Bencana kelaparan: Perbedaan antara revisi

Jelajahi riwayat secara interaktif

← Revisi sebelumnya Revisi selanjutnya →

Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan

VisualTeks wiki

Sebaris

@@ Baris 1: / Baris 1: @@
 {{multiple image|perrow = 2|total_width=300
-| image1 = Polytron.png|width1=471|height1=650
+| image1 = Girl affected by famine in Buguruslan, Russia - 1921.jpg|width1=471|height1=650
-| image2 = OT Logo.png|width2=752|height2=995
+| image2 = Ondervoed kindje hongerwinter.jpg|width2=752|height2=995
-| image3 = Telkom Flexi.svg|width3=763|height3=571
+| image3 = Bengal famine 1943 photo.jpg|width3=763|height3=571
-| image4 = Flexi.svg|width4=466|height4=666
+| image4 = 1968 5Nigeria CDC.png|width4=466|height4=666
 | footer = Dari atas-kiri ke bawah-kanan: korban anak-anak kelaparan di [[bencana kelaparan Rusia 1921–22|Rusia (1921-22)]], [[bencana kelaparan Belanda 1944–45|Belanda (1944-45)]], [[bencana kelaparan Bengal 1943|India (1943-44)]], dan [[Perang Saudara Nigeria|Nigeria (1967-70)]]
 }}
-'''Bencana kelaparan''' adalah sebuah bencana besar yang dikarenakan kurangnya bahan pangan di suatu wilayah. Efeknya tersebar luas, dan kerusakan yang disebabkan oleh bencana kelaparan bisa bertahan selama berbulan-bulan, bahkan bertahun-tahun. Sering kali kelaparan juga disebabkan oleh bencana alam lain, seperti gempa atau tsunami yang menghancurkan seluruh wilayah, dan menyebabkan eksodus massal. Kematian karena kelaparan dan kekurangan gizi sangat menyakitkan, dan sering terjadi pada balita maupun lansia.
+'''Bencana kelaparan''' atau '''paceklik''' ({{lang-en|famine}}) adalah sebuah bencana besar yang dikarenakan kurangnya bahan pangan di suatu wilayah. Efeknya tersebar luas, dan kerusakan yang disebabkan oleh bencana [[kelaparan]] bisa bertahan selama berbulan-bulan, bahkan bertahun-tahun. Sering kali kelaparan juga disebabkan oleh [[bencana alam]] lain, seperti [[Gempa bumi|gempa]] atau [[tsunami]] yang menghancurkan seluruh wilayah, dan menyebabkan eksodus massal. Kematian karena kelaparan dan [[kekurangan gizi]] sangat menyakitkan, dan sering terjadi pada [[balita]] maupun lansia.
 == Definisi ==
-Menurut kriteria kemanusiaan [[Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]], bahkan jika ada kekurangan pangan dengan sejumlah besar orang yang kekurangan gizi, kelaparan dinyatakan hanya jika tindakan tertentu mengenai angka kematian, malnutrisi dan kelaparan terpenuhi. Kriterianya sebagai berikut:
+Menurut kriteria kemanusiaan [[Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]], bahkan jika ada kekurangan pangan dengan sejumlah besar orang yang kekurangan gizi, kelaparan dinyatakan hanya jika tindakan tertentu mengenai angka kematian, [[malnutrisi]] dan kelaparan terpenuhi. Kriterianya sebagai berikut:
 * Sedikitnya 20% rumah tangga di daerah itu menghadapi kekurangan makanan ekstrim dengan kemampuan terbatas untuk mengatasinya
 * Prevalensi malnutrisi akut pada anak-anak melebihi 30%
 * Angka kematian melebihi dua orang per 10.000 orang per hari
-Pernyataan kelaparan tersebut tidak membawa kewajiban yang mengikat pada PBB atau negara-negara anggota, namun berfungsi untuk memusatkan perhatian global pada masalah tersebut.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-39025927|title=South Sudan declares famine in Unity State|date=20 February 2017|accessdate=20 February 2017|publisher=BBC News}}</ref>
+Pernyataan kelaparan tersebut tidak membawa kewajiban yang mengikat pada [[Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa|PBB]] atau negara-negara anggota, namun berfungsi untuk memusatkan perhatian global pada masalah tersebut.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-39025927|title=South Sudan declares famine in Unity State|date=20 February 2017|accessdate=20 February 2017|publisher=BBC News}}</ref>
-== Lihat pula ==
+== Lihat juga ==
+* [[Kabupaten Yahukimo#Sejarah|Kabupaten Yahukimo, Papua]]
-* [[:en:List_of_famines|Daftar bencana kelaparan]]
+* [[Kelaparan]]
+* [[Organisasi Pangan dan Pertanian|Organisasi Pangan dan Pertanian (FAO)]]
+* {{En}} [[w:en:List of famines|Daftar bencana kelaparan]]
 == Sumber dan bacaan tambahan ==
@@ Baris 55: / Baris 58: @@
 * Harrison, G. Ainsworth.,''Famine'', Oxford University Press, 1988.
 * LeBlanc, Steven, ''Constant battles: the myth of the peaceful, noble savage'', St. Martin's Press (2003) argues that recurring famines have been the major cause of warfare since [[paleolithic]] times. ISBN 0-312-31089-7
-* Lassa, Jonatan., "Famine, drought, malnutrition: Defining and fighting hunger." http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2006/07/03/famine-drought-malnutrition-defining-and-fighting-hunger.html. 3 July 2006.
+* Lassa, Jonatan., "Famine, drought, malnutrition: Defining and fighting hunger." http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2006/07/03/famine-drought-malnutrition-defining-and-fighting-hunger.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216132415/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2006/07/03/famine-drought-malnutrition-defining-and-fighting-hunger.html |date=2009-02-16 }}. 3 July 2006.
 * Middlebrook, Peter, [http://www.amazon.com/dp/3838306724 When the Public Works: Generating Employment and Social Protection in Ethiopia], [[Lambert Academic Publishing]]. 2009. ISBN 978-3-8383-0672-8
 * Li, Lillian M. ''Fighting Famine in North China: State, Market, and Environmental Decline, 1690s-1990s'' (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press), 2007 ISBN 978-0-8047-5304-3.
@@ Baris 81: / Baris 84: @@
 |postscript = <!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}
 }}
-* Moon, William. "Origins of the Great North Korean Famine." North Korean Review [http://mcfarland.metapress.com/app/home/contribution.asp?referrer=parent&backto=issue,8,10;journal,2,9;linkingpublicationresults,1:120199,1]
+* Moon, William. "Origins of the Great North Korean Famine." North Korean Review [http://mcfarland.metapress.com/app/home/contribution.asp?referrer=parent&backto=issue,8,10;journal,2,9;linkingpublicationresults,1:120199,1] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120712070718/http://mcfarland.metapress.com/app/home/contribution.asp?referrer=parent&backto=issue,8,10;journal,2,9;linkingpublicationresults,1:120199,1 |date=2012-07-12 }}
 * [[Amartya Sen|Sen, Amartya]], ''Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlements and Deprivation'', Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1982 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=85190755 via Questia] [http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/public/content/economicsfinance/9780198284635/toc.html via Oxford Press]
-* {{cite journal | doi = 10.1146/annurev.an.19.100190.002033 | last1 = Shipton | first1 = Parker | year = 1990| title = African Famines and Food Security: Anthropological Perspectives | url = http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.an.19.100190.002033 | journal = Annual Review of Anthropology | volume = 19 | issue = | pages = 353–394 }}
+* {{cite journal | doi = 10.1146/annurev.an.19.100190.002033 | last1 = Shipton | first1 = Parker | year = 1990 | title = African Famines and Food Security: Anthropological Perspectives | url = http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.an.19.100190.002033 | journal = Annual Review of Anthropology | volume = 19 | issue =  | pages = 353–394 }}{{Pranala mati|date=November 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
 * Srivastava, H.C., The History of Indian Famines from 1858–1918, Sri Ram Mehra and Co., Agra, 1968.
 * Sommerville, Keith. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/2449527.stm Why famine stalks Africa], BBC, 2001
@@ Baris 104: / Baris 107: @@
 * {{PDFlink|[http://www.reliefweb.int/library/documents/2005/wb-eth-28feb.pdf Fighting Hunger and poverty in Ethiopia (Geopolicity)]|1.48&nbsp;[[Mebibyte|MiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 1558625 bytes -->}} ([[Peter Middlebrook]])
 * [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/31/world/africa/31soil.html?ex=1301461200&en=a95f9eb19c751f1f&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss Overfarming African Land Is Worsening Hunger Crisis - New York Times]
-* [http://foodsecurity.developmentgateway.org/Content-item-view.10976+M5ce7bbfcaeb.0.html Food Security: A Review of Literature from Ethiopia to India (Geopolicity)] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20081222003226/http://foodsecurity.developmentgateway.org/Content-item-view.10976+M5ce7bbfcaeb.0.html |date=2008-12-22 }}
+* [http://foodsecurity.developmentgateway.org/Content-item-view.10976+M5ce7bbfcaeb.0.html Food Security: A Review of Literature from Ethiopia to India (Geopolicity)] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20081222003226/http://foodsecurity.developmentgateway.org/Content-item-view.10976+M5ce7bbfcaeb.0.html |date=2008-12-22 }}
 * [http://www.asil.org/ajil/marcus.pdf Famine Crimes in International Law] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080817165709/http://www.asil.org/ajil/marcus.pdf |date=2008-08-17 }}. David Marcus, [[The American Journal of International Law]], 2003.
-* [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,989405,00.html The Real Causes of Famine - Time Magazine]
+* [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,989405,00.html The Real Causes of Famine - Time Magazine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912154033/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,989405,00.html |date=2012-09-12 }}
 [[Kategori:Bencana kelaparan| ]]