Kastel Edinburgh: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{Infobox military structure |
{{Infobox military structure |
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|name= |
|name= Kastel Edinburgh |
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|location = Edinburgh, Skotlandia |
|location = Edinburgh, Skotlandia |
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|image = [[Berkas:Edinburgh Castle from the south east.JPG|300px]] |
|image = [[Berkas:Edinburgh Castle from the south east.JPG|300px]] |
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|caption = |
|caption = Kastel Edinburgh |
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|map_type = United Kingdom Edinburgh |
|map_type = United Kingdom Edinburgh |
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|latitude = 55.948611 |
|latitude = 55.948611 |
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|used = Masih digunakan |
|used = Masih digunakan |
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|ownership = [[Pemerintah Skotlandia]] |
|ownership = [[Pemerintah Skotlandia]] |
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|open_to_public = |
|open_to_public = Ya |
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|controlledby = [[Historic Scotland]] |
|controlledby = [[Historic Scotland]] |
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|current_commander = [[Mayor Jenderal (Britania Raya)|Mayor Jenderal]] Nick Eeles <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/scotlands-army-head-installed-as-edinburgh-castle-governor|title= Scotland's Army Head installed as Edinburgh Castle Governor|publisher=Ministry of Defence|date=30 March 2012|accessdate=13 June 2013}}</ref> |
|current_commander = [[Mayor Jenderal (Britania Raya)|Mayor Jenderal]] Nick Eeles <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/scotlands-army-head-installed-as-edinburgh-castle-governor|title= Scotland's Army Head installed as Edinburgh Castle Governor|publisher=Ministry of Defence|date=30 March 2012|accessdate=13 June 2013}}</ref> |
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|caption2 = |
|caption2 = |
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}} |
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| ⚫ | ''' |
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| ⚫ | '''Kastel Edinburgh''' adalah [[benteng]] bersejarah yang mendominasi langit kota [[Edinburgh]], [[Skotlandia]]. Benteng ini berdiri di atas bekas gunung berapi yang disebut [[Castle Rock, Edinburgh|Castle Rock]]. Arkeolog memperkirakan manusia telah menduduki tempat tersebut paling tidak semenjak Zaman Besi (abad ke-2), walaupun jenis permukiman saat itu masih belum jelas. Istana kerajaan telah berdiri paling tidak dari masa [[David I dari Skotlandia|David I]] pada abad ke-12 dan terus menjadi kediaman kerajaan hingga [[Penyatuan Mahkota]] Inggris dan Skotlandia pada tahun 1603. Semenjak abad ke-15, peran residensial istana ini telah berkurang, dan pada abad ke-17 kastel ini digunakan sebagai barak militer. Kepentingannya sebagai warisan nasional Skotlandia diakui dari awal abad ke-19, dan berbagai program restorasi telah dilancarkan. Sebagai salah satu benteng terpenting [[Kerajaan Skotlandia]], Istana Edinburgh terlibat dalam banyak konflik bersejarah dari [[Perang Kemerdekaan Skotlandia]] pada abad ke-14 hingga [[Pemberontakan Jakobit]] pada tahun 1745. Istana ini telah dikepung beberapa kali, kadang-kadang berhasil dan kadang-kadang tidak. |
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| ⚫ | Sedikit bagian dari bangunan yang ada sekarang yang berasal dari masa sebelum Pengepungan Lang pada abad ke-16 karena pertahanan dari abad pertengahan sebagian besar telah dihancurkan oleh artileri. Pengecualiannya adalah [[Kapel Santa Margaret]] dari awal abad ke-12 (yang dianggap sebagai bangunan tertua di Edinburgh),<ref name=eotca>{{cite web |url=http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/1796/pre_1750_buildings_in_edinburgh_old_town_conservation_area |title=Pre-1750 Buildings in Edinburgh Old Town Conservation Area |publisher=City of Edinburgh Council, City Development Department |accessdate=30 September 2009}}</ref> Istana Kerajaan, dan Balai Besar dari abad ke-16, walaupun bagian dalamnya telah diubah semenjak pertengahan [[era Victoria]]. Di istana ini juga disimpan [[regalia]] Skotlandia yang disebut [[Kehormatan Skotlandia]]. Selain itu, di istana ini terdapat Memorial Perang Nasional Skotlandia dan [[Museum Perang Nasional Skotlandia]]. [[Angkatan Bersenjata Britania Raya]] masih bertanggung jawab atas beberapa bagian istana, walaupun kehadirannya saat ini bersifat seremonial dan administratif. Beberapa bangunan istana menjadi museum untuk wisatawan. |
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| ⚫ | Sedikit bagian dari bangunan yang ada sekarang yang berasal dari masa sebelum Pengepungan Lang pada abad ke-16 karena pertahanan dari abad pertengahan sebagian besar telah dihancurkan oleh artileri. Pengecualiannya adalah [[Kapel Santa Margaret]] dari awal abad ke-12 (yang dianggap sebagai bangunan tertua di Edinburgh),<ref name=eotca>{{cite web |url=http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/1796/pre_1750_buildings_in_edinburgh_old_town_conservation_area |title=Pre-1750 Buildings in Edinburgh Old Town Conservation Area |publisher=City of Edinburgh Council, City Development Department |accessdate=30 September 2009 |archive-date=2012-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614133941/http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/1796/pre_1750_buildings_in_edinburgh_old_town_conservation_area |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Istana Kerajaan, dan Balai Besar dari abad ke-16, walaupun bagian dalamnya telah diubah semenjak pertengahan [[era Victoria]]. Di istana ini juga disimpan [[regalia]] Skotlandia yang disebut [[Kehormatan Skotlandia]]. Selain itu, di istana ini terdapat Memorial Perang Nasional Skotlandia dan [[Museum Perang Nasional Skotlandia]]. [[Angkatan Bersenjata Britania Raya]] masih bertanggung jawab atas beberapa bagian istana, walaupun kehadirannya saat ini bersifat seremonial dan administratif. Beberapa bangunan istana menjadi museum untuk wisatawan. |
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| ⚫ | Istana Edinburgh diurus oleh [[Historic Scotland]] dan merupakan salah satu tujuan wisata utama Skotlandia dengan lebih dari 1,2 juta pengunjung pada tahun 2011.<ref name=ALVA>{{cite web |url=http://www.alva.org.uk/details.cfm?p=423 |title=Visits made in 2011 to visitor attractions in membership with ALVA |publisher=Association of Leading Visitor Attractions |archiveurl= |
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| ⚫ | Istana Edinburgh diurus oleh [[Historic Scotland]] dan merupakan salah satu tujuan wisata utama Skotlandia dengan lebih dari 1,2 juta pengunjung pada tahun 2011.<ref name=ALVA>{{cite web |url=http://www.alva.org.uk/details.cfm?p=423 |title=Visits made in 2011 to visitor attractions in membership with ALVA |publisher=Association of Leading Visitor Attractions |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6KBpZdJ4z?url=http://www.alva.org.uk/details.cfm?p=423 |archivedate=2013-10-07 |access-date=2014-01-04 |dead-url=no }}</ref> |
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== Catatan kaki == |
== Catatan kaki == |
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* {{cite book|title=[[Dictionary of National Biography]]|year=1937|publisher=London and Oxford:Oxford University Press}} |
* {{cite book|title=[[Dictionary of National Biography]]|year=1937|publisher=London and Oxford:Oxford University Press}} |
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* {{Cite book|last1=Driscoll|first1=S.T.|last2=Yeoman|first2=Peter|title=Excavations within Edinburgh Castle in 1988-91|year=1997|publisher=[[Society of Antiquaries of Scotland]]|isbn=0-903903-12-1|ref=harv|postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}} |
* {{Cite book|last1=Driscoll|first1=S.T.|last2=Yeoman|first2=Peter|title=Excavations within Edinburgh Castle in 1988-91|year=1997|publisher=[[Society of Antiquaries of Scotland]]|isbn=0-903903-12-1|ref=harv|postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}} |
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* {{cite book|ref=harv|author=Dunbar, John|title=Scottish Royal Palaces: The Architecture of the Royal Residences during the Late Medieval and Early Renaissance Periods|publisher=Tuckwell Press|year=1999|isbn=1-86232-042-X}} |
* {{cite book|ref=harv|author=Dunbar, John|title=Scottish Royal Palaces: The Architecture of the Royal Residences during the Late Medieval and Early Renaissance Periods|url=https://archive.org/details/scottishroyalpal0000dunb|publisher=Tuckwell Press|year=1999|isbn=1-86232-042-X}} |
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* {{cite book|author=Fenwick, Hugh|title=Scotland's Castles|publisher=Robert Hale|year=1976|isbn=0-7091-5731-2}} |
* {{cite book|author=Fenwick, Hugh|title=Scotland's Castles|url=https://archive.org/details/scotlandscastles0000fenw|publisher=Robert Hale|year=1976|isbn=0-7091-5731-2}} |
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* {{cite journal |url=http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/arch-352-1/dissemination/pdf/vol_116/116_393_411.pdf |author=Fernie, Eric |title=Early Church Architecture in Scotland |journal=Proceedings of the [[Society of Antiquaries of Scotland]] |volume=116 |year=1986 |pages=393–411 |ref=harv}} |
* {{cite journal |url=http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/arch-352-1/dissemination/pdf/vol_116/116_393_411.pdf |author=Fernie, Eric |title=Early Church Architecture in Scotland |journal=Proceedings of the [[Society of Antiquaries of Scotland]] |volume=116 |year=1986 |pages=393–411 |ref=harv }} |
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* {{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=NcQPSg_11X8C|title=The History of the Kings of Britain|author=Geoffrey of Monmouth|editor=Lewis G. M. Thorpe|isbn=0-14-044170-0|year=1966|publisher=Penguin Classics}} |
* {{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=NcQPSg_11X8C|title=The History of the Kings of Britain|author=Geoffrey of Monmouth|editor=Lewis G. M. Thorpe|isbn=0-14-044170-0|year=1966|publisher=Penguin Classics}} |
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* {{cite book|author=Gibson, John Sibbald|title=Edinburgh in the '45|publisher=Saltire Society|year=1995|isbn=0-85411-067-4}} |
* {{cite book|author=Gibson, John Sibbald|title=Edinburgh in the '45|url=https://archive.org/details/edinburghin45bon0000gibs|publisher=Saltire Society|year=1995|isbn=0-85411-067-4}} |
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* {{cite book|author=Gillies, James|year=1886|url=http://books.google.com/?id=m19zB-KxzHwC|title=Edinburgh Past And Present|publisher=Oliphant, Anderson & Ferrier|isbn=978-1-4086-6024-9}} |
* {{cite book|author=Gillies, James|year=1886|url=http://books.google.com/?id=m19zB-KxzHwC|title=Edinburgh Past And Present|publisher=Oliphant, Anderson & Ferrier|isbn=978-1-4086-6024-9}} |
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* {{cite book|author=Grant, James|title=Memorials of the Castle of Edinburgh|year=1850|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WqQHAAAAQAAJ}} |
* {{cite book|author=Grant, James|title=Memorials of the Castle of Edinburgh|year=1850|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WqQHAAAAQAAJ}} |
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* {{cite book|last=Gray|first=W. Forbes|title=A Short History of Edinburgh Castle|publisher=Moray Press|location=Edinburgh|year=1948}} |
* {{cite book|last=Gray|first=W. Forbes|title=A Short History of Edinburgh Castle|publisher=Moray Press|location=Edinburgh|year=1948}} |
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* {{cite book|author=Halkerston, Peter|year=1831|url=http://books.google.com/?id=WisFSH2PA-gC|title=A Treatise on the History, Law, and Privileges of the Palace and Sanctuary of Holyroodhouse|publisher=Maclachlan and Stewart|isbn=978-1-4097-8829-4}} |
* {{cite book|author=Halkerston, Peter|year=1831|url=http://books.google.com/?id=WisFSH2PA-gC|title=A Treatise on the History, Law, and Privileges of the Palace and Sanctuary of Holyroodhouse|publisher=Maclachlan and Stewart|isbn=978-1-4097-8829-4}} |
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* {{cite book|author=Hardie, Alastair M R|title=Edinburgh's Castle in the Air|publisher=Serendpity|location=London|year=2004|isbn=1-84394-111-2}} |
* {{cite book|author=Hardie, Alastair M R|title=Edinburgh's Castle in the Air|url=https://archive.org/details/edinburghscastle0000unse|publisher=Serendpity|location=London|year=2004|isbn=1-84394-111-2}} |
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* {{cite book|author=Harris, Stuart|year=2002|title=The Place Names of Edinburgh: Their Origins and History|isbn=978-1-904246-06-0|publisher=Steve Savage Publishers|location=London}} |
* {{cite book|author=Harris, Stuart|year=2002|title=The Place Names of Edinburgh: Their Origins and History|isbn=978-1-904246-06-0|publisher=Steve Savage Publishers|location=London}} |
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* {{cite book|author=Howard, Deborah|year=1995|title=Scottish Architecture from the Reformation to the Restoration, 1560–1660|series=The Architectural History of Scotland|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-0530-9}} |
* {{cite book|author=Howard, Deborah|year=1995|title=Scottish Architecture from the Reformation to the Restoration, 1560–1660|series=The Architectural History of Scotland|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-0530-9}} |
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* {{cite book|author=Hussey, Christopher|year=1931|title=The Work of Sir Robert Lorimer|publisher=London:Country Life}} |
* {{cite book|author=Hussey, Christopher|year=1931|title=The Work of Sir Robert Lorimer|publisher=London:Country Life}} |
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* {{cite book|author=Lynch, Michael|title=Scotland: A New History|year=1992|isbn=0-7126-9893-0|publisher=Pimlico}} |
* {{cite book|author=Lynch, Michael|title=Scotland: A New History|url=https://archive.org/details/scotlandnewhisto0000lync|year=1992|isbn=0-7126-9893-0|publisher=Pimlico}} |
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* {{cite book|author=McAdam, David|title=Edinburgh and West Lothian: a landscape fashioned by geology|publisher=[[Scottish Natural Heritage]]|year=2003|isbn=1-85397-327-0}} |
* {{cite book|author=McAdam, David|title=Edinburgh and West Lothian: a landscape fashioned by geology|url=https://archive.org/details/edinburgwestloth0000unse|publisher=[[Scottish Natural Heritage]]|year=2003|isbn=1-85397-327-0}} |
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* {{cite book|author=McGrail, Thomas H|title=Sir William Alexander, First Earl of Stirling: A biographical study|year=1940|publisher=Oliver & Boyd}} |
* {{cite book|author=McGrail, Thomas H|title=Sir William Alexander, First Earl of Stirling: A biographical study|year=1940|publisher=Oliver & Boyd}} |
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* {{cite book|author=McHardy, Stuart|title=Tales of Edinburgh Castle|publisher=Luath|year=2007|isbn=978-1-905222-95-7}} |
* {{cite book|author=McHardy, Stuart|title=Tales of Edinburgh Castle|url=https://archive.org/details/talesofedinburgh0000mcha|publisher=Luath|year=2007|isbn=978-1-905222-95-7}} |
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* {{cite book|author=MacIvor, Iain|chapter=Artillery and Major Places of Strength in the Lothians|editor=Caldwell, David H|title=Scottish Weapons and Fortifications 1100–1800|isbn=0-85976-047-2|year=1981|publisher=John Donald}} |
* {{cite book|author=MacIvor, Iain|chapter=Artillery and Major Places of Strength in the Lothians|editor=Caldwell, David H|title=Scottish Weapons and Fortifications 1100–1800|isbn=0-85976-047-2|year=1981|publisher=John Donald}} |
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* {{cite book|author=MacIvor, Iain|title=Edinburgh Castle|publisher=B. T. Batsford|isbn=0-7134-7295-2|year=1993}} |
* {{cite book|author=MacIvor, Iain|title=Edinburgh Castle|url=https://archive.org/details/edinburghcastle0000maci|publisher=B. T. Batsford|isbn=0-7134-7295-2|year=1993}} |
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* {{cite book|author= |
* {{cite book|author=McKay, Tam|title=What Time Does Edinburgh's One O'clock Gun Fire?|url=https://archive.org/details/whattimedoesedin0000mcka|publisher=Cadies/Witchery Tours|isbn=978-0-9522927-3-9|year=2002}} |
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* {{cite book|author=McKean, Charles|title=Edinburgh, Portrait of a City|publisher=Ebury Press|isbn=0-7126-3867-9|year=1991}} |
* {{cite book|author=McKean, Charles|title=Edinburgh, Portrait of a City|publisher=Ebury Press|isbn=0-7126-3867-9|year=1991}} |
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* {{cite book|author=MacQuarrie, Alan|title=Medieval Scotland: Kingship and Nation|year=2004|isbn= 0-7509-2977-4|publisher=The History Press}} |
* {{cite book|author=MacQuarrie, Alan|title=Medieval Scotland: Kingship and Nation|year=2004|isbn= 0-7509-2977-4|publisher=The History Press}} |
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* {{cite book|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/inpraiseofedinbu00massuoft/inpraiseofedinbu00massuoft_djvu.txt|title=In Praise of Edinburgh, an Anthology in Prose and Verse|editor=Masson, Rosaline|publisher=Constable and Co|year=1912}} |
* {{cite book|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/inpraiseofedinbu00massuoft/inpraiseofedinbu00massuoft_djvu.txt|title=In Praise of Edinburgh, an Anthology in Prose and Verse|editor=Masson, Rosaline|publisher=Constable and Co|year=1912}} |
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* {{cite book|author=Moffat, Alistair|title=Before Scotland: The Story of Scotland Before History|publisher=Thames & Hudson|year=2005|isbn=0-500-05133-X}} |
* {{cite book|author=Moffat, Alistair|title=Before Scotland: The Story of Scotland Before History|publisher=Thames & Hudson|year=2005|isbn=0-500-05133-X}} |
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* {{cite journal |author=Oldrieve, W. T. |title=Account of the recent discovery of the Remains of David's Tower at Edinburgh Castle |journal=Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland |volume=48 |year=1914 |url=http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/arch-352-1/dissemination/pdf/vol_048/48_230_271.pdf |pages=230–270 |ref=harv}} |
* {{cite journal |author=Oldrieve, W. T. |title=Account of the recent discovery of the Remains of David's Tower at Edinburgh Castle |journal=Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland |volume=48 |year=1914 |url=http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/arch-352-1/dissemination/pdf/vol_048/48_230_271.pdf |pages=230–270 |ref=harv }} |
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* {{cite book|editor=Paul, James Balfour|title=Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland|volume=X|year=1913|publisher=H.M. General Register House|location=Edinburgh}} |
* {{cite book|editor=Paul, James Balfour|title=Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland|volume=X|year=1913|publisher=H.M. General Register House|location=Edinburgh}} |
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* {{cite book|editor=Pitcairn, Robert|title=Criminal trials in Scotland, from 1488 to 1624|volume=2|year=1833|publisher=William Tait|location= |
* {{cite book|editor=Pitcairn, Robert|title=Criminal trials in Scotland, from 1488 to 1624|volume=2|year=1833|publisher=William Tait|location=Edinburgh|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/criminaltrialsin01pitc#page/44/mode/2up}} |
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* {{cite book|author=Potter, Harry|title=Edinburgh Under Siege: 1571–1573|publisher=Tempus|year=2003|isbn=0-7524-2332-0 }} |
* {{cite book|author=Potter, Harry|title=Edinburgh Under Siege: 1571–1573|publisher=Tempus|year=2003|isbn=0-7524-2332-0 }} |
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* {{cite book|author=Salter, Mike|year=1994|title=The Castles of Lothian and the Borders|publisher=Folly Publications|isbn=1-871731-20-8}} |
* {{cite book|author=Salter, Mike|year=1994|title=The Castles of Lothian and the Borders|url=https://archive.org/details/castlesoflothian0000salt|publisher=Folly Publications|isbn=1-871731-20-8}} |
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* {{cite book|author=Scott, Andrew Murray|title=Bonnie Dundee|isbn=0-85976-532-6|publisher=John Donald|year=2000}} |
* {{cite book|author=Scott, Andrew Murray|title=Bonnie Dundee|url=https://archive.org/details/bonniedundeejohn0000scot|isbn=0-85976-532-6|publisher=John Donald|year=2000}} |
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* {{cite book|author=Scott-Moncrieff, George|title=Edinburgh|year=1965|isbn=0-05-001829-9}} |
* {{cite book|author=Scott-Moncrieff, George|title=Edinburgh|year=1965|isbn=0-05-001829-9}} |
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* {{cite book|author=Tabraham, Chris|year=1997|title=Scotland's Castles|publisher=BT Batsford/Historic Scotland|isbn=0-7134-7965-5}} |
* {{cite book|author=Tabraham, Chris|year=1997|title=Scotland's Castles|url=https://archive.org/details/scotlandscastles0000tabr|publisher=BT Batsford/Historic Scotland|isbn=0-7134-7965-5}} |
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* {{cite book|author=Tabraham, Chris|author2=Grove, Doreen|title=Fortress Scotland and the Jacobites|isbn=978-0-7134-7484-8|publisher=Batsford|year=2001}} |
* {{cite book|author=Tabraham, Chris|author2=Grove, Doreen|title=Fortress Scotland and the Jacobites|url=https://archive.org/details/fortressscotland00tabr|isbn=978-0-7134-7484-8|publisher=Batsford|year=2001}} |
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* {{cite book|author=Tabraham, Chris|publisher=Historic Scotland|title=Edinburgh Castle: Prisons of War|isbn=1-903570-99-9|year=2004}} |
* {{cite book|author=Tabraham, Chris|publisher=Historic Scotland|title=Edinburgh Castle: Prisons of War|url=https://archive.org/details/edinburghcastlep0000tabr|isbn=1-903570-99-9|year=2004}} |
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* {{cite book|author=Tabraham, Chris|publisher=Historic Scotland|title=Edinburgh Castle: Official Guide|isbn=1-903570-33-6|year=2008}} |
* {{cite book|author=Tabraham, Chris|publisher=Historic Scotland|title=Edinburgh Castle: Official Guide|url=https://archive.org/details/edinburghcastleo0000tabr|isbn=1-903570-33-6|year=2008}} |
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* {{cite book|editor=Tyler, Royall|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/source.aspx?pubid=972|title=Calendar of State Papers, Spain, Volume 10: 1550-1552|year=1914}} |
* {{cite book|editor=Tyler, Royall|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/source.aspx?pubid=972|title=Calendar of State Papers, Spain, Volume 10: 1550-1552|year=1914}} |
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* {{cite journal |year=1887 |author=Wilson, Daniel |authorlink=Daniel Wilson (academic) |journal=Proceedings of the [[Society of Antiquaries of Scotland]] |volume=21 |pages=291–316 |title=Notice of St Margaret's Chapel, Edinburgh Castle |url=http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/arch-352-1/dissemination/pdf/vol_021/21_291_316.pdf |ref=harv }} |
* {{cite journal |year=1887 |author=Wilson, Daniel |authorlink=Daniel Wilson (academic) |journal=Proceedings of the [[Society of Antiquaries of Scotland]] |volume=21 |pages=291–316 |title=Notice of St Margaret's Chapel, Edinburgh Castle |url=http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/arch-352-1/dissemination/pdf/vol_021/21_291_316.pdf |ref=harv }} |
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* {{cite book|year=1891|author=Wilson, Daniel|volume=1|title=Memorials of Edinburgh in the Olden Time|url=http://www.edinburghbookshelf.org.uk/volume10/|publisher=Adam & Charles Black|edition=2nd}} |
* {{cite book|year=1891|author=Wilson, Daniel|volume=1|title=Memorials of Edinburgh in the Olden Time|url=http://www.edinburghbookshelf.org.uk/volume10/|publisher=Adam & Charles Black|edition=2nd|access-date=2014-01-04|archive-date=2017-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302203328/http://www.edinburghbookshelf.org.uk/volume10/|dead-url=yes}} |
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{{refend}} |
{{refend}} |
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== Pranala luar == |
== Pranala luar == |
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{{commons category|Edinburgh Castle}} |
{{commons category|Edinburgh Castle}} |
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* [http://www.edinburghcastle.gov.uk/ Situs Istana Edinburgh] |
* [http://www.edinburghcastle.gov.uk/ Situs Istana Edinburgh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150902071553/http://www.edinburghcastle.gov.uk/ |date=2015-09-02 }} |
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* {{historic-scotland-link|121}} |
* {{historic-scotland-link|121}} |
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* [http://www.snwm.org/ Situs Memorial Perang Nasional Skotlandia] |
* [http://www.snwm.org/ Situs Memorial Perang Nasional Skotlandia] |
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[[Kategori: |
[[Kategori:Kastel di Skotlandia|edin]] |
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Revisi per 10 Januari 2024 06.53
| Kastel Edinburgh | |
|---|---|
| Edinburgh, Skotlandia | |
 Kastel Edinburgh | |
| Koordinat | 55°56′55″N 3°12′03″W / 55.948611°N 3.200833°W |
| Dibangun | Telah diduduki semenjak Zaman Perunggu akhir; bangunan istana saat ini berasal dari abad ke-12 hingga abad ke-21 |
| Digunakan | Masih digunakan |
| Pemilik saat ini |
Pemerintah Skotlandia |
| Dibuka untuk umum |
Ya |
| Pengawas | Historic Scotland |
| Komandan saat ini |
Mayor Jenderal Nick Eeles [1] |
| Komandan | Daftar Gubernur Istana Edinburgh |
| Pertempuran/Perang | Pengepungan dan pendudukan selama Perang Kemerdekaan Skotlandia (1296–1357); Pengepungan Lang (1571–1573); pengepungan tahun 1640, 1650, 1689, 1745 |
Kastel Edinburgh adalah benteng bersejarah yang mendominasi langit kota Edinburgh, Skotlandia. Benteng ini berdiri di atas bekas gunung berapi yang disebut Castle Rock. Arkeolog memperkirakan manusia telah menduduki tempat tersebut paling tidak semenjak Zaman Besi (abad ke-2), walaupun jenis permukiman saat itu masih belum jelas. Istana kerajaan telah berdiri paling tidak dari masa David I pada abad ke-12 dan terus menjadi kediaman kerajaan hingga Penyatuan Mahkota Inggris dan Skotlandia pada tahun 1603. Semenjak abad ke-15, peran residensial istana ini telah berkurang, dan pada abad ke-17 kastel ini digunakan sebagai barak militer. Kepentingannya sebagai warisan nasional Skotlandia diakui dari awal abad ke-19, dan berbagai program restorasi telah dilancarkan. Sebagai salah satu benteng terpenting Kerajaan Skotlandia, Istana Edinburgh terlibat dalam banyak konflik bersejarah dari Perang Kemerdekaan Skotlandia pada abad ke-14 hingga Pemberontakan Jakobit pada tahun 1745. Istana ini telah dikepung beberapa kali, kadang-kadang berhasil dan kadang-kadang tidak.
Sedikit bagian dari bangunan yang ada sekarang yang berasal dari masa sebelum Pengepungan Lang pada abad ke-16 karena pertahanan dari abad pertengahan sebagian besar telah dihancurkan oleh artileri. Pengecualiannya adalah Kapel Santa Margaret dari awal abad ke-12 (yang dianggap sebagai bangunan tertua di Edinburgh),[2] Istana Kerajaan, dan Balai Besar dari abad ke-16, walaupun bagian dalamnya telah diubah semenjak pertengahan era Victoria. Di istana ini juga disimpan regalia Skotlandia yang disebut Kehormatan Skotlandia. Selain itu, di istana ini terdapat Memorial Perang Nasional Skotlandia dan Museum Perang Nasional Skotlandia. Angkatan Bersenjata Britania Raya masih bertanggung jawab atas beberapa bagian istana, walaupun kehadirannya saat ini bersifat seremonial dan administratif. Beberapa bangunan istana menjadi museum untuk wisatawan.
Istana Edinburgh diurus oleh Historic Scotland dan merupakan salah satu tujuan wisata utama Skotlandia dengan lebih dari 1,2 juta pengunjung pada tahun 2011.[3]
Catatan kaki
- ^ "Scotland's Army Head installed as Edinburgh Castle Governor". Ministry of Defence. 30 March 2012. Diakses tanggal 13 June 2013.
- ^ "Pre-1750 Buildings in Edinburgh Old Town Conservation Area". City of Edinburgh Council, City Development Department. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-06-14. Diakses tanggal 30 September 2009.
- ^ "Visits made in 2011 to visitor attractions in membership with ALVA". Association of Leading Visitor Attractions. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-10-07. Diakses tanggal 2014-01-04.
Daftar pustaka
- Ashmole, Myrtle (1981). Harpers Handbook to Edinburgh. Noel Collins. ISBN 0-907686-00-1.
- Caldwell, David H (1981). "Royal Patronage of Arms and Armour Making". Dalam Caldwell, David H. Scottish Weapons and Fortifications 1100–1800. John Donald. ISBN 0-85976-047-2.
- Camden, William (1607). "Lauden or Lothien". Britannia. trans. Philemon Holland.
- Cruden, Stewart (1981). The Scottish Castle (edisi ke-3rd). Spurbooks. ISBN 0-7157-2088-0.
- Devine, T.M. (2000). The Scottish Nation: 1700–2000. Penguin. ISBN 0-14-023004-1.
- Dictionary of National Biography. London and Oxford:Oxford University Press. 1937.
- Driscoll, S.T.; Yeoman, Peter (1997). Excavations within Edinburgh Castle in 1988-91. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. ISBN 0-903903-12-1
- Dunbar, John (1999). Scottish Royal Palaces: The Architecture of the Royal Residences during the Late Medieval and Early Renaissance Periods. Tuckwell Press. ISBN 1-86232-042-X.
- Fenwick, Hugh (1976). Scotland's Castles. Robert Hale. ISBN 0-7091-5731-2.
- Fernie, Eric (1986). "Early Church Architecture in Scotland" (PDF). Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. 116: 393–411.
- Geoffrey of Monmouth (1966). Lewis G. M. Thorpe, ed. The History of the Kings of Britain. Penguin Classics. ISBN 0-14-044170-0.
- Gibson, John Sibbald (1995). Edinburgh in the '45. Saltire Society. ISBN 0-85411-067-4.
- Gillies, James (1886). Edinburgh Past And Present. Oliphant, Anderson & Ferrier. ISBN 978-1-4086-6024-9.
- Grant, James (1850). Memorials of the Castle of Edinburgh. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Grant, James (c. 1890). Old and New Edinburgh. I. Cassell and Co. hlm. 15.
- Gray, W. Forbes (1948). A Short History of Edinburgh Castle. Edinburgh: Moray Press.
- Halkerston, Peter (1831). A Treatise on the History, Law, and Privileges of the Palace and Sanctuary of Holyroodhouse. Maclachlan and Stewart. ISBN 978-1-4097-8829-4.
- Hardie, Alastair M R (2004). Edinburgh's Castle in the Air. London: Serendpity. ISBN 1-84394-111-2.
- Harris, Stuart (2002). The Place Names of Edinburgh: Their Origins and History. London: Steve Savage Publishers. ISBN 978-1-904246-06-0.
- Howard, Deborah (1995). Scottish Architecture from the Reformation to the Restoration, 1560–1660. The Architectural History of Scotland. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-0530-9.
- Hussey, Christopher (1931). The Work of Sir Robert Lorimer. London:Country Life.
- Lynch, Michael (1992). Scotland: A New History. Pimlico. ISBN 0-7126-9893-0.
- McAdam, David (2003). Edinburgh and West Lothian: a landscape fashioned by geology. Scottish Natural Heritage. ISBN 1-85397-327-0.
- McGrail, Thomas H (1940). Sir William Alexander, First Earl of Stirling: A biographical study. Oliver & Boyd.
- McHardy, Stuart (2007). Tales of Edinburgh Castle. Luath. ISBN 978-1-905222-95-7.
- MacIvor, Iain (1981). "Artillery and Major Places of Strength in the Lothians". Dalam Caldwell, David H. Scottish Weapons and Fortifications 1100–1800. John Donald. ISBN 0-85976-047-2.
- MacIvor, Iain (1993). Edinburgh Castle. B. T. Batsford. ISBN 0-7134-7295-2.
- McKay, Tam (2002). What Time Does Edinburgh's One O'clock Gun Fire?. Cadies/Witchery Tours. ISBN 978-0-9522927-3-9.
- McKean, Charles (1991). Edinburgh, Portrait of a City. Ebury Press. ISBN 0-7126-3867-9.
- MacQuarrie, Alan (2004). Medieval Scotland: Kingship and Nation. The History Press. ISBN 0-7509-2977-4.
- McWilliam, Colin; Gifford, John; Walker, David (1984). Edinburgh. The Buildings of Scotland. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-071068-7.
- Masson, Rosaline, ed. (1912). In Praise of Edinburgh, an Anthology in Prose and Verse. Constable and Co.
- Moffat, Alistair (2005). Before Scotland: The Story of Scotland Before History. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-05133-X.
- Oldrieve, W. T. (1914). "Account of the recent discovery of the Remains of David's Tower at Edinburgh Castle" (PDF). Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. 48: 230–270.
- Paul, James Balfour, ed. (1913). Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland. X. Edinburgh: H.M. General Register House.
- Pitcairn, Robert, ed. (1833). Criminal trials in Scotland, from 1488 to 1624. 2. Edinburgh: William Tait.
- Potter, Harry (2003). Edinburgh Under Siege: 1571–1573. Tempus. ISBN 0-7524-2332-0.
- Salter, Mike (1994). The Castles of Lothian and the Borders. Folly Publications. ISBN 1-871731-20-8.
- Scott, Andrew Murray (2000). Bonnie Dundee. John Donald. ISBN 0-85976-532-6.
- Scott-Moncrieff, George (1965). Edinburgh. ISBN 0-05-001829-9.
- Tabraham, Chris (1997). Scotland's Castles. BT Batsford/Historic Scotland. ISBN 0-7134-7965-5.
- Tabraham, Chris; Grove, Doreen (2001). Fortress Scotland and the Jacobites. Batsford. ISBN 978-0-7134-7484-8.
- Tabraham, Chris (2004). Edinburgh Castle: Prisons of War. Historic Scotland. ISBN 1-903570-99-9.
- Tabraham, Chris (2008). Edinburgh Castle: Official Guide. Historic Scotland. ISBN 1-903570-33-6.
- Tyler, Royall, ed. (1914). Calendar of State Papers, Spain, Volume 10: 1550-1552.
- Wilson, Daniel (1887). "Notice of St Margaret's Chapel, Edinburgh Castle" (PDF). Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. 21: 291–316.
- Wilson, Daniel (1891). Memorials of Edinburgh in the Olden Time. 1 (edisi ke-2nd). Adam & Charles Black. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-03-02. Diakses tanggal 2014-01-04.
Pranala luar
Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Edinburgh Castle.
- Situs Istana Edinburgh Diarsipkan 2015-09-02 di Wayback Machine.
- Kastel Edinburgh - informasi dari Historic Scotland
- Situs Memorial Perang Nasional Skotlandia
- Edinburgh Castle, Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland basis data "Canmore"
- Images of Edinburgh Castle dari Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland
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