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| field = {{nowrap|{{hlist |[[Ekonomi politik]] |[[Peluang]]}}}}
| field = {{nowrap|{{hlist |[[Ekonomi politik]] |[[Peluang]]}}}}
| influences = [[Adam Smith]], [[Thomas Malthus]], [[Alfred Marshall]], [[Arthur Pigou]], [[Nicholas Johannsen]], [[Knut Wicksell]], [[Piero Sraffa]], [[John Neville Keynes]], [[Bertrand Russell]]<ref>{{cite book|title=The Return to Keynes|year=2010|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674053540|page=146|editor1=Bradley W. Bateman |editor2=Toshiaki Hirai |editor3=Maria Cristina Marcuzzo }}</ref>
| influences = [[Adam Smith]], [[Thomas Malthus]], [[Alfred Marshall]], [[Arthur Pigou]], [[Nicholas Johannsen]], [[Knut Wicksell]], [[Piero Sraffa]], [[John Neville Keynes]], [[Bertrand Russell]]<ref>{{cite book|title=The Return to Keynes|year=2010|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674053540|page=146|editor1=Bradley W. Bateman |editor2=Toshiaki Hirai |editor3=Maria Cristina Marcuzzo }}</ref>
| influenced = [[John Kenneth Galbraith]], [[Paul Samuelson]], [[John Hicks]], [[Nicholas Kaldor]], [[Joan Robinson]], [[Hyman Minsky]], [[Amartya Sen]], [[Abba Lerner]], [[Franco Modigliani]], [[James Tobin]] [[Robert Solow]], [[Ha Joon Chang]], [[Joseph Stiglitz]], [[Steve Keen]], [[Paul Krugman]], [[Robert Shiller]], [[George Akerlof]], [[Brad DeLong]], [[Thomas Piketty]], [[Yanis Varoufakis]], [[Robert Reich]], [[Zhou Xiaochuan]], [[Wolfgang Stützel]], [[Mariana Mazzucato]], [[Robin Hahnel]], [[Axel Leijonhufvud]], [[Manmohan Singh]], [[Ekonomi Keynesian Baru]], [[Ekonomi pasca-Keynesian]]
| influenced = [[John Kenneth Galbraith]], [[Paul Samuelson]], [[John Hicks]], [[Nicholas Kaldor]], [[Joan Robinson]], [[Hyman Minsky]], [[Amartya Sen]], [[Abba Lerner]], [[Franco Modigliani]], [[James Tobin]] [[Robert Solow]], [[Ha Joon Chang]], [[Joseph Stiglitz]], [[Steve Keen]], [[Paul Krugman]], [[Robert Shiller]], [[George Akerlof]], [[Brad DeLong]], [[Thomas Piketty]], [[Yanis Varoufakis]], [[Robert Reich]], [[Zhou Xiaochuan]], [[Wolfgang Stützel]], [[Mariana Mazzucato]], [[Robin Hahnel]], [[Axel Leijonhufvud]], [[Manmohan Singh]], [[Ekonomi Keynesian Baru]], [[Ekonomi pasca-Keynesian]]
| contributions = {{unbulleted list |[[Ekonomi makro]] |[[Ekonomi Keynesian]] |[[Preferensi likuiditas]] |[[Pengganda belanja]] |[[Model AD–AS]]|[[Belanja defisit]]}}
| contributions = {{unbulleted list |[[Ekonomi makro]] |[[Ekonomi Keynesian]] |[[Preferensi likuiditas]] |[[Pengganda belanja]] |[[Model AD–AS]]|[[Belanja defisit]]}}
| awards =
| awards =
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}}
}}


'''John Maynard Keynes, Baron Keynes ke-1''',<ref>{{cite web |last=Jenkins |first=Nicholas |title=John Maynard Keynes 1st Baron Keynes (I7810) |work=W. H. Auden – 'Family Ghosts' |publisher=Stanford University |url=http://www.stanford.edu/group/auden/cgi-bin/auden/individual.php?pid=I7810&ged=auden-bicknell.ged |doi= |accessdate=18 October 2011}}</ref> [[Order of the Bath|CB]], [[Fellow of the British Academy|FBA]] ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|eɪ|n|z}} {{respell|KAYNZ|'}}; 5 Juni 1883 – 21 April 1946), adalah ekonom Inggris yang gagasannya mengubah teori dan praktik [[ekonomi makro]] serta kebijakan ekonomi dunia. Ia melanjutkan dan memperbaiki teori sebelumnya yang menjelaskan penyebab terjadinya [[siklus bisnis]]. Ia diakui sebagai salah satu ekonom paling berpengaruh abad ke-20 dan pendiri ekonomi makro modern.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/pdf/prof_johnmaynardkeynes.pdf |title= book extract from ''The Commanding Heights'' |accessdate=13 November 2008 |author1=Daniel Yergin |author2=Joseph Stanislaw |lastauthoramp=yes |format=PDF |publisher=Public Broadcasting Service}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/7682887.stm |title=How to kick-start a faltering economy the Keynes way |accessdate=13 November 2008 |publisher=BBC | date=22 October 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Cohn |first=Steven Mark |title=Reintroducing Macroeconomics: A Critical Approach |page=111 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |year=2006 |isbn=0-7656-1450-2}}</ref><ref>Davis, William L, Bob Figgins, David Hedengren, and Daniel B. Klein. "Economic Professors' Favorite Economic Thinkers, Journals, and Blogs," ''Econ Journal Watch 8(2): 126–146'', May 2011.[http://econjwatch.org/articles/economics-professors-favorite-economic-thinkers-journals-and-blogs-along-with-party-and-policy-views]</ref> Pemikiran-pemikirannya menjadi dasar [[mazhab ekonomi]] [[ekonomi Keynesian|Keynesian]] dan semua turunannya.
'''John Maynard Keynes, Baron Keynes ke-1''',<ref>{{cite web |last=Jenkins |first=Nicholas |title=John Maynard Keynes 1st Baron Keynes (I7810) |work=W. H. Auden – 'Family Ghosts' |publisher=Stanford University |url=http://www.stanford.edu/group/auden/cgi-bin/auden/individual.php?pid=I7810&ged=auden-bicknell.ged |doi= |accessdate=18 October 2011 |archive-date=2013-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131026171629/http://www.stanford.edu/group/auden/cgi-bin/auden/individual.php?pid=I7810&ged=auden-bicknell.ged |dead-url=yes }}</ref> [[Order of the Bath|CB]], [[Fellow of the British Academy|FBA]] ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|eɪ|n|z}} {{respell|KEYNZ|'}}; 5 Juni 1883 – 21 April 1946), adalah ekonom Inggris yang gagasannya mengubah teori dan praktik [[ekonomi makro]] serta kebijakan ekonomi dunia. Ia melanjutkan dan memperbaiki teori sebelumnya yang menjelaskan penyebab terjadinya [[siklus bisnis]]. Ia diakui sebagai salah satu ekonom paling berpengaruh abad ke-20 dan pendiri ekonomi makro modern.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/pdf/prof_johnmaynardkeynes.pdf |title= book extract from ''The Commanding Heights'' |accessdate=13 November 2008 |author1=Daniel Yergin |author2=Joseph Stanislaw |lastauthoramp=yes |format=PDF |publisher=Public Broadcasting Service}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/7682887.stm |title=How to kick-start a faltering economy the Keynes way |accessdate=13 November 2008 |publisher=BBC | date=22 October 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Cohn |first=Steven Mark |title=Reintroducing Macroeconomics: A Critical Approach |url=https://archive.org/details/reintroducingmac0000stev |page=[https://archive.org/details/reintroducingmac0000stev/page/111 111] |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |year=2006 |isbn=0-7656-1450-2}}</ref><ref>Davis, William L, Bob Figgins, David Hedengren, and Daniel B. Klein. "Economic Professors' Favorite Economic Thinkers, Journals, and Blogs," ''Econ Journal Watch 8(2): 126–146'', May 2011.[http://econjwatch.org/articles/economics-professors-favorite-economic-thinkers-journals-and-blogs-along-with-party-and-policy-views]</ref> Pemikiran-pemikirannya menjadi dasar [[mazhab ekonomi]] [[ekonomi Keynesian|Keynesian]] dan semua turunannya.


Pada tahun 1930-an, Keynes memimpin [[Revolusi Keynesian|revolusi pemikiran ekonomi]] yang menantang gagasan [[ekonomi neoklasik]] bahwa [[pasar bebas]], dalam jangka pendek hingga menengah, akan mengisi seluruh lapangan pekerjaan asalkan tuntutan upah pekerja tetap fleksibel. Ia berpendapat bahwa [[permintaan agregat]] menentukan tingkat seluruh aktivitas ekonomi dan kurangnya permintaan agregat akan memicu [[pengangguran]] tingkat tinggi yang bertahan lama. Menurut ekonomi Keynesian, [[intervensionisme ekonomi|campur tangan pemerintah]] diperlukan untuk menstabilkan "kempis kembangnya" [[siklus bisnis|siklus aktivitas ekonomi]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Time Value of Money<!--&nbsp;--> |url=http://www.investinganswers.com/education/economics/john-maynard-keynes-man-who-transformed-economic-world-621 |title=How John Maynard Keynes Changed the World of Economics |publisher=InvestingAnswers |accessdate=2 October 2013}}</ref> Keynes mendukung penerapan [[kebijakan fiskal]] dan [[kebijakan moneter|moneter]] untuk mencegah dampak buruk [[resesi]] dan [[depresi (ekonomi)|depresi]] ekonomi.
Pada tahun 1930-an, Keynes memimpin [[Revolusi Keynesian|revolusi pemikiran ekonomi]] yang menantang gagasan [[ekonomi neoklasik]] bahwa [[pasar bebas]], dalam jangka pendek hingga menengah, akan mengisi seluruh lapangan pekerjaan asalkan tuntutan upah pekerja tetap fleksibel. Ia berpendapat bahwa [[permintaan agregat]] menentukan tingkat seluruh aktivitas ekonomi dan kurangnya permintaan agregat akan memicu [[pengangguran]] tingkat tinggi yang bertahan lama. Menurut ekonomi Keynesian, [[intervensionisme ekonomi|campur tangan pemerintah]] diperlukan untuk menstabilkan "kempis kembangnya" [[siklus bisnis|siklus aktivitas ekonomi]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Time Value of Money<!--&nbsp;--> |url=http://www.investinganswers.com/education/economics/john-maynard-keynes-man-who-transformed-economic-world-621 |title=How John Maynard Keynes Changed the World of Economics |publisher=InvestingAnswers |accessdate=2 October 2013 |archive-date=2015-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221090737/http://www.investinganswers.com/education/economics/john-maynard-keynes-man-who-transformed-economic-world-621 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Keynes mendukung penerapan [[kebijakan fiskal]] dan [[kebijakan moneter|moneter]] untuk mencegah dampak buruk [[resesi]] dan [[depresi (ekonomi)|depresi]] ekonomi.


Setelah [[Perang Dunia II]], sejumlah ekonom Barat ternama menerima saran kebijakan Keynes. Dua puluh tahun setelah Keynes meninggal dunia tahun 1946, hampir semua negara [[kapitalisme|kapitalis]] di dunia menerapkan kebijakan Keynes. Pengaruh Keynes memudar pada tahun 1970-an, salah satunya karena [[stagflasi]] parah yang menghambat ekonomi [[Inggris-Amerika]] sepanjang dasawarsa tersebut serta "kenaifan teori [[ekonomi Keynesian|Keynesian]]"<ref name=pbsinterview>{{cite web | title = Milton Friedman | work = Commanding Heights | publisher = [[PBS]] | date = October 1, 2000 | url = http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitext/int_miltonfriedman.html#7 | accessdate =September 19, 2011 }}</ref> yang dilontarkan oleh [[Milton Friedman]], ekonom yang memprediksi krisis tersebut.<ref>Nobel prize winner Paul Krugman stated that, "In 1968 in one of the decisive intellectual achievements of postwar economics, Friedman not only showed why the apparent tradeoff embodied in the idea of the Phillips curve was wrong; he also predicted the emergence of combined inflation and high unemployment&nbsp;... dubbed ‘stagflation.” Paul Krugman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=GcmvijkDrEcC&pg=PA43&lpg=PA43&dq=friedman+stagflation+krugman+decisive&source=bl&ots=S6Xzh9k7Ed&sig=fhh8I_YV3OWf8qlVl5n3QYxcU4E&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result ''Peddling Prosperity: Economic Sense and Nonsense in an Age of Diminished Expectations'' (1995) p 43 online]</ref> Ia bersama ekonom lainnya meragukan kemampuan pemerintah untuk mengatur siklus bisnis secara positif menggunakan [[kebijakan fiskal]].<ref>
Setelah [[Perang Dunia II]], sejumlah ekonom Barat ternama menerima saran kebijakan Keynes. Dua puluh tahun setelah Keynes meninggal dunia tahun 1946, hampir semua negara [[kapitalisme|kapitalis]] di dunia menerapkan kebijakan Keynes. Pengaruh Keynes memudar pada tahun 1970-an, salah satunya karena [[stagflasi]] parah yang menghambat ekonomi [[Inggris-Amerika]] sepanjang dasawarsa tersebut serta "kenaifan teori [[ekonomi Keynesian|Keynesian]]"<ref name=pbsinterview>{{cite web | title = Milton Friedman | work = Commanding Heights | publisher = [[PBS]] | date = October 1, 2000 | url = http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitext/int_miltonfriedman.html#7 | accessdate =September 19, 2011 }}</ref> yang dilontarkan oleh [[Milton Friedman]], ekonom yang memprediksi krisis tersebut.<ref>Nobel prize winner Paul Krugman stated that, "In 1968 in one of the decisive intellectual achievements of postwar economics, Friedman not only showed why the apparent tradeoff embodied in the idea of the Phillips curve was wrong; he also predicted the emergence of combined inflation and high unemployment&nbsp;... dubbed ‘stagflation.” Paul Krugman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=GcmvijkDrEcC&pg=PA43&lpg=PA43&dq=friedman+stagflation+krugman+decisive&source=bl&ots=S6Xzh9k7Ed&sig=fhh8I_YV3OWf8qlVl5n3QYxcU4E&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result ''Peddling Prosperity: Economic Sense and Nonsense in an Age of Diminished Expectations'' (1995) p 43 online]</ref> Ia bersama ekonom lainnya meragukan kemampuan pemerintah untuk mengatur siklus bisnis secara positif menggunakan [[kebijakan fiskal]].<ref>{{cite news |title=To Set the Economy Right |date=27 August 1979 |accessdate=13 November 2008 |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,920558,00.html |work=Time magazine |archive-date=2012-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104040226/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,920558,00.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Meski beberapa pihak menyebut bahwa [[monetarisme|teori moneter]] Friedman memengaruhi tanggapan Federal Reserve terhadap [[krisis keuangan 2007–08|krisis keuangan global 2007–08]],<ref>Edward Nelson, "Friedman’s Monetary Economics in Practice," [http://www.federalreserve.gov/PubS/feds/2011/201126/201126pap.pdf Finance and Economics Discussion Series, Divisions of Research & Statistics and Monetary Affairs, Federal Reserve Board, April 13, 2011]. Nelson stated, "in important respects, the overall monetary and financial policy response to the crisis can be viewed as Friedman’s monetary economics in practice." and "Friedman’s recommendations for responding to a financial crisis largely lined up with the principal financial and monetary policy measures taken since 2007." Nelson, "Review," in ''Journal of Economic Literature'' (Dec, 2012) 50#4 pp 1106-1109</ref> ada pula yang menyebut bahwa kebijakan ekonomi pemerintah yang diambil pada tahun itu bagian dari [[kemunculan kembali Keynesianisme 2008–09|kemunculan kembali Keynesianisme modern]].<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/c4cf37f4-d611-11dd-a9cc-000077b07658.html |title= The undeniable shift to Keynes |work= Financial Times |author= Chris Giles in London, Ralph Atkins in Frankfurt and Krishna Guha in Washington |accessdate= 23 January 2009 |archive-date= 2009-05-27 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090527144547/https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/c4cf37f4-d611-11dd-a9cc-000077b07658.html |dead-url= yes }}</ref>
{{cite news |title=To Set the Economy Right |date=27 August 1979 |accessdate=13 November 2008 |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,920558,00.html |work=Time magazine}}</ref> Meski beberapa pihak menyebut bahwa [[moneteraisme|teori moneter]] Friedman memengaruhi tanggapan Federal Reserve terhadap [[krisis keuangan 2007–08|krisis keuangan global 2007–08]],<ref>Edward Nelson, "Friedman’s Monetary Economics in Practice," [http://www.federalreserve.gov/PubS/feds/2011/201126/201126pap.pdf Finance and Economics Discussion Series, Divisions of Research & Statistics and Monetary Affairs, Federal Reserve Board, April 13, 2011]. Nelson stated, "in important respects, the overall monetary and financial policy response to the crisis can be viewed as Friedman’s monetary economics in practice." and "Friedman’s recommendations for responding to a financial crisis largely lined up with the principal financial and monetary policy measures taken since 2007." Nelson, "Review," in ''Journal of Economic Literature'' (Dec, 2012) 50#4 pp 1106-1109</ref> ada pula yang menyebut bahwa kebijakan ekonomi pemerintah yang diambil pada tahun itu bagian dari [[kebangkitan Keynesian 2008–09|kebangkitan Keynesianisme modern]].<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/c4cf37f4-d611-11dd-a9cc-000077b07658.html |title= The undeniable shift to Keynes |work=Financial Times |author=Chris Giles in London, Ralph Atkins in Frankfurt and Krishna Guha in Washington |accessdate=23 January 2009}}</ref>


Majalah [[Time (majalah)|''Time'']] memasukkan Keynes ke daftar [[Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century|Most Important People of the Century]] pada tahun 1999. Menurut ''Time'', "gagasannya yang radikal, yaitu pemerintah harus membelanjakan uang yang tidak dimilikinya, mungkin berhasil mencegah runtuhnya kapitalisme."<ref>{{cite news |url= http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,990614,00.html |title= The Time 100: John Maynard Keynes |publisher=[[Time (magazine)]] |author=Robert Reich |date=29 March 1999 |accessdate=18 June 2009 |authorlink= Robert Reich}}</ref> ''[[The Economist]]'' menjuluki Kenyes "ekonom abad ke-20 paling terkenal di Britania Raya."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/news/britain/21577382-chancellor-likely-ignore-imfs-advice-toothless-truth-tellers |title=The IMF in Britain: Toothless truth tellers |publisher=Economist.com |date=11 May 2013 |accessdate=2 October 2013}}</ref> Selain menjadi ekonom, Keynes juga merupakan pegawai negeri, direktur [[Bank of England]], dan anggota perkumpulan intelek [[Bloomsbury Group]].<ref name="The Bloomsbury Group">{{cite web|url=http://therem.net/bloom.htm |title=The Bloomsbury Group |publisher=Therem.net |date=22 August 2007 |accessdate=26 May 2012}}</ref>
Majalah [[Time (majalah)|''Time'']] memasukkan Keynes ke daftar [[Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century|Most Important People of the Century]] pada tahun 1999. Menurut ''Time'', "gagasannya yang radikal, yaitu pemerintah harus membelanjakan uang yang tidak dimilikinya, mungkin berhasil mencegah runtuhnya kapitalisme."<ref name=":0">{{cite news|author=Reich|first=Robert B.|authorlink=|date=29 March 1999|title=The Time 100: John Maynard Keynes|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,990614,00.html|work=Time|publisher=[[Time (magazine)]]|accessdate=18 June 2009}}</ref> ''[[The Economist]]'' menjuluki Kenyes "ekonom abad ke-20 paling terkenal di Britania Raya."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/news/britain/21577382-chancellor-likely-ignore-imfs-advice-toothless-truth-tellers |title=The IMF in Britain: Toothless truth tellers |publisher=Economist.com |date=11 May 2013 |accessdate=2 October 2013}}</ref> Selain menjadi ekonom, Keynes juga merupakan pegawai negeri, direktur [[Bank of England]], dan anggota perkumpulan intelek [[Bloomsbury Group]].<ref name="The Bloomsbury Group">{{cite web|url=http://therem.net/bloom.htm |title=The Bloomsbury Group |publisher=Therem.net |date=22 August 2007 |accessdate=26 May 2012}}</ref>


==Karya==
== Kehidupan ==
John Maynard Keynes lahir di [[Cambridge, Cambridgeshire|Cambridge]], [[Britania Raya]] pada 5 Juni 1883 dari keluarga kelas menengah atas yang cukup terpandang. Ayahnya adalah John Neville Keynes, seorang ekonom Cambridge yang cukup populer. Sementara ibunya adalah Florence Ada Keynes, yang di kemudian hari menjadi wali kota Cambridge. John kecil tidak menunjukkan ketertarikan di dunia akademik atau politik dan malah bercita-cita menjalankan kereta api. Cita-cita tersebut tak terwujud dan ia pun memilih untuk mengambil ujian pegawai negeri. Ia mendapat nilai terendah untuk ekonomi.<ref name=":0" />

== Karya ==
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* 1913 ''[https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/49166 Indian Currency and Finance]''
* 1913 ''[https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/49166 Indian Currency and Finance]''
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==Lihat pula==
== Lihat pula ==
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* [[Jiwa liar (Keynes)]]
* [[Jiwa liar (Keynes)]]
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* [[Mazhab Stockholm (ekonomi)|Mazhab Stockholm]]
* [[Mazhab Stockholm (ekonomi)|Mazhab Stockholm]]
* [[Keluarga Keynes]]
* [[Keluarga Keynes]]
* [[Ekonomi Keynesian]]
{{div col end}}
{{div col end}}


==Catatan kaki==
== Catatan kaki ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Reflist|30em}}


==Referensi==
== Referensi ==
{{Refbegin|Schuker, Stephen A., "American 'Reparations' to Germany, 1919-33." Princeton Studies in International Finance, No. 61 (1988).
{{Refbegin|Schuker, Stephen A., "American 'Reparations' to Germany, 1919-33." Princeton Studies in International Finance, No. 61 (1988).
Schuker, Stephen A., "J.M. Keynes and the Personal Politics of Reparations," Diplomacy & Statecraft (25/3-4), 2014.}}
Schuker, Stephen A., "J.M. Keynes and the Personal Politics of Reparations," Diplomacy & Statecraft (25/3-4), 2014.}}
* [[Roger Backhouse (economist)|Backhouse, Roger E.]] and Bateman, Bradley W.. ''Capitalist Revolutionary: John Maynard Keynes''. 2011
* [[Roger Backhouse (economist)|Backhouse, Roger E.]] and Bateman, Bradley W.. ''Capitalist Revolutionary: John Maynard Keynes''. 2011
* Barnett, Vincent. ''John Maynard Keynes''. London: Routledge, 2013. ISBN 978-0415567695.
* Barnett, Vincent. ''John Maynard Keynes''. London: Routledge, 2013. ISBN 978-0-415-56769-5.
* Beaudreau, Bernard C.. ''The Economic Consequences of Mr. Keynes: How the Second Industrial Revolution Passed Great Britain By''. iUniverse, 2006, ISBN 0-595-41661-6
* Beaudreau, Bernard C.. ''The Economic Consequences of Mr. Keynes: How the Second Industrial Revolution Passed Great Britain By''. iUniverse, 2006, ISBN 0-595-41661-6
* Clark, Barry. ''Political Economy: A Comparative Approach''. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1998, ISBN 0-275-96370-5
* Clark, Barry. ''Political Economy: A Comparative Approach''. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1998, ISBN 0-275-96370-5
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{{Refend}}
{{Refend}}


==Bacaan lanjutan==
== Bacaan lanjutan ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book | author= Bateman, Bradley| year=2010 | title= The return to Keynes | publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] | isbn=0-674-03538-0 }}
* {{cite book | author= Bateman, Bradley| year=2010 | title= The return to Keynes | url= https://archive.org/details/returntokeynes0000unse| publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] | isbn=0-674-03538-0 }}
* {{citation | last=Blaug | first=Mark | place=University of Exeter | title=Recent Biographies of Keynes | journal=Journal of Economic Literature | volume=32 | issue=3 | date=September 1994 | pages=1204–1215 | publisher=American Economic Association | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/2728608}}
* {{citation | last=Blaug | first=Mark | place=University of Exeter | title=Recent Biographies of Keynes | journal=Journal of Economic Literature | volume=32 | issue=3 | date=September 1994 | pages=1204–1215 | publisher=American Economic Association | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/2728608}}
* {{cite book |title=[[The Economics of John Maynard Keynes: The Theory of Monetary Economy]] |last=Dillard |first=Dudley |year=1948 |publisher=Prentice-Hall, Inc |isbn=978-1-4191-2894-3 |page=384}}
* {{cite book |title=[[The Economics of John Maynard Keynes: The Theory of Monetary Economy]] |last=Dillard |first=Dudley |year=1948 |publisher=Prentice-Hall, Inc |isbn=978-1-4191-2894-3 |page=384}}
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* [[Donald Markwell|Markwell, Donald]]. ''Keynes and Australia.'' Reserve Bank of Australia, 2000.
* [[Donald Markwell|Markwell, Donald]]. ''Keynes and Australia.'' Reserve Bank of Australia, 2000.
* {{cite book |author1=Pecchi, Lorenzo |author2=Gustavo Piga |lastauthoramp=yes | year=2010 | title= Revisiting Keynes | publisher=[[MIT Press]] | isbn=0-262-51511-3 }}
* {{cite book |author1=Pecchi, Lorenzo |author2=Gustavo Piga |lastauthoramp=yes | year=2010 | title= Revisiting Keynes | publisher=[[MIT Press]] | isbn=0-262-51511-3 }}
* {{cite book | last=Skidelsky | first=Robert| title=Keynes: A Very Short Introduction | year=2010 | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | location=[[Oxford]] | isbn=978-0-19-959164-0}}
* {{cite book | last=Skidelsky | first=Robert| title=Keynes: A Very Short Introduction | url=https://archive.org/details/keynesveryshorti0000skid | year=2010 | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | location=[[Oxford]] | isbn=978-0-19-959164-0}}
* {{cite book |title=John Maynard Keynes |author=Syll, Lars Pålsson | publisher=SNS Förlag | year=2007 | ISBN= 9789185695270 | page=95}}
* {{cite book |title=John Maynard Keynes |author=Syll, Lars Pålsson | publisher=SNS Förlag | year=2007 | ISBN= 9789185695270 | page=95}}
* [[Peter Temin|Temin, Peter]] & [[David Vines]]. ''Keynes: Useful Economics for the World Economy''. MIT Press, 2014.
* [[Peter Temin|Temin, Peter]] & [[David Vines]]. ''Keynes: Useful Economics for the World Economy''. MIT Press, 2014.
{{Refend}}
{{Refend}}


==Pranala luar==
== Pranala luar ==
{{Sister project links|John Maynard Keynes|wikt=no|author=yes|v=no|n=no|b=no}}
{{Sister project links|John Maynard Keynes|wikt=no|author=yes|v=no|n=no|b=no}}
* [http://economicsociology.org/2015/03/01/who-is-an-economist-here-is-keynes-answer Keynes' little known but abundant definition of an economist] (1924)
* [http://economicsociology.org/2015/03/01/who-is-an-economist-here-is-keynes-answer Keynes' little known but abundant definition of an economist] (1924)
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* {{Librivox author |id=9726}}
* {{Librivox author |id=9726}}
* {{NRA|P16231}}
* {{NRA|P16231}}
* [http://socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/keynes/peace.htm Keynes, ''The Economic Consequences of the Peace''] (1919)
* [http://socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/keynes/peace.htm Keynes, ''The Economic Consequences of the Peace''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060207173710/http://socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/keynes/peace.htm |date=2006-02-07 }} (1919)
* [http://www.panarchy.org/keynes/laissezfaire.1926.html Keynes, ''The end of laissez-faire''] (1926)
* [http://www.panarchy.org/keynes/laissezfaire.1926.html Keynes, ''The end of laissez-faire''] (1926)
* [http://www.panarchy.org/keynes/possibilities.html Keynes, ''Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren''] (1930)
* [http://www.panarchy.org/keynes/possibilities.html Keynes, ''Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren''] (1930)
* [http://www.panarchy.org/keynes/depression.html Keynes, ''The raising of prices''] (1933)
* [http://www.panarchy.org/keynes/depression.html Keynes, ''The raising of prices''] (1933)
* [http://www.panarchy.org/keynes/national.1933.html Keynes, ''National Self-Sufficiency''] (1933)
* [http://www.panarchy.org/keynes/national.1933.html Keynes, ''National Self-Sufficiency''] (1933)
* [http://newdeal.feri.org/misc/keynes2.htm Keynes, ''An Open Letter to President Roosevelt''] (1933)
* [http://newdeal.feri.org/misc/keynes2.htm Keynes, ''An Open Letter to President Roosevelt''] (1933)
* [http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/economics/keynes/general-theory/ Keynes, ''The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money''] (1936)
* [http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/economics/keynes/general-theory/ Keynes, ''The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money''] (1936)
* [http://www.booknotes.org/Watch/169138-1/Robert+Skidelsky.aspx ''Booknotes'' interview with Robert Skidelsky on ''John Maynard Keynes: Fighting for Freedom, 1937–1946'', 28 April 2002.]
* [http://www.booknotes.org/Watch/169138-1/Robert+Skidelsky.aspx ''Booknotes'' interview with Robert Skidelsky on ''John Maynard Keynes: Fighting for Freedom, 1937–1946'', 28 April 2002.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818014707/http://www.booknotes.org/Watch/169138-1/Robert+Skidelsky.aspx |date=2016-08-18 }}
* {{Cite book |title=John Maynard Keynes (1883–1946) |url=http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/bios/Keynes.html |work=[[The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics]] |edition=2nd |series=[[Library of Economics and Liberty]] |publisher=[[Liberty Fund]] |year=2008 }}
* {{Cite book |title=John Maynard Keynes (1883–1946) |url=http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/bios/Keynes.html |work=[[The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics]] |edition=2nd |series=[[Library of Economics and Liberty]] |publisher=[[Liberty Fund]] |year=2008 }}


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Revisi terkini sejak 17 Februari 2024 10.09

"Keynes" beralih ke halaman ini. Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Keynes (disambiguasi).
Artikel ini bukan mengenai John Neville Keynes.

John Maynard Keynes
Keynes tahun 1933
Lahir(1883-06-05)5 Juni 1883
Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, Inggris
Meninggal21 April 1946(1946-04-21) (umur 62)
Tilton, dekat Firle, Sussex, Inggris
InstitusiKing's College, Cambridge
Bidang
MazhabEkonomi Keynesian
Alma mater
DipengaruhiAdam Smith, Thomas Malthus, Alfred Marshall, Arthur Pigou, Nicholas Johannsen, Knut Wicksell, Piero Sraffa, John Neville Keynes, Bertrand Russell[1]
Kontribusi
IMSLP: Category:Keynes,_John_Maynard Find a Grave: 13917737 Modifica els identificadors a Wikidata

John Maynard Keynes, Baron Keynes ke-1,[2] CB, FBA (/ˈkeɪnz/ KEYNZ; 5 Juni 1883 – 21 April 1946), adalah ekonom Inggris yang gagasannya mengubah teori dan praktik ekonomi makro serta kebijakan ekonomi dunia. Ia melanjutkan dan memperbaiki teori sebelumnya yang menjelaskan penyebab terjadinya siklus bisnis. Ia diakui sebagai salah satu ekonom paling berpengaruh abad ke-20 dan pendiri ekonomi makro modern.[3][4][5][6] Pemikiran-pemikirannya menjadi dasar mazhab ekonomi Keynesian dan semua turunannya.

Pada tahun 1930-an, Keynes memimpin revolusi pemikiran ekonomi yang menantang gagasan ekonomi neoklasik bahwa pasar bebas, dalam jangka pendek hingga menengah, akan mengisi seluruh lapangan pekerjaan asalkan tuntutan upah pekerja tetap fleksibel. Ia berpendapat bahwa permintaan agregat menentukan tingkat seluruh aktivitas ekonomi dan kurangnya permintaan agregat akan memicu pengangguran tingkat tinggi yang bertahan lama. Menurut ekonomi Keynesian, campur tangan pemerintah diperlukan untuk menstabilkan "kempis kembangnya" siklus aktivitas ekonomi.[7] Keynes mendukung penerapan kebijakan fiskal dan moneter untuk mencegah dampak buruk resesi dan depresi ekonomi.

Setelah Perang Dunia II, sejumlah ekonom Barat ternama menerima saran kebijakan Keynes. Dua puluh tahun setelah Keynes meninggal dunia tahun 1946, hampir semua negara kapitalis di dunia menerapkan kebijakan Keynes. Pengaruh Keynes memudar pada tahun 1970-an, salah satunya karena stagflasi parah yang menghambat ekonomi Inggris-Amerika sepanjang dasawarsa tersebut serta "kenaifan teori Keynesian"[8] yang dilontarkan oleh Milton Friedman, ekonom yang memprediksi krisis tersebut.[9] Ia bersama ekonom lainnya meragukan kemampuan pemerintah untuk mengatur siklus bisnis secara positif menggunakan kebijakan fiskal.[10] Meski beberapa pihak menyebut bahwa teori moneter Friedman memengaruhi tanggapan Federal Reserve terhadap krisis keuangan global 2007–08,[11] ada pula yang menyebut bahwa kebijakan ekonomi pemerintah yang diambil pada tahun itu bagian dari kemunculan kembali Keynesianisme modern.[12]

Majalah Time memasukkan Keynes ke daftar Most Important People of the Century pada tahun 1999. Menurut Time, "gagasannya yang radikal, yaitu pemerintah harus membelanjakan uang yang tidak dimilikinya, mungkin berhasil mencegah runtuhnya kapitalisme."[13] The Economist menjuluki Kenyes "ekonom abad ke-20 paling terkenal di Britania Raya."[14] Selain menjadi ekonom, Keynes juga merupakan pegawai negeri, direktur Bank of England, dan anggota perkumpulan intelek Bloomsbury Group.[15]

Kehidupan

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John Maynard Keynes lahir di Cambridge, Britania Raya pada 5 Juni 1883 dari keluarga kelas menengah atas yang cukup terpandang. Ayahnya adalah John Neville Keynes, seorang ekonom Cambridge yang cukup populer. Sementara ibunya adalah Florence Ada Keynes, yang di kemudian hari menjadi wali kota Cambridge. John kecil tidak menunjukkan ketertarikan di dunia akademik atau politik dan malah bercita-cita menjalankan kereta api. Cita-cita tersebut tak terwujud dan ia pun memilih untuk mengambil ujian pegawai negeri. Ia mendapat nilai terendah untuk ekonomi.[13]

Karya

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Lihat pula

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Catatan kaki

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  1. ^ Bradley W. Bateman; Toshiaki Hirai; Maria Cristina Marcuzzo, ed. (2010). The Return to Keynes. Harvard University Press. hlm. 146. ISBN 9780674053540. 
  2. ^ Jenkins, Nicholas. "John Maynard Keynes 1st Baron Keynes (I7810)". W. H. Auden – 'Family Ghosts'. Stanford University. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-10-26. Diakses tanggal 18 October 2011. 
  3. ^ Daniel Yergin & Joseph Stanislaw. "book extract from The Commanding Heights" (PDF). Public Broadcasting Service. Diakses tanggal 13 November 2008. 
  4. ^ "How to kick-start a faltering economy the Keynes way". BBC. 22 October 2008. Diakses tanggal 13 November 2008. 
  5. ^ Cohn, Steven Mark (2006). Reintroducing Macroeconomics: A Critical Approach. M.E. Sharpe. hlm. 111. ISBN 0-7656-1450-2. 
  6. ^ Davis, William L, Bob Figgins, David Hedengren, and Daniel B. Klein. "Economic Professors' Favorite Economic Thinkers, Journals, and Blogs," Econ Journal Watch 8(2): 126–146, May 2011.[1]
  7. ^ Time Value of Money. "How John Maynard Keynes Changed the World of Economics". InvestingAnswers. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2015-02-21. Diakses tanggal 2 October 2013. 
  8. ^ "Milton Friedman". Commanding Heights. PBS. October 1, 2000. Diakses tanggal September 19, 2011. 
  9. ^ Nobel prize winner Paul Krugman stated that, "In 1968 in one of the decisive intellectual achievements of postwar economics, Friedman not only showed why the apparent tradeoff embodied in the idea of the Phillips curve was wrong; he also predicted the emergence of combined inflation and high unemployment ... dubbed ‘stagflation.” Paul Krugman, Peddling Prosperity: Economic Sense and Nonsense in an Age of Diminished Expectations (1995) p 43 online
  10. ^ "To Set the Economy Right". Time magazine. 27 August 1979. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-11-04. Diakses tanggal 13 November 2008. 
  11. ^ Edward Nelson, "Friedman’s Monetary Economics in Practice," Finance and Economics Discussion Series, Divisions of Research & Statistics and Monetary Affairs, Federal Reserve Board, April 13, 2011. Nelson stated, "in important respects, the overall monetary and financial policy response to the crisis can be viewed as Friedman’s monetary economics in practice." and "Friedman’s recommendations for responding to a financial crisis largely lined up with the principal financial and monetary policy measures taken since 2007." Nelson, "Review," in Journal of Economic Literature (Dec, 2012) 50#4 pp 1106-1109
  12. ^ Chris Giles in London, Ralph Atkins in Frankfurt and Krishna Guha in Washington. "The undeniable shift to Keynes". Financial Times. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2009-05-27. Diakses tanggal 23 January 2009. 
  13. ^ a b Reich, Robert B. (29 March 1999). "The Time 100: John Maynard Keynes". Time. Time (magazine). Diakses tanggal 18 June 2009. 
  14. ^ "The IMF in Britain: Toothless truth tellers". Economist.com. 11 May 2013. Diakses tanggal 2 October 2013. 
  15. ^ "The Bloomsbury Group". Therem.net. 22 August 2007. Diakses tanggal 26 May 2012. 

Referensi

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Bacaan lanjutan

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Pranala luar

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Cari tahu mengenai John Maynard Keynes pada proyek-proyek Wikimedia lainnya:
Gambar dan media dari Commons
Kutipan dari Wikiquote
Teks sumber dari Wikisource
Gelar kebangsawanan
Ciptaan baru Baron Keynes
1942–1946 		Hilang
  1. ^ http://www.rba.gov.au/publications/rdp/2000/pdf/rdp2000-04.pdf
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