Gerakan Legiuner: Perbedaan antara revisi
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| logo_size = 190px |
| logo_size = 190px |
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| lang1 = Other |
| lang1 = Other |
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| name_lang1 = |
| name_lang1 = Pergerakan legiuner<ref>{{Cite book |first=Stanley G. |last=Payne |author-link=Stanley G. Payne |title=A History of Fascism, 1914–1945 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyoffascism00payn |url-access=registration |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |year=1995 |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyoffascism00payn/page/394 394]|isbn=9780299148706 }}</ref><br>Legiun Malaikat Mikael<br>Partai "Semuanya untuk Negara" |
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| founders = {{unbulleted list|Ion I. Moța|Ilie Gârneață<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sima|first=Horia|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/272381280|title=The history of the Legionary Movement|date=1995|publisher=Legionary Press|isbn=1-899627-01-4|pages=144|oclc=272381280}}</ref>}} |
| founders = {{unbulleted list|Ion I. Moța|Ilie Gârneață<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sima|first=Horia|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/272381280|title=The history of the Legionary Movement|date=1995|publisher=Legionary Press|isbn=1-899627-01-4|pages=144|oclc=272381280}}</ref>}} |
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{{Collapsible list |
{{Collapsible list |
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Baris 45: | Baris 45: | ||
| leader2_title = Presiden |
| leader2_title = Presiden |
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| leader2_name = Gheorghe Cantacuzino-Grănicerul |
| leader2_name = Gheorghe Cantacuzino-Grănicerul |
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| abbreviation = '''TpȚ''' (1935–41)<ref>"Totul pentru Țară" is translated as "Everything for the Fatherland" in "[[Collier's Encyclopedia]]" material that is now incorporated into "[[Encarta]]" as a sidebar ([http://encarta.msn.com/sidebar_461500758/1938_Rumania.html 1938: Rumania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831225009/http://encarta.msn.com/sidebar_461500758/1938_Rumania.html |date=2009-08-31 }}) and in the "[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]" article [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042802 Iron Guard]; the [[International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania]] uses "Everything for the Motherland" in the English-language version of its November 11, 2004 [http://www.ushmm.org/research/center/presentations/programs/presentations/2005-03-10/pdf/english/chapter_03.pdf Final Report] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060129104944/http://www.ushmm.org/research/center/presentations/programs/presentations/2005-03-10/pdf/english/chapter_03.pdf |date=2006-01-29 }} ([[PDF]]). (All retrieved 6 Dec 2005.).</ref> |
| abbreviation = '''TpȚ''' (1935–41)<ref>"Totul pentru Țară" is translated as "Everything for the Fatherland" in "[[Collier's Encyclopedia]]" material that is now incorporated into "[[Encarta]]" as a sidebar ([http://encarta.msn.com/sidebar_461500758/1938_Rumania.html 1938: Rumania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831225009/http://encarta.msn.com/sidebar_461500758/1938_Rumania.html |date=2009-08-31 }}) and in the "[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]" article [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042802 Iron Guard] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060603170752/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042802 |date=2006-06-03 }}; the [[International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania]] uses "Everything for the Motherland" in the English-language version of its November 11, 2004 [http://www.ushmm.org/research/center/presentations/programs/presentations/2005-03-10/pdf/english/chapter_03.pdf Final Report] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060129104944/http://www.ushmm.org/research/center/presentations/programs/presentations/2005-03-10/pdf/english/chapter_03.pdf |date=2006-01-29 }} ([[PDF]]). (All retrieved 6 Dec 2005.).</ref> |
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| foundation = {{start date and age|24 June 1927}} |
| foundation = {{start date and age|24 June 1927}} |
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| banned = 23 Januari 1941 |
| banned = 23 Januari 1941 |
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Baris 55: | Baris 55: | ||
| wing2 = ''Corpul Muncitorilor Legionari'' |
| wing2 = ''Corpul Muncitorilor Legionari'' |
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| wing1_title = {{nowrap|Sayap Paramiliter}} |
| wing1_title = {{nowrap|Sayap Paramiliter}} |
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| wing1 = Garda Besi (''Garda de Fier'')<ref name="britannica.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/Iron-Guard|title=Iron Guard | Romanian organization}}</ref> / Kemeja Hijau |
| wing1 = Garda Besi (''Garda de Fier'')<ref name="britannica.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/Iron-Guard|title=Iron Guard | Romanian organization|access-date=2022-07-16|archive-date=2021-10-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020010837/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Iron-Guard|dead-url=no}}</ref> / Kemeja Hijau |
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| membership = {{steady}} 272,000 (akhir tahuh 1937 {{estimation}})<ref name="Săndulescu, p. 267">Săndulescu, p. 267</ref> |
| membership = {{steady}} 272,000 (akhir tahuh 1937 {{estimation}})<ref name="Săndulescu, p. 267">Săndulescu, p. 267</ref> |
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| ideology = {{Tree list}} |
| ideology = {{Tree list}} |
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** [[fasisme|Kolaborasi kelas]]<ref name="payne"/> |
** [[fasisme|Kolaborasi kelas]]<ref name="payne"/> |
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** [[Antisemitisme]]{{cref|a}}<ref name="sjldict">Stephen J. Lee, ''European Dictatorships, 1918–1945'', [[Routledge]], London, 2000, p.288. {{ISBN|0-415-23046-2}}</ref><ref>Final Report, p.28-29</ref><ref>Subtelny, Orest. (1988) Ukraine: a History. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pg. 442</ref><ref>Volovici, Nationalist Ideology, p. 98, citing N. Cainic, Ortodoxie şi etnocraţie, pp. 162–4</ref> |
** [[Antisemitisme]]{{cref|a}}<ref name="sjldict">Stephen J. Lee, ''European Dictatorships, 1918–1945'', [[Routledge]], London, 2000, p.288. {{ISBN|0-415-23046-2}}</ref><ref>Final Report, p.28-29</ref><ref>Subtelny, Orest. (1988) Ukraine: a History. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pg. 442</ref><ref>Volovici, Nationalist Ideology, p. 98, citing N. Cainic, Ortodoxie şi etnocraţie, pp. 162–4</ref> |
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** [[fasisme|Fasisme klerikal]]<ref name="payne"/><ref>Iordachi, Constantin (2023). ''[https://www.routledge.com/The-Fascist-Faith-of-the-Legion-Archangel-Michael-in-Romania-192741/Iordachi/p/book/9781138624559 The Fascist Faith of the Legion "Archangel Michael" in Romania, 1927–41 Martyrdom and National Purification]''. [[Routledge]]. {{ISBN|978-1138624559}}.</ref> |
** [[fasisme|Fasisme klerikal]]<ref name="payne"/><ref>Iordachi, Constantin (2023). ''[https://www.routledge.com/The-Fascist-Faith-of-the-Legion-Archangel-Michael-in-Romania-192741/Iordachi/p/book/9781138624559 The Fascist Faith of the Legion "Archangel Michael" in Romania, 1927–41 Martyrdom and National Purification] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213090854/https://www.routledge.com/The-Fascist-Faith-of-the-Legion-Archangel-Michael-in-Romania-192741/Iordachi/p/book/9781138624559 |date=2023-02-13 }}''. [[Routledge]]. {{ISBN|978-1138624559}}.</ref> |
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** [[Anti-komunisme]]<ref name="Volovici, p. 98">Volovici, ''Nationalist Ideology'', p. 98, citing N. Crainic, ''Ortodoxie și etnocrație'', pp. 162–164</ref> |
** [[Anti-komunisme]]<ref name="Volovici, p. 98">Volovici, ''Nationalist Ideology'', p. 98, citing N. Crainic, ''Ortodoxie și etnocrație'', pp. 162–164</ref> |
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** [[Anti-kapitalisme]]<ref name="payne">Payne, Stanley G. (1995). ''A History of Fascism 1914–1945'' Madison: University of Wisconsin Press (pp. 277–289) {{ISBN|0-299-14874-2}}</ref> {{Tree list/end}} |
** [[Anti-kapitalisme]]<ref name="payne">Payne, Stanley G. (1995). ''A History of Fascism 1914–1945'' Madison: University of Wisconsin Press (pp. 277–289) {{ISBN|0-299-14874-2}}</ref> {{Tree list/end}} |
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Baris 83: | Baris 83: | ||
| country = Romania |
| country = Romania |
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}} |
}} |
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'''Gerakan Legiuner''' ([[bahasa Rumania]]: Mişcarea Legionară) atau sering disebut sebagai "Garda Besi" adalah sebuah gerakan [[fasis]] revolusioner [[Rumania]] dan partai politik yang didirikan pada tahun 1927 oleh Corneliu Zelea Codreanu sebagai Legiun Malaikat Mikael (''Legiunea Arhanghelul Mihail'') atau Pergerakan Legiuner (''Mișcarea Legionară'').<ref>{{Cite book |first=Stanley G. |last=Payne |author-link=Stanley G. Payne |title=A History of Fascism, 1914–1945 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyoffascism00payn |url-access=registration |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |year=1995 |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyoffascism00payn/page/394 394]|isbn=9780299148706 }}</ref> Garda Besi mempunyai garis ideologis yang anti-demokratik, anti-kapitalis, anti-komunis, dan anti-Semit. |
'''Gerakan Legiuner''' ([[bahasa Rumania]]: Mişcarea Legionară) atau sering disebut sebagai "Garda Besi" adalah sebuah gerakan [[fasis]] revolusioner [[Rumania]] dan partai politik yang didirikan pada tahun 1927 oleh Corneliu Zelea Codreanu sebagai Legiun Malaikat Mikael (''Legiunea Arhanghelul Mihail'') atau Pergerakan Legiuner (''Mișcarea Legionară'').<ref>{{Cite book |first=Stanley G. |last=Payne |author-link=Stanley G. Payne |title=A History of Fascism, 1914–1945 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyoffascism00payn |url-access=registration |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |year=1995 |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyoffascism00payn/page/394 394]|isbn=9780299148706 }}</ref> Garda Besi mempunyai garis ideologis yang anti-demokratik, anti-kapitalis, anti-komunis, dan anti-Semit. Gerakan ini berbeda dari gerakan-gerakan sayap kanan Eropa lainnya pada periode itu karena dasar spiritual Garda Besi sangat diilhami oleh mistisisme [[Gereja Ortodoks Rumania|Kristen Ortodoks Rumania]]. |
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Pada bulan Maret 1930, Codreanu membentuk Garda Besi sebagai cabang paramiliter dari Legiun, yang pada tahun 1935 mengubah nama resminya menjadi partai "''Totul pentru Țară''", (''Semuanya untuk Negara''). ia di bentuk saat awal [[Perang Dunia Kedua]], dan pada saat itu juga ia berkuasa atas Rumania. Anggota partai ini disebut Legiunir atau "Kemeja Hijau", dikarenakan seragam hijau yang mereka kenakan.<ref>For "greenshirts" see, for example, R. G. Waldeck, ''Athene Palace'', University of Chicago Press eBook (2013), {{ISBN|022608647X}}, p. 182. Originally published 1942.</ref> |
Pada bulan Maret 1930, Codreanu membentuk Garda Besi sebagai cabang paramiliter dari Legiun, yang pada tahun 1935 mengubah nama resminya menjadi partai "''Totul pentru Țară''", (''Semuanya untuk Negara''). ia di bentuk saat awal [[Perang Dunia Kedua]], dan pada saat itu juga ia berkuasa atas Rumania. Anggota partai ini disebut Legiunir atau "Kemeja Hijau", dikarenakan seragam hijau yang mereka kenakan.<ref>For "greenshirts" see, for example, R. G. Waldeck, ''Athene Palace'', University of Chicago Press eBook (2013), {{ISBN|022608647X}}, p. 182. Originally published 1942.</ref> |
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== Pranala luar == |
== Pranala luar == |
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* [http://hist.academic.claremontmckenna.edu/jpetropoulos/ironguard/ The Iron Guard] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827194208/http://hist.academic.claremontmckenna.edu/jpetropoulos/ironguard/ |date=2008-08-27 }} |
* [http://hist.academic.claremontmckenna.edu/jpetropoulos/ironguard/ The Iron Guard] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827194208/http://hist.academic.claremontmckenna.edu/jpetropoulos/ironguard/ |date=2008-08-27 }} |
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* [http://www.nouadreapta.org/ Iron Guard nowadays] |
* [http://www.nouadreapta.org/ Iron Guard nowadays] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831140118/http://www.nouadreapta.org/ |date=2018-08-31 }} |
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* [http://www.codreanu.ro/ Website dedicated to Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, founder of the Iron Guard] |
* [http://www.codreanu.ro/ Website dedicated to Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, founder of the Iron Guard] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326041057/http://www.codreanu.ro/ |date=2022-03-26 }} |
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* [http://www.horiasima.ro/ Website dedicated to Horia Sima, former Commander of the Iron Guard] |
* [http://www.horiasima.ro/ Website dedicated to Horia Sima, former Commander of the Iron Guard] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070108011801/http://www.horiasima.ro/ |date=2007-01-08 }} |
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[[Kategori:Partai politik di Rumania]] |
[[Kategori:Partai politik di Rumania]] |
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⚫ |
Revisi terkini sejak 13 Desember 2023 01.30
Gerakan Legiuner Mişcarea Legionară | |
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![]() | |
Nama dalam bahasa Other | Pergerakan legiuner[1] Legiun Malaikat Mikael Partai "Semuanya untuk Negara" |
Singkatan | TpȚ (1935–41)[2] |
Pemimpin Partai | Corneliu Zelea Codreanu (1927–38) Horia Sima (1938–41) |
Presiden | Gheorghe Cantacuzino-Grănicerul |
Pendiri |
... dan yang lainnya
|
Dibentuk | 24 June 1927 |
Dilarang | 23 Januari 1941 |
Dipisah dari | Liga Pertahanan Kekristenan Nasional Rumania |
Kantor pusat | Rumah Hijau, Bucharest[5] |
Surat kabar | Cuvântul, Buna Vestire, Axa |
Sayap pemuda | Persaudaraan Salib |
Sayap Paramiliter | Garda Besi (Garda de Fier)[6] / Kemeja Hijau |
Sayap Proletariat | Corpul Muncitorilor Legionari |
Keanggotaan | ![]() |
Ideologi | |
Posisi politik | Kanan-jauh |
Agama | Gereja Ortodoks Rumania |
Affliasi Internasional | Konferensi Fasis Montreux 1934 |
Warna | Hijau Hitam Putih |
Kursi di senat Romania (Pemilihan umum Romania tahun 1937) | 4 / 113 (4%) |
Kursi di Dewan Deputi (Pemilihan umum Romania tahun 1937) | 66 / 387 (17%) |
Bendera | |
![]() | |
^ a: Garda Besi / Gerakan Legiuner juga memiliki garis ideologis yang cenderung Anti-freemasonik |
Gerakan Legiuner (bahasa Rumania: Mişcarea Legionară) atau sering disebut sebagai "Garda Besi" adalah sebuah gerakan fasis revolusioner Rumania dan partai politik yang didirikan pada tahun 1927 oleh Corneliu Zelea Codreanu sebagai Legiun Malaikat Mikael (Legiunea Arhanghelul Mihail) atau Pergerakan Legiuner (Mișcarea Legionară).[15] Garda Besi mempunyai garis ideologis yang anti-demokratik, anti-kapitalis, anti-komunis, dan anti-Semit. Gerakan ini berbeda dari gerakan-gerakan sayap kanan Eropa lainnya pada periode itu karena dasar spiritual Garda Besi sangat diilhami oleh mistisisme Kristen Ortodoks Rumania.
Pada bulan Maret 1930, Codreanu membentuk Garda Besi sebagai cabang paramiliter dari Legiun, yang pada tahun 1935 mengubah nama resminya menjadi partai "Totul pentru Țară", (Semuanya untuk Negara). ia di bentuk saat awal Perang Dunia Kedua, dan pada saat itu juga ia berkuasa atas Rumania. Anggota partai ini disebut Legiunir atau "Kemeja Hijau", dikarenakan seragam hijau yang mereka kenakan.[16] Semasa dalam kepemimpinan Codreanu yang kharismatik, legiun itu dikenal akan propagandanya yang memikat, termasuk kecakapan berpidato di depan umum. Terdapat 2 Perdana Mentri Rumania yang menjadi korban gerakan ini, yaitu Ion Duca dan Armand Călinescu. dan Pada tahun 1940. Ketika Marsekal Ion Antonescu berkuasa pada September tahun itu, ia membawa Garda Besi ke dalam pemerintahan, menciptakan Negara Legiunir Nasional. Pada Januari 1941, setelah pemberontakan Legiuner, Antonescu menggunakan tentara untuk menekan gerakan itu dan menghancurkan organisasi partai. hasilnya, komandan daripada Garda Besi: Horia Sima, bersama dengan para pemimpin lainnya, melarikan diri ke Jerman.
Bibliografi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Heinen, Armin: Die Legion "Erzengel Michael" in Rumänien. Soziale Bewegung und politische Organisation. Ein Beitrag zum Problem des internationalen Faschismus, R. Oldenbourg Verlag, München, 1986, Band 83 vun der Rei Südosteuropäische Arbeiten, 558 S.
- Nagy-Talavera, Nicholas M.: The Green Shirts and Others: A History of Fascism in Hungary and Romania, Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1970.
Pranala luar
[sunting | sunting sumber]- The Iron Guard Diarsipkan 2008-08-27 di Wayback Machine.
- Iron Guard nowadays Diarsipkan 2018-08-31 di Wayback Machine.
- Website dedicated to Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, founder of the Iron Guard Diarsipkan 2022-03-26 di Wayback Machine.
- Website dedicated to Horia Sima, former Commander of the Iron Guard Diarsipkan 2007-01-08 di Wayback Machine.
- ^ Payne, Stanley G. (1995). A History of Fascism, 1914–1945
. University of Wisconsin Press. hlm. 394. ISBN 9780299148706.
- ^ "Totul pentru Țară" is translated as "Everything for the Fatherland" in "Collier's Encyclopedia" material that is now incorporated into "Encarta" as a sidebar (1938: Rumania Diarsipkan 2009-08-31 di Wayback Machine.) and in the "Encyclopædia Britannica" article Iron Guard Diarsipkan 2006-06-03 di Wayback Machine.; the International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania uses "Everything for the Motherland" in the English-language version of its November 11, 2004 Final Report Diarsipkan 2006-01-29 di Wayback Machine. (PDF). (All retrieved 6 Dec 2005.).
- ^ Sima, Horia (1995). The history of the Legionary Movement. Legionary Press. hlm. 144. ISBN 1-899627-01-4. OCLC 272381280.
- ^ Codreanu, CZ: For Legionnaires, Bucharest, Majadahonda Publishing House, 2001, 406 p. + Unpublished illustrations.
- ^ "Picture of the Green House". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2021-11-29. Diakses tanggal 2022-07-16.
- ^ "Iron Guard | Romanian organization". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2021-10-20. Diakses tanggal 2022-07-16.
- ^ Săndulescu, p. 267
- ^ a b Stephen J. Lee, European Dictatorships, 1918–1945, Routledge, London, 2000, p.288. ISBN 0-415-23046-2
- ^ a b c d e f g Payne, Stanley G. (1995). A History of Fascism 1914–1945 Madison: University of Wisconsin Press (pp. 277–289) ISBN 0-299-14874-2
- ^ Final Report, p.28-29
- ^ Subtelny, Orest. (1988) Ukraine: a History. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pg. 442
- ^ Volovici, Nationalist Ideology, p. 98, citing N. Cainic, Ortodoxie şi etnocraţie, pp. 162–4
- ^ Iordachi, Constantin (2023). The Fascist Faith of the Legion "Archangel Michael" in Romania, 1927–41 Martyrdom and National Purification Diarsipkan 2023-02-13 di Wayback Machine.. Routledge. ISBN 978-1138624559.
- ^ Volovici, Nationalist Ideology, p. 98, citing N. Crainic, Ortodoxie și etnocrație, pp. 162–164
- ^ Payne, Stanley G. (1995). A History of Fascism, 1914–1945
. University of Wisconsin Press. hlm. 394. ISBN 9780299148706.
- ^ For "greenshirts" see, for example, R. G. Waldeck, Athene Palace, University of Chicago Press eBook (2013), ISBN 022608647X, p. 182. Originally published 1942.