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[[Berkas:Leedsichthys problematicus.jpg|jmpl|245x245px|'''Perbandingan Leedsichthys dengan Manusia''']]
[[Berkas:Leedsichthys problematicus.jpg|jmpl|245x245px|Perbandingan Leedsichthys dengan Manusia]]
{{italic title}}{{Taxobox
{{italic title}}{{Taxobox
|name = ''Leedsichthys''
| name = ''Leedsichthys''
|image = Leedsichtys092.jpg|thumb
| image = Leedsichtys092.jpg|thumb
|image_width = 250px
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = Restorasi berdasarkan interpretasi modern dari fosil
| image_caption = Restorasi berdasarkan interpretasi modern dari fosil
|fossil_range = {{Fossil range|Jura Pertengahan}}
| fossil_range = [[Callovian]]-[[Tithonian]]<br />~{{fossil range|165|152}}
|regnum = [[Animalia]]
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
|phylum = [[Chordata]]
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
|classis = [[Actinopterygii]]
| classis = [[Actinopterygii]]
|ordo = †[[Pachycormiformes]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/17/04712503/0471250317.pdf |title=Phylum Chordata |page=100 |publisher= |author=[[John Wiley & Sons|Wiley]] |accessdate=2009-04-11}}</ref>
| ordo = †[[Pachycormiformes]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/17/04712503/0471250317.pdf |title=Phylum Chordata |page=100 |publisher= |author=[[John Wiley & Sons|Wiley]] |accessdate=2009-04-11}}</ref>
|familia = †[[Pachycormidae]]
| familia = †[[Pachycormiformes|Pachycormidae]]
|genus = [[kepunahan|†]]'''''Leedsichthys'''''
| genus = [[kepunahan|†]]'''''Leedsichthys'''''
| genus_authority = [[Arthur Smith Woodward|Woodward]], 1889
|species ='''''L. problematicus'''''
| subdivision_ranks = [[Spesies]]
|binomial = ''Leedsichthys problematicus''
| subdivision =
| binomial_authority = [[Arthur Smith Woodward|Woodward]], 1889
* †''L. problematicus''
<small>Woodward, 1889</small>
* ?†''L. notocetes''
<small>Martill et al., 1999</small>
| binomial = ''Leedsichthys problematicus''
| binomial_authority = Woodward, 1889
}}
}}


'''''Leedsichthys''''' adalah suatu [[genus]] besar yang merupakan anggota [[familia]] [[Pachycormidae]], sebuah kelompok [[:en:Osteichthyes|ikan bertulang]] dari zaman [[Mesozoikum]] bony fish]] yang pernah hidup di samudera pada periode [[Jura (periode)|Jura Pertengahan]] dan sekarang sudah punah.<ref name="Liston4">Liston, 2004</ref>
'''''Leedsichthys''''' adalah suatu [[genus]] besar yang merupakan anggota famili [[Pachycormiformes|Pachycormidae]], sebuah kelompok [[:en:Osteichthyes|ikan bertulang]] dari zaman [[Mesozoikum]] yang pernah hidup di samudra pada periode [[Jura (periode)|Jura Pertengahan]] dan sekarang sudah punah.<ref name="Liston">Liston J.J. 2004. An overview of the pachycormiform ''Leedsichthys''. In: Arratia G and Tintori A (eds) ''Mesozoic Fishes 3 - Systematics, Paleoenvironments and Biodiversity''. Pfeil, München. 379-390</ref>


Peninggalan ''Leedsichthys'' pertama kali diidentifikasi pada abad ke-19. Penemuan terpenting dilakukan oleh kolektor [[Britania Raya]], Alfred Nicholson Leeds, sehingga namanya menjadi nama genus, yang bermakna "ikan Leeds" pada tahun 1889. Spesies utama adalah ''Leedsichthys problematicus''. Fosil ''Leedsichthys'' ditemukan di [[Inggris]], [[Prancis]], [[Jerman]] dan [[Chili]]. Pada tahun [[1999]], berdasarkan penemuan di Chili, spesies kedua dinamakan ''Leedsichthys notocetes'', tetapi kemudian ternyata tidak dapat dibedakan dari ''L. problematicus''.
Peninggalan ''Leedsichthys'' pertama kali diidentifikasi pada abad ke-19. Penemuan terpenting dilakukan oleh kolektor [[Britania Raya]], Alfred Nicholson Leeds, sehingga namanya menjadi nama genus, yang bermakna "ikan Leeds" pada tahun 1889. Spesies utama adalah ''Leedsichthys problematicus''. Fosil ''Leedsichthys'' ditemukan di [[Inggris]], [[Prancis]], [[Jerman]], dan [[Chili]]. Pada tahun [[1999]], berdasarkan penemuan di Chili, spesies kedua dinamakan ''Leedsichthys notocetes'', tetapi kemudian ternyata tidak dapat dibedakan dari ''L. problematicus''.

Semua fosil ''Leedsichthys'' yang ditemukan tidaklah lengkap, karena sebagian besar kerangka hewan ini, terbuat dari [[tulang rawan]], yang tidak mampu mengalami proses fosilisasi. Bahkan, beberapa bagian tulangnya sempat dikira sebagai tulang milik seekor [[Stegosaurus|stegosauria]]. Karena fosil-fosilnya tidak lengkap, sulit untuk para ilmuwan mengetahui panjang dari ikan ini. Ada beberapa sumber yang menyebutkan bahwa panjang ikan ini 9 meter, beberapa sumber lain menyebutkan bahwa panjangnya mampu mencapai lebih dari 30 meter. Namun, penelitian terbaru menyatakan bahwa ''Leedsichthys'' memiliki panjang sekitar 16 meter.
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''Leedsichthys'' fossils have been difficult to interpret because the skeletons were not completely made of bone. Large parts consisted of [[Tulang rawan|cartilage]] that did not fossilize. On several occasions the enigmatic large partial remains have been mistaken for stegosaurian [[Dinosaurus|dinosaur]] bones. As the vertebrae are among the parts that have not been preserved, it is hard to determine the total body length. Estimates have varied wildly. At the beginning of the twentieth century a length of nine metres was seen as plausible, but by its end ''Leedsichthys'' was sometimes claimed to have been over thirty metres long. Recent research has lowered this to about sixteen meters for the largest individuals. Skull bones have been found indicating that ''Leedsichthys'' had a large head with bosses on the skull roof. Fossilised bony fin rays show large elongated pectoral fins and a tall vertical tail fin. The gill arches were lined by gill rakers, equipped by a unique system of delicate bone plates, that filtered [[plankton]] from the sea water, the main food source.
Skull bones have been found indicating that ''Leedsichthys'' had a large head with bosses on the skull roof. Fossilised bony fin rays show large elongated pectoral fins and a tall vertical tail fin. The gill arches were lined by gill rakers, equipped by a unique system of delicate bone plates, that filtered [[plankton]] from the sea water, the main food source.


Along with its close pachycormid relatives ''Bonnerichthys'' and ''Rhinconichthys'', ''Leedsichthys'' is part of a lineage of large-sized [[Hewan penyaring|filter-feeders]] that swam the Mesozoic seas for over 100 million years, from the middle Jurassic until the end of the [[Kapur (periode)|Cretaceous period]]. Pachycormids might represent an early branch of [[Teleostei]], the group most modern bony fishes belong to; in that case ''Leedsichthys'' is the largest known teleost fish.
Along with its close pachycormid relatives ''Bonnerichthys'' and ''Rhinconichthys'', ''Leedsichthys'' is part of a lineage of large-sized [[Hewan penyaring|filter-feeders]] that swam the Mesozoic seas for over 100 million years, from the middle Jurassic until the end of the [[Kapur (periode)|Cretaceous period]]. Pachycormids might represent an early branch of [[Teleostei]], the group most modern bony fishes belong to; in that case ''Leedsichthys'' is the largest known teleost fish.
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In 1999 Martill suggested that a [[Perubahan iklim|climate change]] at the end of the Callovian led to the extinction of ''Leedsichthys'' in the northern seas, the southern Ocean offering a last refuge during the Oxfordian.<ref name="Martill1999">Martill, D.M., Frey, E., Caceras, R.P. & Diaz, G.C., 1999, "The giant pachycormid ''Leedsichthys'' (Actinopterygii) in the southern hemisphere: further evidence for a Jurassic Atlanto-Pacific marine faunal province", ''Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie'', Monatshefte 1999: 243-256</ref> However, in 2010 Liston pointed out that ''Leedsichthys'' during the later Kimmeridgian was still present in the north, as testified by Normandian finds.<ref name="Liston2010Oryctos">Liston, J.J., 2010, "The occurrence of the Middle Jurassic pachycormid fish ''Leedsichthys''", ''Oryctos'' '''9''': 1-36</ref> Liston did nevertheless consider in 2007 that the lack of any vertebrate suspension feeders as large as 0.5 metres prior to the Callovian stage of the [[Mesozoikum|Mesozoicum]] might indicate that the Callovian had seen a marked change in productivity as regarded [[zooplankton]] populations. Indeed, further studies supported this, viewing ''Leedsichthys'' as the beginning of a long line of large (>2 metres in length) pachycormid suspension feeders that continued to flourish well into the Late Cretaceous, such as ''Bonnerichthys'' and ''Rhinconichthys'',<ref>Friedman, M., K. Shimada, L.D. Martin, M.J. Everhart, J. Liston, A. Maltese and M. Triebold, 2010, "100-million-year dynasty of giant planktivorous bony fishes in the Mesozoic seas", ''Science'' '''327''': 990–993</ref> and emphasising the [[Evolusi konvergen|convergent evolutionary]] paths taken by pachycormids and [[Paus balin|baleen whales]].<ref>Friedman, M., 2011, "Parallel evolutionary trajectories underlie the origin of giant suspension-feeding whales and bony fishes", ''Proceedings of the Royal Society B'', '''279''': 944-951</ref>
In 1999 Martill suggested that a [[Perubahan iklim|climate change]] at the end of the Callovian led to the extinction of ''Leedsichthys'' in the northern seas, the southern Ocean offering a last refuge during the Oxfordian.<ref name="Martill1999">Martill, D.M., Frey, E., Caceras, R.P. & Diaz, G.C., 1999, "The giant pachycormid ''Leedsichthys'' (Actinopterygii) in the southern hemisphere: further evidence for a Jurassic Atlanto-Pacific marine faunal province", ''Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie'', Monatshefte 1999: 243-256</ref> However, in 2010 Liston pointed out that ''Leedsichthys'' during the later Kimmeridgian was still present in the north, as testified by Normandian finds.<ref name="Liston2010Oryctos">Liston, J.J., 2010, "The occurrence of the Middle Jurassic pachycormid fish ''Leedsichthys''", ''Oryctos'' '''9''': 1-36</ref> Liston did nevertheless consider in 2007 that the lack of any vertebrate suspension feeders as large as 0.5 metres prior to the Callovian stage of the [[Mesozoikum|Mesozoicum]] might indicate that the Callovian had seen a marked change in productivity as regarded [[zooplankton]] populations. Indeed, further studies supported this, viewing ''Leedsichthys'' as the beginning of a long line of large (>2 metres in length) pachycormid suspension feeders that continued to flourish well into the Late Cretaceous, such as ''Bonnerichthys'' and ''Rhinconichthys'',<ref>Friedman, M., K. Shimada, L.D. Martin, M.J. Everhart, J. Liston, A. Maltese and M. Triebold, 2010, "100-million-year dynasty of giant planktivorous bony fishes in the Mesozoic seas", ''Science'' '''327''': 990–993</ref> and emphasising the [[Evolusi konvergen|convergent evolutionary]] paths taken by pachycormids and [[Paus balin|baleen whales]].<ref>Friedman, M., 2011, "Parallel evolutionary trajectories underlie the origin of giant suspension-feeding whales and bony fishes", ''Proceedings of the Royal Society B'', '''279''': 944-951</ref>
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== Referensi ==
== Referensi ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


{{Taxonbar|from=Q131114}}
[[Kategori:Actinopterygii]]

[[Kategori:Pachycormiformes]]
[[Kategori:Pachycormidae]]
[[Kategori:Leedsichthys]]


{{Ikan-stub}}

Revisi terkini sejak 10 Juli 2024 00.50

Perbandingan Leedsichthys dengan Manusia
Leedsichthys
Rentang waktu: Callovian-Tithonian
~165–152 jtyl
Restorasi berdasarkan interpretasi modern dari fosil
Klasifikasi ilmiah
Kerajaan:
Filum:
Kelas:
Ordo:
Famili:
Genus:
Leedsichthys

Woodward, 1889
Nama binomial
Leedsichthys problematicus
Woodward, 1889
Spesies
  • L. problematicus

Woodward, 1889

  • ?†L. notocetes

Martill et al., 1999

Leedsichthys adalah suatu genus besar yang merupakan anggota famili Pachycormidae, sebuah kelompok ikan bertulang dari zaman Mesozoikum yang pernah hidup di samudra pada periode Jura Pertengahan dan sekarang sudah punah.[2]

Peninggalan Leedsichthys pertama kali diidentifikasi pada abad ke-19. Penemuan terpenting dilakukan oleh kolektor Britania Raya, Alfred Nicholson Leeds, sehingga namanya menjadi nama genus, yang bermakna "ikan Leeds" pada tahun 1889. Spesies utama adalah Leedsichthys problematicus. Fosil Leedsichthys ditemukan di Inggris, Prancis, Jerman, dan Chili. Pada tahun 1999, berdasarkan penemuan di Chili, spesies kedua dinamakan Leedsichthys notocetes, tetapi kemudian ternyata tidak dapat dibedakan dari L. problematicus.

Semua fosil Leedsichthys yang ditemukan tidaklah lengkap, karena sebagian besar kerangka hewan ini, terbuat dari tulang rawan, yang tidak mampu mengalami proses fosilisasi. Bahkan, beberapa bagian tulangnya sempat dikira sebagai tulang milik seekor stegosauria. Karena fosil-fosilnya tidak lengkap, sulit untuk para ilmuwan mengetahui panjang dari ikan ini. Ada beberapa sumber yang menyebutkan bahwa panjang ikan ini 9 meter, beberapa sumber lain menyebutkan bahwa panjangnya mampu mencapai lebih dari 30 meter. Namun, penelitian terbaru menyatakan bahwa Leedsichthys memiliki panjang sekitar 16 meter.

Referensi

[sunting | sunting sumber]
  1. ^ Wiley. "Phylum Chordata" (PDF). hlm. 100. Diakses tanggal 2009-04-11. 
  2. ^ Liston J.J. 2004. An overview of the pachycormiform Leedsichthys. In: Arratia G and Tintori A (eds) Mesozoic Fishes 3 - Systematics, Paleoenvironments and Biodiversity. Pfeil, München. 379-390