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{{For|asteroid|9203 Myrtus}}
{{For|asteroid|9203 Myrtus}}
{{italic title}}
{{italic title}}
{{taxobox
{{Taxobox
| color = {{tc2|tumbuhan}}
| name = ''Myrtus''<br/>Murad
|name = ''Myrtus''<br/>Murad
| image = Myrtus_communis.jpg
|image = Myrtus_communis.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Myrtus communis]]''
| image2 = Illustration Myrtus communis0.jpg
|image_caption = ''[[Myrtus communis]]''
|image2 = Illustration Myrtus communis0.jpg
| image2_caption = '''Murad''' (''M. communis'')<ref>Ilustrasi tahun 1885 dari Prof. Dr. Otto Wilhelm Thomé "''Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz''" 1885, Gera, [[Jerman]]</ref>
|image2_caption = '''Murad''' (''M.communis'')<ref>Ilustrasi tahun 1885 dari Prof. Dr. Otto Wilhelm Thomé "''Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz''" 1885, Gera, [[Jerman]]</ref>
| regnum = [[Plantae]]
| unranked_divisio = [[Angiospermae]]
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
{{kladtb|[[Tumbuhan berpembuluh|Tracheophyta]]}}
| unranked_classis = [[Eudikotil]]
{{kladtb|[[Tumbuhan berbunga|Angiospermae]]}}
| unranked_ordo = [[Rosid]]
{{kladtb|[[Eudikotil]]}}
⚫
| ordo = [[Myrtales]]
{{kladtb|[[Rosid]]}}
⚫
| familia = [[Myrtaceae]]
⚫
|ordo = [[Myrtales]]
⚫
| genus = '''''Myrtus'''''
⚫
|familia = [[Myrtaceae]]
| genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
⚫
|genus = '''''Myrtus'''''
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = '''''[[Myrtus communis]]''''' <small>[[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]</small><br/>'''''[[Myrtus nivellei]]''''' <small>Batt. & Trab.</small>
|genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
|subdivision_ranks = Species
|subdivision = '''''[[Myrtus communis]]''''' <small>[[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]</small><br/>'''''[[Myrtus nivellei]]''''' <small>Batt. & Trab.</small>
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=j/>
|synonyms_ref = <ref name=j/>
| synonyms = ''[[Myrthus]]'' <small>Scop.</small>
|synonyms = ''[[Myrthus]]'' <small>Scop.</small>
|type_species=''Myrtus communis''
|type_species=''Myrtus communis''
|type_species_authority=[[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]<ref>lectotype designated by A.P. de Candolle, Note Myrt. 7 (1826)</ref><ref name=u/>
|type_species_authority=[[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]<ref>lectotype designated by A.P. de Candolle, Note Myrt. 7 (1826)</ref><ref name=u/>
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The plant is an [[evergreen]] [[shrub]] or small [[tree]], growing to {{convert|5|m|ft}} tall. The [[leaf]] is entire, 3–5&nbsp;cm long, with a fragrant [[essential oil]].
The plant is an [[evergreen]] [[shrub]] or small [[tree]], growing to {{convert|5|m|ft}} tall. The [[leaf]] is entire, 3–5&nbsp;cm long, with a fragrant [[essential oil]].


The star-like [[flower]] has five petals and sepals, and numerous [[stamen]]s. Petals usually are white. The flower is pollinated by [[insect]]s.
The star-like [[flower]] has five petals and sepals, and numerous [[stamen]]s. Petals usually are white. The flower is pollinated by [[insect]]s.


The fruit is a round [[berry]] containing several [[seed]]s, most commonly blue-black in colour. A variety with yellow-amber berries is also present. The seeds are dispersed by [[bird]]s that eat the berries.
The fruit is a round [[berry]] containing several [[seed]]s, most commonly blue-black in colour. A variety with yellow-amber berries is also present. The seeds are dispersed by [[bird]]s that eat the berries.
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Jika lebih jarang dicukur, bunganya lebat pada akhir musim panas. Membutuhkan musim panas yang lama dan terik untuk menghasilkan bunga, dan perlu dilindungi dari ''frost'' musim dingin.
Jika lebih jarang dicukur, bunganya lebat pada akhir musim panas. Membutuhkan musim panas yang lama dan terik untuk menghasilkan bunga, dan perlu dilindungi dari ''frost'' musim dingin.


Spesies dan [[subspesies]] ''M. communis'' subsp. ''tarentina'' telah memperoleh penghargaan [[:en:Award of Garden Merit|Award of Garden Merit]] dari [[:en:Royal Horticultural Society|Royal Horticultural Society]].<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Myrtus communis''|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=1305|accessdate=25 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Myrtus communis'' subsp. ''tarentina''|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=3456|accessdate=25 May 2013}}</ref>
Spesies dan [[subspesies]] ''M.communis'' subsp. ''tarentina'' telah memperoleh penghargaan [[:en:Award of Garden Merit|Award of Garden Merit]] dari [[:en:Royal Horticultural Society|Royal Horticultural Society]].<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Myrtus communis''|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=1305|accessdate=25 May 2013|archive-date=2014-01-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110091431/http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=1305|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Myrtus communis'' subsp. ''tarentina''|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=3456|accessdate=25 May 2013|archive-date=2014-01-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110091534/http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=3456|dead-url=yes}}</ref>


=== Makanan ===
=== Makanan ===
''Myrtus communis'' digunakan di pulau [[Sardinia]] dan [[Corsica]] untuk menghasilkan minuman keras beraroma yang disebut [[:en:Mirto (drink)|''Mirto'']] dengan cara [[:en:macerating|maserasi]] dalam [[alkohol]]. ''Mirto'' merupakan salah satu minuman khas Sardinia, tersedia dalam dua varietas: ''mirto rosso'' (merah) dihasilkan dari maserasi buah (''berries''), dan ''mirto bianco'' (putih) dihasilkan dari buah kuning, bahkan daun-daun, yang kurang lazim ditemukan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://it.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Liquore_di_mirto | title=Liquore di mirto|accessdate=2007-06-18|publisher=Italian Wikipedia|language=Italian}}</ref>
''Myrtus communis'' digunakan di pulau [[Sardinia]] dan [[Corsica]] untuk menghasilkan minuman keras beraroma yang disebut [[:en:Mirto (drink)|''Mirto'']] dengan cara [[:en:macerating|maserasi]] dalam [[alkohol]]. ''Mirto'' merupakan salah satu minuman khas Sardinia, tersedia dalam dua varietas: ''mirto rosso'' (merah) dihasilkan dari maserasi buah (''berries''), dan ''mirto bianco'' (putih) dihasilkan dari buah kuning, bahkan daun-daun, yang kurang lazim ditemukan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://it.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Liquore_di_mirto |title=Liquore di mirto|accessdate=2007-06-18|publisher=Italian Wikipedia|language=Italian}}</ref>


Buah-buahnya (''berries''), utuh atau digiling, telah digunakan sebagai pengganti [[merica]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://theepicentre.com/spice/myrtle/ |title= Myrtle |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date= |website= The Epicentre |publisher= |accessdate= 16 July 2014}}</ref>
Buah-buahnya (''berries''), utuh atau digiling, telah digunakan sebagai pengganti [[merica]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://theepicentre.com/spice/myrtle/ |title= Myrtle |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date= |website= The Epicentre |publisher= |accessdate= 16 July 2014}}</ref>


=== Obat-obatan ===
=== Obat-obatan ===
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Murad menempati posisi utama dalam tulisan-tulisan [[Hippocrates]], [[Plinius yang Tua|Plinius]], [[:en:Dioscorides|Dioscorides]], [[Galen]], dan penulis-penulis Arab.<ref>Pharmacographia Indica (1891 edition), London</ref>
Murad menempati posisi utama dalam tulisan-tulisan [[Hippocrates]], [[Plinius yang Tua|Plinius]], [[:en:Dioscorides|Dioscorides]], [[Galen]], dan penulis-penulis Arab.<ref>Pharmacographia Indica (1891 edition), London</ref>


Di beberapa negara, terutama di Eropa and Tiongkok, ada tradisi untuk menggunakan bahan ini dalam pengobatan infeksi hidung (''sinus infections''). Suatu tinjauan sistematik obat-obatan tanaman yang digunakan untuk mengobati [[:en:rhinosinusitis|rhinosinusitis]] menyimpulkan bahwa bukti manfaat tanaman obat dalam pengobatan rhinosinusitis jumlahnya terbatas, dan tidak cukup bukti dari ''Myrtus'' untuk memastikan signifikansi hasil klinik.<ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 17011407 | year = 2006 | last1 = Guo | first1 = R | last2 = Canter | first2 = PH | last3 = Ernst | first3 = E | title = Herbal medicines for the treatment of rhinosinusitis: A systematic review | volume = 135 | issue = 4 | pages = 496–506 | doi = 10.1016/j.otohns.2006.06.1254 | journal = Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery}}</ref>
Di beberapa negara, terutama di Eropa and Tiongkok, ada tradisi untuk menggunakan bahan ini dalam pengobatan infeksi hidung (''sinus infections''). Suatu tinjauan sistematik obat-obatan tanaman yang digunakan untuk mengobati [[:en:rhinosinusitis|rhinosinusitis]] menyimpulkan bahwa bukti manfaat tanaman obat dalam pengobatan rhinosinusitis jumlahnya terbatas, dan tidak cukup bukti dari ''Myrtus'' untuk memastikan signifikansi hasil klinik.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid = 17011407 |year = 2006 |last1 = Guo |first1 = R |last2 = Canter |first2 = PH |last3 = Ernst |first3 = E |title = Herbal medicines for the treatment of rhinosinusitis: A systematic review |volume = 135 |issue = 4 |pages = 496–506 |doi = 10.1016/j.otohns.2006.06.1254 |journal = Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery}}</ref>
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===In myth and ritual===-->
===In myth and ritual===-->
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In Rome, Virgil explains that “the poplar is most dear to Alcides, the vine to Bacchus, the myrtle to lovely Venus, and his own [[Bay Laurel|laurel]] to Phoebus.”<ref>Virgil, [[Eclogue]] VII.61-63.</ref> At the [[Veneralia]], women bathed wearing crowns woven of myrtle branches, and myrtle was used in wedding rituals. In the [[Aeneid]], myrtle marks the grave of the murdered [[Polydorus (son of Priam)|Polydorus]] in Thrace. Aeneus' attempts to uproot the shrub cause the ground to bleed, and the voice of his dead brother warns him to leave. The spears which impaled Polydorus have been magically transformed into the myrtle which marks his grave.<ref>[http://www.poetryintranslation.com/PITBR/Latin/VirgilAeneidIII.htm#_Toc536528096 ''Aeneid III, 19-68''], accessed 13 March 2014</ref>
In Rome, Virgil explains that “the poplar is most dear to Alcides, the vine to Bacchus, the myrtle to lovely Venus, and his own [[Bay Laurel|laurel]] to Phoebus.”<ref>Virgil, [[Eclogue]] VII.61-63.</ref> At the [[Veneralia]], women bathed wearing crowns woven of myrtle branches, and myrtle was used in wedding rituals. In the [[Aeneid]], myrtle marks the grave of the murdered [[Polydorus (son of Priam)|Polydorus]] in Thrace. Aeneus' attempts to uproot the shrub cause the ground to bleed, and the voice of his dead brother warns him to leave. The spears which impaled Polydorus have been magically transformed into the myrtle which marks his grave.<ref>[http://www.poetryintranslation.com/PITBR/Latin/VirgilAeneidIII.htm#_Toc536528096 ''Aeneid III, 19-68''], accessed 13 March 2014</ref>


In the Mediterranean, myrtle was symbolic of love and immortality. In their culture the plant was used extensively and was considered an essential plant.
In the Mediterranean, myrtle was symbolic of love and immortality. In their culture the plant was used extensively and was considered an essential plant.


;Jewish
;Jewish
In [[Jewish liturgy]], it is one of the four sacred plants of [[Sukkot]], the [[Feast of Tabernacles]] representing the different types of personality making up the community - the myrtle having fragrance but not pleasant taste, represents those who have good deeds to their credit despite not having knowledge from [[Torah]] study. Three branches are held by the worshippers along with a [[citron]], a [[Palm tree|palm]] leaf, and two [[willow]] branches. In [[Jewish mysticism]], the myrtle represents the phallic, masculine force at work in the universe. For this reason myrtle branches were sometimes given the bridegroom as he entered the nuptial chamber after a wedding (Tos. Sotah 15:8; Ketubot 17a). Myrtles are both the symbol and scent of [[Garden of Eden|Eden]] (BhM II: 52; Sefer ha-Hezyonot 17). The [[Hechalot]] text Merkavah Rabbah requires one to suck on a myrtle leaves as an element of a theurgic ritual. Kabbalists link myrtle to the sefirah of Tiferet and use sprigs in their Shabbat (especially Havdalah) rites to draw down its harmonizing power as the week is initiated (Shab. 33a; Zohar Chadash, SoS, 64d; Sha’ar ha-Kavvanot, 2, pp.&nbsp;73–76).<ref>[[List of plants in the Bible]]</ref>
In [[Jewish liturgy]], it is one of the four sacred plants of [[Sukkot]], the [[Feast of Tabernacles]] representing the different types of personality making up the community - the myrtle having fragrance but not pleasant taste, represents those who have good deeds to their credit despite not having knowledge from [[Torah]] study. Three branches are held by the worshippers along with a [[citron]], a [[Palm tree|palm]] leaf, and two [[willow]] branches. In [[Jewish mysticism]], the myrtle represents the phallic, masculine force at work in the universe. For this reason myrtle branches were sometimes given the bridegroom as he entered the nuptial chamber after a wedding (Tos. Sotah 15:8; Ketubot 17a). Myrtles are both the symbol and scent of [[Garden of Eden|Eden]] (BhM II: 52; Sefer ha-Hezyonot 17). The [[Hechalot]] text Merkavah Rabbah requires one to suck on a myrtle leaves as an element of a theurgic ritual. Kabbalists link myrtle to the sefirah of Tiferet and use sprigs in their Shabbat (especially Havdalah) rites to draw down its harmonizing power as the week is initiated (Shab. 33a; Zohar Chadash, SoS, 64d; Sha’ar ha-Kavvanot, 2, pp.&nbsp;73–76).<ref>[[List of plants in the Bible]]</ref>
Myrtle leaves were added to the water in the last (7th) rinsing of the head in the traditional Sephardic tahara manual (teaching the ritual for washing the dead). <ref>Service for Preparing the Dead for Burial, as Used in the Spanish and Portuguese Congregation, Shearith Israel, NY City, Published by the Society "Hebra Hased ba'Amet", New York, 1913, available at www.Jewish-Funerals.org</ref>
Myrtle leaves were added to the water in the last (7th) rinsing of the head in the traditional Sephardic tahara manual (teaching the ritual for washing the dead).<ref>Service for Preparing the Dead for Burial, as Used in the Spanish and Portuguese Congregation, Shearith Israel, NY City, Published by the Society "Hebra Hased ba'Amet", New York, 1913, available at www.Jewish-Funerals.org</ref>


;Contemporary
;Contemporary
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==Garden history==-->
==Garden history==-->
[[Berkas:Gardenology.org-IMG 2781 rbgs11jan.jpg|jmpl|''M. communis'' ssp. ''tarentina'' cv. 'compacta' di sebuah kebun]]
[[Berkas:Gardenology.org-IMG 2781 rbgs11jan.jpg|jmpl|''M.communis'' ssp. ''tarentina'' cv. 'compacta' di sebuah kebun]]
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===Rome===
===Rome===
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== Referensi ==
== Referensi ==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q165152}}


[[Kategori:Myrtus| ]]
[[Kategori:Myrtus| ]]

Revisi terkini sejak 29 Juni 2024 13.24

Untuk asteroid, lihat 9203 Myrtus.
Myrtus
Murad
Myrtus communis
Murad (M.communis)[1]
Klasifikasi ilmiah
Kerajaan:
Plantae
Klad: Tracheophyta
Klad: Angiospermae
Klad: Eudikotil
Klad: Rosid
Ordo:
Myrtales
Famili:
Myrtaceae
Genus:
Myrtus

Spesies tipe
Myrtus communis
Species

Myrtus communis L.
Myrtus nivellei Batt. & Trab.

Sinonim[4]

Myrthus Scop.

Myrtus communis

Myrtus, dengan nama umum murad (bahasa Inggris: myrtle) merupakan suatu genus tumbuhan bunga dalam familia Myrtaceae. Pertama kali dipaparkan oleh Linnaeus pada tahun 1753.[3]

Taksonomi

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Lebih dari 600 nama pernah diusulkan termasuk ke dalam genus ini, tetapi hampir semuanya telah dipindahkan ke genus lain atau dianggap sinonim.

Genus Myrtus beranggotakan 2 spesies yang dikenal sekarang:[4]

Pemerian

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Murad umum

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Myrtus communis, atau Murad umum (juga disebut true myrtle; "murad sejati"), merupakan tumbuhan asli di bagian utara Mediterania (terutama di pulau Sardinia dan Corsica, di mana memiliki nama setempat murta).[5]

Murad sahara

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Myrtus nivellei atau Murad sahara, (bahasa Tuareg: tefeltest), tumbuh endemik di pengunungan Gurun Sahara tengah.[6]

Penggunaan

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Pembiakan

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Myrtus communis, dibiakkan luas sebagai suatu tanaman hias dalam bentuk perdu di kebun dan taman. Sering menjadi tanaman pagar, di mana daun-daun kecilnya dicukur rapi.

Jika lebih jarang dicukur, bunganya lebat pada akhir musim panas. Membutuhkan musim panas yang lama dan terik untuk menghasilkan bunga, dan perlu dilindungi dari frost musim dingin.

Spesies dan subspesies M.communis subsp. tarentina telah memperoleh penghargaan Award of Garden Merit dari Royal Horticultural Society.[7][8]

Makanan

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Myrtus communis digunakan di pulau Sardinia dan Corsica untuk menghasilkan minuman keras beraroma yang disebut Mirto dengan cara maserasi dalam alkohol. Mirto merupakan salah satu minuman khas Sardinia, tersedia dalam dua varietas: mirto rosso (merah) dihasilkan dari maserasi buah (berries), dan mirto bianco (putih) dihasilkan dari buah kuning, bahkan daun-daun, yang kurang lazim ditemukan.[9]

Buah-buahnya (berries), utuh atau digiling, telah digunakan sebagai pengganti merica.[10]

Obat-obatan

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Minyak atsiri dari murad (Myrtus communis) dalam vial kaca bening.

Murad menempati posisi utama dalam tulisan-tulisan Hippocrates, Plinius, Dioscorides, Galen, dan penulis-penulis Arab.[11]

Di beberapa negara, terutama di Eropa and Tiongkok, ada tradisi untuk menggunakan bahan ini dalam pengobatan infeksi hidung (sinus infections). Suatu tinjauan sistematik obat-obatan tanaman yang digunakan untuk mengobati rhinosinusitis menyimpulkan bahwa bukti manfaat tanaman obat dalam pengobatan rhinosinusitis jumlahnya terbatas, dan tidak cukup bukti dari Myrtus untuk memastikan signifikansi hasil klinik.[12]

Buah murad yang belum masak, dari varietas biru ("hitam").
Buah murad yang ranum, dari varietas biru ("hitam").
M.communis ssp. tarentina cv. 'compacta' di sebuah kebun

Pranala luar

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Cari di Wikimedia Commons
Cari di Wikimedia Commons
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Referensi

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  1. ^ Ilustrasi tahun 1885 dari Prof. Dr. Otto Wilhelm Thomé "Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz" 1885, Gera, Jerman
  2. ^ lectotype designated by A.P. de Candolle, Note Myrt. 7 (1826)
  3. ^ a b Tropicos, Myrtus L.
  4. ^ a b Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  5. ^ Altervista Flora Italiana, Mirto comune, Myrtaceae: Myrtus communis L. termasuk foto dan peta distribusi di Eropa.
  6. ^ Uicnmed.org: Myrtus nivellei - Batt & Trab. - Myrtaceae . accessed 1.10.2014.
  7. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Myrtus communis". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2014-01-10. Diakses tanggal 25 May 2013. 
  8. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Myrtus communis subsp. tarentina". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2014-01-10. Diakses tanggal 25 May 2013. 
  9. ^ "Liquore di mirto" (dalam bahasa Italian). Italian Wikipedia. Diakses tanggal 2007-06-18. 
  10. ^ "Myrtle". The Epicentre. Diakses tanggal 16 July 2014. 
  11. ^ Pharmacographia Indica (1891 edition), London
  12. ^ Guo, R; Canter, PH; Ernst, E (2006). "Herbal medicines for the treatment of rhinosinusitis: A systematic review". Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. 135 (4): 496–506. doi:10.1016/j.otohns.2006.06.1254. PMID 17011407. 
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