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Revisi terkini sejak 23 Mei 2024 10.37

Ekonomi agama menyangkut penerapan teknik ekonomi untuk studi agama dan hubungan antara perilaku ekonomi dan agama.^[1] Hubungan antara agama dan perilaku ekonomi pertama kali diidentifikasi oleh Max Weber yang menghubungkan munculnya kapitalisme modern dengan Reformasi Protestan.^[2] Adam Smith meletakkan landasan bagi analisis ekonomi untuk agama dalam The Wealth of Nations yang menyatakan organisasi keagamaan bergantung pada kekuatan pasar, insentif, dan masalah persaingan sebagaimana sektor ekonomi lainnya.^[3] Kajian empiris meneliti pengaruh kausal agama dalam ekonomi mikro untuk menjelaskan perilaku individu^[4] dan dalam ekonomi makro penentu pertumbuhan ekonomi.^[5] Ekonomi religius (atau teologis) adalah suatu studi terkait yang terkadang tumpang tindih atau tercampur dengan ekonomi agama.^[6]

Agama dan pertumbuhan ekonomi

Studi menunjukkan terdapat suatu saluran dari perilaku keagamaan terhadap hasil ekonomi makro dari pertumbuhan ekonomi, tingkat kejahatan, dan pengembangan kelembagaan.^[8] Para sarjana berhipotesis bahwa agama memengaruhi hasil ekonomi melalui doktrin agama yang mempromosikan penghematan, etos kerja, kejujuran, dan kepercayaan.^[5]

Kritik

Korelasi antara agama dan hasil ekonomi dapat ditafsirkan dalam dua cara: (1) fitur intrinsik untuk agama yang memengaruhi pertumbuhan atau (2) fitur yang berkorelasi dengan agama tetapi bukan agama itu sendiri yang memengaruhi pertumbuhan. Literatur lintas negara yang ada dikritik karena ketidakmampuan untuk membedakan antara dua penjelasan, masalah yang disebut bias endogenitas. Mengontrol efek tetap negara mengurangi bias tetapi studi mutakhir menggunakan eksperimen lapangan dan alam untuk mengidentifikasi efek kausal agama.^[9]

Agama dan perilaku individual

Penelitian menyoroti pentingnya ortodoksi keagamaan pada perilaku moral dan versi Aturan Emas "Lakukan kepada orang lain seperti yang Anda ingin orang lain lakukan untuk Anda" terkandung dalam sebagian besar agama-agama utama.^[10] Yang lain berpendapat hal itu mempromosikan kerja sama dan kepercayaan dalam kelompok atau klub yang dibatasi secara budaya.^[11] Studi membandingkan efek komplementer dari nilai-nilai keagamaan seperti amal, pengampunan, kejujuran, dan toleransi, dan kelompok sosial keagamaan dengan keanggotaan menanamkan favoritisme atau diskriminasi terhadap para anggota dalam atau luar kelompok.^[12]

Keyakinan

Saluran keyakinan perilaku agama menyangkut upaya mahal yang berkaitan dengan reputasi ilahi. Azzi dan Ehrenberg pada tahun 1975 mengemukakan orang-orang mengalokasikan waktu dan uang untuk institusi sekuler dan keagamaan untuk memaksimalkan utilitas dalam kehidupan ini dan akhirat.^[13]

Lihat pula

Buku:

Malaysia and the Club of Doom

Referensi

^ McCleary, Rachel M. (2011). The Oxford Handbook of the Economics of Religion (dalam bahasa Inggris). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199781287.
^ Weber, Max (2012). The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (dalam bahasa Inggris). Courier Corporation. ISBN 9780486122373.
^ Smith, Adam (1776). The Wealth of Nations. London: Methuen \& Co. hlm. 749.
^ Stark, Rodney; Finke, Roger (August 2000). Acts of Faith: Explaining the Human Side of Religion. ISBN 9780520222021.
^ ^a ^b Barro, Robert J.; McCleary, Rachel M. (2003). "Religion and Economic Growth across Countries". American Sociological Review. 68 (5): 760–781. doi:10.2307/1519761. JSTOR 1519761.
^ For example, the Journal of Markets & Morality of the Acton Institute for the Study of Religion and Liberty and Faith & Economics Diarsipkan 2017-11-03 di Wayback Machine. of the Association of Christian Economists.
   • Paul Oslington, ed., 2003. Economics and Religion, Elgar, v. 2, part II, Economics of Religion, scrollable table of contents, 10 of 41 papers, 1939–2002.
   • Patrick J. Welch and J.J. Mueller, 2001. "The Relationship of Religion to Economics," Review of Social Economy, 59(2). pp. 185–202. Abstract. Diarsipkan 2006-09-15 di Wayback Machine.
   • Paul Oslington, 2000. "A Theological Economics," International Journal of Social Economics, 27(1), pp.\ 32–44. Diarsipkan 2016-03-07 di Wayback Machine.
   • Paul Oslington, ed., 2003. Economics and Religion, v. 1, Historical Relationships, table of contents, pp. v–vi with links via upper right-arrow to Introduction and first 11 of 17 papers, 1939–2002.
   • Paul Oslington, ed., 2003. Economics and Religion, v. 2, part I, Religious Economics and its Critics, scrollable table of contents, 14 papers, 1939–2002.
   • A.M.C. Waterman, 2002. "Economics as Theology: Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations," Southern Economic Journal, 68(4), p pp. 907–921. Reprinted in Paul Oslington, ed., 2003. Economics and Religion, v. 1, pp. 321–336.
   • Thomas Nixon Carver, 1908. "The Economic Basis of the Problem of Evil," Harvard Theological Review, 1(1), pp. 97–111.
   • _____, 1912. The Religion Worth Having. Chapter links.
   • Mahmoud A. El-Gamal, 2006. Islamic Finance: Law, Economics, and Practice. Cambridge. Description and chapter titles.
^ WIN-Gallup. "Global Index of religion and atheism" (PDF). Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 16 October 2012. Diakses tanggal 21 October 2012.
^ Guiso, Luigi; Sapienza, Paola; Zingales, Luigi (1 January 2003). "People's opium? Religion and economic attitudes". Journal of Monetary Economics (dalam bahasa Inggris). 50 (1): 225–282. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.194.9800 . doi:10.1016/S0304-3932(02)00202-7. ISSN 0304-3932.
^ Iyer, Sriya (June 2016). "The New Economics of Religion" (PDF). Journal of Economic Literature. 54 (2): 395–441. doi:10.1257/jel.54.2.395.
^ Batson, Charles Daniel; Schoenrade, Patricia; Ventis, W. Larry (1993). Religion and the Individual: A Social-Psychological Perspective (dalam bahasa Inggris). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195062083.
^ Iannaccone, Laurence R. (1998). "Introduction to the Economics of Religion". Journal of Economic Literature. 36 (3): 1465–1495. JSTOR 2564806.
^ Ruffle, Bradley J.; Sosis, Richard (1 June 2006). "Cooperation and the in-group-out-group bias: A field test on Israeli kibbutz members and city residents". Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization (dalam bahasa Inggris). 60 (2): 147–163. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.740.7036 . doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2004.07.007. ISSN 0167-2681.
^ Azzi, Corry; Ehrenberg, Ronald (February 1975). "Household Allocation of Time and Church Attendance". Journal of Political Economy (dalam bahasa Inggris). 83 (1): 27–56. doi:10.1086/260305. ISSN 0022-3808.

Pranala luar

Does God Want You To Be Rich?
Economics of Religion Gateway: Diarsipkan 2010-06-05 di Wayback Machine. "What is the economic study of religion?" from the Association for the Study of Religion, Economics, and Culture. Diarsipkan 2010-02-05 di Wayback Machine.
European Network on the Economics of Religion Diarsipkan 2011-07-26 di Wayback Machine.
"Economists Are Getting Religion," Business Week
"The economics of religion" Diarsipkan 2009-04-17 di Wayback Machine.

[1] McCleary, Rachel M. (2011). The Oxford Handbook of the Economics of Religion (dalam bahasa Inggris). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199781287.

[2] Weber, Max (2012). The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (dalam bahasa Inggris). Courier Corporation. ISBN 9780486122373.

[3] Smith, Adam (1776). The Wealth of Nations. London: Methuen \& Co. hlm. 749.

[4] Stark, Rodney; Finke, Roger (August 2000). Acts of Faith: Explaining the Human Side of Religion. ISBN 9780520222021.

[nrs.harvard.edu-5] Barro, Robert J.; McCleary, Rachel M. (2003). "Religion and Economic Growth across Countries". American Sociological Review. 68 (5): 760–781. doi:10.2307/1519761. JSTOR 1519761.

[6] For example, the Journal of Markets & Morality of the Acton Institute for the Study of Religion and Liberty and Faith & Economics Diarsipkan 2017-11-03 di Wayback Machine. of the Association of Christian Economists.
• Paul Oslington, ed., 2003. Economics and Religion, Elgar, v. 2, part II, Economics of Religion, scrollable table of contents, 10 of 41 papers, 1939–2002.
• Patrick J. Welch and J.J. Mueller, 2001. "The Relationship of Religion to Economics," Review of Social Economy, 59(2). pp. 185–202. Abstract. Diarsipkan 2006-09-15 di Wayback Machine.
• Paul Oslington, 2000. "A Theological Economics," International Journal of Social Economics, 27(1), pp.\ 32–44. Diarsipkan 2016-03-07 di Wayback Machine.
• Paul Oslington, ed., 2003. Economics and Religion, v. 1, Historical Relationships, table of contents, pp. v–vi with links via upper right-arrow to Introduction and first 11 of 17 papers, 1939–2002.
• Paul Oslington, ed., 2003. Economics and Religion, v. 2, part I, Religious Economics and its Critics, scrollable table of contents, 14 papers, 1939–2002.
• A.M.C. Waterman, 2002. "Economics as Theology: Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations," Southern Economic Journal, 68(4), p pp. 907–921. Reprinted in Paul Oslington, ed., 2003. Economics and Religion, v. 1, pp. 321–336.
• Thomas Nixon Carver, 1908. "The Economic Basis of the Problem of Evil," Harvard Theological Review, 1(1), pp. 97–111.
• _____, 1912. The Religion Worth Having. Chapter links.
• Mahmoud A. El-Gamal, 2006. Islamic Finance: Law, Economics, and Practice. Cambridge. Description and chapter titles.

[WIN-Gallup-7] WIN-Gallup. "Global Index of religion and atheism" (PDF). Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 16 October 2012. Diakses tanggal 21 October 2012.

[8] Guiso, Luigi; Sapienza, Paola; Zingales, Luigi (1 January 2003). "People's opium? Religion and economic attitudes". Journal of Monetary Economics (dalam bahasa Inggris). 50 (1): 225–282. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.194.9800 . doi:10.1016/S0304-3932(02)00202-7. ISSN 0304-3932.

[9] Iyer, Sriya (June 2016). "The New Economics of Religion" (PDF). Journal of Economic Literature. 54 (2): 395–441. doi:10.1257/jel.54.2.395.

[10] Batson, Charles Daniel; Schoenrade, Patricia; Ventis, W. Larry (1993). Religion and the Individual: A Social-Psychological Perspective (dalam bahasa Inggris). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195062083.

[11] Iannaccone, Laurence R. (1998). "Introduction to the Economics of Religion". Journal of Economic Literature. 36 (3): 1465–1495. JSTOR 2564806.

[12] Ruffle, Bradley J.; Sosis, Richard (1 June 2006). "Cooperation and the in-group-out-group bias: A field test on Israeli kibbutz members and city residents". Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization (dalam bahasa Inggris). 60 (2): 147–163. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.740.7036 . doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2004.07.007. ISSN 0167-2681.

[13] Azzi, Corry; Ehrenberg, Ronald (February 1975). "Household Allocation of Time and Church Attendance". Journal of Political Economy (dalam bahasa Inggris). 83 (1): 27–56. doi:10.1086/260305. ISSN 0022-3808.

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@@ Baris 1: / Baris 1: @@
 '''Ekonomi agama''' menyangkut penerapan teknik ekonomi untuk studi agama dan hubungan antara perilaku ekonomi dan agama.<ref>{{cite book |last1=McCleary |first1=Rachel M. |title=The Oxford Handbook of the Economics of Religion |date=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199781287 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=TRjB0DjEyIkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=oxford+handbook+of+economics+of+religion#v=onepage&q=oxford%20handbook%20of%20economics%20of%20religion&f=false |language=en}}</ref>
-Hubungan antara agama dan perilaku ekonomi pertama kali diidentifikasi oleh [[Max Weber]] yang menghubungkan munculnya [[kapitalisme]] modern dengan [[Reformasi Protestan]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Weber |first1=Max |title=The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism |date=2012 |publisher=Courier Corporation |isbn=9780486122373 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=ez7CAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=weber+spirit+of++capitalism#v=onepage&q=weber%20spirit%20of%20%20capitalism&f=false |language=en}}</ref> [[Adam Smith]] meletakkan landasan bagi analisis ekonomi untuk agama dalam ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]'' yang menyatakan organisasi keagamaan bergantung pada kekuatan pasar, insentif, dan masalah persaingan sebagaimana sektor ekonomi lainnya.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Adam |title=The Wealth of Nations |date=1776 |publisher=Methuen \& Co |location=London |page=749}}</ref> Kajian empiris meneliti pengaruh kausal agama dalam [[ekonomi mikro]] untuk menjelaskan perilaku individu<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=913O9xcpBB4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=starke+and+finke#v=onepage&q=starke%20and%20finke&f=false|title=Acts of Faith: Explaining the Human Side of Religion|isbn=9780520222021|last1=Stark|first1=Rodney|last2=Finke|first2=Roger|date=August 2000}}</ref> dan dalam [[ekonomi makro]] penentu pertumbuhan ekonomi.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Barro |first1=Robert J. |last2=McCleary |first2=Rachel M. |title=Religion and Economic Growth across Countries |journal=American Sociological Review |date=2003 |volume=68 |issue=5 |pages=760–781 |doi=10.2307/1519761 |jstor=1519761|url=http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:3708464 }}</ref> Ekonomi religius (atau teologis) adalah suatu studi terkait yang terkadang tumpang tindih atau tercampur dengan ekonomi agama.<ref>For example, the [http://www.acton.org/pub/journal-markets-morality ''Journal of Markets & Morality''] of the Acton Institute for the Study of Religion and Liberty and [http://www.gordon.edu/ace/ACEFandE.html ''Faith & Economics''] of the Association of Christian Economists.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; • Paul Oslington, ed., 2003. ''Economics and Religion'', Elgar, v. 2, part II,  Economics of Religion,  scrollable [http://www.ecampus.com/book/9781840648492 table of contents], 10 of 41 papers, 1939–2002.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; • Patrick J. Welch and J.J. Mueller, 2001. "The Relationship of Religion to Economics," ''Review of Social Economy'', 59(2). pp. 185–202. [http://www3.baylor.edu/2002conference/abstracts/Welch,+Patrick+abstract.pdf Abstract.]<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; • Paul Oslington, 2000. "A Theological Economics," ''International Journal of Social Economics'', 27(1), pp.[http://www.essaybay.com/articles/theology4.pdf \ 32–44.]<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; • Paul Oslington, ed., 2003. ''Economics and Religion'',  v. 1, Historical Relationships, table of contents, pp. v–vi with links via upper [https://books.google.com/books?id=PDgxjACbK8AC&pg=PP10&lpg=PP7&ots=jUcI7NuNsm&lr= right-arrow] to Introduction and first 11 of 17 papers, 1939–2002.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; • Paul Oslington, ed., 2003. ''Economics and Religion'',   v. 2, part I, Religious Economics and its Critics, scrollable [http://www.ecampus.com/book/9781840648492 table of contents], 14 papers, 1939–2002.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; • A.M.C. Waterman, 2002. "Economics as Theology: Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations," ''Southern Economic Journal'', 68(4), p [https://www.jstor.org/pss/1061499 pp. 907]–921.  Reprinted in Paul Oslington, ed., 2003. Economics and Religion, v. 1, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=PDgxjACbK8AC&oi=fnd&pg=PA321&ots=jUcMdJuPuf&sig=kGPnD-pUaO7URku_AHU69laIk5Y#v=onepage&q=&f=true 321]–[https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=PDgxjACbK8AC&oi=fnd&pg=PA336&ots=jUcMdJuPuf&sig=kGPnD-pUaO7URku_AHU69laIk5Y#v=onepage&q=&f=true 336.]<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; • [[Thomas Nixon Carver]], 1908. "The Economic Basis of the Problem of Evil," ''Harvard Theological Review'', 1(1), pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=lP0LAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA97&lpg=PA97&dq=bl&ots=d_S53v307b&sig=SdakU_iXyhn7XT-d-zbNYFUSB_Y&hl=en&ei=TGu6ScDVCuH8tgfa7eTiDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result 97]–[https://books.google.com/books?id=lP0LAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA111&lpg=PA111&dq=bl&ots=d_S53v307b&sig=SdakU_iXyhn7XT-d-zbNYFUSB_Y&hl=en&ei=TGu6ScDVCuH8tgfa7eTiDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result 111.]<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; • _____, 1912. ''The Religion Worth Having''.  Chapter [https://books.google.com/books?id=79AjG-BxewkC&dq=%22&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&ots=_vvfCP6Bnc&sig=M7nJT7b7-eQeYGA_f51G_GGWbyY&hl=en&ei=uu23SeeBNJjAtgfOwvGzCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result#PPP9,M1 links.]<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; • Mahmoud A. El-Gamal, 2006. ''Islamic Finance: Law, Economics, and Practice''. Cambridge. [https://web.archive.org/web/20060812051833/http://www.cambridge.org/us/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521864143 Description and chapter titles.]</ref>
+Hubungan antara agama dan perilaku ekonomi pertama kali diidentifikasi oleh [[Max Weber]] yang menghubungkan munculnya [[kapitalisme]] modern dengan [[Reformasi Protestan]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Weber |first1=Max |title=The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism |date=2012 |publisher=Courier Corporation |isbn=9780486122373 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=ez7CAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=weber+spirit+of++capitalism#v=onepage&q=weber%20spirit%20of%20%20capitalism&f=false |language=en}}</ref> [[Adam Smith]] meletakkan landasan bagi analisis ekonomi untuk agama dalam ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]'' yang menyatakan [[organisasi keagamaan]] bergantung pada kekuatan pasar, insentif, dan masalah persaingan sebagaimana [[sektor ekonomi]] lainnya.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Adam |title=The Wealth of Nations |date=1776 |publisher=Methuen \& Co |location=London |page=749}}</ref> Kajian empiris meneliti pengaruh kausal agama dalam [[ekonomi mikro]] untuk menjelaskan perilaku individu<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=913O9xcpBB4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=starke+and+finke#v=onepage&q=starke%20and%20finke&f=false|title=Acts of Faith: Explaining the Human Side of Religion|isbn=9780520222021|last1=Stark|first1=Rodney|last2=Finke|first2=Roger|date=August 2000}}</ref> dan dalam [[ekonomi makro]] penentu pertumbuhan ekonomi.<ref name="nrs.harvard.edu">{{cite journal |last1=Barro |first1=Robert J. |last2=McCleary |first2=Rachel M. |title=Religion and Economic Growth across Countries |journal=American Sociological Review |date=2003 |volume=68 |issue=5 |pages=760–781 |doi=10.2307/1519761 |jstor=1519761|url=http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:3708464 }}</ref> Ekonomi religius (atau teologis) adalah suatu studi terkait yang terkadang tumpang tindih atau tercampur dengan ekonomi agama.<ref>For example, the [http://www.acton.org/pub/journal-markets-morality ''Journal of Markets & Morality''] of the Acton Institute for the Study of Religion and Liberty and [http://www.gordon.edu/ace/ACEFandE.html ''Faith & Economics''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171103114834/http://www.gordon.edu/ace/ACEFandE.html|date=2017-11-03}} of the Association of Christian Economists.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; • Paul Oslington, ed., 2003. ''Economics and Religion'', Elgar, v. 2, part II, Economics of Religion, scrollable [http://www.ecampus.com/book/9781840648492 table of contents], 10 of 41 papers, 1939–2002.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; • Patrick J. Welch and J.J. Mueller, 2001. "The Relationship of Religion to Economics," ''Review of Social Economy'', 59(2). pp. 185–202. [http://www3.baylor.edu/2002conference/abstracts/Welch,+Patrick+abstract.pdf Abstract.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060915193451/http://www3.baylor.edu/2002conference/abstracts/Welch%2C%20Patrick%20abstract.pdf|date=2006-09-15}}<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; • Paul Oslington, 2000. "A Theological Economics," ''International Journal of Social Economics'', 27(1), pp.[http://www.essaybay.com/articles/theology4.pdf \ 32–44.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307024603/http://essaybay.com/articles/theology4.pdf|date=2016-03-07}}<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; • Paul Oslington, ed., 2003. ''Economics and Religion'', v. 1, Historical Relationships, table of contents, pp. v–vi with links via upper [https://books.google.com/books?id=PDgxjACbK8AC&pg=PP10&lpg=PP7&ots=jUcI7NuNsm&lr= right-arrow] to Introduction and first 11 of 17 papers, 1939–2002.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; • Paul Oslington, ed., 2003. ''Economics and Religion'', v. 2, part I, Religious Economics and its Critics, scrollable [http://www.ecampus.com/book/9781840648492 table of contents], 14 papers, 1939–2002.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; • A.M.C. Waterman, 2002. "Economics as Theology: Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations," ''Southern Economic Journal'', 68(4), p [https://www.jstor.org/pss/1061499 pp. 907]–921. Reprinted in Paul Oslington, ed., 2003. Economics and Religion, v. 1, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=PDgxjACbK8AC&oi=fnd&pg=PA321&ots=jUcMdJuPuf&sig=kGPnD-pUaO7URku_AHU69laIk5Y#v=onepage&q=&f=true 321]–[https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=PDgxjACbK8AC&oi=fnd&pg=PA336&ots=jUcMdJuPuf&sig=kGPnD-pUaO7URku_AHU69laIk5Y#v=onepage&q=&f=true 336.]<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; • [[Thomas Nixon Carver]], 1908. "The Economic Basis of the Problem of Evil," ''Harvard Theological Review'', 1(1), pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=lP0LAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA97&lpg=PA97&dq=bl&ots=d_S53v307b&sig=SdakU_iXyhn7XT-d-zbNYFUSB_Y&hl=en&ei=TGu6ScDVCuH8tgfa7eTiDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result 97]–[https://books.google.com/books?id=lP0LAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA111&lpg=PA111&dq=bl&ots=d_S53v307b&sig=SdakU_iXyhn7XT-d-zbNYFUSB_Y&hl=en&ei=TGu6ScDVCuH8tgfa7eTiDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result 111.]<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; • _____, 1912. ''The Religion Worth Having''. Chapter [https://books.google.com/books?id=79AjG-BxewkC&dq=%22&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&ots=_vvfCP6Bnc&sig=M7nJT7b7-eQeYGA_f51G_GGWbyY&hl=en&ei=uu23SeeBNJjAtgfOwvGzCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result#PPP9,M1 links.]<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; • Mahmoud A. El-Gamal, 2006. ''Islamic Finance: Law, Economics, and Practice''. Cambridge. [https://web.archive.org/web/20060812051833/http://www.cambridge.org/us/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521864143 Description and chapter titles.]</ref>
-==Agama dan pertumbuhan ekonomi==
+== Agama dan pertumbuhan ekonomi ==
-[[Berkas:Religion economy.png|thumb|550px|The average annual income of countries correlates negatively [[Importance of religion by country|with national levels of religiosity]].<ref name=WIN-Gallup>{{cite web|last=WIN-Gallup |title=Global Index of religion and atheism. |url=http://redcresearch.ie/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/RED-C-press-release-Religion-and-Atheism-25-7-12.pdf |accessdate=21 October 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016062403/http://redcresearch.ie/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/RED-C-press-release-Religion-and-Atheism-25-7-12.pdf |archivedate=16 October 2012 |df= }}</ref>]]
+[[Berkas:Religion economy.png|jmpl|550px|Pendapatan tahunan rerata negara-negara berkorelasi negatif dengan [[Kepentingan agama menurut negara|tingkat religiositas nasional]].<ref name=WIN-Gallup>{{cite web|last=WIN-Gallup |title=Global Index of religion and atheism. |url=http://redcresearch.ie/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/RED-C-press-release-Religion-and-Atheism-25-7-12.pdf |accessdate=21 October 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016062403/http://redcresearch.ie/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/RED-C-press-release-Religion-and-Atheism-25-7-12.pdf |archivedate=16 October 2012 |df= }}</ref>]]
-Studies suggests there is a channel from religious behaviours to macroeconomic outcomes of economic growth, crime rates and institutional development.<ref>{{cite journal |title=People's opium? Religion and economic attitudes |journal=Journal of Monetary Economics |date=1 January 2003 |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=225–282 |doi=10.1016/S0304-3932(02)00202-7 |language=en |issn=0304-3932|last1=Guiso |first1=Luigi |last2=Sapienza |first2=Paola |last3=Zingales |first3=Luigi |citeseerx=10.1.1.194.9800 }}</ref> Scholars hypothesise religion impacts economic outcomes through religious doctrines promoting thrift, work ethic, honesty and trust.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Barro |first1=Robert J. |last2=McCleary |first2=Rachel M. |title=Religion and Economic Growth across Countries |journal=American Sociological Review |date=2003 |volume=68 |issue=5 |pages=760–781 |doi=10.2307/1519761 |jstor=1519761|url=http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:3708464 }}</ref>
+Studi menunjukkan terdapat suatu saluran dari perilaku keagamaan terhadap hasil ekonomi makro dari pertumbuhan ekonomi, tingkat kejahatan, dan pengembangan kelembagaan.<ref>{{cite journal |title=People's opium? Religion and economic attitudes |journal=Journal of Monetary Economics |date=1 January 2003 |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=225–282 |doi=10.1016/S0304-3932(02)00202-7 |language=en |issn=0304-3932|last1=Guiso |first1=Luigi |last2=Sapienza |first2=Paola |last3=Zingales |first3=Luigi |citeseerx=10.1.1.194.9800 }}</ref>
+Para sarjana berhipotesis bahwa agama memengaruhi hasil ekonomi melalui [[doktrin agama]] yang mempromosikan penghematan, etos kerja, kejujuran, dan kepercayaan.<ref name="nrs.harvard.edu"/>
-==Lihat pula==
+=== Kritik ===
+[[Korelasi]] antara agama dan hasil ekonomi dapat ditafsirkan dalam dua cara: (1) fitur [[intrinsik]] untuk agama yang memengaruhi pertumbuhan atau (2) fitur yang berkorelasi dengan agama tetapi bukan agama itu sendiri yang memengaruhi pertumbuhan. Literatur lintas negara yang ada dikritik karena ketidakmampuan untuk membedakan antara dua penjelasan, masalah yang disebut [[Endogenitas (ekonometrika)|bias endogenitas]]. Mengontrol [[model efek tetap|efek tetap]] negara mengurangi bias tetapi studi mutakhir menggunakan eksperimen lapangan dan alam untuk mengidentifikasi efek kausal agama.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Iyer |first1=Sriya |title=The New Economics of Religion |journal=Journal of Economic Literature |date=June 2016 |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=395–441 |url=https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/1810/255321/cwpe1544.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|doi=10.1257/jel.54.2.395 }}</ref>
+== Agama dan perilaku individual ==
+Penelitian menyoroti pentingnya [[Ortodoks|ortodoksi keagamaan]] pada perilaku moral dan versi [[Etika timbal balik|Aturan Emas]] "Lakukan kepada orang lain seperti yang Anda ingin orang lain lakukan untuk Anda" terkandung dalam sebagian besar agama-agama utama.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Batson |first1=Charles Daniel |last2=Schoenrade |first2=Patricia |last3=Ventis |first3=W. Larry |title=Religion and the Individual: A Social-Psychological Perspective |date=1993 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195062083 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=L58jAAAAYAAJ&q=batson+1993+religion+and+morality&dq=batson+1993+religion+and+morality |language=en}}</ref> Yang lain berpendapat hal itu mempromosikan kerja sama dan kepercayaan dalam kelompok atau klub yang dibatasi secara budaya.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Iannaccone |first1=Laurence R. |title=Introduction to the Economics of Religion |journal=Journal of Economic Literature |date=1998 |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=1465–1495 |jstor=2564806}}</ref> Studi membandingkan efek komplementer dari nilai-nilai keagamaan seperti amal, pengampunan, kejujuran, dan toleransi, dan kelompok sosial keagamaan dengan keanggotaan menanamkan favoritisme atau [[diskriminasi]] terhadap para anggota dalam atau luar kelompok.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Cooperation and the in-group-out-group bias: A field test on Israeli kibbutz members and city residents |journal=Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization |date=1 June 2006 |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=147–163 |doi=10.1016/j.jebo.2004.07.007 |language=en |issn=0167-2681|last1=Ruffle |first1=Bradley J. |last2=Sosis |first2=Richard |citeseerx=10.1.1.740.7036 }}</ref>
+=== Keyakinan ===
+Saluran keyakinan perilaku agama menyangkut upaya mahal yang berkaitan dengan reputasi ilahi. Azzi dan Ehrenberg pada tahun 1975 mengemukakan orang-orang mengalokasikan waktu dan uang untuk institusi sekuler dan keagamaan untuk memaksimalkan [[utilitas]] dalam kehidupan ini dan akhirat.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Azzi |first1=Corry |last2=Ehrenberg |first2=Ronald |title=Household Allocation of Time and Church Attendance |journal=Journal of Political Economy |date=February 1975 |volume=83 |issue=1 |pages=27–56 |doi=10.1086/260305 |language=en |issn=0022-3808|url=http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/articles/633 }}</ref>
+== Lihat pula ==
 * [[Ekonomi Buddhis]]
 * [[Sosiologi agama]]
@@ Baris 16: / Baris 26: @@
 * ''[[Malaysia and the Club of Doom]]''
-==Referensi==
+== Referensi ==
 {{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
-==Pranala luar==
+== Pranala luar ==
 * [http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1533448,00.html Does God Want You To Be Rich?]
-* [http://www.religionomics.com/index.html Economics of Religion Gateway:]   "What is the economic study of religion?" from the  [http://www.religionomics.com/asrec/index.html Association for the Study of Religion, Economics, and Culture.]
+* [http://www.religionomics.com/index.html Economics of Religion Gateway:] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605103050/http://www.religionomics.com/index.html |date=2010-06-05 }} "What is the economic study of religion?" from the [http://www.religionomics.com/asrec/index.html Association for the Study of Religion, Economics, and Culture.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205101515/http://www.religionomics.com/asrec/index.html |date=2010-02-05 }}
-* [http://www.ener-online.org/about.html European Network on the Economics of Religion]
+* [http://www.ener-online.org/about.html European Network on the Economics of Religion] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726031920/http://www.ener-online.org/about.html |date=2011-07-26 }}
 * [http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/04_49/b3911107_mz057.htm "Economists Are Getting Religion,"] ''Business Week''
-* [http://www.religionlink.org/tip_050131b.php "The economics of religion"]
+* [http://www.religionlink.org/tip_050131b.php "The economics of religion"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417021330/http://www.religionlink.org/tip_050131b.php |date=2009-04-17 }}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Economics Of Religion}}
 [[Kategori:Ekonomi dan agama]]
+[[Kategori:Ekonomi]]
+[[Kategori:Agama]]