Konvensi Simla: Perbedaan antara revisi

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Revisi terkini sejak 15 Februari 2024 06.24

Konvensi Simla, atau Konvensi Antara Britania Raya, Tiongkok, dan Tibet [di] Simla,^[1] adalah sebuah perjanjian internasional mengenai status Tibet yang dirundingkan oleh perwakilan dari Republik Tiongkok, Tibet, dan Britania Raya di Simla pada tahun 1913 dan 1914.

Konvensi ini menetapkan bahwa Tibet akan dibagi menjadi "Tibet Luar" dan "Tibet Dalam". Tibet bagian luar, yang kira-kira bersesuaian dengan Ü-Tsang dan Kham bagian barat, akan "tetap dalam penguasaan Pemerintah Tibet di Lhasa di bawah suzerenitas Tiongkok", tetapi Tiongkok tidak akan ikut campur dalam administrasi pemerintahannya. "Tibet Dalam", kira-kira sama dengan Amdo dan Kham bagian timur, berada di bawah yurisdiksi pemerintah Tiongkok. Konvensi tersebut bersama dengan tambahan-tambahannya juga menetapkan batas antara Tibet dengan Tiongkok sebenarnya dan antara Tibet dengan Kemaharajaan Britania (yang disebutkan terakhir kemudian dikenal sebagai Garis McMahon).^[1]^[2]^[a]

Tiongkok menolak Konvensi ini dan wakil berkuasa penuh mereka, Ivan Chen, menarik diri pada 3 Juli 1914. Wakil berkuasa penuh Britania dan Tibet kemudian melampirkan sebuah catatan yang menyangkal hak istimewa Tiongkok menurut Konvensi ini dan mengesahkannya sebagai perjanjian bilateral pada hari yang sama.^[3]^[b]^[4] Catatan Britania menunjukkan bahwa terdapat syarat-syarat bagi pemerintah Tibet untuk menerima perbatasan baru pada tahun 1914, syaratnya adalah bahwa Tiongkok harus menerima Konvensi Simla, karena Britania tidak dapat memperoleh bentuk penerimaan dari Tiongkok, pemerintah Tibet menganggap bahwa Garis MacMahon tidak sah.^[5]

Hasil kerja McMahon pada awalnya ditolak oleh pemerintah Britania karena tidak sesuai dengan Konvensi Inggris-Rusia tahun 1907. Konvensi ini dibatalkan pada tahun 1921. Britania mulai menggunakan Garis McMahon di peta Survei India pada tahun 1937, dan Konvensi Simla dipublikasikan secara resmi pada tahun 1938.^[c]

Latar belakang

Upaya awal Britania untuk menciptakan sebuah perbatasan bagi India utara-timur dipicu oleh penemuan mereka pada pertengahan abad ke-19 bahwa Tawang, sebuah kota perdagangan yang penting, adalah wilayah Tibet.^[6] Britania telah menandatangani traktat dengan Qing Tiongkok mengenai batas-batas Tibet dengan Burma^[7] dan Sikkim.^[8] Namun, Tibet menolak mengakui perbatasan dengan Sikkim yang dibuat melalui traktat tersebut.^[9] Pasukan Britania yang dipimpin oleh Sir Francis Younghusband memasuki Tibet pada tahun 1904 dan membuat sebuah traktat dengan pemerintah Tibet.^[10] Pada tahun 1907, Britania dan Rusia mengakui "suzerenitas" Tiongkok atas Tibet.^[11]

Kepentingan Britania di daerah perbatasan diperbarui ketika pemerintah Qing mengirim pasukan militer untuk membentuk administrasi pemerintahan Tiongkok di Tibet (1910-1912). Sebuah ekspedisi militer Britania dikirim ke tempat yang sekarang adalah Arunachal Pradesh dan Badan Perbatasan Utara-Timur dibentuk untuk mengurus daerah tersebut (1912). Pada 1912-1913, badan ini mencapai kesepakatan dengan para pemimpin suku yang menguasai sebagian besar wilayah tersebut.^[12] Setelah jatuhnya Dinasti Qing di Tiongkok, pemerintah Tibet di Lhasa mengusir seluruh pasukan Tiongkok dan menyatakan kemerdekaannya sendiri (1913),^[13]^[14] namun, kemerdekaan ini tidak diterima oleh Republik Tiongkok yang baru berdiri.^[15]

Lihat juga

Referensi

Catatan

^ The map was finalised on 24/25 March 1914 by the British and Tibetan plenipotentiaries. Indian sources currently claim that, on being informed of the line, the Chinese plenipotentiary did not express any disagreement.(Sinha, (Calcutta 1974), p. 12 (pdf p. 8))
The two maps (27 April 1914 and 3 July 1914) illustrating the boundaries bear the full signature of the Tibetan Plenipotentiary; the first bears the full signature of the Chinese Plenipotentiary also; the second bears the full signatures along with seals of both Tibetan and British Plenipotentiaries. (V. Photographic reproductions of the two maps in Atlas of the North Frontier of India, New Delhi: Ministry of External Affairs 1960)
— Sinha (21 February 1966), p. 37
^ This Accord was initialled and sealed by the British plenipotentiary, A. Henry McMahon, and sealed by the Tibetan plenipotentiary Lochen Shatra but not the Chinese plenipotentiary, Ivan Chen, as he had withdrawn from the Convention before the Accord was initialled and sealed.("Convention Between Great Britain, China, and Tibet, Simla (1914)", Tibet Justice Center Diarsipkan 2009-03-10 di Wayback Machine.. Retrieved 20 March 2009).
^
The Simla Convention and its appended Indo-Tibetan agreement did not appear in Aitchison's Treaties (the official GOI record), including the final 1929 edition, since the unratified Simla Convention was not a valid international treaty and the Indo-Tibetan agreement was secret. The 1929 edition was withdrawn by a British Indian official, Olaf Caroe, in 1938, and a new edition was issued that included the Simla Convention and the McMahon-Shartra notes (but not the Anglo-Tibetan agreement or the McMahon Line map)
— Smith, Warren, Tibetan Nation, p201, n163

Kutipan

^ ^a ^b "Convention Between Great Britain, China, and Tibet, Simla (1914)", Tibet Justice Center. Retrieved 20 March 2009
^ Sinha (Calcutta 1974), p. 12 (pdf p. 8)
^ Goldstein 1991, hlm. 837.
^ Sinha (Calcutta 1974), pp. 5,12 (pdf pp. 1,8)
^ Tsering Shakya (1999). The Dragon in the Land of Snows: A History of Modern Tibet Since 1947. Columbia University Press. hlm. 279–. ISBN 978-0-231-11814-9.
^ Calvin, James Barnard, "The China-India Border War", Marine Corps Command and Staff College, April 1984
^ Convention Relating to Burmah and Tibet (1886), Tibet Justice Center Diarsipkan 2009-03-10 di Wayback Machine.. Retrieved 20 March 2009
^ "Convention Between Great Britain and China Relating to Sikkim and Tibet (1890)", Tibet Justice Center Diarsipkan 2009-03-10 di Wayback Machine.. Retrieved 20 March 2009
^ Dawa Norbu. China's Tibet Policy. hlm. 169. Diakses tanggal 25 Nov 2017.
^ "Convention Between Great Britain and Tibet (1904)", Tibet Justice Center Diarsipkan 2009-03-10 di Wayback Machine.. Retrieved 20 March 2009
^ Convention Between Great Britain and Russia (1907) Article II, Tibet Justice Center Diarsipkan 2009-03-10 di Wayback Machine.. Retrieved 20 March 2009
^ See North East Frontier of India (1910 & 1911 editions).
^ Goldstein 1997, hlm. 30–31
^ "Proclamation Issued by His Holiness the Dalai Lama XIII (1913)", Tibet Justice Center Diarsipkan 2009-03-10 di Wayback Machine.. Retrieved 20 March 2009
^ Smith, Warren W., "Tibetan Nation", pp. 182–183

Sumber

Aitchison C.U. "Convention Between Great Britain, China, and Tibet, Simla", A Collection of Treaties, Engagements And Sanads, Vol XIV, Calcutta 1929, pp. 21 & 38. (Official British colonial treaty record), on the website of the Tibet Justice Center Diarsipkan 2009-03-10 di Wayback Machine.. Retrieved 2009-03-20
James Barnard, (Lieutenant Commander,U. S. Navy) The China – India Border War (1962), Marine Corps Command and Staff College, April 1984, republished as The China-India Border War, globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 2009-04-11.
Lunn, Jon. Tibet (SN/IA/5018), International Affairs and Defence Section, British Parliamentary Briefing Paper, 20 March 2009.
Maxwell, Neville. India's China War Diarsipkan 2008-08-22 di Wayback Machine. (1970) Jonathan Cape. ISBN 0-224-61887-3
Goldstein, Melvyn C. (1991), A history of modern Tibet, 1913–1951: the demise of the Lamaist state, University of California Press, hlm. 75,307, 837, ISBN 978-0-520-07590-0
Goldstein, Melvyn C. (1997), The Snow Lion and the Dragon: China, Tibet, and the Dalai Lama, University of California Press., hlm. 30–31, ISBN 0-520-21951-1
Namoyal, Gyalmo Hope; Gyaltshen T. Sherab; Sinha, Nirmal C. (editors). Bulletin of Tibetology, Gangtok Sikkim^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]}, Vol III No, 1. 21 February 1966, Director Namgyal Institute of Tibetology, Gantok.
- Sinha, Nirmal C. Article "Was the Simla Convention not signed?" pp. 33–38
Shakya, Tsering. The Dragon in the Land of Snows (1999) Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-11814-7
Sinha, Nirmal C. The Simla Convention 1914: A Chinese Puzzle^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]}, Reproduced from the Presidency College Magazine: Diamond Jubilee Number (Calcutta 1974).
Staff, "Convention Between Great Britain, China, and Tibet, Simla (1914)", Tibet Justice Center Diarsipkan 2009-03-10 di Wayback Machine.. Retrieved 2009-03-20

[Sinha-3] The map was finalised on 24/25 March 1914 by the British and Tibetan plenipotentiaries. Indian sources currently claim that, on being informed of the line, the Chinese plenipotentiary did not express any disagreement.(Sinha, (Calcutta 1974), p. 12 (pdf p. 8))
The two maps (27 April 1914 and 3 July 1914) illustrating the boundaries bear the full signature of the Tibetan Plenipotentiary; the first bears the full signature of the Chinese Plenipotentiary also; the second bears the full signatures along with seals of both Tibetan and British Plenipotentiaries. (V. Photographic reproductions of the two maps in Atlas of the North Frontier of India, New Delhi: Ministry of External Affairs 1960)
— Sinha (21 February 1966), p. 37

[5] This Accord was initialled and sealed by the British plenipotentiary, A. Henry McMahon, and sealed by the Tibetan plenipotentiary Lochen Shatra but not the Chinese plenipotentiary, Ivan Chen, as he had withdrawn from the Convention before the Accord was initialled and sealed.("Convention Between Great Britain, China, and Tibet, Simla (1914)", Tibet Justice Center Diarsipkan 2009-03-10 di Wayback Machine.. Retrieved 20 March 2009).

[8] 
The Simla Convention and its appended Indo-Tibetan agreement did not appear in Aitchison's Treaties (the official GOI record), including the final 1929 edition, since the unratified Simla Convention was not a valid international treaty and the Indo-Tibetan agreement was secret. The 1929 edition was withdrawn by a British Indian official, Olaf Caroe, in 1938, and a new edition was issued that included the Simla Convention and the McMahon-Shartra notes (but not the Anglo-Tibetan agreement or the McMahon Line map)
— Smith, Warren, Tibetan Nation, p201, n163

[Conven1914-1] "Convention Between Great Britain, China, and Tibet, Simla (1914)", Tibet Justice Center. Retrieved 20 March 2009

[Sinha-1974-12-2] Sinha (Calcutta 1974), p. 12 (pdf p. 8)

[FOOTNOTEGoldstein1991837-4] Goldstein 1991, hlm. 837.

[Sinha-1974-5-12-6] Sinha (Calcutta 1974), pp. 5,12 (pdf pp. 1,8)

[Shakya1999-7] Tsering Shakya (1999). The Dragon in the Land of Snows: A History of Modern Tibet Since 1947. Columbia University Press. hlm. 279–. ISBN 978-0-231-11814-9.

[Calvin-9] Calvin, James Barnard, "The China-India Border War", Marine Corps Command and Staff College, April 1984

[Conven1886-10] Convention Relating to Burmah and Tibet (1886), Tibet Justice Center Diarsipkan 2009-03-10 di Wayback Machine.. Retrieved 20 March 2009

[Conven1890-11] "Convention Between Great Britain and China Relating to Sikkim and Tibet (1890)", Tibet Justice Center Diarsipkan 2009-03-10 di Wayback Machine.. Retrieved 20 March 2009

[12] Dawa Norbu. China's Tibet Policy. hlm. 169. Diakses tanggal 25 Nov 2017.

[Conven1904-13] "Convention Between Great Britain and Tibet (1904)", Tibet Justice Center Diarsipkan 2009-03-10 di Wayback Machine.. Retrieved 20 March 2009

[anglorussian1907-14] Convention Between Great Britain and Russia (1907) Article II, Tibet Justice Center Diarsipkan 2009-03-10 di Wayback Machine.. Retrieved 20 March 2009

[15] See North East Frontier of India (1910 & 1911 editions).

[Goldstein30-1-16] Goldstein 1997, hlm. 30–31

[Dalai-17] "Proclamation Issued by His Holiness the Dalai Lama XIII (1913)", Tibet Justice Center Diarsipkan 2009-03-10 di Wayback Machine.. Retrieved 20 March 2009

[18] Smith, Warren W., "Tibetan Nation", pp. 182–183

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@@ Baris 1: / Baris 1: @@
 '''Konvensi Simla''', atau '''Konvensi Antara Britania Raya, Tiongkok, dan Tibet [di] Simla''',<ref name="Conven1914">[http://www.tibetjustice.org/materials/treaties/treaties16.html "Convention Between Great Britain, China, and Tibet, Simla (1914)"], [[Tibet Justice Center]]. Retrieved 20 March 2009</ref> adalah sebuah [[perjanjian internasional]] mengenai status [[Tibet]] yang dirundingkan oleh perwakilan dari [[Republik Tiongkok (1912–1949)|Republik Tiongkok]], [[Tibet (1912–1951)|Tibet]], dan [[Britania Raya]] di [[Shimla|Simla]] pada tahun 1913 dan 1914.
-Konvensi ini menetapkan bahwa Tibet akan dibagi menjadi "Tibet Luar" dan "Tibet Dalam". Tibet bagian luar, yang kira-kira bersesuaian dengan [[Ü-Tsang]] dan [[Kham]] bagian barat, akan "tetap dalam penguasaan Pemerintah Tibet di Lhasa di bawah [[suzerenitas]] Tiongkok" , namun Tiongkok tidak akan ikut campur dalam administrasi pemerintahannya. "Tibet Dalam", kira-kira sama dengan [[Amdo]] dan [[Kham]] bagian timur, berada di bawah yurisdiksi pemerintah Tiongkok. Konvensi tersebut bersama dengan tambahan-tambahannya juga menetapkan batas antara Tibet dengan [[Tiongkok sebenarnya]] dan antara Tibet dengan Kemaharajaan Britania (yang disebutkan terakhir kemudian dikenal sebagai [[Garis McMahon]]).<ref name="Conven1914"/><ref name=Sinha-1974-12>Sinha (Calcutta 1974), p. 12 (pdf p. 8)</ref><ref name=Sinha group=lower-alpha>The map was finalised on 24/25 March 1914 by the British and Tibetan plenipotentiaries. Indian sources currently claim that, on being informed of the line, the Chinese plenipotentiary did not express any disagreement.(Sinha, (Calcutta 1974), p. 12 (pdf p. 8)){{quote|The two maps (27 April 1914 and 3 July 1914) illustrating the boundaries bear the full signature of the Tibetan Plenipotentiary; the first bears the full signature of the Chinese Plenipotentiary also; the second bears the full signatures along with seals of both Tibetan and British Plenipotentiaries. (V. Photographic reproductions of the two maps in ''Atlas of the North Frontier of India'', New Delhi: Ministry of External Affairs 1960)|Sinha (21 February 1966), p. 37}}</ref>
+Konvensi ini menetapkan bahwa Tibet akan dibagi menjadi "Tibet Luar" dan "Tibet Dalam". Tibet bagian luar, yang kira-kira bersesuaian dengan [[Ü-Tsang]] dan [[Kham]] bagian barat, akan "tetap dalam penguasaan Pemerintah Tibet di Lhasa di bawah [[suzerenitas]] Tiongkok", tetapi Tiongkok tidak akan ikut campur dalam administrasi pemerintahannya. "Tibet Dalam", kira-kira sama dengan [[Amdo]] dan [[Kham]] bagian timur, berada di bawah yurisdiksi pemerintah Tiongkok. Konvensi tersebut bersama dengan tambahan-tambahannya juga menetapkan batas antara Tibet dengan [[Tiongkok sebenarnya]] dan antara Tibet dengan [[Kemaharajaan Britania]] (yang disebutkan terakhir kemudian dikenal sebagai [[Garis McMahon]]).<ref name="Conven1914"/><ref name=Sinha-1974-12>Sinha (Calcutta 1974), p. 12 (pdf p. 8)</ref><ref name=Sinha group=lower-alpha>The map was finalised on 24/25 March 1914 by the British and Tibetan plenipotentiaries. Indian sources currently claim that, on being informed of the line, the Chinese plenipotentiary did not express any disagreement.(Sinha, (Calcutta 1974), p. 12 (pdf p. 8)){{quote|The two maps (27 April 1914 and 3 July 1914) illustrating the boundaries bear the full signature of the Tibetan Plenipotentiary; the first bears the full signature of the Chinese Plenipotentiary also; the second bears the full signatures along with seals of both Tibetan and British Plenipotentiaries. (V. Photographic reproductions of the two maps in ''Atlas of the North Frontier of India'', New Delhi: Ministry of External Affairs 1960)|Sinha (21 February 1966), p. 37}}</ref>
-Tiongkok menolak Konvensi ini dan [[wakil berkuasa penuh]] mereka, Ivan Chen, menarik diri pada 3 Juli 1914. Wakil berkuasa penuh Britania dan Tibet kemudian melampirkan sebuah catatan yang menyangkal hak istimewa Tiongkok menurut Konvensi ini dan mengesahkannya sebagai perjanjian bilateral pada hari yang sama.{{sfn|Goldstein|1991|p=837}}<ref group=lower-alpha>This Accord was initialled and sealed by the British plenipotentiary, A. Henry McMahon, and sealed by the Tibetan plenipotentiary Lochen Shatra but not the Chinese plenipotentiary, Ivan Chen, as he had withdrawn from the Convention before the Accord was initialled and sealed.([http://www.tibetjustice.org/materials/treaties/treaties16.html "Convention Between Great Britain, China, and Tibet, Simla (1914)"], [http://www.tibetjustice.org/index.html Tibet Justice Center]. Retrieved 20 March 2009).</ref><ref name=Sinha-1974-5-12>Sinha (Calcutta 1974), pp. 5,12 (pdf pp. 1,8)</ref> Catatan Britania menunjukkan bahwa terdapat syarat-syarat bagi pemerintah Tibet untuk menerima perbatasan baru pada tahun 1914, syaratnya adalah bahwa Tiongkok harus menerima Konvensi Simla, karena Britania tidak dapat memperoleh bentuk penerimaan dari Tiongkok, pemerintah Tibet menganggap bahwa Garis MacMahon tidak sah.<ref name="Shakya1999">{{cite book|author=Tsering Shakya|title=The Dragon in the Land of Snows: A History of Modern Tibet Since 1947|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dosnYnxzTD4C&pg=PA279|year=1999|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-11814-9|pages=279–}}</ref>
+Tiongkok menolak Konvensi ini dan [[wakil berkuasa penuh]] mereka, Ivan Chen, menarik diri pada 3 Juli 1914. Wakil berkuasa penuh Britania dan Tibet kemudian melampirkan sebuah catatan yang menyangkal hak istimewa Tiongkok menurut Konvensi ini dan mengesahkannya sebagai perjanjian bilateral pada hari yang sama.{{sfn|Goldstein|1991|p=837}}<ref group=lower-alpha>This Accord was initialled and sealed by the British plenipotentiary, A. Henry McMahon, and sealed by the Tibetan plenipotentiary Lochen Shatra but not the Chinese plenipotentiary, Ivan Chen, as he had withdrawn from the Convention before the Accord was initialled and sealed.([http://www.tibetjustice.org/materials/treaties/treaties16.html "Convention Between Great Britain, China, and Tibet, Simla (1914)"], [http://www.tibetjustice.org/index.html Tibet Justice Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310103457/http://www.tibetjustice.org/index.html |date=2009-03-10 }}. Retrieved 20 March 2009).</ref><ref name=Sinha-1974-5-12>Sinha (Calcutta 1974), pp. 5,12 (pdf pp. 1,8)</ref> Catatan Britania menunjukkan bahwa terdapat syarat-syarat bagi pemerintah Tibet untuk menerima perbatasan baru pada tahun 1914, syaratnya adalah bahwa Tiongkok harus menerima Konvensi Simla, karena Britania tidak dapat memperoleh bentuk penerimaan dari Tiongkok, pemerintah Tibet menganggap bahwa Garis MacMahon tidak sah.<ref name="Shakya1999">{{cite book|author=Tsering Shakya|title=The Dragon in the Land of Snows: A History of Modern Tibet Since 1947|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dosnYnxzTD4C&pg=PA279|year=1999|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-11814-9|pages=279–}}</ref>
 Hasil kerja McMahon pada awalnya ditolak oleh pemerintah Britania karena tidak sesuai dengan [[Konvensi Inggris-Rusia]] tahun 1907. Konvensi ini dibatalkan pada tahun 1921. Britania mulai menggunakan Garis McMahon di peta [[Survei India]] pada tahun 1937, dan Konvensi Simla dipublikasikan secara resmi pada tahun 1938.<ref group=lower-alpha>{{quote|The Simla Convention and its appended Indo-Tibetan agreement did not appear in Aitchison's Treaties (the official GOI record), including the final 1929 edition, since the unratified Simla Convention was not a valid international treaty and the Indo-Tibetan agreement was secret. The 1929 edition was withdrawn by a British Indian official, Olaf Caroe, in 1938, and a new edition was issued that included the Simla Convention and the McMahon-Shartra notes (but not the Anglo-Tibetan agreement or the McMahon Line map)|Smith, Warren, Tibetan Nation, p201, n163}}</ref>
 == Latar belakang ==
-Upaya awal Britania untuk menciptakan sebuah perbatasan bagi India utara-timur dipicu oleh penemuan mereka pada pertengahan abad ke-19 bahwa [[Tawang]], sebuah kota perdagangan yang penting, adalah wilayah Tibet.<ref name="Calvin">Calvin, James Barnard, [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1984/CJB.htm "The China-India Border War"], Marine Corps Command and Staff College, April 1984</ref> Britania telah menandatangani traktat dengan [[Qing]] Tiongkok mengenai batas-batas Tibet dengan [[Burma]]<ref name="Conven1886">[http://www.tibetjustice.org/materials/treaties/treaties8.html Convention Relating to Burmah and Tibet (1886)], [http://www.tibetjustice.org/index.html Tibet Justice Center]. Retrieved 20 March 2009</ref> dan [[Sikkim]].<ref name="Conven1890">[http://www.tibetjustice.org/materials/treaties/treaties9.html "Convention Between Great Britain and China Relating to Sikkim and Tibet (1890)"], [http://www.tibetjustice.org/index.html Tibet Justice Center]. Retrieved 20 March 2009</ref> Namun, Tibet menolak mengakui perbatasan dengan Sikkim yang dibuat melalui traktat tersebut<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=EGqyIgOlUCIC&pg=PA169&dq=Tibet+refused+to+recognise+the+boundaries+drawn+by+china+and+britain+treaty&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj087z7-NjXAhVMs48KHY8OCfwQ6AEIJjAA#v=onepage&q=Tibet%20refused%20to%20recognise%20the%20boundaries%20drawn%20by%20china%20and%20britain%20treaty&f=false|title= China's Tibet Policy|author= Dawa Norbu|page=169|accessdate=25 Nov 2017}}</ref>. Pasukan Britania yang dipimpin oleh Sir [[Francis Younghusband]] [[Ekspedisi Britania Raya ke Tibet|memasuki Tibet pada tahun 1904]] dan membuat sebuah traktat dengan pemerintah Tibet.<ref name="Conven1904">[http://www.tibetjustice.org/materials/treaties/treaties10.html "Convention Between Great Britain and Tibet (1904)"], [http://www.tibetjustice.org/index.html Tibet Justice Center]. Retrieved 20 March 2009</ref> Pada tahun 1907, Britania dan Rusia mengakui "[[suzerenitas]]" Tiongkok atas Tibet.<ref name=anglorussian1907>[http://www.tibetjustice.org/materials/treaties/treaties12.html Convention Between Great Britain and Russia (1907)] Article II, [http://www.tibetjustice.org/index.html Tibet Justice Center]. Retrieved 20 March 2009</ref>
+Upaya awal Britania untuk menciptakan sebuah perbatasan bagi India utara-timur dipicu oleh penemuan mereka pada pertengahan abad ke-19 bahwa [[Tawang]], sebuah kota perdagangan yang penting, adalah wilayah Tibet.<ref name="Calvin">Calvin, James Barnard, [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1984/CJB.htm "The China-India Border War"], Marine Corps Command and Staff College, April 1984</ref> Britania telah menandatangani traktat dengan [[Qing]] Tiongkok mengenai batas-batas Tibet dengan [[Burma]]<ref name="Conven1886">[http://www.tibetjustice.org/materials/treaties/treaties8.html Convention Relating to Burmah and Tibet (1886)], [http://www.tibetjustice.org/index.html Tibet Justice Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310103457/http://www.tibetjustice.org/index.html |date=2009-03-10 }}. Retrieved 20 March 2009</ref> dan [[Sikkim]].<ref name="Conven1890">[http://www.tibetjustice.org/materials/treaties/treaties9.html "Convention Between Great Britain and China Relating to Sikkim and Tibet (1890)"], [http://www.tibetjustice.org/index.html Tibet Justice Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310103457/http://www.tibetjustice.org/index.html |date=2009-03-10 }}. Retrieved 20 March 2009</ref> Namun, Tibet menolak mengakui perbatasan dengan Sikkim yang dibuat melalui traktat tersebut.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=EGqyIgOlUCIC&pg=PA169&dq=Tibet+refused+to+recognise+the+boundaries+drawn+by+china+and+britain+treaty&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj087z7-NjXAhVMs48KHY8OCfwQ6AEIJjAA#v=onepage&q=Tibet%20refused%20to%20recognise%20the%20boundaries%20drawn%20by%20china%20and%20britain%20treaty&f=false|title= China's Tibet Policy|author= Dawa Norbu|page=169|accessdate=25 Nov 2017}}</ref> Pasukan Britania yang dipimpin oleh Sir [[Francis Younghusband]] [[Ekspedisi Britania Raya ke Tibet|memasuki Tibet pada tahun 1904]] dan membuat sebuah traktat dengan pemerintah Tibet.<ref name="Conven1904">[http://www.tibetjustice.org/materials/treaties/treaties10.html "Convention Between Great Britain and Tibet (1904)"], [http://www.tibetjustice.org/index.html Tibet Justice Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310103457/http://www.tibetjustice.org/index.html |date=2009-03-10 }}. Retrieved 20 March 2009</ref> Pada tahun 1907, Britania dan Rusia mengakui "[[suzerenitas]]" Tiongkok atas Tibet.<ref name=anglorussian1907>[http://www.tibetjustice.org/materials/treaties/treaties12.html Convention Between Great Britain and Russia (1907)] Article II, [http://www.tibetjustice.org/index.html Tibet Justice Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310103457/http://www.tibetjustice.org/index.html |date=2009-03-10 }}. Retrieved 20 March 2009</ref>
+Kepentingan Britania di daerah perbatasan diperbarui ketika pemerintah [[Qing]] mengirim pasukan militer untuk membentuk administrasi pemerintahan Tiongkok di Tibet (1910-1912). Sebuah ekspedisi militer Britania dikirim ke tempat yang sekarang adalah [[Arunachal Pradesh]] dan [[Badan Perbatasan Utara-Timur]] dibentuk untuk mengurus daerah tersebut (1912). Pada 1912-1913, badan ini mencapai kesepakatan dengan para pemimpin suku yang menguasai sebagian besar wilayah tersebut.<ref>See ''North East Frontier of India'' (1910 & 1911 editions).</ref> Setelah jatuhnya Dinasti Qing di Tiongkok, pemerintah Tibet di Lhasa mengusir seluruh pasukan Tiongkok dan menyatakan kemerdekaannya sendiri (1913),<ref name="Goldstein30-1">{{harvnb|Goldstein|1997|pp=30–31}}</ref><ref name="Dalai">[http://www.tibetjustice.org/materials/tibet/tibet1.html "Proclamation Issued by His Holiness the Dalai Lama XIII (1913)"], [http://www.tibetjustice.org/index.html Tibet Justice Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310103457/http://www.tibetjustice.org/index.html |date=2009-03-10 }}. Retrieved 20 March 2009</ref> namun, kemerdekaan ini tidak diterima oleh Republik Tiongkok yang baru berdiri.<ref>Smith, Warren W., "''Tibetan Nation''", pp. 182–183</ref>
+== Lihat juga ==
+* [[Perjanjian tidak adil]]
+* [[Traktat Kyakhta (1915)]]
+* [[Imperialisme Barat di Asia|Imperialisme di Asia]]
 == Referensi ==
@@ Baris 18: / Baris 25: @@
 === Sumber ===
-* Aitchison C.U. "[http://www.tibetjustice.org/materials/treaties/treaties16.html Convention Between Great Britain, China, and Tibet, Simla]", ''A Collection of Treaties, Engagements And Sanads'', Vol XIV, Calcutta 1929, pp.&nbsp;21 & 38. (Official British colonial treaty record), on the website of the [http://www.tibetjustice.org/index.html Tibet Justice Center]. Retrieved 2009-03-20
+* Aitchison C.U. "[http://www.tibetjustice.org/materials/treaties/treaties16.html Convention Between Great Britain, China, and Tibet, Simla]", ''A Collection of Treaties, Engagements And Sanads'', Vol XIV, Calcutta 1929, pp.&nbsp;21 & 38. (Official British colonial treaty record), on the website of the [http://www.tibetjustice.org/index.html Tibet Justice Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310103457/http://www.tibetjustice.org/index.html |date=2009-03-10 }}. Retrieved 2009-03-20
 * James Barnard, (Lieutenant Commander,U. S. Navy) ''The China – India Border War (1962)'', Marine Corps Command and Staff College, April 1984, republished as [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1984/CJB.htm The China-India Border War], [http://www.globalsecurity.org globalsecurity.org]. Retrieved 2009-04-11.
 * Lunn, Jon. ''[http://www.parliament.uk/commons/lib/research/briefings/snia-05018.pdf Tibet (SN/IA/5018)]'', International Affairs and Defence Section, British Parliamentary Briefing Paper, 20 March 2009.
-* Maxwell, Neville. ''[http://www.centurychina.com/plaboard/uploads/1962war.htm India's China War]'' (1970) Jonathan Cape. {{ISBN|0-224-61887-3}}
+* Maxwell, Neville. ''[http://www.centurychina.com/plaboard/uploads/1962war.htm India's China War] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822215146/http://www.centurychina.com/plaboard/uploads/1962war.htm |date=2008-08-22 }}'' (1970) Jonathan Cape. {{ISBN|0-224-61887-3}}
 * {{Citation |last=Goldstein |first=Melvyn C. |year=1991 |title=A history of modern Tibet, 1913–1951: the demise of the Lamaist state |publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-07590-0|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Upwq0I-wm7YC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA75&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false 75],[https://books.google.com/books?id=Upwq0I-wm7YC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA307#v=onepage&q&f=false 307], [https://books.google.com/books?id=Upwq0I-wm7YC&pg=PA836 837]}}
 * {{Citation |last=Goldstein |first=Melvyn C. |year=1997 |title=The Snow Lion and the Dragon: China, Tibet, and the Dalai Lama |publisher=University of California Press. |isbn=0-520-21951-1|pages=30–31}}
-* Namoyal, Gyalmo Hope; Gyaltshen T. Sherab; Sinha, Nirmal C. (editors).'' [http://thdl.org/texts/reprints/bot/bot_03_01_full.pdf Bulletin of Tibetology, Gangtok Sikkim]'', Vol III No, 1. 21 February 1966, Director [[w:Namgyal Institute of Tibetology|Namgyal Institute of Tibetology]], Gantok.
+* Namoyal, Gyalmo Hope; Gyaltshen T. Sherab; Sinha, Nirmal C. (editors).'' [http://thdl.org/texts/reprints/bot/bot_03_01_full.pdf Bulletin of Tibetology, Gangtok Sikkim]{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}'', Vol III No, 1. 21 February 1966, Director [[w:Namgyal Institute of Tibetology|Namgyal Institute of Tibetology]], Gantok.
 ** Sinha, Nirmal C. Article "[http://www.thlib.org/static/reprints/bot/bot_03_01_04.pdf Was the Simla Convention not signed?]" pp.&nbsp;33–38
-* Shakya, Tsering. ''The Dragon in the Land of Snows'' (1999) Columbia University Press. {{ISBN|0-231-11814-7}}
+* Shakya, Tsering. ''The Dragon in the Land of Snows'' (1999) [[Columbia University Press]]. {{ISBN|0-231-11814-7}}
-* Sinha, Nirmal C. ''[http://thdl.org/texts/reprints/bot/bot_1987_02_01.pdf The Simla Convention 1914: A Chinese Puzzle]'', Reproduced from the ''Presidency College Magazine: Diamond Jubilee Number (Calcutta 1974).
+* Sinha, Nirmal C. ''[http://thdl.org/texts/reprints/bot/bot_1987_02_01.pdf The Simla Convention 1914: A Chinese Puzzle]{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}'', Reproduced from the ''Presidency College Magazine: Diamond Jubilee Number (Calcutta 1974).
-* Staff, [http://www.tibetjustice.org/materials/treaties/treaties16.html "Convention Between Great Britain, China, and Tibet, Simla (1914)"], [http://www.tibetjustice.org/index.html Tibet Justice Center]. Retrieved 2009-03-20
+* Staff, [http://www.tibetjustice.org/materials/treaties/treaties16.html "Convention Between Great Britain, China, and Tibet, Simla (1914)"], [http://www.tibetjustice.org/index.html Tibet Justice Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310103457/http://www.tibetjustice.org/index.html |date=2009-03-10 }}. Retrieved 2009-03-20
 {{Wikisource}}
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 [[Kategori:Geografi Tibet]]
 [[Kategori:Sejarah Tibet]]
-[[Kategori:Hubungan Tiongkok dengan Britania Raya]]
+[[Kategori:Hubungan Britania Raya dengan Tiongkok]]
-[[Kategori:Hubungan Tibet dengan Britania Raya]]
+[[Kategori:Hubungan Britania Raya dengan Tibet]]
-[[Kategori:Hubungan Tiongkok dengan Tibet]]
+[[Kategori:Hubungan Tibet dengan Tiongkok]]