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[[Berkas:Kingdom of Germany 1004.svg|jmpl|300px|ka|Peta Kerajaan Jerman di Kekaisaran Romawi Suci dan Eropa sekitar tahun 1004 setelah [[Kadipaten Bohemia]] bergabung dengan Kekaisaran Romawi Suci.]] |
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'''''Regnum Teutonicum''''' (dapat diterjemahkan menjadi "Kerajaan Teutonik" atau "Kerajaan Jerman"; {{lang-de|Deutsches Reich}}) adalah istilah dalam [[historiografi Jerman]] yang mengacu kepada bekas wilayah timur [[Kekaisaran Karoling]]. Seperti [[Inggris Anglo-Saxon]] dan [[Prancis abad pertengahan]], istilah ini bermula sebagai "gabungan, himpunan sejumlah ''gentes'' [rakyat] dan ''regna'' [kerajaan] yang terpisah dan merdeka."<ref>Gillingham (1991), hlm. 124, menyebutnya sebagai "satuan politik tunggal tak terpisahkan selama abad pertengahan." Ia menggunakan istilah "Jerman abad pertengahan" untuk periode dari abad ke-10 hingga ke-15.. Robinson, "Pope Gregory", hlm. 729.</ref> [[Francia Timur]] (''Ostfrankenreich'') dibentuk oleh [[Perjanjian Verdun]] pada tahun 843 dan dikuasai oleh [[Dinasti Karoling]] hingga tahun 911. Setelah itu, rajanya dipilih oleh para elektor. Elektor-elektor ini pada awalnya merupakan para penguasa [[kadipaten suku]]. Setelah tahun 962, setelah [[Otto I]] dimahkotai sebagai [[Kaisar Romawi Suci]], kerajaan ini menjadi bagian terbesar Kekaisaran Romawi Suci, yang juga mencakup [[Kerajaan Italia (Kekaisaran Romawi Suci)|Kerajaan Italia]] (setelah tahun 951), [[Tanah Mahkota Bohemia|Bohemia]] (setelah tahun 1004) dan [[Kerajaan Arles|Bourgogne]] (setelah tahun 1032). |
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Istilah ''rex teutonicorum'' ("[[Raja Orang-Orang Jerman]]") pertama kali digunakan di arsip umum [[Paus Gregorius VII]] selama [[Kontroversi Penobatan]] (akhir abad ke-11, kemungkinan sebagai alat polemik untuk melawan [[Kaisar Heinrich IV]].<ref>Robinson, "Pope Gregory", hlm. 729.</ref> Pada abad ke-12, dengan tujuan untuk menegaskan karakter kekaisaran dan transnasional jabatan mereka, Kaisar Romawi Suci mulai menggunakan gelar ''rex Romanorum'' ([[Raja Orang-Orang Romawi]]) pada saat dipilih (oleh [[pangeran-elektor]], tujuh uskup Jerman dan bangsawan). Gelar yang terpisah untuk Jerman, Italia dan Bourgogne (masing-masing dengan istana, hukum dan arsip mereka sendiri)<ref>Cristopher Cope, ''Phoenix Frustrated: the lost kingdom of Burgundy'', hlm. 287</ref> secara perlahan tidak lagi digunakan. Seusai diberlakukannya ''[[reformatio imperii]]'' dan keputusan [[Dewan Augsburg]] mengenai agama Protestan, wilayah Jerman di Kekaisaran Romawi Suci dibagi menjadi beberapa ''[[Reichskreise]]'' (lingkar kekaisaran).<ref>Bryce, hlm. 243</ref> |
Istilah ''rex teutonicorum'' ("[[Raja Orang-Orang Jerman]]") pertama kali digunakan di arsip umum [[Paus Gregorius VII]] selama [[Kontroversi Penobatan]] (akhir abad ke-11), kemungkinan sebagai alat polemik untuk melawan [[Kaisar Heinrich IV]].<ref>Robinson, "Pope Gregory", hlm. 729.</ref> Pada abad ke-12, dengan tujuan untuk menegaskan karakter kekaisaran dan transnasional jabatan mereka, Kaisar Romawi Suci mulai menggunakan gelar ''rex Romanorum'' ([[Raja Orang-Orang Romawi]]) pada saat dipilih (oleh [[pangeran-elektor]], tujuh uskup Jerman dan bangsawan). Gelar yang terpisah untuk Jerman, Italia dan Bourgogne (masing-masing dengan istana, hukum dan arsip mereka sendiri)<ref>Cristopher Cope, ''Phoenix Frustrated: the lost kingdom of Burgundy'', hlm. 287</ref> secara perlahan tidak lagi digunakan. Seusai diberlakukannya ''[[reformatio imperii]]'' dan keputusan [[Dewan Augsburg]] mengenai agama Protestan, wilayah Jerman di Kekaisaran Romawi Suci dibagi menjadi beberapa ''[[Reichskreise]]'' (lingkar kekaisaran).<ref>Bryce, hlm. 243</ref> |
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== Catatan kaki == |
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{{reflist}} |
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== Daftar pustaka == |
== Daftar pustaka == |
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{{refbegin}} |
{{refbegin}} |
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*{{cite book |ref=harv |first=Benjamin |last=Arnold |title=German Knighthood, 1050–1300 |location=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1985}} |
* {{cite book |ref=harv |first=Benjamin |last=Arnold |title=German Knighthood, 1050–1300 |url=https://archive.org/details/germanknighthood00arno_0 |location=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1985}} |
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*{{cite book |ref=harv |first=Benjamin |last=Arnold |title=Princes and Territories in Medieval Germany |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1991}} |
* {{cite book |ref=harv |first=Benjamin |last=Arnold |title=Princes and Territories in Medieval Germany |url=https://archive.org/details/princesterritori0000arno |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1991}} |
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*{{cite book |ref=harv |first=Benjamin |last=Arnold |title=Medieval Germany, 500–1300: A Political Interpretation |location=Toronto |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=1997}} |
* {{cite book |ref=harv |first=Benjamin |last=Arnold |title=Medieval Germany, 500–1300: A Political Interpretation |url=https://archive.org/details/medievalgermany50000arno |location=Toronto |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=1997}} |
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*{{cite book |ref=harv |first=Benjamin |last=Arnold |title=Power and Property in Medieval Germany: Economic and Social Change, c. 900–1300 |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2004}} |
* {{cite book |ref=harv |first=Benjamin |last=Arnold |title=Power and Property in Medieval Germany: Economic and Social Change, c. 900–1300 |url=https://archive.org/details/powerpropertyinm0000arno |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2004}} |
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*{{cite encyclopedia |ref=harv |last=Averkorn |first=Raphaela |title=The Process of Nationbuilding in Medieval Germany: A Brief Overview |encyclopedia=Nations and Nationalities in Historical Perspective |publisher=University of Pisa |year=2001 |editor-first1=Gudmunður |editor-last1=Hálfdanarson |editor-first2=Ann Katherine |editor-last2=Isaacs}} |
* {{cite encyclopedia |ref=harv |last=Averkorn |first=Raphaela |title=The Process of Nationbuilding in Medieval Germany: A Brief Overview |encyclopedia=Nations and Nationalities in Historical Perspective |publisher=University of Pisa |year=2001 |editor-first1=Gudmunður |editor-last1=Hálfdanarson |editor-first2=Ann Katherine |editor-last2=Isaacs}} |
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*{{cite book |ref=harv |last=Barraclough |first=Geoffrey |authorlink=Geoffrey Barraclough |title=The Origins of Modern Germany |edition=2nd |location=Oxford |publisher=Basil Blackwell |year=1947}} |
* {{cite book |ref=harv |last=Barraclough |first=Geoffrey |authorlink=Geoffrey Barraclough |title=The Origins of Modern Germany |url=https://archive.org/details/originsofmoderng0000barr |edition=2nd |location=Oxford |publisher=Basil Blackwell |year=1947}} |
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*{{cite book |ref=harv |first=John W. |last=Bernhardt |title=Itinerant Kingship and Royal Monasteries in Early Medieval Germany, c. 936–1075 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1993}} |
* {{cite book |ref=harv |first=John W. |last=Bernhardt |title=Itinerant Kingship and Royal Monasteries in Early Medieval Germany, c. 936–1075 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1993}} |
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*{{cite book |ref=harv |first=F. R. H. |last=Du Boulay |authorlink=F. R. H. Du Boulay |title=Germany in the Later Middle Ages |location=New York |publisher=St Martin's Press |year=1983}} |
* {{cite book |ref=harv |first=F. R. H. |last=Du Boulay |authorlink=F. R. H. Du Boulay |title=Germany in the Later Middle Ages |location=New York |publisher=St Martin's Press |year=1983}} |
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*{{cite book |ref=harv |first=Horst |last=Fuhrmann |title=Germany in the High Middle Ages, c.1050–1200 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1986}} |
* {{cite book |ref=harv |first=Horst |last=Fuhrmann |title=Germany in the High Middle Ages, c.1050–1200 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1986}} |
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*{{cite journal |first=Horst |last=Fuhrmann |title=''Quis Teutonicos constituit iudices nationum''? The Trouble with Henry |journal=[[Speculum (journal)|Speculum]] |volume=69 |issue=2 |year=1994 |pages=344–58 |doi=10.2307/2865086}} |
* {{cite journal |first=Horst |last=Fuhrmann |title=''Quis Teutonicos constituit iudices nationum''? The Trouble with Henry |journal=[[Speculum (journal)|Speculum]] |volume=69 |issue=2 |year=1994 |pages=344–58 |doi=10.2307/2865086}} |
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*{{cite book |ref=harv |first=John G. |last=Gagliardo |title=Reich and Nation: The Holy Roman Empire as Idea and Reality, 1763–1806 |publisher=University of Indiana Press |year=1980}} |
* {{cite book |ref=harv |first=John G. |last=Gagliardo |title=Reich and Nation: The Holy Roman Empire as Idea and Reality, 1763–1806 |publisher=University of Indiana Press |year=1980}} |
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*{{cite book |ref=harv |last=Gillingham |first=John |authorlink=John Gillingham |title=The Kingdom of Germany in the High Middle Ages (900–1200) |series=Historical Association Pamphlets, General Series, No. 77 |location=London |publisher=[[Historical Association]] |year=1971}} |
* {{cite book |ref=harv |last=Gillingham |first=John |authorlink=John Gillingham |title=The Kingdom of Germany in the High Middle Ages (900–1200) |series=Historical Association Pamphlets, General Series, No. 77 |location=London |publisher=[[Historical Association]] |year=1971}} |
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*{{cite journal |ref=harv |last=Gillingham |first=John |title=Elective Kingship and the Unity of Medieval Germany |journal=German History |volume=9 |issue=2 |year=1991 |pages=124–35 |doi=10.1177/026635549100900202}} |
* {{cite journal |ref=harv |last=Gillingham |first=John |title=Elective Kingship and the Unity of Medieval Germany |journal=German History |volume=9 |issue=2 |year=1991 |pages=124–35 |doi=10.1177/026635549100900202}} |
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*{{cite book |ref=harv |first=Karl |last=Hampe |title=Germany under the Salian and Hohenstaufen Emperors |location=Totowa, NJ |publisher=Rowman and Littlefield |year=1973}} |
* {{cite book |ref=harv |first=Karl |last=Hampe |title=Germany under the Salian and Hohenstaufen Emperors |location=Totowa, NJ |publisher=Rowman and Littlefield |year=1973}} |
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*{{cite book |ref=harv |first=Alfred |last=Haverkamp |title=Medieval Germany, 1056–1273 |edition=2nd |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1992}} |
* {{cite book |ref=harv |first=Alfred |last=Haverkamp |title=Medieval Germany, 1056–1273 |edition=2nd |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1992}} |
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*{{cite book |ref=harv |first=Friedrich |last=Heer |title=The Holy Roman Empire |location=New York |publisher=Frederick A. Praeger |year=1968}} |
* {{cite book |ref=harv |first=Friedrich |last=Heer |title=The Holy Roman Empire |url=https://archive.org/details/holyromanempire00heer |location=New York |publisher=Frederick A. Praeger |year=1968}} |
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*{{cite book |ref=harv |last=Leyser |first=Karl J. |title=Rule and Conflict in an Early Medieval Society : Ottonian Saxony |location=London |publisher=Arnold |year=1979}} |
* {{cite book |ref=harv |last=Leyser |first=Karl J. |title=Rule and Conflict in an Early Medieval Society : Ottonian Saxony |location=London |publisher=Arnold |year=1979}} |
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*{{cite book |ref=harv |last=Lyon |first=Jonathan R. |title=Princely Brothers and Sisters: The Sibling Bond in German Politics, 1100–1250 |location=Ithaca |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2013}} |
* {{cite book |ref=harv |last=Lyon |first=Jonathan R. |title=Princely Brothers and Sisters: The Sibling Bond in German Politics, 1100–1250 |url=https://archive.org/details/princelybrothers00lyon |location=Ithaca |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2013}} |
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*{{cite book |ref=harv |last=Mitchell |first=Otis C. |year=1985 |title=Two German Crowns: Monarchy and Empire in Medieval Germany |location=Lima, OH |publisher=Wyndham Hall Press}} |
* {{cite book |ref=harv |last=Mitchell |first=Otis C. |year=1985 |title=Two German Crowns: Monarchy and Empire in Medieval Germany |location=Lima, OH |publisher=Wyndham Hall Press}} |
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*{{cite book |ref=harv |first=Timothy |last=Reuter |authorlink=Timothy Reuter |title=Germany in the Early Middle Ages, c. 800–1056 |location=London |publisher=Longman |year=1991}} |
* {{cite book |ref=harv |first=Timothy |last=Reuter |authorlink=Timothy Reuter |title=Germany in the Early Middle Ages, c. 800–1056 |location=London |publisher=Longman |year=1991}} |
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*{{cite book |ref=harv |last=Reynolds |first=Susan |authorlink=Susan Reynolds |title=Kingdoms and Communities in Western Europe, 900–1300 |edition=2nd |year=1997 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford}} |
* {{cite book |ref=harv |last=Reynolds |first=Susan |authorlink=Susan Reynolds |title=Kingdoms and Communities in Western Europe, 900–1300 |url=https://archive.org/details/kingdomscommunit0000reyn_y6u2 |edition=2nd |year=1997 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford}} |
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*{{cite journal |ref=harv |last=Robinson |first=Ian S. |title=Pope Gregory VII, the Princes and the Pactum, 1077–1080 |journal=[[The English Historical Review]] |volume=94 |issue=373 |year=1979 |pages=721–56 |doi=10.1093/ehr/xciv.ccclxxiii.721}} |
* {{cite journal |ref=harv |last=Robinson |first=Ian S. |title=Pope Gregory VII, the Princes and the Pactum, 1077–1080 |journal=[[The English Historical Review]] |volume=94 |issue=373 |year=1979 |pages=721–56 |doi=10.1093/ehr/xciv.ccclxxiii.721}} |
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*{{cite book |first=Ian S. |last=Robinson |title=Henry IV of Germany |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=New York |year=2000}} |
* {{cite book |first=Ian S. |last=Robinson |title=Henry IV of Germany |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=New York |year=2000}} |
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*{{cite book |ref=harv |last=Thompson |first=James Westfall |authorlink=James Westfall Thompson |title=Feudal Germany |series=2 vols. |location=New York |publisher=Frederick Ungar Publishing |year=1928}} |
* {{cite book |ref=harv |last=Thompson |first=James Westfall |authorlink=James Westfall Thompson |title=Feudal Germany |series=2 vols. |location=New York |publisher=Frederick Ungar Publishing |year=1928}} |
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*{{cite book |ref=harv |last=Whaley |first=Joachim |title=Germany and the Holy Roman Empire |year=2012 |series=2 vols. |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford}} |
* {{cite book |ref=harv |last=Whaley |first=Joachim |title=Germany and the Holy Roman Empire |url=https://archive.org/details/germanyholyroman0001whal |year=2012 |series=2 vols. |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford}} |
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*{{cite book |ref=harv |first=Peter |last=Wilson |title=Heart of Europe: A History of the Holy Roman Empire |location=Cambridge, MA |publisher=Belknap Press |year=2016}} |
* {{cite book |ref=harv |first=Peter |last=Wilson |title=Heart of Europe: A History of the Holy Roman Empire |url=https://archive.org/details/heartofeuropehis0000wils |location=Cambridge, MA |publisher=Belknap Press |year=2016}} |
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[[Kategori:Kekaisaran Romawi Suci]] |
[[Kategori:Kekaisaran Romawi Suci]] |
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[[Kategori:Francia Timur]] |
[[Kategori:Francia Timur]] |
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Revisi terkini sejak 10 April 2024 07.55
Regnum Teutonicum (dapat diterjemahkan menjadi "Kerajaan Teutonik" atau "Kerajaan Jerman"; Jerman: Deutsches Reich) adalah istilah dalam historiografi Jerman yang mengacu kepada bekas wilayah timur Kekaisaran Karoling. Seperti Inggris Anglo-Saxon dan Prancis abad pertengahan, istilah ini bermula sebagai "gabungan, himpunan sejumlah gentes [rakyat] dan regna [kerajaan] yang terpisah dan merdeka."[1] Francia Timur (Ostfrankenreich) dibentuk oleh Perjanjian Verdun pada tahun 843 dan dikuasai oleh Dinasti Karoling hingga tahun 911. Setelah itu, rajanya dipilih oleh para elektor. Elektor-elektor ini pada awalnya merupakan para penguasa kadipaten suku. Setelah tahun 962, setelah Otto I dimahkotai sebagai Kaisar Romawi Suci, kerajaan ini menjadi bagian terbesar Kekaisaran Romawi Suci, yang juga mencakup Kerajaan Italia (setelah tahun 951), Bohemia (setelah tahun 1004) dan Bourgogne (setelah tahun 1032).
Istilah rex teutonicorum ("Raja Orang-Orang Jerman") pertama kali digunakan di arsip umum Paus Gregorius VII selama Kontroversi Penobatan (akhir abad ke-11), kemungkinan sebagai alat polemik untuk melawan Kaisar Heinrich IV.[2] Pada abad ke-12, dengan tujuan untuk menegaskan karakter kekaisaran dan transnasional jabatan mereka, Kaisar Romawi Suci mulai menggunakan gelar rex Romanorum (Raja Orang-Orang Romawi) pada saat dipilih (oleh pangeran-elektor, tujuh uskup Jerman dan bangsawan). Gelar yang terpisah untuk Jerman, Italia dan Bourgogne (masing-masing dengan istana, hukum dan arsip mereka sendiri)[3] secara perlahan tidak lagi digunakan. Seusai diberlakukannya reformatio imperii dan keputusan Dewan Augsburg mengenai agama Protestan, wilayah Jerman di Kekaisaran Romawi Suci dibagi menjadi beberapa Reichskreise (lingkar kekaisaran).[4]
Catatan kaki[sunting | sunting sumber]
- ^ Gillingham (1991), hlm. 124, menyebutnya sebagai "satuan politik tunggal tak terpisahkan selama abad pertengahan." Ia menggunakan istilah "Jerman abad pertengahan" untuk periode dari abad ke-10 hingga ke-15.. Robinson, "Pope Gregory", hlm. 729.
- ^ Robinson, "Pope Gregory", hlm. 729.
- ^ Cristopher Cope, Phoenix Frustrated: the lost kingdom of Burgundy, hlm. 287
- ^ Bryce, hlm. 243
Daftar pustaka[sunting | sunting sumber]
- Arnold, Benjamin (1985). German Knighthood, 1050–1300. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- Arnold, Benjamin (1991). Princes and Territories in Medieval Germany. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Arnold, Benjamin (1997). Medieval Germany, 500–1300: A Political Interpretation. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
- Arnold, Benjamin (2004). Power and Property in Medieval Germany: Economic and Social Change, c. 900–1300. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Averkorn, Raphaela (2001). "The Process of Nationbuilding in Medieval Germany: A Brief Overview". Dalam Hálfdanarson, Gudmunður; Isaacs, Ann Katherine. Nations and Nationalities in Historical Perspective. University of Pisa.
- Barraclough, Geoffrey (1947). The Origins of Modern Germany (edisi ke-2nd). Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
- Bernhardt, John W. (1993). Itinerant Kingship and Royal Monasteries in Early Medieval Germany, c. 936–1075. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Du Boulay, F. R. H. (1983). Germany in the Later Middle Ages. New York: St Martin's Press.
- Fuhrmann, Horst (1986). Germany in the High Middle Ages, c.1050–1200. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Fuhrmann, Horst (1994). "Quis Teutonicos constituit iudices nationum? The Trouble with Henry". Speculum. 69 (2): 344–58. doi:10.2307/2865086.
- Gagliardo, John G. (1980). Reich and Nation: The Holy Roman Empire as Idea and Reality, 1763–1806. University of Indiana Press.
- Gillingham, John (1971). The Kingdom of Germany in the High Middle Ages (900–1200). Historical Association Pamphlets, General Series, No. 77. London: Historical Association.
- Gillingham, John (1991). "Elective Kingship and the Unity of Medieval Germany". German History. 9 (2): 124–35. doi:10.1177/026635549100900202.
- Hampe, Karl (1973). Germany under the Salian and Hohenstaufen Emperors. Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield.
- Haverkamp, Alfred (1992). Medieval Germany, 1056–1273 (edisi ke-2nd). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Heer, Friedrich (1968). The Holy Roman Empire. New York: Frederick A. Praeger.
- Leyser, Karl J. (1979). Rule and Conflict in an Early Medieval Society : Ottonian Saxony. London: Arnold.
- Lyon, Jonathan R. (2013). Princely Brothers and Sisters: The Sibling Bond in German Politics, 1100–1250. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
- Mitchell, Otis C. (1985). Two German Crowns: Monarchy and Empire in Medieval Germany. Lima, OH: Wyndham Hall Press.
- Reuter, Timothy (1991). Germany in the Early Middle Ages, c. 800–1056. London: Longman.
- Reynolds, Susan (1997). Kingdoms and Communities in Western Europe, 900–1300 (edisi ke-2nd). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Robinson, Ian S. (1979). "Pope Gregory VII, the Princes and the Pactum, 1077–1080". The English Historical Review. 94 (373): 721–56. doi:10.1093/ehr/xciv.ccclxxiii.721.
- Robinson, Ian S. (2000). Henry IV of Germany. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Thompson, James Westfall (1928). Feudal Germany. 2 vols. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing.
- Whaley, Joachim (2012). Germany and the Holy Roman Empire. 2 vols. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Wilson, Peter (2016). Heart of Europe: A History of the Holy Roman Empire. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.
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