Virginia Apgar: Perbedaan antara revisi

Virginia Apgar
Virginia Apgar
Lahir	7 Juni 1909; Westfield, New Jersey
Meninggal	7 Agustus 1974 (umur 65); New York City, New York
	Penghargaan (1995) National Women's Hall of Fame; (1973) Ladies' Home Journal Women of the Year (en) ; (1966) Elizabeth Blackwell Medal (en) ; (1965) doctor honoris causa ;

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Revisi terkini sejak 23 Juni 2024 16.59

Virginia Apgar (7 Juni 1909– 7 Agustus 1974) adalah seorang dokter wanita Amerika Serikat. Dia adalah ahli di bidang anastesi, teratologi dan pendiri bidang neonatologi. Bagi khayalak ramai dia terkenal sebagai penemu metode penentuan kesehatan bayi yang baru lahir yang dikenal sebagai Skor Apgar. Hasil penemuan ini telah mengurangi jumlah kematian bayi di seluruh dunia.

Biografi

Apgar lulus dari pendidikan di Mount Holyoye College pada tahun 1929 dan kemudian dari Columbia University College of Physician & Surgeon pada tahun 1933. Virginia menyelesaikan residency sebagai dokter bedah pada tahun 1937. Walaupun demikian dia tidak disarankan untuk mempraktikan pembedahan oleh Dr. Allen Whipple. Pada tahun 1938 ia menempuh pendidikan dalam bidang anestesia dan kembali ke Columbia pada tahun 1938 sebagai direktur departemen anestesia.

Pada tahun 1949 Virginia Apgar menjadi wanita pertama yang dianugerahkan gelar profesor di Columbia University P&S. Pada tahun 1953 dia mengenalkan tes pertama yang dikenal sebagai Skor Apgar bagi bayi yang baru lahir. Dalam test itu dicatat kondisi bayi 1 menit, 5 menit dan 10 menit setelah lahir.

Apgar tidak pernah menikah, dan meninggal pada 7 Agustus 1974 di Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center.

Karya yang dipublikasikan

Lebih dari enam puluh makalah ilmiah
Makalah-makalah untuk media massa populer

Penghargaan

Honorary doctorate, Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania (1964)
Honorary doctorate, Mount Holyoke College (1965)
Distinguished Service Award from the American Society of Anesthesiologists (1966)
Elizabeth Blackwell Award, from the American Women's Medical Association (1966)
Honorary doctorate, New Jersey College of Medicine and Dentistry (1967)
Alumni Gold Medal for Distinguished Achievement, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons (1973)
Ralph M. Waters Award, American Society of Anesthesiologists (1973)
Woman of the Year in Science, Ladies Home Journal (1973)

Bacaan lebih lanjut

Pearce JM (2005). "Virginia Apgar (1909-1974): neurological evaluation of the newborn infant". European Neurology. 54 (3): 132–4. doi:10.1159/000089084. PMID 16244485.
Goodwin JW (2002). "A personal recollection of Virginia Apgar". Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada. 24 (3): 248–9. PMID 12585247.
Goldman R, Blickstein I (2001). "Dr. Virginia Apgar--1909-1974" [Dr. Virginia Apgar--1909-1974]. Harefuah (dalam bahasa Hebrew). 140 (2): 177–8. PMID 11242930.
Mazana Casanova JS (11 November 2000). "Virginia Apgar y su test posnatal medio siglo después" [Virginia Apgar and her postnatal test half a century later]. Anales Españoles De Pediatría (dalam bahasa Spanish). 53 (5): 469. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-01-06. Diakses tanggal 2011-03-09.
Baskett TF (2000). "Virginia Apgar and the newborn Apgar score". Resuscitation. 47 (3): 215–7. doi:10.1016/S0300-9572(00)00340-3. PMID 11114450.
Jay V (1999). "On a historical note: Dr. Virginia apgar". Pediatric and Developmental Pathology. 2 (3): 292–4. doi:10.1007/s100249900126. PMID 10191354.
Morishima HO (1996). "Virginia Apgar (1909-1974)". The Journal of Pediatrics. 129 (5): 768–70. doi:10.1016/S0022-3476(96)70170-1. PMID 8917248.
Shampo MA, Kyle RA (1995). "Virginia Apgar--the Apgar score". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 70 (7): 680. PMID 7791393.
Butterfield LJ (1994). "Virginia Apgar, MD, MPhH". Neonatal Network. 13 (6): 81–3. PMID 7854290.
Butterfield LJ (1994). "Virginia Apgar, MD, MPhH (1909-1974)". Journal of Perinatology. 14 (4): 310. PMID 7965228.
Ignatius J (1993). "Virginia Apgar 1909-1974" [Virginia Apgar 1909-1974]. Duodecim (dalam bahasa Finnish). 109 (1): 54–5. PMID 8013307.
Appelgren L (1991). "The woman behind the Apgar score. Virginia Apgar. The woman behind the scoring system for quality control of the newborn" [The woman behind the Apgar score. Virginia Apgar. The woman behind the scoring system for quality control of the newborn]. Läkartidningen (dalam bahasa Swedish). 88 (14): 1304–6. PMID 2016983.
Wilhelmson-Lindell B (1990). "Virginia Apgar Award to Petter Karlberg. After 45 years of pioneering commission as a pediatrician, the research on body-soul-environment is tempting" [Virginia Apgar Award to Petter Karlberg. After 45 years of pioneering commission as a pediatrician, the research on body-soul-environment is tempting]. Läkartidningen (dalam bahasa Swedish). 87 (40): 3198–200. PMID 2232990.
Kovács J (1989). "In commemoration of Virginia Apgar" [In commemoration of Virginia Apgar]. Orvosi Hetilap (dalam bahasa Hungarian). 130 (38): 2049–50. PMID 2677904.
Calmes SH (1984). "Virginia Apgar: a woman physician's career in a developing specialty". Journal of the American Medical Women's Association. 39 (6): 184–8. PMID 6392395.
Schoenberg DG, Schoenberg BS (1977). "Eponym: yes, Virginia, there is an Apgar score". Southern Medical Journal. 70 (1): 101. PMID 320667.
Frey R, Bendixen H (1977). "In memoriam Virginia Apgar 1909-1974" [In memoriam Virginia Apgar 1909-1974]. Der Anaesthesist (dalam bahasa German). 26 (1): 45. PMID 319701.
James LS (1976). "Dedication to Virginia Apgar, MD". Birth Defects Original Article Series. 12 (5): xx–xxi. PMID 782603.
James LS (1975). "Fond memories of Virginia Apgar". Pediatrics. 55 (1): 1–4. PMID 1089236.
James LW (1974). "Memories of Virginia Apgar". Teratology. 10 (3): 213–5. doi:10.1002/tera.1420100302. PMID 4617325.

Pranala luar

@@ Baris 21: / Baris 21: @@
 * Lebih dari enam puluh makalah ilmiah
-* Makalah-makalah untuk media massa populer
+* Makalah-makalah untuk [[media massa]] populer
 == Penghargaan ==
@@ Baris 29: / Baris 29: @@
 * Distinguished Service Award from the [[American Society of Anesthesiologists]] (1966)
 * [[Elizabeth Blackwell Award]], from the [[American Women's Medical Association]] (1966)
-* Honorary doctorate, New Jersey College of Medicine and Dentistry (1967)
+* Honorary doctorate, [[New Jersey]] College of Medicine and Dentistry (1967)
 * Alumni Gold Medal for Distinguished Achievement, [[Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons]] (1973)
 * [[Ralph M. Waters Award]], American Society of Anesthesiologists (1973)
-* Woman of the Year in Science, ''[[Ladies Home Journal]]'' (1973)
+* [[Woman of the Year]] in Science, ''[[Ladies Home Journal]]'' (1973)
 == Bacaan lebih lanjut ==
-* {{cite journal |author=Pearce JM |title=Virginia Apgar (1909-1974): neurological evaluation of the newborn infant |journal=European Neurology |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=132–4 |year=2005 |pmid=16244485 |doi=10.1159/000089084}}
+* {{Cite journal |last=Pearce JM |year=2005 |title=Virginia Apgar (1909-1974): neurological evaluation of the newborn infant |journal=European Neurology |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=132–4 |doi=10.1159/000089084 |pmid=16244485}}
-* {{cite journal |author=Goodwin JW |title=A personal recollection of Virginia Apgar |journal=Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=248–9 |year=2002 |month=March |pmid=12585247}}
+* {{Cite journal |last=Goodwin JW |year=2002 |title=A personal recollection of Virginia Apgar |journal=Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=248–9 |pmid=12585247 |month=March}}
-* {{cite journal |author=Goldman R, Blickstein I |trans_title=Dr. Virginia Apgar--1909-1974 |language=Hebrew |journal=Harefuah |volume=140 |issue=2 |pages=177–8 |year=2001 |month=February |pmid=11242930 |title=Dr. Virginia Apgar--1909-1974}}
+* {{Cite journal |last=Goldman R, Blickstein I |year=2001 |title=Dr. Virginia Apgar--1909-1974 |trans-title=Dr. Virginia Apgar--1909-1974 |journal=Harefuah |language=Hebrew |volume=140 |issue=2 |pages=177–8 |pmid=11242930 |month=February}}
-* {{cite journal |author=Mazana Casanova JS |trans_title=Virginia Apgar and her postnatal test half a century later |language=Spanish |journal=Anales Españoles De Pediatría |volume=53 |issue=5 |pages=469 |date=11 November 2000|title=Virginia Apgar y su test posnatal medio siglo después |url=http://www.elsevier.es/revistas/ctl_servlet?_f=7012&articuloid=12405 |pmid= }}
+* {{Cite journal |last=Mazana Casanova JS |date=11 November 2000 |title=Virginia Apgar y su test posnatal medio siglo después |trans-title=Virginia Apgar and her postnatal test half a century later |url=http://www.elsevier.es/revistas/ctl_servlet?_f=7012&articuloid=12405 |journal=Anales Españoles De Pediatría |language=Spanish |volume=53 |issue=5 |pages=469 |access-date=2011-03-09 |archive-date=2013-01-06 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130106225537/http://www.elsevier.es/revistas/ctl_servlet?_f=7012&articuloid=12405 |dead-url=yes }}
-* {{cite journal |author=Baskett TF |title=Virginia Apgar and the newborn Apgar score |journal=Resuscitation |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=215–7 |year=2000 |month=November |pmid=11114450 |doi=10.1016/S0300-9572(00)00340-3}}
+* {{Cite journal |last=Baskett TF |year=2000 |title=Virginia Apgar and the newborn Apgar score |journal=Resuscitation |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=215–7 |doi=10.1016/S0300-9572(00)00340-3 |pmid=11114450 |month=November}}
-* {{cite journal |author=Jay V |title=On a historical note: Dr. Virginia apgar |journal=Pediatric and Developmental Pathology |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=292–4 |year=1999 |pmid=10191354 |doi=10.1007/s100249900126}}
+* {{Cite journal |last=Jay V |year=1999 |title=On a historical note: Dr. Virginia apgar |journal=Pediatric and Developmental Pathology |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=292–4 |doi=10.1007/s100249900126 |pmid=10191354}}
-* {{cite journal |author=Morishima HO |title=Virginia Apgar (1909-1974) |journal=The Journal of Pediatrics |volume=129 |issue=5 |pages=768–70 |year=1996 |month=November |pmid=8917248 |doi=10.1016/S0022-3476(96)70170-1}}
+* {{Cite journal |last=Morishima HO |year=1996 |title=Virginia Apgar (1909-1974) |journal=The Journal of Pediatrics |volume=129 |issue=5 |pages=768–70 |doi=10.1016/S0022-3476(96)70170-1 |pmid=8917248 |month=November}}
-* {{cite journal |author=Shampo MA, Kyle RA |title=Virginia Apgar--the Apgar score |journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings |volume=70 |issue=7 |pages=680 |year=1995 |month=July |pmid=7791393}}
+* {{Cite journal |last=Shampo MA, Kyle RA |year=1995 |title=Virginia Apgar--the Apgar score |journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings |volume=70 |issue=7 |pages=680 |pmid=7791393 |month=July}}
-* {{cite journal |author=Butterfield LJ |title=Virginia Apgar, MD, MPhH |journal=Neonatal Network |volume=13 |issue=6 |pages=81–3 |year=1994 |month=September |pmid=7854290}}
+* {{Cite journal |last=Butterfield LJ |year=1994 |title=Virginia Apgar, MD, MPhH |journal=Neonatal Network |volume=13 |issue=6 |pages=81–3 |pmid=7854290 |month=September}}
-* {{cite journal |author=Butterfield LJ |title=Virginia Apgar, MD, MPhH (1909-1974) |journal=Journal of Perinatology |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=310 |year=1994 |pmid=7965228}}
+* {{Cite journal |last=Butterfield LJ |year=1994 |title=Virginia Apgar, MD, MPhH (1909-1974) |journal=Journal of Perinatology |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=310 |pmid=7965228}}
-* {{cite journal |author=Ignatius J |trans_title=Virginia Apgar 1909-1974 |language=Finnish |journal=Duodecim |volume=109 |issue=1 |pages=54–5 |year=1993 |pmid=8013307 |title=Virginia Apgar 1909-1974}}
+* {{Cite journal |last=Ignatius J |year=1993 |title=Virginia Apgar 1909-1974 |trans-title=Virginia Apgar 1909-1974 |journal=Duodecim |language=Finnish |volume=109 |issue=1 |pages=54–5 |pmid=8013307}}
-* {{cite journal |author=Appelgren L |trans_title=The woman behind the Apgar score. Virginia Apgar. The woman behind the scoring system for quality control of the newborn |language=Swedish |journal=Läkartidningen |volume=88 |issue=14 |pages=1304–6 |year=1991 |month=April |pmid=2016983 |title=The woman behind the Apgar score. Virginia Apgar. The woman behind the scoring system for quality control of the newborn}}
+* {{Cite journal |last=Appelgren L |year=1991 |title=The woman behind the Apgar score. Virginia Apgar. The woman behind the scoring system for quality control of the newborn |trans-title=The woman behind the Apgar score. Virginia Apgar. The woman behind the scoring system for quality control of the newborn |journal=Läkartidningen |language=Swedish |volume=88 |issue=14 |pages=1304–6 |pmid=2016983 |month=April}}
-* {{cite journal |author=Wilhelmson-Lindell B |trans_title=Virginia Apgar Award to Petter Karlberg. After 45 years of pioneering commission as a pediatrician, the research on body-soul-environment is tempting |language=Swedish |journal=Läkartidningen |volume=87 |issue=40 |pages=3198–200 |year=1990 |month=October |pmid=2232990 |title=Virginia Apgar Award to Petter Karlberg. After 45 years of pioneering commission as a pediatrician, the research on body-soul-environment is tempting}}
+* {{Cite journal |last=Wilhelmson-Lindell B |year=1990 |title=Virginia Apgar Award to Petter Karlberg. After 45 years of pioneering commission as a pediatrician, the research on body-soul-environment is tempting |trans-title=Virginia Apgar Award to Petter Karlberg. After 45 years of pioneering commission as a pediatrician, the research on body-soul-environment is tempting |journal=Läkartidningen |language=Swedish |volume=87 |issue=40 |pages=3198–200 |pmid=2232990 |month=October}}
-* {{cite journal |author=Kovács J |trans_title=In commemoration of Virginia Apgar |language=Hungarian |journal=Orvosi Hetilap |volume=130 |issue=38 |pages=2049–50 |year=1989 |month=September |pmid=2677904 |title=In commemoration of Virginia Apgar}}
+* {{Cite journal |last=Kovács J |year=1989 |title=In commemoration of Virginia Apgar |trans-title=In commemoration of Virginia Apgar |journal=Orvosi Hetilap |language=Hungarian |volume=130 |issue=38 |pages=2049–50 |pmid=2677904 |month=September}}
-* {{cite journal |author=Calmes SH |title=Virginia Apgar: a woman physician's career in a developing specialty |journal=Journal of the American Medical Women's Association |volume=39 |issue=6 |pages=184–8 |year=1984 |pmid=6392395}}
+* {{Cite journal |last=Calmes SH |year=1984 |title=Virginia Apgar: a woman physician's career in a developing specialty |journal=Journal of the American Medical Women's Association |volume=39 |issue=6 |pages=184–8 |pmid=6392395}}
-* {{cite journal |author=Schoenberg DG, Schoenberg BS |title=Eponym: yes, Virginia, there is an Apgar score |journal=Southern Medical Journal |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=101 |year=1977 |month=January |pmid=320667 |url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0038-4348&volume=70&issue=1&spage=101}}
+* {{Cite journal |last=Schoenberg DG, Schoenberg BS |year=1977 |title=Eponym: yes, Virginia, there is an Apgar score |url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0038-4348&volume=70&issue=1&spage=101 |journal=Southern Medical Journal |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=101 |pmid=320667 |month=January}}
-* {{cite journal |author=Frey R, Bendixen H |trans_title=In memoriam Virginia Apgar 1909-1974 |language=German |journal=Der Anaesthesist |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=45 |year=1977 |month=January |pmid=319701 |title=In memoriam Virginia Apgar 1909-1974}}
+* {{Cite journal |last=Frey R, Bendixen H |year=1977 |title=In memoriam Virginia Apgar 1909-1974 |trans-title=In memoriam Virginia Apgar 1909-1974 |journal=Der Anaesthesist |language=German |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=45 |pmid=319701 |month=January}}
-* {{cite journal |author=James LS |title=Dedication to Virginia Apgar, MD |journal=Birth Defects Original Article Series |volume=12 |issue=5 |pages=xx–xxi |year=1976 |pmid=782603}}
+* {{Cite journal |last=James LS |year=1976 |title=Dedication to Virginia Apgar, MD |journal=Birth Defects Original Article Series |volume=12 |issue=5 |pages=xx–xxi |pmid=782603}}
-* {{cite journal |author=James LS |title=Fond memories of Virginia Apgar |journal=Pediatrics |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=1–4 |year=1975 |month=January |pmid=1089236}}
+* {{Cite journal |last=James LS |year=1975 |title=Fond memories of Virginia Apgar |journal=Pediatrics |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=1–4 |pmid=1089236 |month=January}}
-* {{cite journal |author=James LW |title=Memories of Virginia Apgar |journal=Teratology |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=213–5 |year=1974 |month=December |pmid=4617325 |doi=10.1002/tera.1420100302}}
+* {{Cite journal |last=James LW |year=1974 |title=Memories of Virginia Apgar |journal=Teratology |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=213–5 |doi=10.1002/tera.1420100302 |pmid=4617325 |month=December}}
 == Pranala luar ==
+{{Commonscat}}
 * [http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/CP/Views/Exhibit/narrative/biographical.html Biography from profiles in science]
-* [http://www.mtholyoke.edu/lits/library/arch/col/msrg/mancol/ms0504r.htm Mount Holyoke biography]
+* [http://www.mtholyoke.edu/lits/library/arch/col/msrg/mancol/ms0504r.htm Mount Holyoke biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724012845/http://www.mtholyoke.edu/lits/library/arch/col/msrg/mancol/ms0504r.htm |date=2008-07-24 }}
 * [http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/virginia_apgar.html Columbia biography]
 * [http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/CP/ The Virginia Apgar Papers]
-* [http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/apgar.html MIT biography]
+* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030225022830/http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/apgar.html MIT biography]
 * [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/theymadeamerica/whomade/apgar_hi.html PBS]
-* [http://www.greatwomen.org/women.php?action=viewone&id=14 National Women's Hall of Fame]
+* [https://web.archive.org/web/20020617080907/http://www.greatwomen.org/women.php?action=viewone&id=14 National Women's Hall of Fame]
 * [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/changingthefaceofmedicine/physicians/biography_12.html Changing the Face of Medicine]
 * [http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/204.html Full biography] on [http://www.whonamedit.com WhoNamedIt.com]
-* [http://apgar.net/virginia/ Grandnephew's memorial page at apga]
+* [https://web.archive.org/web/20000829042202/http://www.apgar.net/virginia/ Grandnephew's memorial page at apga]
-{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
-|NAME              = Apgar, Virginia
-|ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
-|SHORT DESCRIPTION = Physician who developed the [[Apgar score]]
-|DATE OF BIRTH     = June 7, 1909
-|PLACE OF BIRTH    = [[Westfield, New Jersey]]
-|DATE OF DEATH     = August 7, 1974
-|PLACE OF DEATH    = [[New York City]], [[New York]]
-}}
 {{lifetime|1909|1974|Apgar, Virginia}}
 <!--