Tenaga angin: Perbedaan antara revisi
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[[Berkas: |
{{Bedakan|pembangkit listrik tenaga angin}}[[Berkas:WEAs in Neuenkirchen.JPG|jmpl|300px|[[Ladang angin]] di [[Neuenkirchen]], [[Dithmarschen]] ([[Jerman]]).]] |
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{{Energi berkelanjutan}}{{Energi terbarukan}} |
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| ⚫ | '''Tenaga angin''' merupakan pengumpulan energi yang berguna dari [[angin]]. Pada 2005, kapasitas generator tenaga-angin adalah 58.982 MW, hasil tersebut kurang dari 1% penggunaan listrik dunia. Meskipun masih berupa sumber energi listrik minor di kebanyakan negara, penghasilan tenaga angin lebih dari empat kali lipat antara 1999 dan 2005. |
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| ⚫ | Kebanyakan tenaga angin modern dihasilkan dalam bentuk listrik dengan mengubah rotasi dari pisau [[turbin angin|turbin]] menjadi arus listrik dengan menggunakan [[generator listrik]]. Pada [[kincir angin]] energi angin digunakan untuk memutar peralatan mekanik untuk melakukan kerja fisik, seperti menggiling gandum atau memompa air. |
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| ⚫ | '''Tenaga angin''' |
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| ⚫ | Kebanyakan tenaga angin modern dihasilkan dalam bentuk listrik dengan mengubah rotasi dari pisau [[turbin angin|turbin]] menjadi arus listrik dengan menggunakan [[generator listrik]]. Pada [[kincir angin]] energi angin digunakan untuk memutar peralatan mekanik untuk melakukan kerja fisik, seperti menggiling |
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Tenaga angin digunakan dalam [[ladang angin]] skala besar untuk penghasilan listrik nasional dan juga dalam turbin individu kecil untuk menyediakan listrik di lokasi yang terisolir. |
Tenaga angin digunakan dalam [[ladang angin]] skala besar untuk penghasilan listrik nasional dan juga dalam turbin individu kecil untuk menyediakan listrik di lokasi yang terisolir. |
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Tenaga angin banyak jumlahnya, tidak |
Tenaga angin banyak jumlahnya, tidak terbatas, tersebar luas, bersih, dan mengurangi [[efek rumah kaca]]. |
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Di Indonesia, pembangkit listrik yang memanfaatkan tenaga angin disebut dengan [['''pembangkit listrik tenaga bayu''']] .<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kip-pln.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=158:pltb&catid=57:berita&Itemid=264 |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2015-12-17 |archive-date=2015-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222091322/http://www.kip-pln.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=158:pltb&catid=57:berita&Itemid=264 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> |
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== Ekonomi == |
== Ekonomi == |
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Pada tahun-tahun belakangan ini, biaya tenaga listrik dihasilkan-angin telah turun banyak, dan kini lebih rendah dari biaya listrik dihasilkan-bahan bakar. Sejak 2004, tenaga angin telah menjadi bentuk penghasilan tenaga baru yang paling murah. |
Pada tahun-tahun belakangan ini, biaya tenaga listrik dihasilkan-angin telah turun banyak, dan kini lebih rendah dari biaya listrik dihasilkan-bahan bakar. Sejak 2004, tenaga angin telah menjadi bentuk penghasilan tenaga baru yang paling murah.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lantz|first=Eric|last2=Hand|first2=M. Maureen|last3=Wiser|first3=Ryan|date=2012-08-01|title=Past and Future Cost of Wind Energy: Preprint|url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1050111|language=English}}</ref> |
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== Penggunaan == |
== Penggunaan == |
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Penggunaan tenaga angin hanya 1% dari total produksi listrik dunia (2005). Jerman merupakan produsen terbesar tenaga angin dengan 32% dari total kapasitas dunia pada 2005; targetnya pada 2010, energi terbarui akan memenuhi 12,5% kebutuhan listrik Jerman. Jerman memiliki 16.000 turbin angin, kebanyakan terletak di utara negara tersebut - termasuk tiga terbesar dunia, dibuat oleh perusahaan Enercon (4,5 MW), Multibrid (5 MW) dan Repower (5 MW). Provinsi [[Schleswig-Holstein]] Jerman menghasilkan 25% listriknya dari turbin angin. |
Penggunaan tenaga angin hanya 1% dari total produksi listrik dunia (2005). Jerman merupakan produsen terbesar tenaga angin dengan 32% dari total kapasitas dunia pada 2005; targetnya pada 2010, energi terbarui akan memenuhi 12,5% kebutuhan listrik Jerman. Jerman memiliki 16.000 turbin angin, kebanyakan terletak di utara negara tersebut - termasuk tiga terbesar dunia, dibuat oleh perusahaan Enercon (4,5 MW), Multibrid (5 MW) dan Repower (5 MW). Provinsi [[Schleswig-Holstein]] Jerman menghasilkan 25% listriknya dari turbin angin. |
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Saat ini, [[London Array]] adalah [[ladang angin]] [[lepas pantai]] terbesar di dunia dengan kapasitas mencapai 1000 MW,<ref>[http://www.londonarray.com/ London Array Official Website]</ref> diresmikan oleh perdana menteri Inggris [[David Cameron]] pada tanggal [[4 Juli]] [[2013]]<ref>[http://gulfnews.com/business/economy/london-array-world-s-largest-offshore-wind-farm-inaugurated-1.1205443 London Array, World's Largest Offshore Wind Farm Inaugurated]. gulfnews.com</ref> |
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[[Spain]] and the [[United States]] are next in terms of installed capacity. In 2005, the government of Spain approved a new national goal for installed wind power capacity of 20,000 MW by 2012. According to the [[American Wind Energy Association]], wind generated enough electricity to power 0.4% (1.6 million households) of total electricity in US, up from less than 0.1% in 1999. In 2005, both Germany and Spain have produced more electricity from wind power than from [[hydropower]] plants. US Department of Energy studies have concluded wind harvested in just three of the fifty U.S. states could provide enough electricity to power the entire nation, and that offshore wind farms could do the same job.<ref name="Mitchell 2006"/> Wind power could grow by 50% in the U.S. in 2006.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://us.oneworld.net/article/view/130133/1/4536| title=Problem: Foreign Oil, Answer: Blowing in the Wind?| first=Abid| last=Aslam| publisher=OneWorld US| year=Mar. 31, 2006| accessdate=2006-04-21}}</ref> |
[[Spain]] and the [[United States]] are next in terms of installed capacity. In 2005, the government of Spain approved a new national goal for installed wind power capacity of 20,000 MW by 2012. According to the [[American Wind Energy Association]], wind generated enough electricity to power 0.4% (1.6 million households) of total electricity in US, up from less than 0.1% in 1999. In 2005, both Germany and Spain have produced more electricity from wind power than from [[hydropower]] plants. US Department of Energy studies have concluded wind harvested in just three of the fifty U.S. states could provide enough electricity to power the entire nation, and that offshore wind farms could do the same job.<ref name="Mitchell 2006"/> Wind power could grow by 50% in the U.S. in 2006.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://us.oneworld.net/article/view/130133/1/4536| title=Problem: Foreign Oil, Answer: Blowing in the Wind?| first=Abid| last=Aslam| publisher=OneWorld US| year=Mar. 31, 2006| accessdate=2006-04-21}}</ref> |
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[[India]] ranks 4th in the world with a total wind power capacity of 4,430 MW. Wind power generates 3% of all electricity produced in India. The World Wind Energy Conference in New Delhi in November 2006 will give additional impetus to the Indian wind industry.<ref name="wwindea"/> In December 2003, [[General Electric]] installed the world's largest offshore wind turbines in Ireland, and plans are being made for more such installations on the west coast, including the possible the use of floating turbines. |
[[India]] ranks 4th in the world with a total wind power capacity of 4,430 MW. Wind power generates 3% of all electricity produced in India. The World Wind Energy Conference in New Delhi in November 2006 will give additional impetus to the Indian wind industry.<ref name="wwindea"/> In December 2003, [[General Electric]] installed the world's largest offshore wind turbines in Ireland, and plans are being made for more such installations on the west coast, including the possible the use of floating turbines. |
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On [[August 15]], [[2005]], [[People's Republic of China|China]] announced it would build a 1000-megawatt wind farm in Hebei for completion in [[2020]]. China reportedly has set a generating target of 20,000 MW by 2020 from renewable energy sources - it says indigenous wind power could generate up to 253,000 MW.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20050815/ap_on_sc/china_wind_power| title=404 error| acessdate=2006-04-21}}</ref> Following the World Wind Energy Conference in November 2004, organised by the Chinese and the World Wind Energy Association, a Chinese renewable energy law was adopted. In late 2005, the Chinese government increased the official wind energy target for the year 2020 from 20 GW to 30 GW. |
On [[August 15]], [[2005]], [[People's Republic of China|China]] announced it would build a 1000-megawatt wind farm in Hebei for completion in [[2020]]. China reportedly has set a generating target of 20,000 MW by 2020 from renewable energy sources - it says indigenous wind power could generate up to 253,000 MW.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20050815/ap_on_sc/china_wind_power| title=404 error| acessdate=2006-04-21}}</ref> Following the World Wind Energy Conference in November 2004, organised by the Chinese and the World Wind Energy Association, a Chinese renewable energy law was adopted. In late 2005, the Chinese government increased the official wind energy target for the year 2020 from 20 GW to 30 GW. |
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Another growing market is Brazil, with a wind potential of 143 GW.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.cresesb.cepel.br/atlas_eolico_brasil/atlas-web.htm| title=Atlas do Potencial Eólico Brasileiro| accessdate=2006-04-21}}</ref> The federal government has created an incentive program, called [[Proinfa]],<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.eletrobras.gov.br/EM_Programas_Proinfa/default.asp| title=Eletrobrás - Centrais Elétricas Brasileiras S.A - Projeto Proinfa| accessdate=2006-04-21}}</ref> to build production capacity of 3300 MW of renewable energy for 2008, of which 1422 MW through wind energy. The program seeks to produce 10% of Brazillian electricity through renewable sources. Brazil produced 320 [[TWh]] in 2004. |
Another growing market is Brazil, with a wind potential of 143 GW.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.cresesb.cepel.br/atlas_eolico_brasil/atlas-web.htm| title=Atlas do Potencial Eólico Brasileiro| accessdate=2006-04-21}}</ref> The federal government has created an incentive program, called [[Proinfa]],<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.eletrobras.gov.br/EM_Programas_Proinfa/default.asp| title=Eletrobrás - Centrais Elétricas Brasileiras S.A - Projeto Proinfa| accessdate=2006-04-21}}</ref> to build production capacity of 3300 MW of renewable energy for 2008, of which 1422 MW through wind energy. The program seeks to produce 10% of Brazillian electricity through renewable sources. Brazil produced 320 [[TWh]] in 2004. |
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Wind turbines range from small four hundred watt generators for residential use to several megawatt machines for wind farms and offshore. The small ones have direct drive generators, [[direct current]] output, [[aeroelastic blades]], lifetime bearings and use a vane to point into the wind; while the larger ones generally have geared power trains, alternating current output, flaps and are actively pointed into the wind. Direct drive generators and aeroelastic blades for large wind turbines are being researched and direct current generators are sometimes used. |
Wind turbines range from small four hundred watt generators for residential use to several megawatt machines for wind farms and offshore. The small ones have direct drive generators, [[direct current]] output, [[aeroelastic blades]], lifetime bearings and use a vane to point into the wind; while the larger ones generally have geared power trains, alternating current output, flaps and are actively pointed into the wind. Direct drive generators and aeroelastic blades for large wind turbines are being researched and direct current generators are sometimes used. |
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In urban locations, where it is difficult to obtain large amounts of wind energy, smaller systems may still be used to run low power equipment. [[Distributed generation|Distributed power]] from rooftop mounted wind turbines can also alleviate power distribution problems, as well as provide resilience to power failures. Equipment such as parking meters or wireless internet gateways may be powered by a wind turbine that charges a small battery, replacing the need for a connection to the power grid and/or maintaining service despite possible power grid failures. |
In urban locations, where it is difficult to obtain large amounts of wind energy, smaller systems may still be used to run low power equipment. [[Distributed generation|Distributed power]] from rooftop mounted wind turbines can also alleviate power distribution problems, as well as provide resilience to power failures. Equipment such as parking meters or wireless internet gateways may be powered by a wind turbine that charges a small battery, replacing the need for a connection to the power grid and/or maintaining service despite possible power grid failures. |
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[[Berkas:Wind-power-small-scale.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Small-scale wind power in rural Indiana.]] |
[[Berkas:Wind-power-small-scale.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Small-scale wind power in rural Indiana.]] |
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According to the World Wind Energy Association, it is difficult to assess the total number or capacity of small-scaled wind turbines, but in China alone, there are roughly 300,000 small-scale wind turbines generating electricity.<ref name="wwindea"/> |
According to the World Wind Energy Association, it is difficult to assess the total number or capacity of small-scaled wind turbines, but in China alone, there are roughly 300,000 small-scale wind turbines generating electricity.<ref name="wwindea"/> |
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== Lihat pula == |
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== Referensi == |
== Referensi == |
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{{Authority control}} |
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[[Kategori:Energi alternatif]] |
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[[Kategori:Tenaga listrik]] |
[[Kategori:Tenaga listrik]] |
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[[Kategori:Konversi energi]] |
[[Kategori:Konversi energi]] |
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[[Kategori: |
[[Kategori:Energi terbarukan]] |
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[[Kategori: |
[[Kategori:Tenaga angin]] |
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[[Kategori:Energi terbaharui]] |
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[[Kategori:Turbin]] |
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[[Kategori:Ladang angin]] |
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[[af:Windenergie]] |
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[[an:Enerchía eolica]] |
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[[ar:طاقة ريحية]] |
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[[ast:Enerxía eólica]] |
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[[az:Külək enerjisi]] |
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[[bat-smg:Viejė energėjė]] |
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[[be:Энергія ветру]] |
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[[be-x-old:Энэргія ветру]] |
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[[bg:Вятърна енергия]] |
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[[bs:Energija vjetra]] |
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[[ca:Energia eòlica]] |
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[[cs:Větrná energie]] |
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[[cy:Egni gwynt]] |
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[[da:Vindenergi]] |
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[[de:Windenergie]] |
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[[el:Αιολική ενέργεια]] |
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[[en:Wind power]] |
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[[eo:Ventoenergio]] |
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[[es:Energía eólica]] |
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[[et:Tuuleenergia]] |
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[[eu:Energia eoliko]] |
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[[fa:توان بادی]] |
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[[fi:Tuulivoima]] |
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[[fr:Énergie éolienne]] |
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[[fy:Wynenerzjy]] |
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[[gan:風力]] |
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[[gd:Cumhachd na Gaoithe]] |
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[[gl:Enerxía eólica]] |
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[[he:אנרגיית רוח]] |
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[[hi:पवन ऊर्जा]] |
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[[hr:Energija vjetra]] |
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[[hu:Szélenergia]] |
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[[is:Vindorka]] |
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[[it:Energia eolica]] |
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[[ja:風力発電]] |
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[[kk:Жел энергетикасы]] |
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[[ko:풍력 발전]] |
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[[lt:Vėjo energija]] |
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[[lv:Vēja enerģija]] |
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[[mk:Ветерна енергија]] |
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[[new:फे शक्ति]] |
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[[nl:Windenergie]] |
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[[nn:Vindenergi]] |
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[[no:Vindkraft]] |
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[[pl:Energia wiatru]] |
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[[pt:Energia eólica]] |
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[[qu:Wayra micha]] |
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[[ro:Energie eoliană]] |
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[[ru:Ветроэнергетика]] |
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[[sh:Energija vjetra]] |
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[[simple:Wind power]] |
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[[sk:Veterná energia]] |
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[[sl:Vetrna energija]] |
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[[sr:Енергија вјетра]] |
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[[sv:Vindkraft]] |
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[[sw:Umeme wa upepo]] |
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[[ta:காற்றுத் திறன்]] |
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[[te:పవన విద్యుత్తు]] |
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[[th:พลังงานลม]] |
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[[tr:Rüzgâr gücü]] |
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[[uk:Вітроенергетика]] |
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[[vi:Năng lượng gió]] |
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[[war:Kusog han hangin]] |
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[[zh:風能]] |
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[[zh-min-nan:Hong-lêng]] |
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[[zh-yue:風力]] |
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Revisi terkini sejak 24 Februari 2024 07.12
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 |
Tenaga angin merupakan pengumpulan energi yang berguna dari angin. Pada 2005, kapasitas generator tenaga-angin adalah 58.982 MW, hasil tersebut kurang dari 1% penggunaan listrik dunia. Meskipun masih berupa sumber energi listrik minor di kebanyakan negara, penghasilan tenaga angin lebih dari empat kali lipat antara 1999 dan 2005.
Kebanyakan tenaga angin modern dihasilkan dalam bentuk listrik dengan mengubah rotasi dari pisau turbin menjadi arus listrik dengan menggunakan generator listrik. Pada kincir angin energi angin digunakan untuk memutar peralatan mekanik untuk melakukan kerja fisik, seperti menggiling gandum atau memompa air.
Tenaga angin digunakan dalam ladang angin skala besar untuk penghasilan listrik nasional dan juga dalam turbin individu kecil untuk menyediakan listrik di lokasi yang terisolir.
Tenaga angin banyak jumlahnya, tidak terbatas, tersebar luas, bersih, dan mengurangi efek rumah kaca.
Di Indonesia, pembangkit listrik yang memanfaatkan tenaga angin disebut dengan '''pembangkit listrik tenaga bayu''' .[1]
Ekonomi
[sunting | sunting sumber]Pada tahun-tahun belakangan ini, biaya tenaga listrik dihasilkan-angin telah turun banyak, dan kini lebih rendah dari biaya listrik dihasilkan-bahan bakar. Sejak 2004, tenaga angin telah menjadi bentuk penghasilan tenaga baru yang paling murah.[2]
Penggunaan
[sunting | sunting sumber]Skala besar
[sunting | sunting sumber]| Kapasitas tenaga angin yang terpasang (akhir tahun)[3] | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Kapasitas (MW) | |||
| Urutan | Negara | 2005 | 2004 |
| 01 | Jerman | 18.428 | 16.629 |
| 02 | Spanyol | 10.027 | 8.263 |
| 03 | AS | 9.149 | 6.725 |
| 04 | India | 4.430 | 3.000 |
| 05 | Denmark | 3.128 | 3.124 |
| 06 | Italia | 1.717 | 1.265 |
| 07 | Britania Raya | 1.353 | 888 |
| 08 | China | 1.260 | 764 |
| 09 | Belanda | 1.219 | 1,078 |
| 10 | Jepang | 1.040 | 896 |
| 11 | Portugal | 1.022 | 522 |
| 12 | Austria | 819 | 606 |
| 13 | Prancis | 757 | 386 |
| 14 | Kanada | 683 | 444 |
| 15 | Yunani | 573 | 473 |
| 16 | Australia | 572 | 379 |
| 17 | Swedia | 510 | 452 |
| 18 | Irlandia | 496 | 339 |
| 19 | Norwegia | 270 | 270 |
| 20 | Selandia Baru | 168 | 168 |
| 21 | Belgia | 167 | 95 |
| 22 | Mesir | 145 | 145 |
| 23 | Korea Selatan | 119 | 23 |
| 24 | Taiwan | 103 | 13 |
| 25 | Finlandia | 82 | 82 |
| 26 | Polandia | 73 | 63 |
| 27 | Ukraina | 73 | 69 |
| 28 | Kosta Rika | 70 | 70 |
| 29 | Maroko | 64 | 54 |
| 30 | Luxemburg | 35 | 35 |
| 31 | Iran | 32 | 25 |
| 32 | Estonia | 30 | 3 |
| 33 | Filipina | 29 | 29 |
| 34 | Brasil | 29 | 24 |
| 35 | Republik Ceko | 28 | 17 |
| Total dunia | 58.982 | 47.671 | |
Ada ribuan turbin angin yang beroperasi, dengan kapasitas total 58.982 MW yang 69% berada di Eropa (2005). Dia merupakan cara alternatif penghasilan listrik yang paling tumbuh cepat dan menyediakan tambahan yang berharga bagi stasiun tenaga berskala besar yang berbeban besar. Penghasilan kapasitas listrik diproduksi-angin berlipat empat antara 1999 dan 2005. 90% dari instalasi tenaga angin berada di AS dan Eropa. Pada 2010, Asosiasi Tenaga Angin Dunia mengharapkan 120.000 MW akan terpasang di dunia.
Jerman, Spanyol, Amerika Serikat, India dan Denmark telah membuat invesatasi terbesar dalam penghasilan listrik dari angin. Denmark terkenal dalam pemroduksian dan penggunaan turbin angin, dengan sebuah komitmen yang dibuat pada 1970-an untuk menghasilkan setengah dari tenaga negara tersebut dengan angin. Denmark menghasil lebih dari 20% listriknya dengan turbin angin, persentase terbesar dan ke-lima terbesar dari penghasilan tenaga angin. Denmark dan Jerman merupakan eksportir terbesar dari turbin besar.
Penggunaan tenaga angin hanya 1% dari total produksi listrik dunia (2005). Jerman merupakan produsen terbesar tenaga angin dengan 32% dari total kapasitas dunia pada 2005; targetnya pada 2010, energi terbarui akan memenuhi 12,5% kebutuhan listrik Jerman. Jerman memiliki 16.000 turbin angin, kebanyakan terletak di utara negara tersebut - termasuk tiga terbesar dunia, dibuat oleh perusahaan Enercon (4,5 MW), Multibrid (5 MW) dan Repower (5 MW). Provinsi Schleswig-Holstein Jerman menghasilkan 25% listriknya dari turbin angin.
Saat ini, London Array adalah ladang angin lepas pantai terbesar di dunia dengan kapasitas mencapai 1000 MW,[4] diresmikan oleh perdana menteri Inggris David Cameron pada tanggal 4 Juli 2013[5]
Lihat pula
[sunting | sunting sumber]Referensi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ "Salinan arsip". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2015-12-22. Diakses tanggal 2015-12-17.
- ^ Lantz, Eric; Hand, M. Maureen; Wiser, Ryan (2012-08-01). "Past and Future Cost of Wind Energy: Preprint" (dalam bahasa English).
- ^ "Situs web World Wind Energy Association (WWEA)". Diakses tanggal 2006-04-21.
- ^ London Array Official Website
- ^ London Array, World's Largest Offshore Wind Farm Inaugurated. gulfnews.com
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