Alodia: Perbedaan antara revisi

Alodia
Alodia;
Abad ke-6–ca 1500
	Perkiraan wilayah Alodia pada abad ke-10
Ibu kota	Soba
Bahasa yang umum digunakan	Nubia; Yunani (liturgi); lainnya
Agama	Kristen Ortodoks Koptik
Pemerintahan	Monarki
Era Sejarah	Abad Pertengahan
• Pertama kali disebutkan	Abad ke-6
• Dihancurkan	ca 1500
Didahului oleh	Digantikan oleh
	krjKerajaan Kush
kslKesultanan Funj
krjKerajaan Fazughli
krjKerajaan al-Abwab
Sekarang bagian dari	Sudan
	Sunting kotak info • Lihat • BicaraBantuan penggunaan templat ini

Jelajahi riwayat secara interaktif

← Revisi sebelumnya

Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan

VisualTeks wiki

Sebaris

Revisi terkini sejak 10 April 2024 14.49

Alodia, juga dikenal dengan nama Alwah (Yunani: Aρογα, Aroua; bahasa Arab: علوة, 'Alwah) adalah sebuah kerajaan Nubia pada abad pertengahan yang terletak di wilayah yang kini merupakan bagian dari Sudan tengah dan selatan. Ibu kotanya adalah Soba yang berada di dekat kota Khartoum modern di tempat bertemunya Sungai Nil Biru dengan Nil Putih.

Alodia pertama kali disebutkan dalam catatan sejarah pada tahun 569. Kerajaan ini masuk Kristen pada tahun 580, dan merupakan kerajaan Nubia terakhir yang melakukan hal tersebut setelah Nobadia dan Makuria. Kerajaan ini mungkin mencapai puncak kejayaannya pada abad ke-9 hingga ke-12. Kerajaan ini berhasil melampaui tetangganya di utara, Makuria, baik secara ekonomi maupun militer. Kota Soba juga berkembang menjadi pusat perdagangan, dan barang-barang berdatangan dari Makuria, Timur Tengah, Afrika Barat, India, dan bahkan Tiongkok.

Semenjak abad ke-12 (dan khususnya dari abad ke-13), Alodia mengalami kemunduran, kemungkinan akibat serangan-serangan dari selatan, bencana kekeringan, dan berpindahnya jalur dagang. Pada abad ke-14, negara ini mungkin terserang wabah pes, sementara suku-suku Arab mulai bermigrasi ke lembah Nil Hulu. Pada tahun 1500, Soba sudah jatuh ke tangan puak Arab atau Funj. Peristiwa ini mungkin mengakhiri riwayat Alodia, walaupun beberapa tradisi lisan di Sudan mengklaim bahwa kerajaan ini masih bertahan dalam bentuk Kerajaan Fazughli di wilayah perbatasan Etiopia-Sudan. Setelah kehancuran Soba, puak Funj mendirikan Kesultanan Sennar yang memulai periode Islamisasi dan Arabisasi.

Sumber

Alodia merupakan kerajaan Nubia abad pertengahan yang paling jarang dipelajari,^[3] sehingga bukti-bukti yang ada mengenai riwayat sejarah kerajaan ini sangat sedikit.^[4] Kebanyakan keterangan sejarah yang ada saat ini diperoleh dari segelintir tulisan dari sejarawan Arab pada abad pertengahan. Yang paling penting adalah karya ahli geografi Islam ay-Yaqubi (abad ke-9), Ibnu Hauqal dan al-Aswani (abad ke-10), serta tokoh Koptik Abu al-Makarim^[5] (abad ke-12).^[6] Riwayat mengenai penyebaran agama Kristen di kerajaan ini pada abad ke-6 dicatat oleh uskup Yohanes dari Efesus.^[7] Sumber-sumber dari Sudan pasca abad pertengahan membahas tentang keruntuhannya.^[8]^[9] Al-Aswani menegaskan bahwa ia pernah berhubungan dengan sejarawan Nubia yang "banyak tahu tentang negara Alwa",^[10] tetapi masih belum ada karya historiografi Nubia abad pertengahan yang telah ditemukan.^[11]

Walaupun ada banyak situs Alodia yang telah ditemukan,^[12] hanya ibu kotanya, Soba, yang telah digali oleh arkeolog.^[13] Sebagian dari situs tersebut diekskavasi pada dasawarsa 1950-an, dan penggalian kemudian berlanjut pada dasawarsa 1980-an dan 1990-an. Luasnya diperkirakan sebesar 2,75 km², dan di situs tersebut terdapat sejumlah gundukan puing bata yang pernah menjadi bagian dari bangunan besar.^[14] Bangunan-bangunan yang telah ditemukan sejauh ini meliputi beberapa gereja, sebuah istana, kuburan, dan beberapa temuan kecil.^[15]

Referensi

Catatan

^ Bahasa-bahasa Kordofan; berbagai bahasa Sudan Timur yang dituturkan di Lembah Nil Biru Hulu (contohnya Berta); Arab, Beja;^[1] dan Tigre^[2]

Rujukan

^ Zarroug 1991, hlm. 89–90.
^ Zaborski 2003, hlm. 471.
^ Welsby 2014, hlm. 183.
^ Welsby 2014, hlm. 197.
^ Werner 2013, hlm. 93.
^ Zarroug 1991, hlm. 15–23.
^ Zarroug 1991, hlm. 12–15.
^ Welsby 2002, hlm. 255.
^ Vantini 2006, hlm. 487–491.
^ Zarroug 1991, hlm. 19–20.
^ Welsby 2002, hlm. 9.
^ Zarroug 1991, hlm. 58–70.
^ Werner 2013, hlm. 25.
^ Edwards 2004, hlm. 221.
^ Werner 2013, hlm. 161–164.

Daftar pustaka

Abd ar-Rahman, Rabab (2011). "آثار مملكة علوة 500م – 1500م (إقليم سوبا) رباب عبد الرحمن" [The archaeology of the Alwa kingdom 500 AD – 1500 AD (Soba region)] (PDF) (dalam bahasa Arabic). Archived from the original on 2018-09-19. Diakses tanggal 2018-10-14.
Abir, Mordechai (1980). Ethiopia and the Red Sea: The Rise and Decline of the Solomonic Dynasty and Muslim European Rivalry in the Region. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7146-3164-6.
Abu-Manga, Al-Amin (2009). "Sudan". Dalam Kees Versteegh. Encyclopedia of Arabic Languages and Linguistics. Volume IV. Q-Z. Brill Publishers. hlm. 367–375. ISBN 978-90-04-17702-4.
Adams, William Y. (1977). Nubia. Corridor to Africa. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-09370-3.
Beswick, Stephanie (2004). Sudan's Blood Memory. University of Rochester. ISBN 978-1-58046-231-0.
Braukämper, Ulrich (1992). Migration und ethnischer Wandel. Untersuchungen aus der östlichen Sahelzone ["Migration and ethnic change. Investigations from the eastern Sahel zone"] (dalam bahasa German). Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 978-3-515-05830-8.
Brita, Antonella (2014). "Soba Noba". Dalam Siegbert Uhlig, Alessandro Bausi. Encyclopedia Aethiopica. 5. Harrassowitz Verlag. hlm. 517. ISBN 978-3-447-06740-9.
Cartwright, Caroline R. (1999). "Reconstructing the Woody Resources of the Medieval Kingdom of Alwa, Sudan". Dalam Marijke van der Veen. The Exploitation of Plant Resources in Ancient Africa. Kluwer Academic/Plenum. hlm. 241–259. ISBN 978-1-4757-6730-8.
Chataway, J. D. P. (1930). "Notes on the history of the Fung" (PDF). Sudan Notes and Records. 13: 247–258.
Crawford, O. G. S. (1951). The Fung Kingdom of Sennar. John Bellows Ltd. OCLC 253111091.
Crowfoot, J. W. (1918). "The sign of the cross" (PDF). Sudan Notes and Records. 1: 55–56, 216.
Danys, Katarzyna; Zielinska, Dobrochna (2017). "Alwan art. Towards an insight into the aesthetics of the Kingdom of Alwa through the painted pottery decoration". Sudan&Nubia. 21: 177–185. ISSN 1369-5770.
Edwards, David (2001). "The Christianisation of Nubia: Some archaeological pointers". Sudan & Nubia. 5: 89–96. ISSN 1369-5770.
Edwards, David (2004). The Nubian Past: An Archaeology of the Sudan. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-36987-9.
Edwards, David (2011). "Slavery and Slaving in the Medieval and Post-Medieval kingdoms of the Middle Nile". Dalam Paul Lane and Kevin C. MacDonald. Comparative Dimensions of Slavery in Africa: Archaeology and Memory. British Academy. hlm. 79–108. ISBN 978-0-19-726478-2.
Gonzalez-Ruibal, Alfredo; Falquina, Alvaro (2017). "In Sudan's Eastern Borderland: Frontier Societies of the Qwara Region (ca. AD 600-1850)". Journal of African Archaeology. 15 (2): 173–201. doi:10.1163/21915784-12340011. ISSN 1612-1651. Archived from the original on 2022-10-08. Diakses tanggal 2019-01-11. Pemeliharaan CS1: Url tak layak (link)
Grajetzki, Wolfram (2009). Das Ende der christlich-nubischen Reiche ["The end of the Christian Nubian realms"] (PDF). Internet-Beiträge zur Ägyptologie und Sudanarchäologie (dalam bahasa German). X. Golden House Publications. ISBN 978-1-906137-13-7. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2019-06-02. Diakses tanggal 2019-01-11.
Godlewski, Wlodzimierz (2012). "Merkurious". Dalam Emmanuel Kwaku Akyeampong, Steven J. Niven. Dictionary of African Biography. 4. Oxford University. hlm. 204. ISBN 978-0-19-538207-5.
Hasan, Yusuf Fadl (1967). The Arabs and the Sudan. From the seventh to the early sixteenth century. Edinburgh University Press. OCLC 33206034.
Hatke, G. (2013). Aksum and Nubia: Warfare, Commerce, and Political Fictions in Ancient Northeast Africa. NYU. ISBN 978-0-8147-6066-6.
Hess, Robert L. (1965). "The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela: A Twelfth-Century Jewish Description of North-East Africa". The Journal of African History. 6 (1): 15–24. ISSN 0021-8537.
Lajtar, Adam (2003). Catalogue of the Greek Inscriptions in the Sudan National Museum at Khartoum. Peeters. ISBN 978-90-429-1252-6.
Lajtar, Adam (2009). "Varia Nubica XII-XIX" (PDF). The Journal of Juristic Papyrology (dalam bahasa German). XXXIX: 83–119. ISSN 0075-4277. Archived from the original on 2019-01-09. Diakses tanggal 2019-01-11.
McHugh, Neil (1994). Holymen of the Blue Nile: The Making of an Arab-Islamic Community in the Nilotic Sudan. Northwestern University. ISBN 978-0-8101-1069-4.
McHugh, Neil (2016). "Historical perspectives on the domed shrine in the Nilotic Sudan". Dalam Abdelmajid Hannoum. Practicing Sufism: Sufi Politics and Performance in Africa. Routledge. hlm. 105–130. ISBN 978-1-138-64918-7.
Obluski, Artur (2017). "Alwa". Dalam Saheed Aderinto. African Kingdoms: An Encyclopedia of Empires and Civilizations. ABC-CLIO. hlm. 15–17. ISBN 978-1-61069-580-0.
Ochala, Grzegorz (2014). Multilingualism in Christian Nubia: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Dotawo: A Journal for Nubian Studies. 1. Journal of Juristic Papyrology. ISBN 978-0692229149.
O'Fahey, R.S.; Spaulding, Jay L. (1974). Kingdoms of the Sudan. Methuen Young Books. ISBN 978-0-416-77450-4.
Pierce, Richard Holton (1995). "A sale of an Alodian slave girl: A reexamination of papyrus Strassburg Inv. 1404". Symbolae Osloenses. LXX: 148–166. ISSN 0039-7679.
Power, Tim (2008). "The Origin and Development of the Sudanese Ports ('Aydhâb, Bâ/di', Sawâkin) in the early Islamic Period". Chroniques Yéménites. 15: 92–110. ISSN 1248-0568.
Rilly, Claude (2008). "Enemy brothers: Kinship and relationship between Meroites and Nubians (Noba)". Between the Cataracts: Proceedings of the 11th Conference of Nubian Studies, Warsaw, 27 August- 2 September 2006. Part One. PAM. hlm. 211–225. ISBN 978-83-235-0271-5. Archived from the original on 2021-09-03. Diakses tanggal 2019-01-11. Pemeliharaan CS1: Url tak layak (link)
Russegger, Joseph (1843). Reise in Egypten, Nubien und Ost-Sudan (dalam bahasa German). Schweizerbart'sche Verlagshandlung. OCLC 311212367. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2018-11-22.
Seignobos, Robin (2015). "Les évêches Nubiens: Nouveaux témoinages. La source de la liste de Vansleb et deux autres textes méconnus". Dalam Adam Lajtar, Grzegorz Ochala, Jacques van der Vliet. Nubian Voices II. New Texts and Studies on Christian Nubian Culture (dalam bahasa French). Raphael Taubenschlag Foundation. ISBN 978-8393842575. Archived from the original on 2022-10-08. Diakses tanggal 2019-01-11.
Shinnie, P. (1961). Excavations at Soba. Sudan Antiquities Service. OCLC 934919402.
Spaulding, Jay (1972). "The Funj: A Reconsideration". The Journal of African History. 13 (1): 39–53. ISSN 0021-8537.
Spaulding, Jay (1974). "The Fate of Alodia" (PDF). Meroitic Newsletter. 15: 12–30. ISSN 1266-1635. Archived from the original on 2019-08-01. Diakses tanggal 2019-01-11. Pemeliharaan CS1: Url tak layak (link)
Spaulding, Jay (1985). The Heroic Age in Sennar. Red Sea. ISBN 978-1569022603.
Spaulding, Jay (1998). "Early Kordofan". Dalam Endre Stiansen and Michael Kevane. Kordofan Invaded: Peripheral Incorporation in Islamic Africa. Brill. hlm. 46–59. ISBN 978-9004110496.
Taha, A. Taha (2012). "The influence of Dongolawi Nubian on Sudan Arabic" (PDF). California Linguistic Notes. XXXVII. ISSN 0741-1391. Archived from the original on 2017-12-01. Diakses tanggal 2019-01-11. Pemeliharaan CS1: Url tak layak (link)
Török, Laszlo (1974). "Ein christianisiertes Tempelgebäude in Musawwarat es Sufra (Sudan) ["A Christianized temple building in Musawwarat es Sufra (Sudan)"]" (PDF). Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae (dalam bahasa German). 26: 71–104. ISSN 0001-5210. Archived from the original on 2018-11-02. Diakses tanggal 2019-01-11.
Vantini, Giovanni (1975). Oriental Sources concerning Nubia. Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften. OCLC 174917032.
Vantini, Giovanni (2006). "Some new light on the end of Soba". Dalam Alessandro Roccati and Isabella Caneva. Acta Nubica. Proceedings of the X International Conference of Nubian Studies Rome 9–14 September 2002. Libreria Dello Stato. hlm. 487–491. ISBN 978-88-240-1314-7.
Welsby, Derek (1996). "The Medieval Kingdom of Alwa". Dalam Rolf Gundlach, Manfred Kropp, Annalis Leibundgut. Der Sudan in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart (Sudan Past and Present). Peter Lang. hlm. 179–194. ISBN 978-3-631-48091-5.
Welsby, Derek (1998). Soba II. Renewed excavations within the metropolis of the Kingdom of Alwa in Central Sudan. British Museum. ISBN 978-0-7141-1903-8.
Welsby, Derek (2002). The Medieval Kingdoms of Nubia. Pagans, Christians and Muslims Along the Middle Nile. British Museum. ISBN 978-0-7141-1947-2.
Welsby, Derek (2014). "The Kingdom of Alwa". Dalam Julie R. Anderson and Derek A. Welsby. The Fourth Cataract and Beyond: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference for Nubian Studies. Peeters Publishers. hlm. 183–200. ISBN 978-90-429-3044-5.
Welsby, Derek; Daniels, C.M. (1991). Soba. Archaeological Research at a Medieval Capital on the Blue Nile. The British Institute in Eastern Africa. ISBN 978-1-872566-02-3.
Werner, Roland (2013). Das Christentum in Nubien. Geschichte und Gestalt einer afrikanischen Kirche ["Christianity in Nubia. History and shape of an African church"] (dalam bahasa German). Lit. ISBN 978-3-643-12196-7.
Zaborski, Andrzej (2003). "Baqulin". Dalam Siegbert Uhlig. Encyclopedia Aethiopica. 1. Harrassowitz Verlag. hlm. 471. ISBN 978-3447047463.
Zarroug, Mohi El-Din Abdalla (1991). The Kingdom of Alwa. University of Calgary Press. ISBN 978-0-919813-94-6.
Zurawski, Bogdan (2014). Kings and Pilgrims. St. Raphael Church II at Banganarti, mid-eleventh to mid-eighteenth century. IKSiO PAN. ISBN 978-83-7543-371-5.

15°31′26″N 32°40′51″E / 15.52389°N 32.68083°E / 15.52389; 32.68083

[fn1-3] Bahasa-bahasa Kordofan; berbagai bahasa Sudan Timur yang dituturkan di Lembah Nil Biru Hulu (contohnya Berta); Arab, Beja;^[1] dan Tigre^[2]

[FOOTNOTEZarroug199189–90-1] Zarroug 1991, hlm. 89–90.

[FOOTNOTEZaborski2003471-2] Zaborski 2003, hlm. 471.

[FOOTNOTEWelsby2014183-4] Welsby 2014, hlm. 183.

[FOOTNOTEWelsby2014197-5] Welsby 2014, hlm. 197.

[FOOTNOTEWerner201393-6] Werner 2013, hlm. 93.

[FOOTNOTEZarroug199115–23-7] Zarroug 1991, hlm. 15–23.

[FOOTNOTEZarroug199112–15-8] Zarroug 1991, hlm. 12–15.

[FOOTNOTEWelsby2002255-9] Welsby 2002, hlm. 255.

[FOOTNOTEVantini2006487–491-10] Vantini 2006, hlm. 487–491.

[FOOTNOTEZarroug199119–20-11] Zarroug 1991, hlm. 19–20.

[FOOTNOTEWelsby20029-12] Welsby 2002, hlm. 9.

[FOOTNOTEZarroug199158–70-13] Zarroug 1991, hlm. 58–70.

[FOOTNOTEWerner201325-14] Werner 2013, hlm. 25.

[FOOTNOTEEdwards2004221-15] Edwards 2004, hlm. 221.

[FOOTNOTEWerner2013161–164-16] Werner 2013, hlm. 161–164.

[a]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[1]

[2]

@@ Baris 76: / Baris 76: @@
 * {{cite book |last=Abu-Manga |first=Al-Amin |editor=Kees Versteegh |title=Encyclopedia of Arabic Languages and Linguistics. Volume IV. Q-Z |chapter=Sudan |year=2009 |pages=367–375 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |isbn=978-90-04-17702-4 |ref=harv}}
 * {{cite book |last=Adams |first=William Y. |title=Nubia. Corridor to Africa |year=1977 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|isbn=978-0-691-09370-3 |ref=harv}}
-* {{cite book |last=Beswick |first=Stephanie |title=Sudan's Blood Memory |year=2004 |publisher=[[Boydell & Brewer|University of Rochester]] |isbn=978-1-58046-231-0 |ref=harv}}
+* {{cite book |last=Beswick |first=Stephanie |title=Sudan's Blood Memory |url=https://archive.org/details/sudansbloodmemor0000besw |year=2004 |publisher=[[Boydell & Brewer|University of Rochester]] |isbn=978-1-58046-231-0 |ref=harv}}
 * {{cite book |last=Braukämper |first=Ulrich |language=German |title=Migration und ethnischer Wandel. Untersuchungen aus der östlichen Sahelzone ["Migration and ethnic change. Investigations from the eastern Sahel zone"] |year=1992 |publisher=[[Franz Steiner Verlag]] |isbn=978-3-515-05830-8 |ref=harv}}
 * {{cite book |last=Brita |first=Antonella |chapter=Soba Noba |editor=Siegbert Uhlig, Alessandro Bausi |title=Encyclopedia Aethiopica |volume=5 |p=517 |publisher=[[Harrassowitz Verlag]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-3-447-06740-9 |ref=harv}}
@@ Baris 86: / Baris 86: @@
 <!--* {{cite book |last=Drzewiecki |first=Mariusz |year=2016 |title=Mighty Kingdoms and their Forts. The Role of Fortified Sites in the Fall of Meroe and Rise of Medieval Realms in Upper Nubia |url=https://www.academia.edu/33697681 |isbn=9788394357085 |publisher=IKSiO PAN |ref=harv}}-->
 * {{cite journal |last=Edwards |first=David |title=The Christianisation of Nubia: Some archaeological pointers |journal=Sudan & Nubia |year=2001 |volume=5 |pages=89–96 |url=https://issuu.com/sudarchrs/docs/s_n05-edwards |issn=1369-5770 |ref=harv}}
-* {{cite book |last=Edwards |first=David |title=The Nubian Past: An Archaeology of the Sudan |year=2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-36987-9 |ref=harv}}
+* {{cite book |last=Edwards |first=David |title=The Nubian Past: An Archaeology of the Sudan |url=https://archive.org/details/nubianpastarchae0000edwa |year=2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-36987-9 |ref=harv}}
 * {{cite book |last=Edwards|first=David |year=2011 |chapter=Slavery and Slaving in the Medieval and Post-Medieval kingdoms of the Middle Nile |title=Comparative Dimensions of Slavery in Africa: Archaeology and Memory |editor=Paul Lane and Kevin C. MacDonald |pages=79–108 |publisher=[[British Academy]] |isbn=978-0-19-726478-2 |ref=harv}}
 * {{cite journal |last1=Gonzalez-Ruibal |first1=Alfredo |last2=Falquina |first2=Alvaro |title=In Sudan's Eastern Borderland: Frontier Societies of the Qwara Region (ca. AD 600-1850) |journal=Journal of African Archaeology |volume=15 |issue=2 |year=2017 |pages=173–201 |issn=1612-1651 |url=https://www.academia.edu/37375711 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008153245/https://www.academia.edu/37375711 |archive-date=2022-10-08 |dead-url=unfit |ref=harv |doi=10.1163/21915784-12340011 |access-date=2019-01-11 }}
@@ Baris 122: / Baris 122: @@
 * {{cite book |last=Welsby |first=Derek  |chapter=The Medieval Kingdom of Alwa |pp=179–194 |year=1996 |title=Der Sudan in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart (Sudan Past and Present) |editors=Rolf Gundlach, Manfred Kropp, Annalis Leibundgut |publisher=[[Peter Lang (publisher)|Peter Lang]] |isbn=978-3-631-48091-5 |ref=harv}}
 * {{cite book |last=Welsby |first=Derek |title=Soba II. Renewed excavations within the metropolis of the Kingdom of Alwa in Central Sudan |year=1998 |publisher=[[British Museum]] |isbn=978-0-7141-1903-8 |ref=harv}}
-* {{cite book |last=Welsby |first=Derek |title=The Medieval Kingdoms of Nubia. Pagans, Christians and Muslims Along the Middle Nile|year=2002 |publisher=British Museum |isbn=978-0-7141-1947-2 |ref=harv}}
+* {{cite book |last=Welsby |first=Derek |title=The Medieval Kingdoms of Nubia. Pagans, Christians and Muslims Along the Middle Nile|url=https://archive.org/details/medievalkingdoms0000wels |year=2002 |publisher=British Museum |isbn=978-0-7141-1947-2 |ref=harv}}
 * {{cite book |last=Welsby |first=Derek  |chapter=The Kingdom of Alwa |year=2014 |pp=183–200 |editors=Julie R. Anderson and Derek A. Welsby |title=The Fourth Cataract and Beyond: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference for Nubian Studies |publisher=[[Peeters Publishers]] |isbn=978-90-429-3044-5 |ref=harv}}
 * {{cite book |last1=Welsby |first1=Derek |last2=Daniels |first2=C.M. |title=Soba. Archaeological Research at a Medieval Capital on the Blue Nile |url=https://archive.org/details/sobaarchaeologic0000wels |year=1991 |publisher=The [[British Institute in Eastern Africa]] |isbn=978-1-872566-02-3|ref=harv}}