Al-Qaeda: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
k r2.7.2) (bot Mengubah: th:อัลกออิดะฮ์ |
Tidak ada ringkasan suntingan Tag: Suntingan perangkat seluler Suntingan peramban seluler |
||
(157 revisi perantara oleh 92 pengguna tidak ditampilkan) | |||
Baris 1: | Baris 1: | ||
{{Infobox |
{{Infobox War Faction |
||
|name = Al- |
|name = Al-Qa'idah<br />القاعدة |
||
|war = [[Perang melawan terorisme|Perang Dunia atas Konflik proksi Iran–Arab Saudi Konflik proksi Israel–Iran Terorisme]], [[Perang Afganistan]], [[Perang Irak]], dan [[Musim Semi Arab]] |
|||
|logo = Flag_of_al-Qaeda_in_Iraq.svg<!-- I'm concerned that this alleged flag of Al-Qaeda is not the global Al-Qaeda flag. After all, the file name of this flag is "Flag of al-Qaeda in Iraq". I have found a website which gives a different design for the Al-Qaeda flag: http://www.tridentmilitary.com/islamic.html It is the top flag, apparently. --> |
|||
|image = [[Berkas:Flag of al-Qaeda.svg|200px|tepi]]<br />[[Hadits bendera hitam|Bendera hitam]] yang digunakan oleh berbagai faksi al-Qaeda |
|||
|caption = Bendera Al-Qaeda di Irak (dengan [[Shahada]]) |
|||
|caption = |
|||
|leader = [[Ayman al-Zawahiri]] |
|||
|leaders = [[Osama bin Laden]] (1988–2011)<br/>[[Ayman al-Zawahiri]] (2011–2022) |
|||
|dates = 1988–sekarang | |
|||
|clans = |
|||
|area = [[Dunia|Global]] |
|||
<ref name=Moghadam>{{cite book|last=Moghadam|first=Assaf|title=The Globalization of Martyrdom: Al Qaeda, and the Diffusion of Suicide Attacks|url=https://archive.org/details/globalizationofm0000mogh|year=2008|publisher=Johns Hopkins University|isbn=978-0-8018-9055-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/globalizationofm0000mogh/page/n48 48]}}</ref><ref name="livsey2005">{{cite web|title=Special Reports&nbs; Al Qaeda's New Front|url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/front/special/sala.html|last=Livesey|first=Bruce|work=PBS Frontline|publisher=WGBH educational foundation|date=January 25, 2005|accessdate=October 18, 2011 }}</ref><ref name="Geltzer 2011">{{cite book|last1=Geltzer|first1=Joshua A.|title=US Counter-Terrorism Strategy and al-Qaeda: Signalling and the Terrorist World-View|url=https://archive.org/details/uscounterterrori0000gelt|date=2011|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0415664523|page=[https://archive.org/details/uscounterterrori0000gelt/page/83 83]|edition=Reprint}}</ref><br />[[Qutbisme]]<ref>Wright, ''Looming Tower'', 2006, p. 79</ref><br />[[Pan Islamisme]]<ref name="spiegel1">{{cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,369448,00.html |title=The Future of Terrorism: What al-Qaida Really Wants |work=Der Spiegel |date=September 11, 2001 |accessdate=October 18, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307084609/http://www.spiegel.de/international/0%2C1518%2C369448%2C00.html |archivedate=March 7, 2012 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://my.telegraph.co.uk/riteman/riteway/16309030/al-qaeda-seeks-global-dominance/|title=Al-Qaeda seeks global dominance|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112142751/http://my.telegraph.co.uk/riteman/riteway/16309030/al-qaeda-seeks-global-dominance/|archivedate=January 12, 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112142751/http://my.telegraph.co.uk/riteman/riteway/16309030/al-qaeda-seeks-global-dominance/ |date=2012-01-12 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thepolitic.com/archives/2005/07/27/jihadists-want-global-caliphate/|title=Jihadists Want Global Caliphate|publisher=ThePolitic.com|date=July 27, 2005|accessdate=October 18, 2011|archive-date=2011-09-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930020925/http://www.thepolitic.com/archives/2005/07/27/jihadists-want-global-caliphate/|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Pike, John|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/al-qaida.htm|title=Al-Qaida|publisher=Globalsecurity.org|accessdate=October 18, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/mar/21/alqaida.terrorism|location=London|work=The Guardian |first=Jason|last=Burke|title=What exactly does al-Qaeda want?|date=March 21, 2004}}</ref> |
|||
|ideology = [[Islam]] <br /> [[Fundamental Islam]] <br /> [[Sunni]] [[Islam]]<ref>{{Harvnb|Atwan|2006|p=40}}.</ref> <br /> [[Pan-Islamism]]<br /> [[Jihad salafi|Salafism]] <br /> [[Wahabism]] <br /> [[Qutbism]] |
|||
|active = 1988–Sekarang |
|||
|allies = Taliban, Hamid |
|||
|headquarters = |
|||
|opponents = (terorist) Amerika Serikat, Israel, PBB, Britania Raya, Tentara Afganistan, Tentara Irak, Koalisi tentara, Kanada, NATO, Uni Eropa, ASEAN, Uni Afrika, etc. |
|||
|area = Seluruh dunia (mayoritas di [[Timur Tengah]]) |
|||
|status = Termasuk dalam Organisasi Teroris Asing (Amerika Serikat)]<ref name=USTerrorList>{{cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/fs/2002/12535.htm|title=Foreign Terrorist Organizations List|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|accessdate=2007-08-03}} – [[U.S. State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations|USSD Foreign Terrorist Organization]]</ref><br />Termasuk dalam Grup Proskibasi Inggris (bedasarkan hukum terroris Inggris) <ref name=UKTerrorList>{{cite web|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2000/20000011.htm|title=Terrorism Act 2000|publisher=[[Home Office]]|accessdate=2007-08-14}} – [[Terrorism Act 2000]]</ref><br />Termasuk sebagai kelompok terroris oleh Kebijakan Luar-negeri dan Keamanan Uni Eropa<ref name=EUTerrorList>{{cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/45394.htm|title=Council Decision|publisher=[[Council of the European Union]]|accessdate=2007-08-14}}</ref> |
|||
|strength = '''Di Afganistan''' – 50–100<ref>Roggio, Bill. [http://www.longwarjournal.org/threat-matrix/archives/2011/04/how_many_al_qaeda_operatives_a.php "How many al Qaeda operatives are now left in Afghanistan?"]. ''Threat Matrix''. Retrieved August 4, 2013 |
|||
</ref><br> '''Di Irak''' - 2,500<ref>http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2012/10/09/al-qaeda-iraq/1623297/</ref> <br>'''In the Maghreb''' – 300–800{{citation needed|date=June 2014}}<br>'''Di Asia Selatan''' – 300<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/01/world/asia/01qaeda.html?_r=0|work=The New York Times|first1=David E.|last1=Sanger|first2=Mark|last2=Mazzetti|title=New Estimate of Strength of Al Qaeda Is Offered|date=June 30, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/news/al-qaeda-finds-base-in-india-modi-is-on-its-radar|title=Al Qaeda finds base in India, Modi is on its radar|work=The Sunday Guardian|date=29 March 2014|accessdate=5 June 2014|archive-date=2014-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606222723/http://www.sunday-guardian.com/news/al-qaeda-finds-base-in-india-modi-is-on-its-radar|dead-url=yes}}</ref><br>'''Di Suriah''' – 7,000 - 20,000<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/01/09/us-syria-crisis-rebels-factbox-idUSBREA080SW20140109|title=Factbox: Syria's rebel groups|date=2014-01-09|accessdate=2014-05-12|archive-date=2015-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019095115/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/01/09/us-syria-crisis-rebels-factbox-idUSBREA080SW20140109|dead-url=yes}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019095115/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/01/09/us-syria-crisis-rebels-factbox-idUSBREA080SW20140109 |date=2015-10-19 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=al-Qaeda leader in Syria speaks to al-Jazeera|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/12/al-qaeda-leader-syria-speaks-al-jazeera-20131218155917935989.html|work=al-Jazeera|accessdate=4 May 2014}}</ref><br> '''Di Yaman''' – 500–600<ref>Boniface, Pascal. (September 6, 2010).[http://pascalbonifaceaffairesstrategiques.blogs.nouvelobs.com/archive/2010/09/16/al-qaida-de-l-afghanistan-au-yemen.html Al-Qaïda : de l’Afghanistan au Yémen ?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312231303/http://pascalbonifaceaffairesstrategiques.blogs.nouvelobs.com/archive/2010/09/16/al-qaida-de-l-afghanistan-au-yemen.html |date=2012-03-12 }}. ''Le nouvel Observateur''. Retrieved August 4, 2013</ref> |
|||
|previous = |
|||
|allies = {{unbulleted list |
|||
|title = |
|||
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Taliban.svg|size=23px}} [[Taliban]] |
|||
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg|size=23px}} [[Gerakan Islam Uzbekistan]] |
|||
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg|size=23px}} [[Gerakan Islam Turkestan Timur]] |
|||
|{{flagicon image|ShababFlag.svg|size=23px}} [[Al-Shabaab (grup militan)|Al-Shabaab]] |
|||
|{{noflag|[[Jundallah (Pakistan)|Jundallah]]}} |
|||
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Lashkar-e-Taiba.svg|size=23px}} [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] |
|||
|{{flagicon image|Jaishi-e-Mohammed.svg|size=23px}} [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] |
|||
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg|size=23px}} [[Jemaah Islamiyah]] |
|||
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg|size=23px}} [[Boko Haram]] |
|||
|[[Abu Sayyaf]] |
|||
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Caucasian Emirate.svg|size=23px}} [[Emirat Kaukasia]] |
|||
<ref>{{cite web|last=Khalaf|first=Rhoula|title=How Qatar seized control of the Syrian revolution|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/f2d9bbc8-bdbc-11e2-890a-00144feab7de.html#axzz2klonIM7Q|work=FT Magazine|accessdate=February 5, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Thompson|first=Mark|title=Africa - Is Qatar fuelling the crisis in north Mali?|url=http://www.france24.com/en/20130121-qatar-mali-france-ansar-dine-mnla-al-qaeda-sunni-islam-doha/|work=France 24|accessdate=29 April 2014}}</ref> |
|||
}} |
}} |
||
|opponents= {{flag|Amerika Serikat|size=23px}}<br/>{{flagcountry|Pakistan|size=23px}}<br/>{{flagicon|NATO}} [[Pakta Pertahanan Atlantik Utara]]<br>{{nowrap|{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_International_Security_Assistance_Force.svg|size=23px}} [[Pasukan Bantuan Keamanan Internasional]]}}<br>{{flagicon|Qatar}} [[Qatar]]<br/>{{flagcountry|Iraq}}<br>{{flagcountry|Syria}}<br/>{{flagcountry|Iran}}<br/>{{flagcountry|Afghanistan|size=23px}}<br/>{{flagcountry|Turkey|size=23px}}<br/>{{flagcountry|Yemen|size=23px}}<br/>{{flagcountry|Indonesia|size=23px}}<br/>{{flagcountry|Egypt|size=23px}}<br/>{{flagcountry|Algeria|size=23px}}<br>{{Flagicon image|InfoboxHez.PNG}} [[Hizbullah (Lebanon)|Hizbullah]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Mortada|first=Radwan|title=Hezbollah fighters and the "jihadis:" Mad, drugged, homicidal, and hungry|url=http://english.al-akhbar.com/content/hezbollah-fighters-and-jihadis-mad-drugged-homicidal-and-hungry|work=al-Akhbar English|date=19 May 2014|accessdate=9 June 2014|archive-date=2014-07-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707040428/http://english.al-akhbar.com/content/hezbollah-fighters-and-jihadis-mad-drugged-homicidal-and-hungry|dead-url=yes}}</ref>{{br}}{{flagdeco|ISIS}} [[Negara Islam Irak dan Syam]] |
|||
|{{flagicon image|ShababFlag.svg|size=23px}} [[Negara Islam Irak dan Syam]](Sejak 2014) |
|||
}} |
|||
'''Al-Qaeda''' ({{pron-en|ælˈkaɪdə}} atau {{IPA-en|ælˈkeɪdə|}}; {{lang-ar|القاعدة|translit=al-qāʿidah|lit=kaidah, fondasi atau dasar}}) adalah suatu [[organisasi]] [[paramiliter]] jihad yang salah satu tujuan utamanya adalah mengurangi pengaruh luar terhadap kepentingan Islam. Al-Qaeda ini adalah organisasi teroris internasional oleh [[Amerika Serikat]], [[Israel]], [[Palestina]], [[PBB]], [[Uni Eropa]], [[Britania Raya]], [[Kanada]], [[Uni Emirat Arab]], [[Jepang]], [[Korea Selatan]], [[India]], [[Australia]], [[Arab Saudi]], [[Rusia]], [[Tiongkok]], [[Indonesia]], dan beberapa negara lain. |
|||
[[Al Qaeda]] didirikan dan dibentuk oleh [[Usamah bin Ladin|Osama Bin Laden]] , [[Abdullah Azzam]], dan beberapa sukarelawan Arab lainnya dengan tujuan menggalang kekuata. |
|||
'''Al-Qaeda''' ({{pron-en|ælˈkaɪdə}} atau {{IPA-en|ælˈkeɪdə|}}; {{lang-ar|القاعدة}}, ''al-qāʿidah'',, transliterasi Indonesia: ''Al Qa'idah''(Akidah), "fondasi" atau "dasar") adalah suatu [[organisasi]] [[paramiliter]] [[fundamentalisme agama|fundamentalis]] [[Islam]] [[Sunni]] yang salah satu tujuan utamanya adalah mengurangi pengaruh luar terhadap kepentingan Islam. Al-Qaeda digolongkan sebagai organisasi [[teroris]] [[internasional]] oleh [[Amerika Serikat]], [[Uni Eropa]], [[PBB]], [[Britania Raya]], [[Kanada]], [[Australia]], dan beberapa negara lain. Walaupun secara [[filosofis]] anggotanya bersifat [[heterogen]], sebagian besar anggota berpengaruh dari organisasi ini dianggap mengikuti [[Salaf|manhaj Salafi]]. |
|||
== Referensi == |
== Referensi == |
||
{{Wikinews category|al-Qaeda}} |
|||
{{Wikiquote|al-Qaeda}} |
|||
{{Commons category|al-Qaedah}} |
|||
{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
||
Baris 20: | Baris 44: | ||
* [[Osama bin Laden]] |
* [[Osama bin Laden]] |
||
== Bacaan lanjutan == |
|||
{{islam-stub}} |
|||
;Bibliography |
|||
{{Refbegin|colwidth=20em}} |
|||
* {{Cite book |
|||
|last = Atran |
|||
|first = Scott |
|||
|authorlink = Scott Atran |
|||
|title = Talking to the Enemy: Faith, Brotherhood, and the (un)making of Terrorists |
|||
|url = https://archive.org/details/talkingtoenemyfa0000atra |
|||
|publisher = Ecco Press |
|||
|location = New York |
|||
|isbn = 978-0-06-134490-9 |
|||
|year = 2010 |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{Cite book |
|||
|last = Atwan |
|||
|first = Abdel Bari |
|||
|authorlink = Abdel Bari Atwan |
|||
|title = The Secret History of al Qaeda |
|||
|url = https://archive.org/details/secrethistoryofa0000atwa |
|||
|publisher = University of California Press |
|||
|year = 2006 |
|||
|location = Berkeley, CA |
|||
|isbn = 978-0-520-24974-5 |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{Cite journal |
|||
| last = Basile |
|||
| first = Mark |
|||
| title = Going to the Source: Why Al Qaeda's Financial Network Is Likely to Withstand the Current War on Terrorist Financing |
|||
| journal=[[Studies in Conflict and Terrorism]] |
|||
| volume = 27 |
|||
| issue = 3 |
|||
|date=May 2004 |
|||
| pages = 169–185 |
|||
| doi = 10.1080/10576100490438237 |
|||
| ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{Cite book |
|||
|last = Benjamin |
|||
|first = Daniel |
|||
|authorlink = Daniel Benjamin |
|||
|last2 = Simon |
|||
|first2 = Steven |
|||
|title = The Age of Sacred Terror |
|||
|url = https://archive.org/details/ageofsacredterro00benj |
|||
|publisher = Random House |
|||
|year = 2002 |
|||
|edition = 1st |
|||
|location = New York |
|||
|isbn = 0-375-50859-7 |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{Cite book |
|||
|last = Bergen |
|||
|first = Peter |
|||
|authorlink = Peter Bergen |
|||
|title = Holy War, Inc.: Inside the Secret World of Osama bin Laden |
|||
|url = https://archive.org/details/holywarincinside00berg |
|||
|publisher = Free Press |
|||
|year = 2001 |
|||
|edition = 1st |
|||
|location = New York |
|||
|isbn = 0-7432-3495-2 |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{Cite book |
|||
|last = Bergen |
|||
|first = Peter |
|||
|title = The Osama bin Laden I Know: An Oral History of al Qaeda's Leader |
|||
|url = https://archive.org/details/osamabinladenikn0000berg |
|||
|publisher = Free Press |
|||
|year = 2006 |
|||
|edition = 2nd |
|||
|location = New York |
|||
|isbn = 0-7432-7892-5 |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{Cite news |
|||
|last = Bergen |
|||
|first = Peter |
|||
|last2 = Cruickshank |
|||
|first2 = Paul |
|||
|title = The Unraveling: The jihadist revolt against bin Laden |
|||
|work = [[The New Republic]] |
|||
|volume = 238 |
|||
|issue = 10 |
|||
|date = June 11, 2008 |
|||
|pages = 16–21 |
|||
|url = http://www.tnr.com/article/the-unraveling |
|||
|accessdate = May 4, 2011 |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{Cite book |
|||
|last = Bergen |
|||
|first = Peter |
|||
|title = The Longest War: The Enduring Conflict between America and al-Qaeda |
|||
|url = https://archive.org/details/longestwarenduri0000berg_c1m4 |
|||
|publisher = Free Press |
|||
|location = New York |
|||
|isbn = 978-0-7432-7893-5 |
|||
|year = 2011 |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{Cite book |
|||
|last = Bin Laden |
|||
|first = Osama |
|||
|authorlink = Osama bin Laden |
|||
|editor-last = Lawrence |
|||
|editor-first = Bruce |
|||
|editor-link = Bruce Lawrence |
|||
|title = Messages to the World: The Statements of Osama bin Laden |
|||
|url = https://archive.org/details/messagestoworlds00binl |
|||
|year = 2005 |
|||
|publisher = Verso |
|||
|location = London |
|||
|isbn = 1-84467-045-7 |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{Cite book |
|||
|last = Cassidy |
|||
|first = Robert M. |
|||
|authorlink = Robert Cassidy |
|||
|title = Counterinsurgency and the Global War on Terror: Military Culture and Irregular War |
|||
|url = https://archive.org/details/counterinsurgenc0000cass |
|||
|publisher = Praeger Security International |
|||
|year = 2006 |
|||
|location = Westport, CT |
|||
|isbn = 0-275-98990-9 |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{Cite book |
|||
|last = Coll |
|||
|first = Steve |
|||
|authorlink = Steve Coll |
|||
|title = Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001 |
|||
|url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780141020808 |
|||
|edition = 2nd |
|||
|year = 2005 |
|||
|publisher=Penguin Books|location=New York |
|||
|isbn = 0-14-303466-9 |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{Cite book |
|||
|last = Esposito |
|||
|first = John L. |
|||
|authorlink = John L. Esposito |
|||
|title = Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam |
|||
|url = https://archive.org/details/unholywarterrori0000espo_h9s9 |
|||
|publisher = Oxford University Press |
|||
|year = 2002 |
|||
|location = New York |
|||
|isbn = 0-19-515435-5 |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{Cite book |
|||
|last = Gunaratna |
|||
|first = Rohan |
|||
|authorlink = Rohan Gunaratna |
|||
|title = Inside Al Qaeda |
|||
|publisher=C. Hurst & Co. |
|||
|year = 2002 |
|||
|edition = 1st |
|||
|location = London |
|||
|isbn = 1-85065-671-1 |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{Cite journal |
|||
| last = Hafez |
|||
| first = Mohammed M. |
|||
| authorlink = Mohammed Hafez |
|||
| title = Martyrdom Mythology in Iraq: How Jihadists Frame Suicide Terrorism in Videos and Biographies |
|||
| journal=[[Terrorism and Political Violence]] |
|||
| volume = 19 |
|||
| issue = 1 |
|||
|date = March 2007| pages = 95–115 |
|||
| doi = 10.1080/09546550601054873 |
|||
| ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{Cite book |
|||
|last = Hoffman |
|||
|first = Bruce |
|||
|authorlink = Bruce Hoffman |
|||
|contribution = The Emergence of the New Terrorism |
|||
|editor-last = Tan |
|||
|editor-first = Andrew |
|||
|editor2-last = Ramakrishna |
|||
|editor2-first = Kumar |
|||
|title = The New Terrorism: Anatomy, Trends, and Counter-Strategies |
|||
|url = https://archive.org/details/newterrorismanat0000work |
|||
|pages = [https://archive.org/details/newterrorismanat0000work/page/n41 30]–49 |
|||
|publisher=Eastern Universities Press |
|||
|year = 2002 |
|||
|location = Singapore |
|||
|isbn = 981-210-210-8 |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{Cite book |
|||
|last = Jansen |
|||
|first = Johannes J.G. |
|||
|authorlink = Johannes J.G. Jansen |
|||
|title = The Dual Nature of Islamic Fundamentalism |
|||
|url = https://archive.org/details/dualnatureofisla00jans |
|||
|publisher = Cornell University Press |
|||
|year = 1997 |
|||
|location = Ithaca, NY |
|||
|isbn = 0-8014-3338-X |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{Cite news |
|||
|last = McGeary |
|||
|first = Johanna |
|||
|title = A Traitor's Tale |
|||
|work = TIME |
|||
|volume = 157 |
|||
|issue = 7 |
|||
|date = February 19, 2001 |
|||
|pages = 36–37 |
|||
|url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,999237,00.html |
|||
|accessdate = September 15, 2009 |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
|archive-date = 2009-02-09 |
|||
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090209074154/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,999237,00.html |
|||
|dead-url = yes |
|||
}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090209074154/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,999237,00.html |date=2009-02-09 }} |
|||
* {{Cite book |
|||
|last = Napoleoni |
|||
|first = Loretta |
|||
|authorlink = Loretta Napoleoni |
|||
|title = Modern Jihad: Tracing the Dollars Behind the Terror Networks |
|||
|url = https://archive.org/details/modernjihadtraci0000napo |
|||
|publisher = Pluto Press |
|||
|year = 2003 |
|||
|location = London |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
|isbn = 0-7453-2117-8 |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{Cite book |
|||
|last = Qutb |
|||
|first = Sayyid |
|||
|authorlink = Sayyid Qutb |
|||
|title = [[Ma'alim fi al-Tariq|Milestones]] |
|||
|publisher=Kazi Publications |
|||
|year = 2003 |
|||
|location = Chicago |
|||
|isbn = 0-911119-42-6 |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{Cite book |
|||
|last = Rashid |
|||
|first = Ahmed |
|||
|authorlink = Ahmed Rashid |
|||
|title = Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia |
|||
|url = https://archive.org/details/talibanislamoiln0000rash_x9l1 |
|||
|publisher=Yale University Press |
|||
|year = 2002|origyear=2000 |
|||
|location =New Haven |
|||
|isbn = 1-86064-830-4 |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{Cite book |
|||
|last = Reeve |
|||
|first = Simon |
|||
|authorlink = Simon Reeve (UK television presenter) |
|||
|title = The New Jackals: Ramzi Yousef, Osama Bin Laden and the Future of Terrorism |
|||
|url = https://archive.org/details/newjackalsramziy00reev |
|||
|publisher = Northeastern University Press |
|||
|year = 1999 |
|||
|location = Boston |
|||
|isbn = 1-55553-407-4 |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{Cite book |
|||
|last = Riedel |
|||
|first = Bruce |
|||
|authorlink = Bruce Riedel |
|||
|title = The Search for al Qaeda: Its Leadership, Ideology, and Future |
|||
|url = https://archive.org/details/searchforalqaeda00ried |
|||
|publisher = Brookings Institution Press |
|||
|year = 2008 |
|||
|location = Washington, D.C. |
|||
|isbn = 978-0-8157-7414-3 |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{Cite book |
|||
|last = Sageman |
|||
|first = Marc |
|||
|authorlink = Marc Sageman |
|||
|title = Understanding Terror Networks |
|||
|url = https://archive.org/details/understandingter00sage |
|||
|publisher = University of Pennsylvania Press |
|||
|year = 2004 |
|||
|location = Philadelphia |
|||
|isbn = 0-8122-3808-7 |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{Cite book |
|||
|last = Trofimov |
|||
|first = Yaroslav |
|||
|authorlink = Yaroslav Trofimov |
|||
|title = Faith At War: A Journey On the Frontlines of Islam, From Baghdad to Timbuktu |
|||
|url = https://archive.org/details/faithatwarjourne0000trof |
|||
|publisher = Picador |
|||
|year = 2006 |
|||
|location = New York |
|||
|isbn = 978-0-8050-7754-4 |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{Cite book |
|||
|last = Wechsler |
|||
|first = William F. |
|||
|contribution = Strangling The Hydra: Targeting Al Qaeda's Finances |
|||
|editor-last = Hoge |
|||
|editor-first = James |
|||
|editor-link = James F. Hoge, Jr. |
|||
|editor2-last = Rose |
|||
|editor2-first = Gideon |
|||
|editor2-link = Gideon Rose |
|||
|title = How Did This Happen? Terrorism and the New War |
|||
|url = https://archive.org/details/howdidthishappen00hoge |
|||
|publisher = PublicAffairs |
|||
|year = 2001 |
|||
|location = New York |
|||
|pages = [https://archive.org/details/howdidthishappen00hoge/page/129 129]–143 |
|||
|isbn = 1-58648-130-4 |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{Cite book |
|||
|last = Wright |
|||
|first = Lawrence |
|||
|authorlink = Lawrence Wright |
|||
|title = The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11 |
|||
|url = https://archive.org/details/loomingtoweralqa00wrig |
|||
|publisher = Knopf |
|||
|year = 2006 |
|||
|location = New York |
|||
|isbn = 0-375-41486-X |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{Cite news |
|||
|last = Wright |
|||
|first = Lawrence |
|||
|title = The Rebellion Within |
|||
|work = The New Yorker |
|||
|volume = 84 |
|||
|issue = 16 |
|||
|date = June 2, 2008 |
|||
|pages = 36–53 |
|||
|url = http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/06/02/080602fa_fact_wright?currentPage=all |
|||
|accessdate = September 15, 2009 |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
{{Refend}} |
|||
;Reviews |
|||
{{Refbegin}} |
|||
* {{Cite journal |
|||
| last = Akacem |
|||
| first = Mohammed |
|||
| title = Review: Modern Jihad: Tracing the Dollars behind the Terror Networks |
|||
| url = https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-middle-east-studies_2005-08_37_3/page/444 |
|||
| journal=[[International Journal of Middle East Studies]] |
|||
| volume = 37 |
|||
| issue = 3 |
|||
|date = August 2005| pages = 444–445 |
|||
| doi = 10.1017/S0020743805362143 |
|||
| ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{Cite journal |
|||
| last = Bale |
|||
| first = Jeffrey M. |
|||
| title = Deciphering Islamism and Terrorism |
|||
| journal=[[Middle East Journal]] |
|||
| volume = 60 |
|||
| issue = 4 |
|||
|date = October 2006| pages = 777–788 |
|||
| ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
{{Refend}} |
|||
;Government reports |
|||
{{Refbegin|colwidth=30em}} |
|||
* {{cite web |
|||
| last = Kronstadt |
|||
| first = K. Allen |
|||
| last2 = Katzman |
|||
| first2 = Kenneth |
|||
| title = Islamist Militancy in the Pakistan-Afghanistan Border Region and U.S. Policy |
|||
| publisher = [[Congressional Research Service|U.S. Congressional Research Service]] |
|||
| date = November 2008 |
|||
| url = http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/113202.pdf |
|||
| format = PDF |
|||
| ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite web |
|||
| author = Subcommittee on Terrorism, Nonproliferation, and Trade of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives |
|||
| title = Global Al-Qaeda: Affiliates, Objectives, and Future Challenges |
|||
| publisher = [[United States Government Printing Office]] |
|||
| date = July 18, 2013 |
|||
| url = http://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo41268 |
|||
| archiveurl = http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-113hhrg81977/pdf/CHRG-113hhrg81977.pdf |
|||
| archivedate = November 22, 2013 |
|||
| ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite web |
|||
| author = White House |
|||
| title = Progress Report on the Global War on Terrorism |
|||
| publisher = [[United States Department of State]] |
|||
| date = September 2003 |
|||
| url = http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/rpt/24087.htm |
|||
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20030922090723/http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/rpt/24087.htm |
|||
| archivedate = 2003-09-22 |
|||
| ref = harv |
|||
| access-date = 2014-01-18 |
|||
| dead-url = no |
|||
}} |
|||
{{Refend}} |
|||
== Pranala luar == |
|||
{{Sister project links | wikt=no | commons=Category:al-Qaeda | b=no | n=Category:al-Qaeda | q=al-Qaeda | s=no | v=no | voy=no | species=no | d=no | mw=no | display=no}} |
|||
* U.S. Dept. of Justice, {{Wayback|date=20050331091340 |url=http://www.usdoj.gov/ag/trainingmanual.htm |title=Al Qaeda Training Manual }} |
|||
* [http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1909?_hi=27&_pos=4 Al-Qaeda in Oxford Islamic Studies Online] |
|||
* [http://www.onislam.net/english/news/global/453845-decade-after-911-al-qaeda-in-shambles.html Decade After 9/11, Al-Qaeda in Shambles] |
|||
* [http://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/letters-from-abbottabad-bin-ladin-sidelined 17 de-classified documents captured during the Abbottabad raid and released to the Combating Terrorism Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505212905/http://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/letters-from-abbottabad-bin-ladin-sidelined |date=2012-05-05 }} |
|||
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120505074706/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-501704_162-57427765/bin-laden-documents-at-a-glance/ Bin Laden documents at a glance] |
|||
;Media |
|||
* [[Peter Taylor (journalist)|Peter Taylor]]. (2007). "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/age_of_terror/7306413.stm War on the West]". ''Age of Terror'', No. 4, series 1. BBC. |
|||
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/world/2001/war_on_terror/default.stm Investigating Al-Qaeda], ''[[BBC News]]'' |
|||
* {{Cite video | people = [[Adam Curtis]] |date = 2004 | title = [[The Power of Nightmares]] |publisher=BBC }} |
|||
* [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/front Al Qaeda's New Front] from ''[[PBS Frontline]]'', January 2005 |
|||
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch_popup?v=zUUUS_wRKLo&vq=medium Inside al Qaeda] – video report by ''[[National Geographic Channel|National Geographic]]'' |
|||
{{Authority control}} |
|||
[[Kategori:Organisasi Islam]] |
|||
[[Kategori:Al-Qaeda| ]] |
[[Kategori:Al-Qaeda| ]] |
||
[[Kategori:Anti-Syiah]] |
|||
[[Kategori:Organisasi Islam]] |
|||
[[an:Al-Qaeda]] |
|||
{{islam-stub}} |
|||
[[ar:القاعدة (منظمة)]] |
|||
[[az:Əl-Qaidə]] |
|||
[[bcl:Al-Qaeda]] |
|||
[[be:Аль-Каіда]] |
|||
[[be-x-old:Аль-Каіда]] |
|||
[[bg:Ал-Каида]] |
|||
[[bn:আল-কায়িদা]] |
|||
[[br:Al-Qaida]] |
|||
[[bs:Al-Kaida]] |
|||
[[ca:Al-Qaida]] |
|||
[[cbk-zam:Al-Qaeda]] |
|||
[[ceb:Al-Qaeda]] |
|||
[[ckb:ئەلقاعیدە]] |
|||
[[cs:Al-Káida]] |
|||
[[cy:Al-Qaeda]] |
|||
[[da:Al-Qaeda]] |
|||
[[de:Al-Qaida]] |
|||
[[el:Αλ Κάιντα]] |
|||
[[en:Al-Qaeda]] |
|||
[[eo:Al-Kaida]] |
|||
[[es:Al Qaeda]] |
|||
[[et:Al-Qā‘idah]] |
|||
[[eu:Al Kaida]] |
|||
[[fa:القاعده]] |
|||
[[fi:Al-Qaida]] |
|||
[[fo:Al-Qaeda]] |
|||
[[fr:Al-Qaida]] |
|||
[[fy:Al Kaida]] |
|||
[[gl:Al Qaida]] |
|||
[[he:אל-קאעידה]] |
|||
[[hi:अल कायदा]] |
|||
[[hr:Al-Kaida]] |
|||
[[hu:Al-Káida]] |
|||
[[ia:Al-Qaeda]] |
|||
[[io:Al-Kaida]] |
|||
[[is:Al-Kaída]] |
|||
[[it:Al-Qaida]] |
|||
[[ja:アルカーイダ]] |
|||
[[ka:ალ-ყაიდა]] |
|||
[[kn:ಅಲ್ ಕೈದಾ]] |
|||
[[ko:알카에다]] |
|||
[[ksh:El-Qaeda]] |
|||
[[ku:El-Qaîde]] |
|||
[[la:Alcaeda]] |
|||
[[lad:Al Qaida]] |
|||
[[lb:Al-Qaida]] |
|||
[[lt:Al-Qaeda]] |
|||
[[lv:Al-Qaeda]] |
|||
[[mk:Ал-Каида]] |
|||
[[ml:അല് ഖാഇദ]] |
|||
[[ms:Al Qaeda]] |
|||
[[my:အယ်လ်ကေးဒါး]] |
|||
[[nds:Al Kaida]] |
|||
[[nl:Al Qaida]] |
|||
[[nn:Al-Qaida]] |
|||
[[no:Al-Qaida]] |
|||
[[pl:Al-Kaida]] |
|||
[[pnb:القاعدہ]] |
|||
[[ps:القاعده]] |
|||
[[pt:Al-Qaeda]] |
|||
[[ro:Al-Qaida]] |
|||
[[ru:Аль-Каида]] |
|||
[[sah:Ал-Каида]] |
|||
[[scn:Al-Qaida]] |
|||
[[sco:Al-Qaeda]] |
|||
[[sh:Al Kaida]] |
|||
[[simple:Al-Qaeda]] |
|||
[[sk:Al-Káida]] |
|||
[[sl:Al Kaida]] |
|||
[[so:Al-Qaacida]] |
|||
[[sr:Ал Каида]] |
|||
[[sv:Al-Qaida]] |
|||
[[sw:Al-Qaeda]] |
|||
[[ta:அல் காயிதா]] |
|||
[[th:อัลกออิดะฮ์]] |
|||
[[tl:Al-Qaeda]] |
|||
[[tr:El Kaide]] |
|||
[[uk:Аль-Каїда]] |
|||
[[ur:القاعدہ]] |
|||
[[uz:Al-Qoida]] |
|||
[[vi:Al-Qaeda]] |
|||
[[wuu:基地 (恐怖组织)]] |
|||
[[yi:אל קיידא]] |
|||
[[yo:Al-Kaida]] |
|||
[[zh:基地組織]] |
|||
[[zh-min-nan:Al-Qaeda]] |
|||
[[zh-yue:阿蓋達]] |