Danau Itza");[6] Nama ini sering kali disingkat menjadi Remedios di dalam dokumen-dokumen kolonial. Pada tahun 1831, nama kota ini diganti menjadi Flores (dinamai dari kepala negara Guatemala Cirilo Flores).[7]
Catatan kaki
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ Rice & Rice 2009, hlm. 11.
- ^ Gamez 2007, hlm. 259.
- ^ Rice et al. 2009, hlm. 129.
- ^ Jones 2009, hlm. 56.
- ^ a b c Jones 2009, hlm. 59.
- ^ a b Schwartz 1990, hlm. 37.
Daftar pustaka
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Díaz del Castillo, Bernal (2005) [1632]. Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España (dalam bahasa Spanyol). Mexico City, Mexico: Editores Mexicanos Unidos, S.A. ISBN 968-15-0863-7. OCLC 34997012.
- Fox, John W. (2008) [1987]. Maya Postclassic state formation. Cambridge, UK and New York, USA: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-10195-0. OCLC 297146853.
- Gámez, Laura (2007). J.P. Laporte; B. Arroyo; H. Mejía, ed. "Salvamento arqueológico en el área central de Petén: Nuevos resultados sobre la conformación y evolución del asentamiento prehispánico en la isla de Flores" (PDF). Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala (dalam bahasa Spanyol). Guatemala City, Guatemala: Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología. XX, 2006: 258–273. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2017-02-05. Diakses tanggal 2016-11-29.
- Jones, Grant D. (1998). The Conquest of the Last Maya Kingdom. Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804735223. OCLC 38747674.
- Jones, Grant D. (2009). "The Kowoj in Ethnohistorical Perspective". Dalam Prudence M. Rice and Don S. Rice (eds.). The Kowoj: identity, migration, and geopolitics in late postclassic Petén, Guatemala. Boulder, Colorado, US: University Press of Colorado. hlm. 55–69. ISBN 978-0-87081-930-8. OCLC 225875268.
- McArdle, Angela Brie Bleggi (August 2014). "When Trash Becomes Treasure: A Postclassic Maya Obsidian Core Cache from Nojpeten" (PDF). New York, US: Cornell University Library. hlm. 99–102. Diakses tanggal 2016-05-24.
- Reina, Ruben E. (Fall 1966). "A Peninsula That May Have Been an Island: Tayasal, Peten, Guatemala" (PDF). Expedition. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. 9 (1). ISSN 0014-4738.
- Rice, Prudence M. (2009a). "The Kowoj in Geopolitical-Ritual Perspective". Dalam Prudence M. Rice and Don S. Rice (eds.). The Kowoj: identity, migration, and geopolitics in late postclassic Petén, Guatemala. Boulder, Colorado, US: University Press of Colorado. hlm. 21–54. ISBN 978-0-87081-930-8. OCLC 225875268.
- Rice, Prudence M. (2009b). "Incense Burners and Other Ritual Ceramics". Dalam Prudence M. Rice and Don S. Rice (eds.). The Kowoj: identity, migration, and geopolitics in late postclassic Petén, Guatemala. Boulder, Colorado, US: University Press of Colorado. hlm. 276–315. ISBN 978-0-87081-930-8. OCLC 225875268.
- Rice, Prudence M.; Rice, Don S. (2009). "Introduction to the Kowoj and their Petén Neighbors". Dalam Prudence M. Rice and Don S. Rice (eds.). The Kowoj: identity, migration, and geopolitics in late postclassic Petén, Guatemala. Boulder, Colorado, US: University Press of Colorado. hlm. 3–15. ISBN 978-0-87081-930-8. OCLC 225875268.
- Rice, Prudence M.; Rice, Don S.; Pugh, Timothy W.; Polo, Rómulo Sánchez (2009). "Defensive architecture and the context of warfare at Zacpetén". Dalam Prudence M. Rice and Don S. Rice (eds.). The Kowoj: identity, migration, and geopolitics in late postclassic Petén, Guatemala. Boulder, Colorado, US: University Press of Colorado. hlm. 123–140. ISBN 978-0-87081-930-8. OCLC 225875268.
- Schwartz, Norman B. (1990). Forest Society: A Social History of Peten, Guatemala. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-1316-5. OCLC 21974298.
- Sharer, Robert J.; Loa P. Traxler (2006). The Ancient Maya (edisi ke-6th (fully revised)). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-4817-9. OCLC 57577446.
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