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{{Infobox person
{{Infobox person
| name = Rashi
|name = Rashi
| image = Rashi woodcut.jpg
|image = Rashi woodcut.jpg
| image_size = 200px
|image_size = 200px
| caption = Lukisan menggambarkan Rashi dari abad ke-16
|caption = Lukisan menggambarkan Rashi dari abad ke-16
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1040|2|22}}
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1040|2|22}}
| birth_place = [[Troyes]], [[Perancis]]
|birth_place = [[Troyes]], [[Prancis]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1105|7|13|1040|2|22}}
|death_date = {{Death date and age|1105|7|13|1040|2|22}}
| death_place = [[Troyes]], [[Perancis]]
|death_place = [[Troyes]], [[Prancis]]
| resting_place = [[Troyes]]
|resting_place = [[Troyes]]
| resting_place_coordinates =
|resting_place_coordinates =
| residence = France
|residence = France
| nationality = French
|nationality = French
| other_names =
|other_names =
| known_for = menulis tafsir [[Alkitab Ibrani]]
|known_for = menulis [[komentari|tafsir]] [[Alkitab Ibrani]]
| occupation =
|occupation =
| religion = [[Yudaisme]]
|religion = [[Yudaisme]]
| spouse =
|spouse =
| children =
|children =
| parents =
|parents =
| relatives =
|relatives =
| signature =
|signature =
| website =
|website =
| footnotes =
|footnotes =
}}
}}
'''Shlomo Yitzchaki''' ({{lang-he|רבי שלמה יצחקי}}), atau dalam [[bahasa Latin]] '''Salomon Isaacides''', dan sekarang umumnya dikenal dengan [[akronim]] '''Rashi''' ({{lang-he|רש"י}}, '''RA'''bbi '''SH'''lomo '''I'''tzhaki; 22 Februari 1040 – 13 Juli 1105), adalah seorang rabbi Yahudi yang hidup di [[Perancis]] pada [[abad pertengahan]]. Ia sangat dihormati sebagai kontributor utama dari kalangan [[Yahudi]] [[Ashkenazi]] terhadap studi [[Taurat]]. Terkenal sebagai pengarang tafsir komprehensif [[Talmud]], juga tafsir komprehensif ''[[Tanakh]]'' ([[Alkitab Ibrani]]). Ia dianggap sebagai "bapa" semua tafsir [[Talmud]] sesudahnya (yaitu, [[Tosafot|Baalei Tosafot]]) dan "Tanach" (yaitu, [[Nahmanides|Ramban]], [[Abraham ibn Ezra|Ibn Ezra]], [[Chaim ibn Attar|Ohr HaChaim]], dan lain-lain).<ref>[[Nahmanides|Ramban]] writes in the introduction to his commentary on [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]]: "I will place for the illumination of my face the lights of a pure candelabrum — the commentaries of Rabbi Shlomo (Rashi), crown of beauty and glory ... in Scripture, Mishnah, and Talmud, to him belongs the rights of the firstborn!" quoted at [http://www.jtsa.edu/Conservative_Judaism/Ramban_Biography.xml ''Biography of Ramban'', The Jewish Theological Seminary]</ref><ref name="chabad">[http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/476620/jewish/Rashis-Method-of-Biblical-Commentary.htm Miller, Chaim. ''Rashi's Method of Biblical Commentary''. chabad.org]</ref>
'''Shlomo Yitzchaki''' ({{lang-he|רבי שלמה יצחקי}}), atau dalam [[bahasa Latin]] '''Salomon Isaacides''', dan sekarang umumnya dikenal dengan [[akronim]] '''Rashi''' ({{lang-he|רש"י}}, '''RA'''bbi '''SH'''lomo '''I'''tzhaki; 22 Februari 1040 – 13 Juli 1105), adalah seorang rabbi Yahudi yang hidup di [[Prancis]] pada [[abad pertengahan]]. Ia sangat dihormati sebagai kontributor utama dari kalangan [[Yahudi]] [[Ashkenazi]] terhadap studi [[Taurat]]. Terkenal sebagai pengarang tafsir atau [[komentari]] komprehensif [[Talmud]], juga tafsir komprehensif ''[[Tanakh]]'' ([[Alkitab Ibrani]]). Ia dianggap sebagai "bapa" semua tafsir [[Talmud]] sesudahnya (yaitu, [[Tosafot|Baalei Tosafot]]) dan "Tanach" (yaitu, [[Nahmanides|Ramban]], [[Abraham ibn Ezra|Ibn Ezra]], [[Chaim ibn Attar|Ohr HaChaim]], dan lain-lain).<ref>[[Nahmanides|Ramban]] writes in the introduction to his commentary on [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]]: "I will place for the illumination of my face the lights of a pure candelabrum — the commentaries of Rabbi Shlomo (Rashi), crown of beauty and glory ... in Scripture, Mishnah, and Talmud, to him belongs the rights of the firstborn!" quoted at [http://www.jtsa.edu/Conservative_Judaism/Ramban_Biography.xml ''Biography of Ramban'', The Jewish Theological Seminary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130311133723/http://www.jtsa.edu/Conservative_Judaism/Ramban_Biography.xml |date=2013-03-11 }}</ref><ref name="chabad">[http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/476620/jewish/Rashis-Method-of-Biblical-Commentary.htm Miller, Chaim. ''Rashi's Method of Biblical Commentary''. chabad.org]</ref>

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Acclaimed for his ability to present the basic meaning of the text in a concise, lucid fashion, Rashi appeals to both learned scholars and beginning students, and his works remain a centerpiece of contemporary Jewish study. His commentary on the Talmud, which covers nearly all of the Babylonian Talmud (a total of 30 tractates), has been included in every edition of the Talmud since its first printing by [[Daniel Bomberg]] in the 1520s. His commentary on Tanach — especially his commentary on the [[Chumash (Judaism)|Chumash]] ("Five Books of Moses") — is an indispensable aid to students of all levels. The later commentary alone serves as the basis for more than 300 "supercommentaries" which analyze Rashi's choice of language and citations, penned by some of the greatest names in rabbinic literature.<ref name="chabad" />
Terkenal karena kemampuannya untuk memberikan makna dasar suatu teks dalam gaya ringkas dan lancar. Karenanya tulisan-tulisan Rashi menarik bagi pakar terpelajar maupun murid-murid yang baru mulai. Karya-karyanya terus menjadi pusat untuk studi Yahudi kontemporer. Komentari atau tafir mengenai [[Talmud]], yang meliputi hampir seluruh Talmud Babel (total 30 traktat), telah dimasukkan dalam setiap edisi Talmud sejak pertama kali dicetak oleh [[Daniel Bomberg]] pada tahun 1520-an. Komentarinya mengenai [[Tanakh]] — khususnya mengenai ''[[Chumash]]'' ("Lima Kitab Musa") — merupakan alat bantu penting bagi para pelajar dalam segala tingkatan. Tafsir yang kemudian juga menjadi dasar lebih dari 300 "supercommentaries" yang menganalisis pilihan bahasa dan kutipan Rashi, ditulis oleh sejumlah nama-nama besar dalam sastra rabbinik.<ref name="chabad" />
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== Nama ==
== Nama ==
Nama keluarga Rashi "Yitzhaki" diturunkan dari nama ayahnya, Yitzhak. Akronim namanya seringkali dikembangkan lebih indah sebagai "'''Ra'''bban '''Sh'''el '''Y'''Israel" yang artinya "rabbi Israel", or sebagai "'''Ra'''bbenu '''SheY'''ichyeh" ("Rabbi kami, biarlah dia hidup"). Ia dapat dirujuk dalam naskah-naskah Ibrani dan Aram sebagai
Nama keluarga Rashi "Yitzhaki" diturunkan dari nama ayahnya, Yitzhak. Akronim namanya sering kali dikembangkan lebih indah sebagai "'''Ra'''bban '''Sh'''el '''Y'''Israel" yang artinya "rabbi Israel", or sebagai "'''Ra'''bbenu '''SheY'''ichyeh" ("Rabbi kami, biarlah dia hidup"). Ia dapat dirujuk dalam naskah-naskah Ibrani dan Aram sebagai
* (1) "Shlomo son of Rabbi Yitzhak,"
* (1) "Shlomo son of Rabbi Yitzhak,"
* (2) "Shlomo son of Yitzhak,"
* (2) "Shlomo son of Yitzhak,"
* (3) "Shlomo Yitzhaki," etc.<ref>''Cybernetics and Systems'' Volume 42, Issue 3, pages 180-197 29 Apr 2011 Available online: {{doi|10.1080/01969722.2011.567893}} article authors Yaakov HaCohen-Kerner, Nadav Schweitzer & Dror Mughaz title ''Automatically Identifying Citations in Hebrew-Aramaic Documents'' published Taylor & Francis "For example, the Pardes book written by Rabbi Shlomo Yitzhaki, known by the abbreviation Rashi, can be cited using the following patterns: (1) "Shlomo son of Rabbi Yitzhak," (2) "Shlomo son of Yitzhak," (3) "Shlomo Yitzhaki," (4) "In the name of Rashi who wrote in the Pardes"</ref>
* (3) "Shlomo Yitzhaki," dan lain-lain.<ref>''Cybernetics and Systems'' Volume 42, Issue 3, pages 180-197 29 Apr 2011 Available online: {{doi|10.1080/01969722.2011.567893}} article authors Yaakov HaCohen-Kerner, Nadav Schweitzer & Dror Mughaz title ''Automatically Identifying Citations in Hebrew-Aramaic Documents'' published Taylor & Francis "For example, the Pardes book written by Rabbi Shlomo Yitzhaki, known by the abbreviation Rashi, can be cited using the following patterns: (1) "Shlomo son of Rabbi Yitzhak," (2) "Shlomo son of Yitzhak," (3) "Shlomo Yitzhaki," (4) "In the name of Rashi who wrote in the Pardes"</ref>
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In older literature, Rashi is sometimes referred to as ''Jarchi'' or ''Yarhi'' ({{hebrew|ירחי}}), his abbreviated name being interpreted as '''R'''abbi '''Sh'''lomo '''Y'''arhi. This was understood to refer to the Hebrew name of [[Lunel]] in [[Provence]], popularly derived from the French ''lune'' "moon", in Hebrew {{hebrew|ירח}},<ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=xpc9AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA74</ref> in which Rashi was assumed to have lived at some time<ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=wlMBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA2</ref> or to have been born, or where his ancestors were supposed to have originated.<ref>see for example http://books.google.com/books?id=KyJ44AeJj4sC&pg=PA233 http://books.google.com/books?id=gc4FAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA286</ref> [[Richard Simon]]<ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=3aQUAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA545</ref> and Johann Wilhelm Wolf<ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=zQIVAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA1057</ref> claimed that only Christian scholars referred to Rashi as Jarchi, and that this epithet was unknown to the Jews. [[Bernardo de Rossi]], however, demonstrated that Hebrew scholars also referred to Rashi as Yarhi.<ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=CQBbc1vhiysC&pg=PA337</ref> In 1839, [[Leopold Zunz]]<ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=b6EXAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA328</ref> showed that the Hebrew usage of Jarchi was an erroneous propagation of the error by Christian writers, instead interpreting the abbreviation as it is understood today: '''R'''abbi '''Sh'''lomo '''Y'''itchaki. In consequence, by the second half of the 19th century, the appellation ''Jarchi'' was considered obsolete.<ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=IdcZAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA423</ref> The evolution of this term has been thoroughly traced.<ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=Nsl2NrA6v6gC&pg=PA1 http://books.google.com/books?id=7DAHAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA643</ref>
In older literature, Rashi is sometimes referred to as ''Jarchi'' or ''Yarhi'' ({{hebrew|ירחי}}), his abbreviated name being interpreted as '''R'''abbi '''Sh'''lomo '''Y'''arhi. This was understood to refer to the Hebrew name of [[Lunel]] in [[Provence]], popularly derived from the French ''lune'' "moon", in Hebrew {{hebrew|ירח}},<ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=xpc9AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA74</ref> in which Rashi was assumed to have lived at some time<ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=wlMBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA2</ref> or to have been born, or where his ancestors were supposed to have originated.<ref>see for example http://books.google.com/books?id=KyJ44AeJj4sC&pg=PA233 http://books.google.com/books?id=gc4FAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA286</ref> [[Richard Simon]]<ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=3aQUAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA545</ref> and Johann Wilhelm Wolf<ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=zQIVAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA1057</ref> claimed that only Christian scholars referred to Rashi as Jarchi, and that this epithet was unknown to the Jews. [[Bernardo de Rossi]], however, demonstrated that Hebrew scholars also referred to Rashi as Yarhi.<ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=CQBbc1vhiysC&pg=PA337</ref> In 1839, [[Leopold Zunz]]<ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=b6EXAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA328</ref> showed that the Hebrew usage of Jarchi was an erroneous propagation of the error by Christian writers, instead interpreting the abbreviation as it is understood today: '''R'''abbi '''Sh'''lomo '''Y'''itchaki. In consequence, by the second half of the 19th century, the appellation ''Jarchi'' was considered obsolete.<ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=IdcZAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA423</ref> The evolution of this term has been thoroughly traced.<ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=Nsl2NrA6v6gC&pg=PA1 http://books.google.com/books?id=7DAHAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA643</ref>
Baris 39: Baris 38:
Rashi and his family survived the major anti-semitic outbreak when he was 45 years old;<ref>http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/15013-worms</ref> many of his teachers who were some of Judaism's greatest Ashkenazi sages and his mentors did not survive. Following the burning of the Yeshivoth in Mainz and Worms by the Crusaders, Rashi started a successful school in Troyes, which lasted for generations (until the second crusade). The Yeshivoth and community Rashi's teachers argued with in [[Speyer]] were also burned down during his lifetime.
Rashi and his family survived the major anti-semitic outbreak when he was 45 years old;<ref>http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/15013-worms</ref> many of his teachers who were some of Judaism's greatest Ashkenazi sages and his mentors did not survive. Following the burning of the Yeshivoth in Mainz and Worms by the Crusaders, Rashi started a successful school in Troyes, which lasted for generations (until the second crusade). The Yeshivoth and community Rashi's teachers argued with in [[Speyer]] were also burned down during his lifetime.
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== Riwayat ==
== Riwayat ==


===Birth and early life===
=== Kelahiran dan Masa muda ===
Rashi was an only child born at [[Troyes]], [[Champagne (province)|Champagne]], in northern France. His mother's brother was [[Simon the Elder]], Rabbi of [[Mainz]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishgen.org/rabbinic/infofiles/avotaynu.htm |title=Index to Articles on Rabbinic Genealogy in Avotaynu: The International Review of Jewish Genealogy |accessdate=2008-06-11 |work= Avotaynu: The International Review of Jewish Genealogy }}</ref> Simon was a disciple of [[Rabbeinu Gershom]] Meor HaGolah,<ref>See Rashi's comments in ''[[Shabbat (Talmud)|Shabbat]]'' 85b.</ref> who died that same year. On his father's side, Rashi has been claimed to be a 33rd generation descendant of [[Yochanan Hasandlar]], who was a fourth-generation descendant of [[Gamaliel the Elder]], who was reputedly descended from the [[Davidic line|royal line of King David]]. In his voluminous writings, Rashi himself made no such claim at all. The main early rabbinical source about his ancestry, Responsum No. 29 by [[Solomon Luria]], makes no such claim either.<ref>{{cite book | last = Hurwitz | first = Simon | authorlink = Solomon Luria | coauthors = | title = The Responsa of Solomon Luria | publisher = | year = 1938 | location = New York, New York | pages = 146–151 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Can We Prove Descent from King David?|journal=Avotaynu: the International Review of Jewish Genealogy|year=1992|first=David|last=Einsiedler|coauthors=|volume=VIII|issue=3(Fall) |page=29|id= |url=http://www.jewishgen.org/Rabbinic/journal/descent.htm|accessdate=2008-06-11 }}</ref>
Rashi adalah anak tunggal yang lahir di [[Troyes]], [[Champagne (provinsi)|Champagne]], di bagian utara [[Prancis]]. Saudara laki-laki ibunya adalah Simon yang Tua, Rabbi di [[Mainz]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishgen.org/rabbinic/infofiles/avotaynu.htm |title=Index to Articles on Rabbinic Genealogy in Avotaynu: The International Review of Jewish Genealogy |accessdate=2008-06-11 |work= Avotaynu: The International Review of Jewish Genealogy }}</ref> Simon was a disciple of [[Rabbeinu Gershom]] Meor HaGolah,<ref>See Rashi's comments in ''[[Shabbat (Talmud)|Shabbat]]'' 85b.</ref> who died that same year. Dari pihak ayahnya, Rashi diklaim sebagai keturunan ke-33 dari [[Yochanan Hasandlar]], yang merupakan keturunan ke-4 dari [[Gamaliel]] yang Tua, yang dikabarkan adalah keturunan [[Raja Daud]]. Dalam karya-karyanya yang berjumlah besar, Rashi sendiri tidak pernah mengklaim demikian. Sumber rabbinik awal utama mengenai silsilahnya, Responsum No. 29 oleh [[Solomon Luria]], juga tidak membuat klaim semacam itu.<ref>{{cite book|last = Hurwitz|first = Simon|authorlink = Solomon Luria|coauthors =|title = The Responsa of Solomon Luria|publisher =|year = 1938|location = New York, New York|pages = [https://archive.org/details/responsaofsolomo0000hurw/page/146 146]–151|url =https://archive.org/details/responsaofsolomo0000hurw|doi =|id =|isbn = }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Can We Prove Descent from King David? |journal = Avotaynu: the International Review of Jewish Genealogy |year=1992 |first=David |last=Einsiedler |coauthors= |volume = VIII |issue=3(Fall) |page=29|id= |url=http://www.jewishgen.org/Rabbinic/journal/descent.htm|accessdate=2008-06-11 }}</ref>

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=== Legenda ===
=== Legenda ===
Baris 51: Baris 50:
Legend also states that the couple moved to [[Worms, Germany]] while Rashi's mother was expecting. As she walked down one of the narrow streets in the Jewish quarter, she was imperiled by two oncoming carriages. She turned and pressed herself against a wall, which opened to receive her. This miraculous niche is still visible in the wall of the [[Worms Synagogue]].<ref>Liber, Maurice. [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KzG4TzOlaVQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Rashi#v=onepage&q=&f=false Rashi], Kessinger Publishing, 2004. pg. 18-19. ISBN 1-4191-4396-4</ref>
Legend also states that the couple moved to [[Worms, Germany]] while Rashi's mother was expecting. As she walked down one of the narrow streets in the Jewish quarter, she was imperiled by two oncoming carriages. She turned and pressed herself against a wall, which opened to receive her. This miraculous niche is still visible in the wall of the [[Worms Synagogue]].<ref>Liber, Maurice. [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KzG4TzOlaVQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Rashi#v=onepage&q=&f=false Rashi], Kessinger Publishing, 2004. pg. 18-19. ISBN 1-4191-4396-4</ref>


===Yeshiva studies===
=== Studi Yeshiva ===
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[[Image:V10p325001 Rashi Synagogue.jpg|130px|thumb|Sinagoga Rashi (''Rashi Shul'') di kota [[Worms]], [[Jerman]].]]
[[Berkas:V10p325001 Rashi Synagogue.jpg|130px|jmpl|Sinagoge Rashi (''Rashi Shul'') di kota [[Worms]], [[Jerman]].]]
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According to tradition, Rashi was first brought to learn Torah by his father on [[Shavuot]] day at the age of five. His father was his main Torah teacher until his death when Rashi was still a youth. At the age of 17 he married and soon after went to learn in the [[yeshiva]] of Rabbi [[Yaakov ben Yakar]] in Worms, returning to his wife three times yearly, for the [[Days of Awe]], [[Passover]] and [[Shavuot]]. When Rabbi Yaakov died in 1064, Rashi continued learning in Worms for another year in the yeshiva of his relative, Rabbi [[Isaac ben Eliezer Halevi]], who was also chief rabbi of Worms. Then he moved to [[Mainz]], where he studied under another of his relatives, Rabbi Isaac ben Judah, the rabbinic head of Mainz and one of the leading sages of the [[Lorraine (province)|Lorraine]] region straddling France and Germany.
According to tradition, Rashi was first brought to learn Torah by his father on [[Shavuot]] day at the age of five. His father was his main Torah teacher until his death when Rashi was still a youth. At the age of 17 he married and soon after went to learn in the [[yeshiva]] of Rabbi [[Yaakov ben Yakar]] in Worms, returning to his wife three times yearly, for the [[Days of Awe]], [[Passover]] and [[Shavuot]]. When Rabbi Yaakov died in 1064, Rashi continued learning in Worms for another year in the yeshiva of his relative, Rabbi [[Isaac ben Eliezer Halevi]], who was also chief rabbi of Worms. Then he moved to [[Mainz]], where he studied under another of his relatives, Rabbi Isaac ben Judah, the rabbinic head of Mainz and one of the leading sages of the [[Lorraine (province)|Lorraine]] region straddling France and Germany.
Baris 67: Baris 66:


In 1096, the [[People's Crusade]] swept through the Lorraine, murdering 12,000 Jews and uprooting whole communities. Among those murdered in Worms were the three sons of Rabbi Isaac ben Eliezer Halevi, Rashi's teacher. Rashi wrote several ''[[Selichot]]'' (penitential poems) mourning the slaughter and the destruction of the region's great yeshivot. Seven of Rashi's ''Selichot'' still exist, including ''Adonai Elohei Hatz'vaot"'', which is recited on the eve of [[Rosh Hashanah]], and ''Az Terem Nimtehu'', which is recited on the [[Fast of Gedalia]].
In 1096, the [[People's Crusade]] swept through the Lorraine, murdering 12,000 Jews and uprooting whole communities. Among those murdered in Worms were the three sons of Rabbi Isaac ben Eliezer Halevi, Rashi's teacher. Rashi wrote several ''[[Selichot]]'' (penitential poems) mourning the slaughter and the destruction of the region's great yeshivot. Seven of Rashi's ''Selichot'' still exist, including ''Adonai Elohei Hatz'vaot"'', which is recited on the eve of [[Rosh Hashanah]], and ''Az Terem Nimtehu'', which is recited on the [[Fast of Gedalia]].
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=== Kematian dan makam ===


Rashi meninggal pada tanggal 13 Juli 1105 (29 [[Tammuz]] 4865) pada usia 65 tahun. Ia dimakamkan di [[Troyes]], [[Prancis]]. Lokasi pekuburannya dicatat dalam ''Seder ha-Dorot'' (''Seder Hadoros''), tetapi lambat laun lokasi tepatnya dilupakan. Beberapa tahun berselang, seorang profesor [[University of Paris]] (Sorbonne) menemukan peta kuno yang menggambarkan lokasi makam, sekarang menjadi taman terbuka kota Troyes. Setelah penemuan ini, orang Yahudi Prancis mendirikan suatu monumen besar di tengah taman itu, berupa sebuah bola dunia besar berwarna hitam dan putih dengan huruf-huruf Ibrani yang menonjol, ''[[Shin (huruf Ibrani)|Shin]]'' (ש) (yaitu untuk "Shlomo", nama depan Rashi). Pada landasan granit monumen tersebut diukir ''Rabbi Shlomo Yitzchaki — Commentator and Guide'' (Komentator dan Pemandu).
===Death and burial site===
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In 2005, [[Yisroel Meir Gabbai]] erected an additional plaque at this site marking the square as a burial ground. The plaque reads: "''The place you are standing on is the cemetery of the town of Troyes. Many [[Rishonim]] are buried here, among them Rabbi Shlomo, known as Rashi the holy, may his merit protect us''".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.chareidi.org/archives5765/mattos/MTS65features.htm |title=The Discovery of the Resting Places of Rashi and the Baalei Hatosfos |author=Y. Friedman|publisher=Dei'ah Vedibur |date=2005-07-25}}</ref>
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=== Keturunan ===
[[File:Rashi statue in troyes.jpg|thumb|Monumen peringatan Rashi di [[Troyes]], France]]
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Rashi tidak mempunyai putra, tetapi memiliki tiga anak perempuan, Miriam, Yocheved, dan Rachel, semuanya menikah dengan pakar-pakar [[Talmud]]. Ada legenda bahwa putri-putri Rashi mengenakan [[tefillin]]. Meskipun sejumlah perempuan [[Yahudi Ashkenazi]] pada abad pertengahan memakai tefillin, tidak ada bukti bahwa putri-putri Rashi memakainya.<ref>Grossman, Avraham. ''Pious and Rebellious: Jewish Women in Medieval Europe''. Brandeis University Press, 2004.)</ref>
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Rashi died on July 13, 1105 ([[Tammuz (Hebrew month)|Tammuz]] 29, 4865) aged 65. He was buried in Troyes. The approximate location of the cemetery in which he was buried was recorded in ''[[Seder ha-Dorot|Seder Hadoros]]'', but over time the location of the cemetery was forgotten. A number of years ago, a [[University of Paris|Sorbonne]] professor discovered an ancient map depicting the site of the cemetery, which now lay under an open square in the city of Troyes. After this discovery, French Jews erected a large monument in the center of the square—a large, black and white globe featuring a prominent [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] letter, ''[[Shin (letter)|Shin]]'' (ש) (presumably for "Shlomo", Rashi's name). The granite base of the monument is engraved: ''Rabbi Shlomo Yitzchaki — Commentator and Guide''.


* Putri sulung Rashi, Yocheved, menikah dengan [[Meir ben Shmuel]]; empat putra mereka adalah:
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In 2005, [[Yisroel Meir Gabbai]] erected an additional plaque at this site marking the square as a burial ground. The plaque reads: "''The place you are standing on is the cemetery of the town of Troyes. Many [[Rishonim]] are buried here, among them Rabbi Shlomo, known as Rashi the holy, may his merit protect us''".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.chareidi.org/archives5765/mattos/MTS65features.htm |title=The Discovery of the Resting Places of Rashi and the Baalei Hatosfos |author=Y. Friedman| publisher=Dei'ah Vedibur |date=2005-07-25}}</ref>
** Shmuel ([[Rashbam]]) (lahir 1080),
** Yitzchak ([[Rivam]]) (lahir 1090),
** Jacob ([[Rabbeinu Tam]]) (lahir 1100), dan
** Shlomo ''the Grammarian'' (sang ahli gramatik), yang merupakan salah satu rabbi terkemuka dari ''[[Baalei Tosafos]]'', yaitu otoritas rabbinik yang menulis kritik dan penjelasan pada [[Talmud]] yang muncul bersebelahan dengan [[komentari]] Rashi pada setiap halaman Talmud.
** putri Yocheved, Chanah, adalah seorang guru hukum dan kebiasaan yang berkenaan dengan perempuan.
* Putri tengah Rashi, Miriam, menikah dengan [[Judah ben Nathan]], yang menyelesaikan [[komentari]] mengenai Talmud [[Makkot]] yang sedang dikerjakan Rashi ketika ia meninggal.<ref>[[s:he:מכות יט ב#רש"י|Makkot 19b]]: "Tubuh guru kami adalah murni, dan jiwanya berangkat dalam kemurnian, dan ia tidak menjelaskan lagi; sejak ini adalah bahasa muridnya Rabbi Yehudah ben Nathan."</ref> Putri mereka Alvina adalah seorang perempuan terpelajar yang kebiasaan-kebiasaannya menjadi dasar keputusan halakha di kemudian hari. Putra mereka [[Yom Tov ben Judah]] kemudian pindah ke [[Paris]] dan memimpin suatu [[yeshiva]] di sana, bersama saudara-saudara laki-lakinya Shimshon dan Eliezer.
* Putri bungsu Rashi, Rachel, menikah dengan (dan bercerai dari) Eliezer ben Shemiah.


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=== Keturunan ===
{{main|Rashi's daughters}}
⚫
Rashi had no sons, but his three daughters, Miriam, Yocheved, and Rachel, all married Talmudic scholars. Legends exist that Rashi's daughters put on [[tefillin]]. While some women in medieval Ashkenaz did wear tefillin, there is no evidence that Rashi's daughters did so.<ref>Grossman, Avraham. ''Pious and Rebellious: Jewish Women in Medieval Europe''. Brandeis University Press, 2004.)</ref>

*Rashi's oldest daughter, Yocheved, married [[Meir ben Shmuel]]; their four sons were: Shmuel ([[Rashbam]]) (b. 1080), Yitzchak ([[Rivam]]) (b. 1090), Jacob ([[Rabbeinu Tam]]) (b. 1100), and Shlomo the Grammarian, who were among the most prolific of the ''[[List of Tosafists|Baalei Tosafos]]'', leading rabbinic authorities who wrote critical and explanatory glosses on the Talmud which appear opposite Rashi's commentary on every page of the Talmud. Yocheved's daughter, Chanah, was a teacher of laws and customs relevant to women.
*Rashi's middle daughter, Miriam, married [[Judah ben Nathan]], who completed the commentary on Talmud [[Makkot]] which Rashi was working on when he died.<ref>[[s:he:מכות יט ב#רש"י|Makkot 19b]]: "Our master's body was pure, and his soul departed in purity, and he did not explain any more; from here on is the language of his student Rabbi Yehudah ben Nathan."</ref> Their daughter Alvina was a learned woman whose customs served as the basis for later halakhic decisions. Their son [[Yom Tov ben Judah of Paris|Yom Tov]] later moved to Paris and headed a yeshiva there, along with his brothers Shimshon and Eliezer.
*Rashi's youngest daughter, Rachel, married (and divorced) Eliezer ben Shemiah.
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== Karya ==
== Karya ==
=== Tafsir Rashi mengenai Tanakh ===
=== Tafsir Rashi mengenai Tanakh ===
[[Image:Sapirstein Rashi.jpg|thumb|200px|Terjemahan modern tafsir Rashi mengenai ''Chumash'', diterbitkan oleh [[Artscroll]]]]
[[Berkas:Sapirstein Rashi.jpg|jmpl|200px|Terjemahan modern tafsir Rashi mengenai ''Chumash'', diterbitkan oleh [[Artscroll]]]]
Tafsir Rashi mengenai Tanakh — dan terutama tafsirnya mengenai [[Chumash]] — merupakan pelengkap penting untuk studi Talmud apapun pada tingkatan apapun. Mengambil dari dalamnya sastra Midrashik, Talmudik dan Aggadik (termasuk literatur yang sekarang tidak ditemukan lagi), serta pengetahuannya akan tatabahasa, halakhah, dan bagaimana suatu hal itu terjadi, Rashi menjelaskan arti "sederhana" suatu naskah sehingga seorang anak berusia lima tahun yang cerdas dapat memahaminya.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chabad.org.il/Magazines/Article.asp?ArticleID=3822&CategoryID=957 |title=רבן של ישראל (Hebrew) |author=Mordechai Menashe Laufer}}</ref> Bersamaan dengan itu, tafsirnya meletakkan landasan beberapa penelaahan analisis dan mistikal hukum yang terdalam setelahnya. Para pakar berdebat mengapa Rashi memilih Midrash tertentu untuk menggambarkan suatu poin, atau mengapa ia menggunakan kata-kata dan frasa-frasa tertentu, bukan yang lain. Rabbi Shneur Zalman dari Liadi menulis bahwa "Tafsir Rashi mengenai Taurat merupakan ‘anggur Taurat’, yang membuka hati dan menyingkapkan kasih dan rasa takut yang esensial seseorang terhadap Allah."<ref>[http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/476620/jewish/Rashis-Method-of-Biblical-Commentary.htm Rashi's Method of Biblical Commentary]</ref>
Tafsir Rashi mengenai Tanakh — dan terutama tafsirnya mengenai [[Chumash]] — merupakan pelengkap penting untuk studi Talmud apapun pada tingkatan apapun. Mengambil dari dalamnya sastra Midrashik, Talmudik dan Aggadik (termasuk literatur yang sekarang tidak ditemukan lagi), serta pengetahuannya akan tatabahasa, halakhah, dan bagaimana suatu hal itu terjadi, Rashi menjelaskan arti "sederhana" suatu naskah sehingga seorang anak berusia lima tahun yang cerdas dapat memahaminya.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chabad.org.il/Magazines/Article.asp?ArticleID=3822&CategoryID=957 |title=רבן של ישראל (Hebrew) |author=Mordechai Menashe Laufer}}</ref> Bersamaan dengan itu, tafsirnya meletakkan landasan beberapa penelaahan analisis dan mistikal hukum yang terdalam setelahnya. Para pakar berdebat mengapa Rashi memilih Midrash tertentu untuk menggambarkan suatu poin, atau mengapa ia menggunakan kata-kata dan frasa-frasa tertentu, bukan yang lain. Rabbi Shneur Zalman dari Liadi menulis bahwa "Tafsir Rashi mengenai Taurat merupakan ‘anggur Taurat’, yang membuka hati dan menyingkapkan kasih dan rasa takut yang esensial seseorang terhadap Allah."<ref>[http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/476620/jewish/Rashis-Method-of-Biblical-Commentary.htm Rashi's Method of Biblical Commentary]</ref>
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Baris 98: Baris 99:
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=== Tafsir Rashi mengenai Talmud ===
=== Tafsir Rashi mengenai Talmud ===
[[File:Rashi's Talmud Commentary.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Sebuah cetakan awal Talmud ([[Ta'anit]] 9b); uraian Rashi terletak pada bagian bawah kolom kanan, dilanjutkan beberapa baris ke kolom kiri.]]
[[Berkas:Rashi's Talmud Commentary.jpg|250px|jmpl|ka|Sebuah cetakan awal Talmud ([[Ta'anit]] 9b); uraian Rashi terletak pada bagian bawah kolom kanan, dilanjutkan beberapa baris ke kolom kiri.]]
Rashi menulis tafsir komprehensif pertama mengenai Talmud. Tafsir Rashi yang diambil dari pengetahuannya terhadap seluruh isi Talmud, berusaha untuk memberikan penjelasan lengkap mengenai kata-kata atau struktur logis setiap bacaan Talmudik. Berbeda dengan komentator-komentator lain, Rashi tidak melakukan parafrasa atau melompati bagian tertentu suatu naskah, melainkan menjabarkan frasa demi frasa. Seringkali ia memberikan tanda baca (punktuasi) untuk naskah yang tidak bertanda baca, misalnya menjelaskan "Apakah ini suatu pertanyaan"; "Ia mengatakan ini sambil terkejut", "Ia mengulangi hal ini untuk memberi persetujuan", dan sebagainya.
Rashi menulis tafsir atau [[komentari]] komprehensif pertama mengenai Talmud. Tafsir Rashi yang diambil dari pengetahuannya terhadap seluruh isi Talmud, berusaha untuk memberikan penjelasan lengkap mengenai kata-kata atau struktur logis setiap bacaan Talmudik. Berbeda dengan komentator-komentator lain, Rashi tidak melakukan parafrasa atau melompati bagian tertentu suatu naskah, melainkan menjabarkan frasa demi frasa. Seringkali ia memberikan tanda baca (punktuasi) untuk naskah yang tidak bertanda baca, misalnya menjelaskan "Apakah ini suatu pertanyaan"; "Ia mengatakan ini sambil terkejut", "Ia mengulangi hal ini untuk memberi persetujuan", dan sebagainya.
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As in his commentary on the Tanakh, Rashi frequently illustrates the meaning of the text using analogies to the professions, crafts, and sports of his day. He also translates difficult Hebrew or [[Aramaic]] words into the spoken [[French language]] of his day, giving latter-day scholars a window into the vocabulary and pronunciation of [[Old French]].
As in his commentary on the Tanakh, Rashi frequently illustrates the meaning of the text using analogies to the professions, crafts, and sports of his day. He also translates difficult Hebrew or [[Aramaic]] words into the spoken [[French language]] of his day, giving latter-day scholars a window into the vocabulary and pronunciation of [[Old French]].
Baris 119: Baris 120:
===Criticism of Rashi===
===Criticism of Rashi===
Although Rashi’s interpretations were widely respected, there are many who criticize his work. After the 12th century, criticism on Rashi’s commentaries became common on Jewish works such as the Talmud. The criticisms mainly dealt with difficult passages. Generally Rashi provides the “pshat” or literal meaning of Jewish texts, while his disciples known as the Tosafot, criticized his work and gave more interpretative descriptions of the texts. The Tosafot’s commentaries can be found in Jewish texts opposite Rashi’s commentary. The Tosafot added comments and criticism in places were Rashi had not added comments. The Tosafot went beyond the passage itself in search of arguments, parallels, and distinctions that could be drawn out. This addition to Jewish texts was seen as causing a “major cultural product” <ref name="Bloomberg, Jon 2004">Bloomberg, Jon. The Jewish World in the Modern Age. Jersey City, NJ: KTAV Pub. House, 2004. 69.</ref> which became an important part of Torah study.<ref>"Tosafot." JewishEncyclopedia.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Feb. 2013. <http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/14457-tosafot>.</ref><ref name="Bloomberg, Jon 2004"/>
Although Rashi’s interpretations were widely respected, there are many who criticize his work. After the 12th century, criticism on Rashi’s commentaries became common on Jewish works such as the Talmud. The criticisms mainly dealt with difficult passages. Generally Rashi provides the “pshat” or literal meaning of Jewish texts, while his disciples known as the Tosafot, criticized his work and gave more interpretative descriptions of the texts. The Tosafot’s commentaries can be found in Jewish texts opposite Rashi’s commentary. The Tosafot added comments and criticism in places were Rashi had not added comments. The Tosafot went beyond the passage itself in search of arguments, parallels, and distinctions that could be drawn out. This addition to Jewish texts was seen as causing a “major cultural product” <ref name="Bloomberg, Jon 2004">Bloomberg, Jon. The Jewish World in the Modern Age. Jersey City, NJ: KTAV Pub. House, 2004. 69.</ref> which became an important part of Torah study.<ref>"Tosafot." JewishEncyclopedia.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Feb. 2013. <http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/14457-tosafot>.</ref><ref name="Bloomberg, Jon 2004"/>
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==Legacy==
== Peninggalan ==
[[File:Raschihaus.jpg|thumb|200px|''Raschihaus'', Jewish Museum, Worms, Germany.]]
[[Berkas:Raschihaus.jpg|jmpl|200px|''Raschihaus'', Jewish Museum, Worms, Jerman.]]
[[Komentari]] Rashi mengenai [[Talmud]] terus menjadi dasar kunci penelitian dan interpretasi rabbinik kontemporer. Tanpa tafsir Rashi, Talmud dianggap "buku yang tertutup". Dengan komentarinya, setiap pelajar yang telah diperkenalkan oleh gurunya untuk mempelajari, akan dapat terus belajar sendiri, menguraikan bahasa dan maknanya dengan pertolongan Rashi.
Rashi's commentary on the Talmud continues to be a key basis for contemporary rabbinic scholarship and interpretation. Without Rashi's commentary, the Talmud would have remained a closed book.{{Citation needed|date=July 2013}} With it, any student who has been introduced to its study by a teacher can continue learning on his own, deciphering its language and meaning with the aid of Rashi.
⚫
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The [[ArtScroll#Schottenstein Edition Talmud|Schottenstein Edition interlinear translation of the Talmud]] bases its English-language commentary primarily on Rashi, and describes his continuing importance as follows: {{quote|It has been our policy throughout the Schottenstein Edition of the Talmud to give Rashi's interpretation as the primary explanation of the [[Gemara]]. Since it is not possible in a work of this nature to do justice to all of the [[Rishonim]], we have chosen to follow the commentary most learned by people, and the one studied first by virtually all Torah scholars. In this we have followed the ways of our teachers and the Torah masters of the last nine hundred years, who have assigned a pride of place to Rashi's commentary and made it a point of departure for all other commentaries.<ref>''The Schottenstein Edition of the Talmud:Talmud Bavli:Tractate Nedarim. [[ArtScroll|Mesorah Publications Limited]], 2000 (General Introduction, unpaginated). (Note: The Schottenstein Edition editors explained further that they chose [[Nissim of Gerona|Ran]]'s commentary for [[Nedarim (tractate)|Tractate Nedarim]] as an exception, based on a belief that the commentary attributed to Rashi for this tractate was not written by Rashi)</ref>}}
The [[ArtScroll#Schottenstein Edition Talmud|Schottenstein Edition interlinear translation of the Talmud]] bases its English-language commentary primarily on Rashi, and describes his continuing importance as follows: {{quote|It has been our policy throughout the Schottenstein Edition of the Talmud to give Rashi's interpretation as the primary explanation of the [[Gemara]]. Since it is not possible in a work of this nature to do justice to all of the [[Rishonim]], we have chosen to follow the commentary most learned by people, and the one studied first by virtually all Torah scholars. In this we have followed the ways of our teachers and the Torah masters of the last nine hundred years, who have assigned a pride of place to Rashi's commentary and made it a point of departure for all other commentaries.<ref>''The Schottenstein Edition of the Talmud:Talmud Bavli:Tractate Nedarim. [[ArtScroll|Mesorah Publications Limited]], 2000 (General Introduction, unpaginated). (Note: The Schottenstein Edition editors explained further that they chose [[Nissim of Gerona|Ran]]'s commentary for [[Nedarim (tractate)|Tractate Nedarim]] as an exception, based on a belief that the commentary attributed to Rashi for this tractate was not written by Rashi)</ref>}}


Baris 133: Baris 134:
Rashi's explanations of the Chumash were also cited extensively in ''Postillae Perpetuae'' by [[Nicholas de Lyra]] (1292–1340), a French [[Franciscan]]. De Lyra's book was one of the primary sources that was used in Luther's translation of the Bible.
Rashi's explanations of the Chumash were also cited extensively in ''Postillae Perpetuae'' by [[Nicholas de Lyra]] (1292–1340), a French [[Franciscan]]. De Lyra's book was one of the primary sources that was used in Luther's translation of the Bible.
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== Aksara "Ibrani Rashi"==
== Aksara "Ibrani Rashi" ==
{{main|Ibrani Rashi}}
{{main|Ibrani Rashi}}
[[Image:Rashiscript.PNG|200px|thumb|[[Abjad Ibrani]] lengkap yang ditulis dengan gaya Ibrani Rashi [dari kanan ke kiri].]]
[[Berkas:Rashiscript.PNG|200px|jmpl|[[Abjad Ibrani]] lengkap yang ditulis dengan gaya Ibrani Rashi [dari kanan ke kiri].]]
Jenis huruf semi-kursif yang dipakai untuk mencetak tafsir-tafsir Rashi, baik dalam [[Talmud]] dan [[Tanakh]] sering disebut tulisan "Ibrani Rashi" atau "'''Rashi script'''." Ini tidak berarti Rashi sendiri menggunakan aksara tersebut dalam naskahnya: jenis huruf ini berdasarkan tulisan tangan Yahudi [[Sefardim]] dari abad ke-15. Apa yang kemudian disebut "Rashi script" dipakai oleh tipografer Ibrani mula-mula seperti [http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=966&letter=S&search=soncino keluarga Soncino] dan [[Daniel Bomberg]], sebuah percetakan [[Kristen]] di [[Venice]], dalam edisi naskah berkomentar (seperti [[Mikraot Gedolot]] dan [[Talmud]], di mana komentar Rashi sangat menonjol) untuk membedakan tafsir rabbi dari naskah utamanya, yang dicetak dengan jenis huruf bujursangkar (''square typeface'').
Jenis huruf semi-kursif yang dipakai untuk mencetak tafsir-tafsir Rashi, baik dalam [[Talmud]] dan [[Tanakh]] sering disebut tulisan "Ibrani Rashi" atau "'''Rashi script'''." Ini tidak berarti Rashi sendiri menggunakan aksara tersebut dalam naskahnya: jenis huruf ini berdasarkan tulisan tangan Yahudi [[Sefardim]] dari abad ke-15. Apa yang kemudian disebut "Rashi script" dipakai oleh tipografer Ibrani mula-mula seperti [http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=966&letter=S&search=soncino keluarga Soncino] dan [[Daniel Bomberg]], sebuah percetakan [[Kristen]] di [[Venice]], dalam edisi naskah berkomentar (seperti [[Mikraot Gedolot]] dan [[Talmud]], di mana komentar Rashi sangat menonjol) untuk membedakan tafsir rabbi dari naskah utamanya, yang dicetak dengan jenis huruf bujursangkar (''square typeface'').

== Lihat pula ==
* [[Mikraot Gedolot]]


== Referensi ==
== Referensi ==

{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}


== Pustaka tambahan ==
== Pustaka tambahan ==

* Abecassis, Deborah [http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0025/NQ50099.pdf Reconstructing Rashi's Commentary on Genesis from Citations in the Torah Commentaries in the Tosafot] Dissertation 1999, Department of Jewish Studies, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec.
* Abecassis, Deborah [http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0025/NQ50099.pdf Reconstructing Rashi's Commentary on Genesis from Citations in the Torah Commentaries in the Tosafot] Dissertation 1999, Department of Jewish Studies, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec.
*[http://jewishhistory.huji.ac.il/internetresources/historyresources/medieval.htm#Rashi Rashi] The Jewish History Resource Center - Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]]
* [http://jewishhistory.huji.ac.il/internetresources/historyresources/medieval.htm#Rashi Rashi] The Jewish History Resource Center - Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]]
* [http://www.rashi900.com/more.asp Biography, the Legend, the Commentator and more] rashi900.com
* [http://www.rashi900.com/more.asp Biography, the Legend, the Commentator and more] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050720031234/http://www.rashi900.com/more.asp |date=2005-07-20 }} rashi900.com
* [http://www.chabad.org/library/article.asp?AID=111831 Article on chabad.org]
* [http://www.chabad.org/library/article.asp?AID=111831 Article on chabad.org]
* [http://www.loebtree.com/rashi.html#rashi Family Tree]
* [http://www.loebtree.com/rashi.html#rashi Family Tree]
* [http://www.rashisdaughters.com Rashi's Daughters: A Novel of Life, Love and Talmud in Medieval France]
* [http://www.rashisdaughters.com Rashi's Daughters: A Novel of Life, Love and Talmud in Medieval France]
* [http://www.rashi900.com/ In honor of the 900th anniversary of his passing]
* [http://www.rashi900.com/ In honor of the 900th anniversary of his passing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031042539/http://www.rashi900.com/ |date=2013-10-31 }}
* [http://www.jnul.huji.ac.il/dl/mss/rashi/index.html Rashi; an exhibition of his works, from the treasures of the Jewish National and University Library]
* [http://www.jnul.huji.ac.il/dl/mss/rashi/index.html Rashi; an exhibition of his works, from the treasures of the Jewish National and University Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923203233/http://www.jnul.huji.ac.il/dl/mss/rashi/index.html |date=2009-09-23 }}
*{{cite book | author=Cantor, Norman F. | authorlink=Norman Cantor | year=1969 |title= Medieval History |edition=2nd | page=396 | location= Toronto, Canada |publisher= Macmillan |isbn= 978-0-02-319070-4 }}
* {{cite book|author=Cantor, Norman F.|authorlink=Norman Cantor|year=1969|title= Medieval History|url=https://archive.org/details/medievalhistoryl00cant|edition=2nd|page=[https://archive.org/details/medievalhistoryl00cant/page/396 396]|location= Toronto, Canada|publisher= Macmillan|isbn= 978-0-02-319070-4 }}
*{{cite book |title=Rashi: The Story of rabbi Shlomo Yitzchaki |first=Yaacov Dovid |last=Shulman |others= |publisher=C.I.S. Publishers |year=1993 |isbn=1-56062-215-6 |url=}}
* {{cite book|title=Rashi: The Story of rabbi Shlomo Yitzchaki|first=Yaacov Dovid|last=Shulman|others=|publisher=C.I.S. Publishers|year=1993|isbn=1-56062-215-6|url=}}
*{{cite book |title=Rashi |first=Maurice |last=Liber |others=Translated from French by Adele Szold |publisher=[[Jewish Publication Society of America]] |year=1905 |isbn=0-9766546-5-2 |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/3165}}
* {{cite book|title=Rashi|first=Maurice|last=Liber|others=Translated from French by Adele Szold|publisher=[[Jewish Publication Society of America]]|year=1905|isbn=0-9766546-5-2|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/3165}}
*{{cite book |title=Rashi |first=Elie |last=Wiesel |others=Translated from French by Catherine Temerson |publisher=[[Schocken Books]] |year=2009 |isbn=0-8052-4254-6 |url=}}
* {{cite book|title=Rashi|first=Elie|last=Wiesel|others=Translated from French by Catherine Temerson|publisher=[[Schocken Books]]|year=2009|isbn=0-8052-4254-6|url=https://archive.org/details/rashiportrait0000wies}}


=== Sumber ===
=== Sumber ===

* Teknik dan metodologi
* Teknik dan metodologi
** [http://www.rashiyomi.com/ rashiyomi.com]
** [http://www.rashiyomi.com/ rashiyomi.com]
Baris 164: Baris 171:
* Textual Search
* Textual Search
** [http://www.rashiyomi.com/query1.htm Lookup Verses], rashiyomi.com
** [http://www.rashiyomi.com/query1.htm Lookup Verses], rashiyomi.com
** [http://www.tachash.org/texis/vtx/chumash Lookup Verses], tachash.org
** [http://www.tachash.org/texis/vtx/chumash Lookup Verses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020201202650/http://www.tachash.org/texis/vtx/chumash |date=2002-02-01 }}, tachash.org
**[[Media:RashiAlphabetVector.svg|Complete Rashi script]]
** [[Media:RashiAlphabetVector.svg|Complete Rashi script]]

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=== Wikisource ===


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===Wikisource===
* {{Cite EB1911|Rashi}}
* {{Cite EB1911|Rashi}}
* {{Cite Nuttall|title=Rashi|short=1}}
* {{Cite Nuttall|title=Rashi|short=1}}
Baris 176: Baris 184:
* [http://jewishhistorylectures.org/2012/11/18/rashi-teacher-of-all-israel/ "Rashi: Teacher of All Israel," Video Lecture] by [[Henry Abramson|Dr. Henry Abramson]] of [[Touro College South]]
* [http://jewishhistorylectures.org/2012/11/18/rashi-teacher-of-all-israel/ "Rashi: Teacher of All Israel," Video Lecture] by [[Henry Abramson|Dr. Henry Abramson]] of [[Touro College South]]


{{Authority control|PND=118598325|LCCN=n/50/82616|VIAF=19684048|TSURL=viaf/19684048}}
{{Authority control}}


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[[Kategori:Kelahiran 1040]]
{{Persondata
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[[Kategori:Kematian 1105]]
| NAME = Rashi
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[[Kategori:Tokoh Yahudi]]
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
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[[Kategori:Rishonim]]
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
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[[Kategori:Bible commentators]]
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1040-2-22
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[[Kategori:Worms, Germany]]
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Troyes]], [[France]]
| DATE OF DEATH = 1105-7-13
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Troyes]], [[France]]
}}
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[[Category:Kelahiran 1040]]
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[[Category:Kematian 1105]]
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[[Category:Tokoh Yahudi]]
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[[Category:Rishonim]]
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[[Category:Bible commentators]]
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[[Category:Worms, Germany]]

Revisi terkini sejak 24 Juni 2024 07.46

Rashi
Lukisan menggambarkan Rashi dari abad ke-16
Lahir(1040-02-22)22 Februari 1040
Troyes, Prancis
Meninggal13 Juli 1105(1105-07-13) (umur 65)
Troyes, Prancis
MakamTroyes
Tempat tinggalFrance
KebangsaanFrench
Dikenal atasmenulis tafsir Alkitab Ibrani

Shlomo Yitzchaki (bahasa Ibrani: רבי שלמה יצחקי‎), atau dalam bahasa Latin Salomon Isaacides, dan sekarang umumnya dikenal dengan akronim Rashi (bahasa Ibrani: רש"י‎, RAbbi SHlomo Itzhaki; 22 Februari 1040 – 13 Juli 1105), adalah seorang rabbi Yahudi yang hidup di Prancis pada abad pertengahan. Ia sangat dihormati sebagai kontributor utama dari kalangan Yahudi Ashkenazi terhadap studi Taurat. Terkenal sebagai pengarang tafsir atau komentari komprehensif Talmud, juga tafsir komprehensif Tanakh (Alkitab Ibrani). Ia dianggap sebagai "bapa" semua tafsir Talmud sesudahnya (yaitu, Baalei Tosafot) dan "Tanach" (yaitu, Ramban, Ibn Ezra, Ohr HaChaim, dan lain-lain).[1][2]

Terkenal karena kemampuannya untuk memberikan makna dasar suatu teks dalam gaya ringkas dan lancar. Karenanya tulisan-tulisan Rashi menarik bagi pakar terpelajar maupun murid-murid yang baru mulai. Karya-karyanya terus menjadi pusat untuk studi Yahudi kontemporer. Komentari atau tafir mengenai Talmud, yang meliputi hampir seluruh Talmud Babel (total 30 traktat), telah dimasukkan dalam setiap edisi Talmud sejak pertama kali dicetak oleh Daniel Bomberg pada tahun 1520-an. Komentarinya mengenai Tanakh — khususnya mengenai Chumash ("Lima Kitab Musa") — merupakan alat bantu penting bagi para pelajar dalam segala tingkatan. Tafsir yang kemudian juga menjadi dasar lebih dari 300 "supercommentaries" yang menganalisis pilihan bahasa dan kutipan Rashi, ditulis oleh sejumlah nama-nama besar dalam sastra rabbinik.[2]

Nama

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Nama keluarga Rashi "Yitzhaki" diturunkan dari nama ayahnya, Yitzhak. Akronim namanya sering kali dikembangkan lebih indah sebagai "Rabban Shel YIsrael" yang artinya "rabbi Israel", or sebagai "Rabbenu SheYichyeh" ("Rabbi kami, biarlah dia hidup"). Ia dapat dirujuk dalam naskah-naskah Ibrani dan Aram sebagai

  • (1) "Shlomo son of Rabbi Yitzhak,"
  • (2) "Shlomo son of Yitzhak,"
  • (3) "Shlomo Yitzhaki," dan lain-lain.[3]

Riwayat

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Kelahiran dan Masa muda

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Rashi adalah anak tunggal yang lahir di Troyes, Champagne, di bagian utara Prancis. Saudara laki-laki ibunya adalah Simon yang Tua, Rabbi di Mainz.[4] Simon was a disciple of Rabbeinu Gershom Meor HaGolah,[5] who died that same year. Dari pihak ayahnya, Rashi diklaim sebagai keturunan ke-33 dari Yochanan Hasandlar, yang merupakan keturunan ke-4 dari Gamaliel yang Tua, yang dikabarkan adalah keturunan Raja Daud. Dalam karya-karyanya yang berjumlah besar, Rashi sendiri tidak pernah mengklaim demikian. Sumber rabbinik awal utama mengenai silsilahnya, Responsum No. 29 oleh Solomon Luria, juga tidak membuat klaim semacam itu.[6][7]

Sinagoge Rashi (Rashi Shul) di kota Worms, Jerman.

Kematian dan makam

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Rashi meninggal pada tanggal 13 Juli 1105 (29 Tammuz 4865) pada usia 65 tahun. Ia dimakamkan di Troyes, Prancis. Lokasi pekuburannya dicatat dalam Seder ha-Dorot (Seder Hadoros), tetapi lambat laun lokasi tepatnya dilupakan. Beberapa tahun berselang, seorang profesor University of Paris (Sorbonne) menemukan peta kuno yang menggambarkan lokasi makam, sekarang menjadi taman terbuka kota Troyes. Setelah penemuan ini, orang Yahudi Prancis mendirikan suatu monumen besar di tengah taman itu, berupa sebuah bola dunia besar berwarna hitam dan putih dengan huruf-huruf Ibrani yang menonjol, Shin (ש) (yaitu untuk "Shlomo", nama depan Rashi). Pada landasan granit monumen tersebut diukir Rabbi Shlomo Yitzchaki — Commentator and Guide (Komentator dan Pemandu).

Keturunan

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Rashi tidak mempunyai putra, tetapi memiliki tiga anak perempuan, Miriam, Yocheved, dan Rachel, semuanya menikah dengan pakar-pakar Talmud. Ada legenda bahwa putri-putri Rashi mengenakan tefillin. Meskipun sejumlah perempuan Yahudi Ashkenazi pada abad pertengahan memakai tefillin, tidak ada bukti bahwa putri-putri Rashi memakainya.[8]

  • Putri sulung Rashi, Yocheved, menikah dengan Meir ben Shmuel; empat putra mereka adalah:
    • Shmuel (Rashbam) (lahir 1080),
    • Yitzchak (Rivam) (lahir 1090),
    • Jacob (Rabbeinu Tam) (lahir 1100), dan
    • Shlomo the Grammarian (sang ahli gramatik), yang merupakan salah satu rabbi terkemuka dari Baalei Tosafos, yaitu otoritas rabbinik yang menulis kritik dan penjelasan pada Talmud yang muncul bersebelahan dengan komentari Rashi pada setiap halaman Talmud.
    • putri Yocheved, Chanah, adalah seorang guru hukum dan kebiasaan yang berkenaan dengan perempuan.
  • Putri tengah Rashi, Miriam, menikah dengan Judah ben Nathan, yang menyelesaikan komentari mengenai Talmud Makkot yang sedang dikerjakan Rashi ketika ia meninggal.[9] Putri mereka Alvina adalah seorang perempuan terpelajar yang kebiasaan-kebiasaannya menjadi dasar keputusan halakha di kemudian hari. Putra mereka Yom Tov ben Judah kemudian pindah ke Paris dan memimpin suatu yeshiva di sana, bersama saudara-saudara laki-lakinya Shimshon dan Eliezer.
  • Putri bungsu Rashi, Rachel, menikah dengan (dan bercerai dari) Eliezer ben Shemiah.

Karya

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Tafsir Rashi mengenai Tanakh

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Terjemahan modern tafsir Rashi mengenai Chumash, diterbitkan oleh Artscroll

Tafsir Rashi mengenai Tanakh — dan terutama tafsirnya mengenai Chumash — merupakan pelengkap penting untuk studi Talmud apapun pada tingkatan apapun. Mengambil dari dalamnya sastra Midrashik, Talmudik dan Aggadik (termasuk literatur yang sekarang tidak ditemukan lagi), serta pengetahuannya akan tatabahasa, halakhah, dan bagaimana suatu hal itu terjadi, Rashi menjelaskan arti "sederhana" suatu naskah sehingga seorang anak berusia lima tahun yang cerdas dapat memahaminya.[10] Bersamaan dengan itu, tafsirnya meletakkan landasan beberapa penelaahan analisis dan mistikal hukum yang terdalam setelahnya. Para pakar berdebat mengapa Rashi memilih Midrash tertentu untuk menggambarkan suatu poin, atau mengapa ia menggunakan kata-kata dan frasa-frasa tertentu, bukan yang lain. Rabbi Shneur Zalman dari Liadi menulis bahwa "Tafsir Rashi mengenai Taurat merupakan ‘anggur Taurat’, yang membuka hati dan menyingkapkan kasih dan rasa takut yang esensial seseorang terhadap Allah."[11]

Tafsir Rashi mengenai Talmud

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Sebuah cetakan awal Talmud (Ta'anit 9b); uraian Rashi terletak pada bagian bawah kolom kanan, dilanjutkan beberapa baris ke kolom kiri.

Rashi menulis tafsir atau komentari komprehensif pertama mengenai Talmud. Tafsir Rashi yang diambil dari pengetahuannya terhadap seluruh isi Talmud, berusaha untuk memberikan penjelasan lengkap mengenai kata-kata atau struktur logis setiap bacaan Talmudik. Berbeda dengan komentator-komentator lain, Rashi tidak melakukan parafrasa atau melompati bagian tertentu suatu naskah, melainkan menjabarkan frasa demi frasa. Seringkali ia memberikan tanda baca (punktuasi) untuk naskah yang tidak bertanda baca, misalnya menjelaskan "Apakah ini suatu pertanyaan"; "Ia mengatakan ini sambil terkejut", "Ia mengulangi hal ini untuk memberi persetujuan", dan sebagainya.

Peninggalan

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Raschihaus, Jewish Museum, Worms, Jerman.

Komentari Rashi mengenai Talmud terus menjadi dasar kunci penelitian dan interpretasi rabbinik kontemporer. Tanpa tafsir Rashi, Talmud dianggap "buku yang tertutup". Dengan komentarinya, setiap pelajar yang telah diperkenalkan oleh gurunya untuk mempelajari, akan dapat terus belajar sendiri, menguraikan bahasa dan maknanya dengan pertolongan Rashi.

Aksara "Ibrani Rashi"

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Artikel utama: Ibrani Rashi
Abjad Ibrani lengkap yang ditulis dengan gaya Ibrani Rashi [dari kanan ke kiri].

Jenis huruf semi-kursif yang dipakai untuk mencetak tafsir-tafsir Rashi, baik dalam Talmud dan Tanakh sering disebut tulisan "Ibrani Rashi" atau "Rashi script." Ini tidak berarti Rashi sendiri menggunakan aksara tersebut dalam naskahnya: jenis huruf ini berdasarkan tulisan tangan Yahudi Sefardim dari abad ke-15. Apa yang kemudian disebut "Rashi script" dipakai oleh tipografer Ibrani mula-mula seperti keluarga Soncino dan Daniel Bomberg, sebuah percetakan Kristen di Venice, dalam edisi naskah berkomentar (seperti Mikraot Gedolot dan Talmud, di mana komentar Rashi sangat menonjol) untuk membedakan tafsir rabbi dari naskah utamanya, yang dicetak dengan jenis huruf bujursangkar (square typeface).

Lihat pula

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Referensi

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  1. ^ Ramban writes in the introduction to his commentary on Genesis: "I will place for the illumination of my face the lights of a pure candelabrum — the commentaries of Rabbi Shlomo (Rashi), crown of beauty and glory ... in Scripture, Mishnah, and Talmud, to him belongs the rights of the firstborn!" quoted at Biography of Ramban, The Jewish Theological Seminary Diarsipkan 2013-03-11 di Wayback Machine.
  2. ^ a b Miller, Chaim. Rashi's Method of Biblical Commentary. chabad.org
  3. ^ Cybernetics and Systems Volume 42, Issue 3, pages 180-197 29 Apr 2011 Available online: DOI:10.1080/01969722.2011.567893 article authors Yaakov HaCohen-Kerner, Nadav Schweitzer & Dror Mughaz title Automatically Identifying Citations in Hebrew-Aramaic Documents published Taylor & Francis "For example, the Pardes book written by Rabbi Shlomo Yitzhaki, known by the abbreviation Rashi, can be cited using the following patterns: (1) "Shlomo son of Rabbi Yitzhak," (2) "Shlomo son of Yitzhak," (3) "Shlomo Yitzhaki," (4) "In the name of Rashi who wrote in the Pardes"
  4. ^ "Index to Articles on Rabbinic Genealogy in Avotaynu: The International Review of Jewish Genealogy". Avotaynu: The International Review of Jewish Genealogy. Diakses tanggal 2008-06-11. 
  5. ^ See Rashi's comments in Shabbat 85b.
  6. ^ Hurwitz, Simon (1938). The Responsa of Solomon Luria. New York, New York. hlm. 146–151. 
  7. ^ Einsiedler, David (1992). "Can We Prove Descent from King David?". Avotaynu: the International Review of Jewish Genealogy. VIII (3(Fall)): 29. Diakses tanggal 2008-06-11. 
  8. ^ Grossman, Avraham. Pious and Rebellious: Jewish Women in Medieval Europe. Brandeis University Press, 2004.)
  9. ^ Makkot 19b: "Tubuh guru kami adalah murni, dan jiwanya berangkat dalam kemurnian, dan ia tidak menjelaskan lagi; sejak ini adalah bahasa muridnya Rabbi Yehudah ben Nathan."
  10. ^ Mordechai Menashe Laufer. "רבן של ישראל (Hebrew)". 
  11. ^ Rashi's Method of Biblical Commentary

Pustaka tambahan

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Sumber

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Wikisource

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Pranala luar

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Wikiquote memiliki koleksi kutipan yang berkaitan dengan: Rashi.
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Diperoleh dari "https://wiki-indonesia.club/w/index.php?title=Rashi&oldid=25913199"