Lompat ke isi

Jerman Amerika: Perbedaan antara revisi

Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas
Jelajahi riwayat secara interaktif
← Revisi sebelumnya
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
VisualTeks wiki
Illchy (bicara | kontrib)
29.588 suntingan
Tidak ada ringkasan suntingan
Tag: Suntingan perangkat seluler Suntingan peramban seluler Suntingan seluler lanjutan
 
(14 revisi perantara oleh 6 pengguna tidak ditampilkan)
Baris 1: Baris 1:
{{Infobox ethnic group
{{Infobox ethnic group
|group = Jerman Amerika<br />''Deutschamerikaner''
| group = Jerman Amerika
| native_name = {{Native name|de|Deutschamerikaner}}
|image = {{image array|perrow=5|width=80|height=80
| pop = '''44.978.546 (13,6%) murni atau campuran'''<br />
| image1 = Baron Steuben by Peale, 1780.jpg| caption1 = [[Baron von Steuben]]
'''15.447.670 (4,7%) Jerman murni'''<br />sensus tahun 2020<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2023/09/2020-census-dhc-a-race-overview.html|title= Census Bureau Releases 2020 Census Population for More Than 200 New Detailed Race and Ethnicity Groups|date= September 21, 2023|accessdate= October 21, 2023|archive-date= October 12, 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231012221711/https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2023/09/2020-census-dhc-a-race-overview.html|url-status= live}}</ref>
| image2 = John Jacob Astor.jpg| caption2 = [[John Jacob Astor]]
| popplace = Di seluruh negeri, terutama di [[Midwest]], lebih sedikit di [[New England]], California, New Mexico dan [[Deep South]].<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url = http://www.businessinsider.com/maps-of-ancestry-groups-in-america-2013-9 |title = 6 Maps That Show How Ethnic Groups Are Divided Across America |website = [[Business Insider]] |date = September 8, 2013 |access-date = March 10, 2016 |archive-date = March 11, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160311070720/http://www.businessinsider.com/maps-of-ancestry-groups-in-america-2013-9 |url-status = live }}</ref><br /> [[Missouri Rhineland]], Plurality in Pennsylvania,<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.loc.gov/rr/european/imde/germchro.html |title = The Germans in America |website = [[Library of Congress]] |date = April 24, 2014 |access-date = June 12, 2015 |archive-date = May 28, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230528125650/https://www.loc.gov/rr/european/imde/germchro.html |url-status = live }}</ref> [[Upstate New York]],<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.turkey-visit.com/new-york-population-ethnicity-map |title = New York Population Ethnicity Map |website = [[turkey-visit]] |date = August 1, 2007 |access-date = March 20, 2024}}</ref> Colorado dan [[Amerika Serikat Barat Daya|Southwest]].<ref name="census">{{cite web |url = https://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/pc80-s1-10/tab03.pdf |title = Ancestry of the Population by State: 1980 – Table 3 |access-date = November 11, 2012 |archive-date = February 24, 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120224233043/http://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/pc80-s1-10/tab03.pdf |url-status = live }}</ref>
| image3 = Carl-Schurz.jpg| caption3 = [[Carl Schurz]]
| languages = Inggris, Jerman
| image4 = Adolphus_busch2.jpg| caption4 = [[Adolphus Busch]]
| religions = {{flatlist|
| image5 = John D. Rockefeller 1885.jpg| caption5 = [[John D. Rockefeller]]
* Kristen
| image6 = HenryJHeinz.jpeg| caption6 = [[Henry J. Heinz]]
** 51% [[Protestan]], terutama [[Lutheranisme|Lutheran]], [[Calvinisme|Reformed]] dan [[Anabaptisme|Anabaptist]] juga banyak denominasi lain
| image7 = HerbertHoover.jpg| caption7 = [[Herbert Hoover]]
** 26% [[Gereja Katolik|Katolik Roma]]
| image8 = Dwight D. Eisenhower, official photo portrait, May 29, 1959.jpg| caption8 = [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]
* <1% Yahudi
| image9 = Babe_Ruth2.jpg| caption9 = [[Babe Ruth]]
* 16% lainnya termasuk [[Ateisme|ateis]]<ref>''One Nation Under God: Religion in Contemporary American Society'', p. 120.</ref>
| image10 = Earhart.jpg| caption10 = [[Amelia Earhart]]
}}
| image11 = Marlene Dietrich in No Highway (1951) (Cropped).png| caption11 = [[Marlene Dietrich]]
| image = Americans with German Ancestry by state.svg
| image12 = John Steinbeck 1962.jpg| caption12 = [[John Steinbeck]]
| image_caption = Orang Amerika Serikat dengan Garis Keturunan Jerman berdasarkan negara bagian menurut Survei Masyarakat Amerika oleh Biro Sensus AS pada tahun 2020
| image13 = L. Frank Baum (1911).jpg| caption13 = [[L. Frank Baum]]
| related = {{flatlist|
| image14 = Wernher von Braun crop.jpg| caption14 = [[Wernher von Braun]]
* [[Diaspora Jerman|Jerman]] lainnya
| image15 = Kurt Vonnegut 1972.jpg| caption15 = [[Kurt Vonnegut]]
* [[Austria Amerika]]
| image16 = NormanSchwarzkopf.jpg| caption16 = [[Norman Schwarzkopf, Jr.|Norman Schwarzkopf]]
* [[Belgia Amerika]]
| image17 = Ted Geisel NYWTS 2 crop.jpg| caption17 = [[Dr. Seuss]]
* [[Belanda Amerika]]
| image18 = At Home With Evel Knievel.jpg | caption18 = [[Evel Knievel]]
* [[Frisia Amerika]]
| image19 = John Heinz.jpg | caption19 = [[H. John Heinz III]]
* [[Yahudi Amerika]]
| image20 = Streep san sebastian 2008 2.jpg| caption20 = [[Meryl Streep]]
* [[Liechtenstein Amerika]]
| image21 = Kim Basinger (2105860771) crop.JPG| caption21 = [[Kim Basinger]]
* [[Luksemburg Amerika]]
| image22 = Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz portrait.jpg | caption22 = [[Chester W. Nimitz]]
* [[Mennonite#Organization: North America|Mennonite Amerika]]
| image23 = AmandaSeyfried09TIFF.jpg | caption23 = [[Amanda Seyfried]]
* [[Hutterite]]
| image24 = Custer_Bvt_MG_Geo_A_1865_LC-BH831-365-crop.jpg | caption24 = [[George Armstrong Custer]]
* [[Jerman Pennsylvania]]
| image25 = Henry A Kissinger.jpg | caption25= [[Henry Kissinger]]
* [[Sorbia Amerika]]
| image26 = Donald_Trump_September_3_2015.jpg | caption26 = [[Donald Trump]]
* [[Swiss Amerika]]
| image27 = Otto_Klemperer.jpg | caption27 = [[Otto Klemperer]]
* [[Silesia Texas]]
| image28 = Elon_Musk_2015.jpg | caption28 = [[Elon Musk]]
| image29 = Harrison Ford Césars 2010.jpg | caption29 = [[Harrison Ford]]
| image30 = General John Joseph Pershing head on shoulders.jpg | caption30 = [[John J. Pershing]]
| image31 = Neil Armstrong in suit.jpg | caption31 = [[Neil Armstrong]]
}}
}}
|caption =
|poptime = '''50,764,352'''<ref name="Census 2008 ACS Ancestry estimates">[http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-qr_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_DP2&-geo_id=01000US&-ds_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-format= Census 2009 ACS Ancestry estimates]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legis.state.pa.us/CFDOCS/Legis/PN/Public/btCheck.cfm?txtType=HTM&sessYr=2009&sessInd=0&billBody=S&billTyp=R&billNbr=0141&pn=1216|title=Regular Session 2009-2010 Senate Resolution 141 P.N. 1216 |publisher=|accessdate=17 March 2015}}</ref>
'''17.1%''' dari populasi AS (2009)
|popplace = {{flagicon|USA}} Di seluruh wilayah Amerika Serikat, kecuali untuk [[New England]]<br />Pluralitas di [[Pennsylvania]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.loc.gov/rr/european/imde/germchro.html |title=The Germans in America |date=2014-04-24 |accessdate=2015-06-12}}</ref> dan [[Tengah Barat Amerika Serikat|Negara-negara bagian tengah barat]]<ref name="census">{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/pc80-s1-10/tab03.pdf |title=Ancestry of the Population by State: 1980 - Table 3 |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2012-11-11}}</ref>
|langs = [[Bahasa Inggris|Inggris]] <small>([[Bahasa Inggris Amerika|Dialek Inggris Amerika]])</small> dan [[Bahasa Jerman di Amerika Serikat|Jerman]]
|rels = {{flatlist|
* [[Kekristenan|Kristen]]
** 51% [[Protestan]]
*** cabang signifikan: [[Lutheran]]
*** [[Reformed]]
*** [[Anabaptis]]
*** others
** 26% [[Katolik Roma]]
* 1% [[Yudaisme|Yahudi]] (1%)
* 16% lain-lain<ref>''One Nation Under God: Religion in Contemporary American Society'', p. 120.</ref>
}}
}}
|related = {{flatlist|
* [[Bangsa jERMAN]]
* [[Alsace|Alsatia]]
* [[Amerika Austria]]
* [[Amerika Swiss]]
* [[Belanda Amerika]]
* [[Belanda Pennsylvania]]
* [[Etnis Jerman|Diaspora Jerman]]
* [[Jerman Kanada]]
}}}}


'''Jerman Amerika''' ({{lang-en|German American}}; {{lang-de|link=no|Deutschamerikaner}}, {{IPA-de|ˈdɔʏtʃʔameʁɪˌkaːnɐ|pron}}) adalah [[orang Amerika Serikat]] yang memiliki garis keturunan Jerman secara penuh atau parsial. Hasil sensus tahun 2020 menunjukkan lebih dari 44.978.546 orang Amerika Serikat mengidentifikasi diri sebagai keturunan Jerman murni atau campuran dengan keturunan lainnya. Angka ini mencakup 15.447.670 orang yang teridentifikasi sebagai Jerman murni.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2023/09/2020-census-dhc-a-race-overview.html|title= Census Bureau Releases 2020 Census Population for More Than 200 New Detailed Race and Ethnicity Groups|date= September 21, 2023|accessdate= October 21, 2023|archive-date= October 12, 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231012221711/https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2023/09/2020-census-dhc-a-race-overview.html|url-status= live}}</ref>
Kelompok etnis '''Jerman Amerika''' ({{lang-de|Deutschamerikaner}}) terdiri dari orang-orang yang memiliki darah [[Jerman]] secara menyeluruh atau sebagian. Kelompok etnis tersebut merupakan [[Kelompok etnis di Amerika Serikat|kelompok etnis terbesar di Amerika Serikat]], yang terdiri dari sekitar 50 juta orang.<ref name="Census 2008 ACS Ancestry estimates"/><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=SVoAXh-dNuYC&pg=PA57&dq=Sharing+the+dream:+white+males+in+multicultural+America++english+ancestry&cd=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false Sharing the Dream: White Males in a Multicultural America] By Dominic J. Pulera.</ref><ref>Reynolds Farley, 'The New Census Question about Ancestry: What Did It Tell Us?', ''Demography'', Vol. 28, No. 3 (August 1991), pp. 414, 421.</ref><ref>Stanley Lieberson and Lawrence Santi, 'The Use of Nativity Data to Estimate Ethnic Characteristics and Patterns', ''Social Science Research'', Vol. 14, No. 1 (1985), pp. 44-6.</ref><ref>Stanley Lieberson and Mary C. Waters, 'Ethnic Groups in Flux: The Changing Ethnic Responses of American Whites', ''Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science'', Vol. 487, No. 79 (September 1986), pp. 82-86.</ref><ref>Mary C. Waters, ''Ethnic Options: Choosing Identities in America'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), p. 36.</ref><ref>From [http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm=y&-reg=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_S0201:535;ACS_2008_3YR_G00_S0201PR:535;ACS_2008_3YR_G00_S0201T:535;ACS_2008_3YR_G00_S0201TPR:535&-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_S0201&-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_S0201PR&-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_S0201T&-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_S0201TPR&-ds_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_&-TABLE_NAMEX=&-ci_type=A&-redoLog=true&-charIterations=047&-geo_id=01000US&-geo_id=NBSP&-format=&-_lang=en Census Bureau, "S0201. Selected Population Profile in the United States" 2006-2008 data]</ref> Kelompok tersebut terdiri dari sekitar {{frac|1|3}} dari [[diaspora]] Jerman di dunia.<ref>[http://www.en.bmi.bund.de/nn_148248/Internet/Content/Themen/Auslaender__Fluechtlinge__Asyl__Zuwanderung/DatenundFakten/Deutsche__Auslaender__mit__Migrationshintergrund__en.html Germans and foreigners with an immigrant background]. 156 is the estimate which counts all people claiming ethnic German ancestry in the U.S., Brazil, Argentina, and elsewhere.</ref><ref>"Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia" by Jeffrey Cole (2011), page 171.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://histclo.com/country/ger/reg/pop/gr-pop.html |title=Report on German population |publisher=Histclo.com |date=4 February 2010 |accessdate=2013-01-07}}</ref>


Menurut Academy for Cultural Diplomacy pada tahun 2012, "Jerman-Amerika merupakan kelompok keturunan terbesar di Amerika Serikat yang dilaporkan setiap individu, meliputi kira-kira 49 juta jiwa dan mencakup sekitar 17% dari total populasi Amerika Serikat"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Famous German-Americans |url=https://www.culturaldiplomacy.org/academy/index.php?en_tar_famous-german-americans |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=www.culturaldiplomacy.org |language=en |archive-date=May 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512182713/https://www.culturaldiplomacy.org/academy/index.php?en_tar_famous-german-americans |url-status=live }}</ref> Ini menunjukkan kenaikan dibanding tahun 2010 di mana terdapat 45,7&nbsp;juta orang Jerman Amerika di Amerika Serikat.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=G. Scott |date=July 30, 2012 |title=German-Americans are nation's dominant ethnic group |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/bizjournals/on-numbers/scott-thomas/2012/07/german-americans-are-nations-dominant.html |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=[[The Business Journals]] |archive-date=July 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716031542/https://www.bizjournals.com/bizjournals/on-numbers/scott-thomas/2012/07/german-americans-are-nations-dominant.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Jerman Amerika meliputi sekitar satu pertiga dari total populasi [[keturunan Jerman]] di seluruh dunia.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.en.bmi.bund.de/nn_148248/Internet/Content/Themen/Auslaender__Fluechtlinge__Asyl__Zuwanderung/DatenundFakten/Deutsche__Auslaender__mit__Migrationshintergrund__en.html |title = Germans and foreigners with an immigrant background |publisher = The Federal Ministry of the Interior of the Federal Republic of Germany |date = 2006 |url-status = dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504094914/http://www.en.bmi.bund.de/nn_148248/Internet/Content/Themen/Auslaender__Fluechtlinge__Asyl__Zuwanderung/DatenundFakten/Deutsche__Auslaender__mit__Migrationshintergrund__en.html |archive-date = May 4, 2009 |postscript = : 156 is the estimate which counts all people claiming ethnic German ancestry in the U.S., Brazil, Argentina, and elsewhere. }}</ref><ref>"Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia" by Jeffrey Cole (2011), page 171.</ref>
Tidak ada negara-negara Jerman yang memiliki koloni Amerika. Pada 1670an, kelompok-kelompok imigran Jerman signifikan pertama datang ke [[kolonisasi Britania di Amerika|koloni-koloni Britania]], utamanya bermukim di [[New York]] dan [[Pennsylvania]]. [[Imigrasi ke Amerika Serikat|Imigrasi]] berlanjut dalam jumlah yang sangat besar pada abad ke-19, dengan delapan juga orang datang dari Jepang. Pada pertengahan abad kesembilan belas (antara 1820 sampai 1870) lebih dari tujuh setengah juta imigran datang ke Amerika Serikat — lebih dari dua kali lipatnya populasi di negara asalnya. Pada 2010, populasi mereka bertumbuh menjadi 49.8 juta warga negara, menandakan penambahan 6 juta orang sejak 2000.


Kelompok imigran Jerman signifikan yang pertama tiba di [[Amerika Britania Raya|koloni-koloni Britania Raya]] pada tahun 1670-an, dan mereka terutama bermukim di negara bagian [[Provinsi Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania]], [[Provinsi New York|New York]], dan [[Koloni Virginia|Virginia]].
Jerman Amerika mendirikan [[taman kanak-kanak]] pertama di Amerika Serikat,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/dictionary/index.asp?action=view&term_id=1676&search_term=schurz|title=404 Error: File Not Found|publisher=|accessdate=17 Maret 2015}}</ref> memperkenalkan tradisi [[pohon Natal]],<ref>{{Citation |title=The History of Christmas |work=Gareth Marples |url=http://www.thehistoryof.net/the-history-of-christmas.html |accessdate=2 Desember 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/1996/12.12/ProfessorBrough.html|title=Professor Brought Christmas Tree to New England|author=Harvard Office of News and Public Affairs|publisher=|accessdate=17 Maret 2015}}</ref> dan mempelopori makanan-makanan Amerika populer seperti [[hot dog]] dan [[hamburger]].<ref>Lihat [http://www.homeofthehamburger.org/history.html catatan surat kabar]</ref>


Perusahaan Mississippi Prancis kemudian memindahkan ribuan orang Jerman dari Eropa ke wilayah yang dulu bernama [[German Coast, Orleans Territory]] di Louisiana saat ini dari tahun 1718 hingga 1750.<ref>{{Cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=aTP8fxliBI4C&q=%22mississippi+company%22+%22john+law%22+ships+prostitutes&pg=PA11 |title = Cat Island: The History of a Mississippi Gulf Coast Barrier Island |isbn = 9780786485789 |last1 = Cuevas |first1 = John |date = January 10, 2014 |access-date = June 25, 2021 |archive-date = November 30, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231130224721/https://books.google.com/books?id=aTP8fxliBI4C&q=%22mississippi+company%22+%22john+law%22+ships+prostitutes&pg=PA11#v=snippet&q=%22mississippi%20company%22%20%22john%20law%22%20ships%20prostitutes&f=false |url-status = live }}</ref> [[Imigrasi ke Amerika Serikat]] meningkat tajam pada abad ke-19.
== Referensi ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}


Terdapat sabuk populasi Jerman yang terdiri dari area-area mayoritas populasi Jerman Amerika yang tersebar di seluruh Amerika Serikat dari Pennsylvania timur, di mana banyak generasi Jerman Amerika pertama yang bermukim, hingga daerah pesisir Oregon.
== Daftar pustaka ==
{{Refbegin}}
* "German-Americans: The silent minority," [http://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21642222-americas-largest-ethnic-group-has-assimilated-so-well-people-barely-notice-it?fsrc=email_to_a_friend ''The Economist'' Feb. 7, 2015], With a statistical map by counties
* Adams, Willi Paul. ''[http://www-lib.iupui.edu/kade/adams/toc.html The German-Americans: An Ethnic Experience]'' (1993).
* Bank, Michaela. ''Women of Two Countries: German-American Women, Women's Rights and Nativism, 1848–1890'' (Berghahn, 2012).
* Baron, Frank, "Abraham Lincoln and the German Immigrants: Turners and Forty-Eighters," ''Yearbook of German-American Studies,'' 4 (Supplemental Issue 2012), 1–254.
* Barry, Colman J. ''The Catholic Church and German Americans''. (1953).
* Brancaforte, Charlotte L., ed. ''The German Forty-Eighters in the United States''. (1989).
* Coburn, Carol K. ''Life at Four Corners: Religion, Gender, and Education in a German-Lutheran Community, 1868–1945''. (1992).
* Conzen, Kathleen Neils. "Germans" in Stephan Thernstrom, ed. ''Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups''. (1980). pp.&nbsp;405–425.
* Conzen, Kathleen Neils. ''Germans in Minnesota''. (2003).
* Conzen, Kathleen Neils. ''Immigrant Milwaukee, 1836–1860: Accommodation and Community in a Frontier City''. (1976).
* DeWitt, Petra. ''Degrees of Allegiance: Harassment and Loyalty in Missouri's German-American Community during World War I'' (Ohio University Press, 2012).
* Dobbert, Guido A. "[http://www.jstor.org/stable/2710894 German-Americans between New and Old Fatherland, 1870–1914]". ''[[American Quarterly]]'' 19 (1967): 663–680.
* Efford, Alison Clark. ''German Immigrants: Race and Citizenship in the Civil War Era.'' New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
* Ellis, M. and P. Panayi. "German Minorities in World War I: A Comparative Study of Britain and the USA", ''[[Ethnic and Racial Studies]]'' 17 (April 1994): 238–259.
* Emmerich, Alexander. ''[[John Jacob Astor]] and the First Great American Fortune''. (2013); Astor (1763-1848) came to the US in 1783
* Ernst, Robert. ''Immigrant Life in New York City, 1825-1863'' (1949), detailed coverage of Germans and Irish.
* Faust, Albert Bernhardt. ''The German Element in the United States with Special Reference to Its Political, Moral, Social, and Educational Influence''. 2 vol (1909). [https://books.google.com/books?id=J2Q6RgAJTsgC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol. 1], [https://books.google.com/books?id=3yPK62Gsg6kC&dq=The%20German%20Element%20in%20the%20United%20States&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q=The%20German%20Element%20in%20the%20United%20States&f=false vol. 2]
* Fogleman, Aaron. ''Hopeful Journeys: German Immigration, Settlement, and Political Culture in Colonial America, 1717–1775'' (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996) [http://www.questia.com/library/4596187/hopeful-journeys-german-immigration-settlement online]
* [[German Historical Institute]]. ''[http://www.immigrantentrepreneurship.org/ Immigrant Entrepreneurship: German-American Business Biographies, 1720 to the Present]''. (2010, updated continually)
* Gross, Stephen John. "Handing down the farm: Values, strategies, and outcomes in inheritance practices among rural German Americans", ''Journal of Family History'', (1996) 21: 2, 192–217.
* Grubb, Farley. '' German Immigration and Servitude in America, 1709–1920'' (Routledge Explorations in Economic History) (2011).
* Hawgood, John. ''The Tragedy of German-America''. (1940).
* Iverson, Noel. ''Germania, U.S.A.: Social Change in New Ulm, Minnesota''. (1966). emphasizes Turners.
* Jensen, Richard. ''The Winning of the Midwest, Social and Political Conflict 1888–1896''. (1971). Voting behavior of Germans, prohibition, language, and school issues.
* Johnson, Hildegard B. "[http://www.jstor.org/pss/2561181 The Location of German Immigrants in the Middle West]". ''Annals of the Association of American Geographers'' 41 (1951): 1–41.
* Jordon, Terry G. ''German Seed in Texas Soil: Immigrant Farmers in Nineteenth-century Texas''. (1966).
* Kamphoefner, Walter D. and Wolfgang Helbich, eds. ''German-American Immigration and Ethnicity in Comparative Perspective''. Madison, Wisconsin: [[Max Kade Institute]], [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]] (2004).
* Kamphoefner, Walter D., "Uprooted or Transplanted? Reflections on Patterns of German Immigration to Missouri," ''Missouri Historical Review,'' 103 (Jan. 2009), 71-89.
* Kamphoefner, Walter D. "Immigrant Epistolary and Epistemology: On the Motivators and Mentality of Nineteenth-Century German Immigrants." ''Journal of American Ethnic History'' (2009): 34-54. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/40543427 in JSTOR], on deep-reading their letters
* Kazal, Russell A. ''Becoming Old Stock: The Paradox of German-American Identity''. (2004).
* Keller, Christian B. "Flying Dutchmen and Drunken Irishmen: The Myths and Realities of Ethnic Civil War Soldiers," ''[[Journal of Military History]]'', 73 (January 2009), 117–145.
* Knarr, Mary L. "Faith, frauen, and the formation of an ethnic identity: German Lutheran women in south and central Texas, 1831–1890". Ph.D. dissertation, [[Texas Christian University]], 2009.
* Lohne, Raymond. "Team of Friends: A New Lincoln Theory and Legacy", ''Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society'' Fall/Winter 2008, vol. 101 no. 3/4, pp.&nbsp;285–314. German American politics and Abraham Lincoln
* Luebke, Frederick C. ''Bonds of Loyalty: German Americans During World War I''. (1974).
* Luebke, Frederick C., ed. ''Ethnic Voters and the Election of Lincoln''. (1971).
* Luebke, Frederick C. ''Germans in the New World''. University of Illinois Press (1990).
* Luebke, Frederick. ''Immigrants and Politics: The Germans of Nebraska, 1880–1900''. (1969).
* O'Connor, Richard. ''German-Americans: an Informal History''. (1968).
* Pickle, Linda. ''Contented among Strangers: Rural German-Speaking Women and Their Families in the Nineteenth-Century Midwest'' (1996).
* Pochmann, Henry A. and Arthur R. Schultz; ''German Culture in America, 1600–1900: Philosophical and Literary Influences''. (1957).
* Ritter, Luke, "Sunday Regulation and the Formation of German American Identity in St. Louis, 1840–1860," ''Missouri Historical Review,'' (2012), vol. 107, no. 1, pp.&nbsp;23–40.
* Roeber, A. G. ''Palatines, Liberty, and Property: German Lutherans in Colonial British America''. (1998).
* Salamon, Sonya. ''Prairie Patrimony: Family, Farming, and Community in the Midwest'' ([[U of North Carolina Press]], 1992), focus on German Americans.
* Schiffman, Harold. [http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/540/handouts/gachurch/biggac.html "Language loyalty in the German-American Church: The Case of an Over-confident Minority]" (1987).
* Schirp, Francis. [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06475c.htm "Germans in the United States]". ''[[The Catholic Encyclopedia]]''. Vol. 6. New York: Appleton, 1909.
* Schlossman, Steven L. "Is there an American tradition of bilingual education? German in the public elementary schools, 1840-1919." ''American Journal of Education'' (1983): 139-186. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1085040 in JSTOR]
* Tatlock, Lynne and Matt Erlin, eds. ''German Culture in Nineteenth-Century America: Reception, Adaptation, Transformation''. (2005).
* Tischauser, Leslie V. ''The Burden of Ethnicity: The German Question in Chicago, 1914–1941''. (1990).
* Tolzmann, Don H., ed. ''German Americans in the World Wars'', 2 vols. Munich, Germany: K.G. Saur, (1995).
* Tolzmann, Don H. ''German-American Literature'' (Scarecrow Press, 1977).
* Trommler, Frank & Joseph McVeigh, eds. ''America and the Germans: An Assessment of a Three-Hundred-Year History''. (2 vol 1985); vol 1: ''Immigration, Language, Ethnicity''; vol 2: ''The Relationship in the Twentieth Century''. Essays by scholars covering broad themes.
* Turk, Eleanor L. "[http://kshs.org/publicat/history/2005spring_turk.pdf Germans in Kansas: Review Essay]". ''[[Kansas History: A Journal of the Central Plains]]'' 28 (Spring 2005): 44–71.
* van Ravenswaay, Charles. ''The Arts and Architecture of German Settlements in Missouri: A Survey of a Vanishing Culture'' (1977; reprint University of Missouri Press, 2006).
* Walker, Mack. ''Germany and the Emigration, 1816–1885'' (1964).
* Wittke, Carl Frederick. ''The German-Language Press in America''. (1957).
* Wittke, Carl Frederick. ''Refugees of Revolution: The German Forty-Eighters in America''. (1952).
* Wittke, Carl Frederick. ''We Who Built America: The Saga of the Immigrant''. (1939), ch. 6, 9.
* Wood, Ralph, ed. ''The Pennsylvania Germans''. (1942).
* Zeitlin, Richard. ''Germans in Wisconsin''. Madison: [[State Historical Society of Wisconsin]] (2000).
{{Refend}}
{{Refbegin}}


Pennsylvania, dengan 3,5&nbsp;juta orang keturunan Jerman, adalah negara bagian dengan populasi Jerman-Amerika terbanyak di Amerika Serikat dan menjadi tempat salah satu permukiman asli kelompok ini, bagian [[Germantown, Philadelphia|Germantown]] di [[Philadelphia]] saat ini, yang didirikan tahun 1683. Germantown juga merupakan tempat kelahiran [[Petisi Germantown Quaker Melawan Perbudakan 1688|gerakan antiperbudakan di Amerika Serikat]], yang terbentuk di sana pada tahun 1688.
=== Historiografi ===
* Hustad, Bradley Jake. "Problems in Historiography: The Americanization of German Ethnics." (MA thesis, Mankato State University, 2013). [http://cornerstone.lib.mnsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1140&context=etds online]
* Kazal, Russell A. "[http://www.jstor.org/stable/2169006 Revisiting Assimilation: The Rise, Fall, and Reappraisal of a Concept]". ''[[American Historical Review]]'' 100 (1995): 437–71.
* Ortlepp, Anke. "Deutsch-Athen Revisited: Writing the History of Germans in Milwaukee" in Margo Anderson and Victor Greene (eds.), ''Perspectives on Milwaukee's Past''. Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2009.
* Miller, Zane L. "Cincinnati Germans and the Invention of an Ethnic Group", ''Queen City Heritage: The Journal of the Cincinnati Historical Society'' 42 (Fall 1984): 13–22.
* {{cite book|author=Parish, Peter J., ed.|title=Reader's Guide to American History|year=2013|publisher=Taylor & Francis|pages=294–95}}


Germantown juga menjadi lokasi dari [[Pertempuran Germantown]], sebuah pertempuran [[Perang Revolusi Amerika]] antara [[Angkatan Darat Britania Raya pada Perang Revolusi Amerika|Angkatan Darat Britania Raya]], pimpinan [[William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe|William Howe]], dan [[Tentara Kontinental]], pimpinan [[George Washington]], pada tanggal 4 Oktober 1777.
=== Sumber primer ===
* Kamphoefner, Walter D., and Wolfgang Helbich (Eds.). ''Germans in the Civil War; The Letters They Wrote Home''. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006.
* Kamphoefner, Walter D., Wolfgang Johannes Helbich and Ulrike Sommer (Eds.). ''News from the Land of Freedom: German Immigrants Write Home''. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1991.
* {{cite web |url= http://flps.newberry.org/#filters/group/german?page=1|title=German |work=Chicago Foreign Language Press Survey |year=1942 |publisher=Chicago Public Library Omnibus Project of the [[Works Progress Administration]] of Illinois |via=[[Newberry Library]] }} (English translations of selected German-language newspaper articles, 1855-1938).


Orang Jerman Amerika tertarik untuk tinggal di kolonial [[Amerika Britania Raya]] karena lahan yang melimpah dan kebebasan beragama, dan terusir dari Jerman karena kekurangan lahan dan penindasan bermotif agama dan [[penindasan politik|politik]].<ref>{{cite book |author = Robert C. Nesbit |title = Wisconsin: A History |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=yVCoRShIIKMC&pg=PA155 |year = 2004 |publisher = [[University of Wisconsin Press]] |pages = 155–57 |isbn = 9780299108045 |access-date = October 16, 2015 |archive-date = November 30, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231130224721/https://books.google.com/books?id=yVCoRShIIKMC&pg=PA155#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status = live }}</ref> Banyak yang datang mengejar kebebasan beragama atau [[kebebasan politik|politik]], sementara yang lain datang karena peluang ekonomi lebih besar daripada di Eropa, dan yang lainnya mengambil kesempatan memulai hidup baru di Dunia Baru. Kedatangan sebelum tahun 1850 sebagian besar adalah petani yang mencari lahan produktif, di mana metode [[pertanian intensif]]nya akan membuahkan hasil. Setelah tahun 1840, banyak yang datang ke kota-kota, di mana terbentuklah daerah-daerah berbahasa Jerman.<ref>Zane L. Miller, "Cincinnati Germans and the Invention of an Ethnic Group", ''Queen City Heritage: The Journal of the Cincinnati Historical Society'' 42 (Fall 1984): 13–22</ref><ref>Bayrd Still, ''Milwaukee, the History of a City'' (1948) pp. 260–63, 299</ref><ref>On Illinois see, Raymond Lohne, "Team of Friends: A New Lincoln Theory and Legacy", ''Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society'' Fall/Winter2008, Vol. 101 Issue 3/4, pp 285–314</ref>
=== Dalam bahasa Jerman ===
* Emmerich, Alexander. ''Geschichte der Deutschen in Amerika von 1680 bis in die Gegenwart''. (2013).
* Rehs, Michael. ''Wurzeln in fremder Erde: Zur Geschichte der südwestdeutschen Auswanderung nach Amerika'' DRW-Verlag, 1984. ISBN 3-87181-231-5
* {{Citation |title = American Newspaper Directory |publication-date =1880 |publication-place = New York |publisher = [[George P. Rowell|Geo. P. Rowell & Co.]] |chapterurl= https://archive.org/stream/geoprowellcosame1880newy#page/517/mode/1up |chapter= List of Newspapers and Periodicals Printed Wholly or in Part in Languages Other Than English: German }}


Orang Jerman Amerika mendirikan [[taman kanak-kanak]] pertama di Amerika Serikat,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/dictionary/index.asp?action=view&term_id=1676&search_term=schurz |title = Schurz, Margarethe [Meyer] (Mrs. Carl Schurz) 1833 – 1876 |date = June 11, 2011 |url-status = bot: unknown |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110611083242/http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/dictionary/index.asp?action=view&term_id=1676&search_term=schurz |archive-date = June 11, 2011 }}</ref> memperkenalkan tradisi [[pohon Natal]],<ref>{{Citation |title = The History of Christmas |work = Gareth Marples |url = http://www.thehistoryof.net/the-history-of-christmas.html |access-date = December 2, 2006 |archive-date = June 28, 2006 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060628034631/http://www.thehistoryof.net/the-history-of-christmas.html |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/1996/12.12/ProfessorBrough.html |title = Professor Brought Christmas Tree to New England |author = Harvard Office of News and Public Affairs |website = News.harvard.edu |access-date = March 17, 2015 |archive-date = August 23, 1999 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/19990823204728/http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/1996/12.12/ProfessorBrough.html |url-status = dead }}</ref> dan memperkenalkan makanan-makanan populer seperti [[hot dog]] dan [[hamburger]] ke Amerika Serikat.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.homeofthehamburger.org/history.html |title = The Home of the Hamburger: History |access-date = March 18, 2010 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090805083255/http://www.homeofthehamburger.org/history.html |archive-date = August 5, 2009 }}</ref>
{{Refend}}


Mayoritas besar orang dengan keturunan Jerman telah [[Amerikanisasi (imigrasi)|ter-Amerikanisasi]]; kurang dari lima persen yang berbahasa Jerman. Masyarakat Jerman-Amerika sangatlah besar, banyak juga acara yang diselenggarakan di seluruh negeri untuk merayakan warisan keturunan Jerman salah satunya [[German-American Steuben Parade]] di Kota New York adalah salah satu yang paling terkenal dan diadakan setiap Sabtu ketiga di bulan September. [[Perayaan Oktoberfest#Amerika Seeikat|Perayaan-perayaan Oktoberfest]] dan [[Hari Jerman-Amerika]] adalah festival-festival populer. Terdapat acara tahunan besar di kota-kota dengan warisan Jerman yaitu di Chicago, [[Cincinnati]], [[Milwaukee]], [[Pittsburgh]], [[San Antonio]], dan [[St. Louis]].
== Pranala luar ==
{{Commons category|German Americans}}


Sekitar 180.000 penduduk permanen dari Jerman tinggal di Amerika Serikat pada tahun 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date = January 13, 2015 |title = Auswandern in die USA – das Land der unbegrenzten Möglichkeiten |url = https://www.wohin-auswandern.de/auswandern-usa |access-date = January 5, 2022 |website = Wohin-Auswandern.de |language = de-DE |archive-date = December 28, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211228014816/https://www.wohin-auswandern.de/auswandern-usa |url-status = live }}</ref>
=== Sejarah dan budaya Jerman-Amerika ===
* [http://www.loc.gov/rr/european/imde/germchro.html Chronology: Germans in America]
* [http://www-lib.iupui.edu/kade/merrill/home.html German Immigrant Culture in America: Syllabus (1998)]
* [http://www.auswandererbriefe.de Emigrant Letters to Germany (in German)]
* [http://www.businessinsider.com/german-american-history-2013-10 Why There Are So Many German Americans in the US]
* [http://german.about.com/library/blfam_geramABC.htm Famous Americans of German, Austrian, or German-Swiss Ancestry]
* [http://www.gamhof.org/famous_ga.html German-American Hall of Fame]
* [http://mki.wisc.edu/HGIA/Settling.htm How German Is American?]
* [http://www.germanhollywood.com/ The German-Hollywood Connection]


==Pranala luar==
=== Organisasi Jerman-Amerika ===
{{Commons category|German diaspora in the United States}}
* [http://www.gahc.org/ German American Heritage Center]
* [http://www.grhs.org/ Germans from Russia Heritage Society]
* [https://germanrootsusa.org/ Discover America´s German Roots], German-American Heritage Foundation of the USA
* [http://mki.wisc.edu/ The Max Kade Institute for German-American Studies]
* [http://www.germantownhistory.org/ The Germantown Historical Society (Philadelphia)]
* [http://www.germansociety.org The German Society of Pennsylvania (oldest German Society in the U.S.)]
* [http://www.pgs.org/default.asp The Pennsylvania German Society]
* [http://www.kutztown.edu/community/pgchc/index1.htm Pennsylvania German Cultural Heritage Center]
* [http://www.ighs.org Indiana German Heritage Society]
* [http://maxkade.iupui.edu Max Kade German-American Research and Resource Center]

=== Sejarah dan budaya Jerman-Amerika lokal ===
* [http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/512.html Germans in Chicago]
* [http://www.germantracesnyc.org German Traces NYC from the Goethe-Institut]
* [http://www.washjeff.edu/german/pittsburgh/ Interactive German-History Map of Pittsburgh]
* [http://www.oktoberfestzinzinnati.com/okt.aspx?menu_id=256&id=8478 Zinzinnati History (Cincinnati, Ohio)]
* [http://www.stimmungstunde.com Milwaukee German-American Radio Program]
* [http://pghmannerchor.com Teutonia Männerchor in Pittsburgh]
* [http://mki.wisc.edu/Resources/Online_Papers/seifert.html Some German Contributions to Wisconsin Life]
* [http://www.deutschtown.org/about/history.html Deutschtown (East Allegheny), Pittsburgh, PA]

{{Navboxes
|title=Artikel dan topik terkait Jerman Amerika
|state=collapsed
|list1=
{{Eropa Amerika}}
{{Demografi Amerika Serikat}}
{{diaspora Jerman}}
}}


{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Kelompok etnik di Amerika Serikat]]
[[Kategori:Tokoh Amerika Serikat keturunan Jerman]]
[[Kategori:Jerman Amerika| ]]
[[Category:Tokoh Amerika Serikat keturunan Jerman| ]]
[[Kategori:Diaspora Jerman menurut negara|Amerika]]
[[Category:Diaspora Jerman di Amerika Serikat| ]]
[[Kategori:Masyarakat Eropa-Amerika]]
[[Category:Diaspora Jerman menurut negara|Amerika Serikat]]
[[Category:Diaspora Eropa di Amerika Serikat]]

Revisi terkini sejak 28 Mei 2024 06.36

Jerman Amerika
Deutschamerikaner  (Jerman)
Orang Amerika Serikat dengan Garis Keturunan Jerman berdasarkan negara bagian menurut Survei Masyarakat Amerika oleh Biro Sensus AS pada tahun 2020
Jumlah populasi
44.978.546 (13,6%) murni atau campuran
15.447.670 (4,7%) Jerman murni
sensus tahun 2020[1]
Daerah dengan populasi signifikan
Di seluruh negeri, terutama di Midwest, lebih sedikit di New England, California, New Mexico dan Deep South.[2]
Missouri Rhineland, Plurality in Pennsylvania,[3] Upstate New York,[4] Colorado dan Southwest.[5]
Bahasa
Inggris, Jerman
Agama
Kelompok etnik terkait

Jerman Amerika (bahasa Inggris: German American; bahasa Jerman: Deutschamerikaner, pelafalan [ˈdɔʏtʃʔameʁɪˌkaːnɐ]) adalah orang Amerika Serikat yang memiliki garis keturunan Jerman secara penuh atau parsial. Hasil sensus tahun 2020 menunjukkan lebih dari 44.978.546 orang Amerika Serikat mengidentifikasi diri sebagai keturunan Jerman murni atau campuran dengan keturunan lainnya. Angka ini mencakup 15.447.670 orang yang teridentifikasi sebagai Jerman murni.[7]

Menurut Academy for Cultural Diplomacy pada tahun 2012, "Jerman-Amerika merupakan kelompok keturunan terbesar di Amerika Serikat yang dilaporkan setiap individu, meliputi kira-kira 49 juta jiwa dan mencakup sekitar 17% dari total populasi Amerika Serikat"[8] Ini menunjukkan kenaikan dibanding tahun 2010 di mana terdapat 45,7 juta orang Jerman Amerika di Amerika Serikat.[9] Jerman Amerika meliputi sekitar satu pertiga dari total populasi keturunan Jerman di seluruh dunia.[10][11]

Kelompok imigran Jerman signifikan yang pertama tiba di koloni-koloni Britania Raya pada tahun 1670-an, dan mereka terutama bermukim di negara bagian Pennsylvania, New York, dan Virginia.

Perusahaan Mississippi Prancis kemudian memindahkan ribuan orang Jerman dari Eropa ke wilayah yang dulu bernama German Coast, Orleans Territory di Louisiana saat ini dari tahun 1718 hingga 1750.[12] Imigrasi ke Amerika Serikat meningkat tajam pada abad ke-19.

Terdapat sabuk populasi Jerman yang terdiri dari area-area mayoritas populasi Jerman Amerika yang tersebar di seluruh Amerika Serikat dari Pennsylvania timur, di mana banyak generasi Jerman Amerika pertama yang bermukim, hingga daerah pesisir Oregon.

Pennsylvania, dengan 3,5 juta orang keturunan Jerman, adalah negara bagian dengan populasi Jerman-Amerika terbanyak di Amerika Serikat dan menjadi tempat salah satu permukiman asli kelompok ini, bagian Germantown di Philadelphia saat ini, yang didirikan tahun 1683. Germantown juga merupakan tempat kelahiran gerakan antiperbudakan di Amerika Serikat, yang terbentuk di sana pada tahun 1688.

Germantown juga menjadi lokasi dari Pertempuran Germantown, sebuah pertempuran Perang Revolusi Amerika antara Angkatan Darat Britania Raya, pimpinan William Howe, dan Tentara Kontinental, pimpinan George Washington, pada tanggal 4 Oktober 1777.

Orang Jerman Amerika tertarik untuk tinggal di kolonial Amerika Britania Raya karena lahan yang melimpah dan kebebasan beragama, dan terusir dari Jerman karena kekurangan lahan dan penindasan bermotif agama dan politik.[13] Banyak yang datang mengejar kebebasan beragama atau politik, sementara yang lain datang karena peluang ekonomi lebih besar daripada di Eropa, dan yang lainnya mengambil kesempatan memulai hidup baru di Dunia Baru. Kedatangan sebelum tahun 1850 sebagian besar adalah petani yang mencari lahan produktif, di mana metode pertanian intensifnya akan membuahkan hasil. Setelah tahun 1840, banyak yang datang ke kota-kota, di mana terbentuklah daerah-daerah berbahasa Jerman.[14][15][16]

Orang Jerman Amerika mendirikan taman kanak-kanak pertama di Amerika Serikat,[17] memperkenalkan tradisi pohon Natal,[18][19] dan memperkenalkan makanan-makanan populer seperti hot dog dan hamburger ke Amerika Serikat.[20]

Mayoritas besar orang dengan keturunan Jerman telah ter-Amerikanisasi; kurang dari lima persen yang berbahasa Jerman. Masyarakat Jerman-Amerika sangatlah besar, banyak juga acara yang diselenggarakan di seluruh negeri untuk merayakan warisan keturunan Jerman salah satunya German-American Steuben Parade di Kota New York adalah salah satu yang paling terkenal dan diadakan setiap Sabtu ketiga di bulan September. Perayaan-perayaan Oktoberfest dan Hari Jerman-Amerika adalah festival-festival populer. Terdapat acara tahunan besar di kota-kota dengan warisan Jerman yaitu di Chicago, Cincinnati, Milwaukee, Pittsburgh, San Antonio, dan St. Louis.

Sekitar 180.000 penduduk permanen dari Jerman tinggal di Amerika Serikat pada tahun 2020.[21]

Pranala luar

[sunting | sunting sumber]
Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai German diaspora in the United States.
  1. ^ "Census Bureau Releases 2020 Census Population for More Than 200 New Detailed Race and Ethnicity Groups". September 21, 2023. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal October 12, 2023. Diakses tanggal October 21, 2023. 
  2. ^ "6 Maps That Show How Ethnic Groups Are Divided Across America". Business Insider. September 8, 2013. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal March 11, 2016. Diakses tanggal March 10, 2016. 
  3. ^ "The Germans in America". Library of Congress. April 24, 2014. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal May 28, 2023. Diakses tanggal June 12, 2015. 
  4. ^ "New York Population Ethnicity Map". turkey-visit. August 1, 2007. Diakses tanggal March 20, 2024. 
  5. ^ "Ancestry of the Population by State: 1980 – Table 3" (PDF). Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal February 24, 2012. Diakses tanggal November 11, 2012. 
  6. ^ One Nation Under God: Religion in Contemporary American Society, p. 120.
  7. ^ "Census Bureau Releases 2020 Census Population for More Than 200 New Detailed Race and Ethnicity Groups". September 21, 2023. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal October 12, 2023. Diakses tanggal October 21, 2023. 
  8. ^ "Famous German-Americans". www.culturaldiplomacy.org (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal May 12, 2023. Diakses tanggal 2023-04-21. 
  9. ^ Thomas, G. Scott (July 30, 2012). "German-Americans are nation's dominant ethnic group". The Business Journals. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal July 16, 2022. Diakses tanggal 2023-04-21. 
  10. ^ "Germans and foreigners with an immigrant background". The Federal Ministry of the Interior of the Federal Republic of Germany. 2006. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal May 4, 2009: 156 is the estimate which counts all people claiming ethnic German ancestry in the U.S., Brazil, Argentina, and elsewhere. 
  11. ^ "Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia" by Jeffrey Cole (2011), page 171.
  12. ^ Cuevas, John (January 10, 2014). Cat Island: The History of a Mississippi Gulf Coast Barrier Island. ISBN 9780786485789. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal November 30, 2023. Diakses tanggal June 25, 2021. 
  13. ^ Robert C. Nesbit (2004). Wisconsin: A History. University of Wisconsin Press. hlm. 155–57. ISBN 9780299108045. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal November 30, 2023. Diakses tanggal October 16, 2015. 
  14. ^ Zane L. Miller, "Cincinnati Germans and the Invention of an Ethnic Group", Queen City Heritage: The Journal of the Cincinnati Historical Society 42 (Fall 1984): 13–22
  15. ^ Bayrd Still, Milwaukee, the History of a City (1948) pp. 260–63, 299
  16. ^ On Illinois see, Raymond Lohne, "Team of Friends: A New Lincoln Theory and Legacy", Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society Fall/Winter2008, Vol. 101 Issue 3/4, pp 285–314
  17. ^ "Schurz, Margarethe [Meyer] (Mrs. Carl Schurz) 1833 – 1876". June 11, 2011. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal June 11, 2011. 
  18. ^ "The History of Christmas", Gareth Marples, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal June 28, 2006, diakses tanggal December 2, 2006 
  19. ^ Harvard Office of News and Public Affairs. "Professor Brought Christmas Tree to New England". News.harvard.edu. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal August 23, 1999. Diakses tanggal March 17, 2015. 
  20. ^ "The Home of the Hamburger: History". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal August 5, 2009. Diakses tanggal March 18, 2010. 
  21. ^ "Auswandern in die USA – das Land der unbegrenzten Möglichkeiten". Wohin-Auswandern.de (dalam bahasa Jerman). January 13, 2015. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 28, 2021. Diakses tanggal January 5, 2022. 
Diperoleh dari "https://wiki-indonesia.club/w/index.php?title=Jerman_Amerika&oldid=25764185"