Bangkai kapal Titanic: Perbedaan antara revisi
tambah sedikit |
Add 4 books for Wikipedia:Pemastian (20240109)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) (GreenC bot |
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(2 revisi perantara oleh pengguna yang sama tidak ditampilkan) | |||
Baris 18: | Baris 18: | ||
| year = 1987 |
| year = 1987 |
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| title = The Discovery of the ''Titanic'' |
| title = The Discovery of the ''Titanic'' |
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| url = https://archive.org/details/discoveryoftitan0000unse |
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| publisher = Warner Books |
| publisher = Warner Books |
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| location = New York |
| location = New York |
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Baris 49: | Baris 50: | ||
| year = 2008 |
| year = 2008 |
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| title = Archaeological Oceanography |
| title = Archaeological Oceanography |
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| url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780691129402 |
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| publisher = Princeton University Press |
| publisher = Princeton University Press |
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| location = Princeton, NJ |
| location = Princeton, NJ |
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Baris 92: | Baris 94: | ||
| year = 1999 |
| year = 1999 |
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| title = ''Titanic'': A Journey Through Time |
| title = ''Titanic'': A Journey Through Time |
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| url = https://archive.org/details/titanic0000john_r3n3 |
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| publisher = Patrick Stephens |
| publisher = Patrick Stephens |
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| location = Sparkford, Somerset |
| location = Sparkford, Somerset |
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Baris 112: | Baris 115: | ||
| year = 2006 |
| year = 2006 |
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| title = Whales, Whaling, and Ocean Ecosystems |
| title = Whales, Whaling, and Ocean Ecosystems |
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| url = https://archive.org/details/whaleswhalingoce0000unse |
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| publisher = University of California Press |
| publisher = University of California Press |
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| location = Los Angeles, CA |
| location = Los Angeles, CA |
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Baris 121: | Baris 125: | ||
| year = 2012 |
| year = 2012 |
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| title = The Unsinkable ''Titanic'': The Triumph Behind A Disaster |
| title = The Unsinkable ''Titanic'': The Triumph Behind A Disaster |
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| url = https://archive.org/details/unsinkabletitani0000gibs |
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| publisher = The History Press |
| publisher = The History Press |
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| location = Stroud, Glos. |
| location = Stroud, Glos. |
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Baris 133: | Baris 138: | ||
| chapter = Description of the Damage to the Ship |
| chapter = Description of the Damage to the Ship |
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| title = Report into the Loss of the SS ''Titanic'': A Centennial Reappraisal |
| title = Report into the Loss of the SS ''Titanic'': A Centennial Reappraisal |
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| url = https://archive.org/details/lossofsstitanicc0000unse |
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| editor-last = Halpern |
| editor-last = Halpern |
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| editor-first = Samuel |
| editor-first = Samuel |
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Baris 211: | Baris 217: | ||
| year = 2005 |
| year = 2005 |
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| title = James Cameron's Aliens of the Deep |
| title = James Cameron's Aliens of the Deep |
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| url = https://archive.org/details/jamescameronsali0000maci |
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| publisher = National Geographic Society |
| publisher = National Geographic Society |
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| location = Washington, D.C. |
| location = Washington, D.C. |
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Baris 229: | Baris 236: | ||
| year = 2012 |
| year = 2012 |
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| title = Farewell, Titanic: Her Final Legacy |
| title = Farewell, Titanic: Her Final Legacy |
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| url = https://archive.org/details/farewelltitanich00unse |
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| publisher = John Wiley & Sons |
| publisher = John Wiley & Sons |
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| location = Hoboken, NJ |
| location = Hoboken, NJ |
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Baris 242: | Baris 250: | ||
| year = 2003 |
| year = 2003 |
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| title = The protection of the underwater cultural heritage: before and after the 2001 UNESCO Convention |
| title = The protection of the underwater cultural heritage: before and after the 2001 UNESCO Convention |
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| url = https://archive.org/details/nlsiu.341.448.gar.30839 |
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| chapter = The Application of "Salvage Law and Other Rules of Admiralty" |
| chapter = The Application of "Salvage Law and Other Rules of Admiralty" |
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| publisher = Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |
| publisher = Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |
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Baris 262: | Baris 271: | ||
| first = Stephen |
| first = Stephen |
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| title = The Titanic For Dummies |
| title = The Titanic For Dummies |
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| url = https://archive.org/details/titanicfordummie0000spig |
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| year = 2012 |
| year = 2012 |
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| publisher = John Wiley & Sons |
| publisher = John Wiley & Sons |
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Baris 271: | Baris 281: | ||
| first = Lawrence H. |
| first = Lawrence H. |
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| title = Sailing on the Silver Screen: Hollywood and the U.S. Navy |
| title = Sailing on the Silver Screen: Hollywood and the U.S. Navy |
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| url = https://archive.org/details/sailingonsilvers0000suid |
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| year = 1996 |
| year = 1996 |
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| publisher = Naval Institute Press |
| publisher = Naval Institute Press |
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Baris 290: | Baris 301: | ||
| first = Greg |
| first = Greg |
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| title = The Rough Guide to the Titanic |
| title = The Rough Guide to the Titanic |
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| url = https://archive.org/details/roughguidetotita0000ward |
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| year = 2012 |
| year = 2012 |
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| publisher = Rough Guides Ltd |
| publisher = Rough Guides Ltd |
Revisi terkini sejak 10 Januari 2024 20.20
Bangkai kapal Titanic terletak di kedalaman sekitar 12.500 kaki (3.800 meter; 2.100 depa), sekitar 370 mil laut (690 kilometer) selatan-tenggara lepas pantai Newfoundland. Bangkai tersebut terletak di dua bagian utama dengan jarak sekitar 600 m. Haluan masih dapat dikenali dengan sebagian besar interiornya terpelihara, meskipun degradasi dan kerusakan terus melanda dasar laut. Di sisi lain, buritan hancur total. Bidang puing-puing di sekitar bangkai kapal berisi ratusan ribu barang yang tumpah dari kapal saat tenggelam. Mayat penumpang dan awak juga tersebar di dasar laut, namun telah dimakan oleh organisme lain.
Kapal Titanic tenggelam pada tahun 1912 ketika bertabrakan dengan gunung es pada saat pelayaran perdananya. Banyak ekspedisi gagal menggunakan sonar untuk memetakan dasar samudra dengan harapan dapat menemukannya. Pada tahun 1985, bangkai kapal tersebut akhirnya ditemukan oleh ekspedisi gabungan Prancis-Amerika Serikat yang dipimpin oleh Jean-Louis Michel dari IFREMER dan Robert Ballard dari Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Bangkai kapal tersebut telah menjadi pusat minat yang intens dan telah dikunjungi oleh banyak ekspedisi. Operasi penyelamatan kontroversial telah menemukan ribuan barang yang telah diawetkan dan dipajang di depan umum.
Banyak skema telah diajukan untuk mengangkat Titanic, termasuk mengisi bangkai kapal dengan bola ping-pong,[1] menyuntikkannya dengan 180.000 ton vaselin,[2] atau menggunakan setengah juta ton nitrogen cair untuk membungkusnya dalam gunung es yang akan mengapung ke permukaan. Namun, bangkai kapal tersebut terlalu rapuh untuk diangkat dan sekarang dilindungi oleh konvensi UNESCO.
Referensi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ Serway & Jewett 2006, hlm. 494.
- ^ Lord 1987, hlm. 231.
Sumber
[sunting | sunting sumber]Buku
- Ballard, Robert D. (1987). The Discovery of the Titanic. New York: Warner Books. ISBN 978-0-446-51385-2.
- Ballard, Robert (1988). Exploring the Titanic. New York: Scholastic. ISBN 0590419528.
- Ballard, Robert D.; Hively, Will (2002). The Eternal Darkness: A Personal History of Deep-Sea Exploration. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-09554-7.
- Ballard, Robert D. (2008). Archaeological Oceanography. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12940-2.
- Butler, Daniel Allen (1998). Unsinkable: The Full Story of RMS Titanic. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-1814-1.
- Crosbie, Duncan; Mortimer, Sheila (2006). Titanic: The Ship of Dreams. New York, NY: Orchard Books. ISBN 978-0-439-89995-6.
- Eaton, John P.; Haas, Charles A. (1987). Titanic: Destination Disaster: The Legends and the Reality. Wellingborough, UK: Patrick Stephens. ISBN 978-0-85059-868-1.
- Eaton, John P.; Haas, Charles A. (1999). Titanic: A Journey Through Time. Sparkford, Somerset: Patrick Stephens. ISBN 978-1-85260-575-9.
- Eaton, John P.; Haas, Charles A. (1994). Titanic: Triumph and Tragedy. Wellingborough, UK: Patrick Stephens. ISBN 978-1-85260-493-6.
- Estes, James A. (2006). Whales, Whaling, and Ocean Ecosystems. Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24884-7.
- Gibson, Allen (2012). The Unsinkable Titanic: The Triumph Behind A Disaster. Stroud, Glos.: The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-5625-6.
- Halpern, Samuel; Weeks, Charles (2011). "Description of the Damage to the Ship". Dalam Halpern, Samuel. Report into the Loss of the SS Titanic: A Centennial Reappraisal. Stroud, UK: The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-6210-3.
- Heyer, Paul (1995). Titanic Legacy: Disaster as Myth and Event. Westport, CT: Praeger. ISBN 978-0-275-95352-2.
- Hicks, Brian; Kropf, Schuyler (2002). Raising the Hunley: the remarkable history and recovery of the lost Confederate submarine. New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-345-44771-5.
- Jorgensen-Earp, Cheryl R. (2006). "Satisfaction of Metaphorical Expressions through Visual Display". Dalam Prelli, Lawrence J. Rhetorics of display. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-57003-619-4.
- Lord, Walter (1987). The Night Lives On. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-670-81452-7.
- Lynch, Don (1992). Titanic: An Illustrated History. New York: Hyperion. ISBN 978-1-56282-918-6.
- Lynch, Don; Marschall, Ken (2003). Ghosts of the Abyss. New York: Madison Press Books. ISBN 0306812231.
- MacInnis, Joseph B.; Cameron, James (2005). James Cameron's Aliens of the Deep. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society. ISBN 978-0-7922-9343-9.
- Parisi, Paula (1998). Titanic and the Making of James Cameron. New York: Newmarket Press. ISBN 978-1-55704-364-1.
- Pellegrino, Charles (2012). Farewell, Titanic: Her Final Legacy. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-87387-8.
- Scovazzi, Tullio (2003). "The Application of "Salvage Law and Other Rules of Admiralty"". Dalam Garabello, Roberta; Scovazzi, Tullio. The protection of the underwater cultural heritage: before and after the 2001 UNESCO Convention. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN 978-90-411-2203-2.
- Serway, Raymond A.; Jewett, John W. (2006). Principles of Physics: A Calculus-Based Text, Volume 1. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-534-49143-7.
- Spignesi, Stephen (2012). The Titanic For Dummies. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-20651-5.
- Suid, Lawrence H. (1996). Sailing on the Silver Screen: Hollywood and the U.S. Navy. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 9781557507877.
- Wade, Wyn Craig (1992). The Titanic: End of a Dream. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-016691-0.
- Ward, Greg (2012). The Rough Guide to the Titanic. London: Rough Guides Ltd. ISBN 978-1-4053-8699-9.
Jurnal dan artikel berita
- Ballard, Robert D. (December 2004). "Why is Titanic Vanishing?". National Geographic Magazine. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 11 August 2017. Diakses tanggal 29 January 2011.
- Broad, William A. (17 October 1995). "The World's Deep, Cold Sea Floors Harbor a Riotous Diversity of Life". The New York Times. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 1 December 2017. Diakses tanggal 23 February 2017.
- Canfield, Clarke (8 March 2012). "Full Titanic site mapped for 1st time". The Associated Press. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2 January 2013. Diakses tanggal 9 March 2012.
- Cohen, Jennie (8 March 2012). "First Map of Entire Titanic Wreck Site Sheds New Light on Disaster". History.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2 June 2012. Diakses tanggal 8 March 2012.
- Ferguson, Jonathan (4 September 1985). "Texas oilman says he found Titanic first – 'it's my wreck'". The Toronto Star.
- Gannon, Robert (February 1995). "What Really Sank the Titanic". Popular Science. hlm. 54.
- Handwerk, Brian (18 August 2010). "Titanic Is Falling Apart". National Geographic Magazine. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 14 February 2018. Diakses tanggal 7 March 2012.
- Kelly, Ray (27 October 2009). "Titanic salvage raises concerns". The Republican. Springfield, MA.
- Little, Crispin T. S. (February 2010). "The Prolific Afterlife of Whales". Scientific American. 302 (2): 78–84. Bibcode:2010SciAm.302b..78L. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0210-78. PMID 20128227. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 1 November 2013. Diakses tanggal 2 March 2010.
- Mone, Gregory (July 2004). "What's Eating the Titanic?". Popular Science: 42.
- Portman, Jamie (12 November 1994). "U.K. Titanic exhibit an off-season draw". The Toronto Star.
- Riding, Alan (16 December 1992). "1,800 Objects From the Titanic: Any Claims?". The New York Times.
- Stearns, David Patrick (17 May 1995). "Relics display shows interest in Titanic hasn't sunk". USA Today.
- Stephenson, Parks (20 September 2005). Titanic Wreck Observations 2005 (Laporan). Marine Forensic Panel.
- Taylor, Joe (2 October 1992). "Texas Oilman Seeking Titanic Artifacts Loses Case". The Associated Press.
- "Ariadne". New Scientist: 64. 6 October 1977. Diakses tanggal 23 June 2023.
- "Press: Suddenly, Now! Is Never". Time. 11 May 1981. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 13 November 2007. Diakses tanggal 23 June 2023.
- "Memphian Seeks Titanic Salvage". The Associated Press. 30 September 1992.
- "New species of bacteria found in Titanic 'rusticles'". BBC News. 6 December 2010. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 7 October 2011. Diakses tanggal 8 March 2012.
- Symonds, Matthew (April 2012). "Titanic: The archaeology of an emigrant ship". Current Archaeology (265): 14.
Publikasi daring
- Marschall, Ken (December 2001). "James Cameron's Titanic Expedition 2001: What We Saw On and Inside the Wreck". marconigraph.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2 April 2018. Diakses tanggal 13 April 2017.
- "RMS Titanic International Agreement". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 29 February 2012. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 1 December 2017. Diakses tanggal 9 March 2012.
- "R.M.S. Titanic Expedition 2003". NOAA. 8 June 2010. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 14 March 2018. Diakses tanggal 9 March 2012.
- "R.M.S. Titanic Expedition 2004". NOAA. 27 February 2012. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 22 March 2018. Diakses tanggal 9 March 2012.
- "The Titanic Story: Timeline For 2000". Titanic Heritage Trust. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 24 October 2010. Diakses tanggal 9 March 2012.
- "The Titanic Story: Timeline For 2001". Titanic Heritage Trust. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 24 October 2010. Diakses tanggal 9 March 2012.
- "The Titanic Story: Timeline For 2004". Titanic Heritage Trust. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 24 October 2010. Diakses tanggal 9 March 2012.
Bacaan selanjutnya
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Ballard, Robert D. (December 1985). "How We Found Titanic". National Geographic Magazine. Vol. 168 no. 6. hlm. 696–719.
- Ballard, Robert D. (December 1986). "A Long Last Look at Titanic". National Geographic Magazine. Vol. 170 no. 6. hlm. 698–727.
- Ballard, Robert D. (October 1987). "Epilogue for Titanic". National Geographic Magazine. Vol. 172 no. 4. hlm. 454–463.