Rafah: Perbedaan antara revisi
Tag: halaman dengan galat kutipan Suntingan perangkat seluler Suntingan peramban seluler |
Mengganti Location_Rhafa.png dengan Location_Rafah.png (berkas dipindahkan oleh CommonsDelinker; alasan: File renamed: Criterion 3 (obvious error)). Tag: halaman dengan galat kutipan |
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(Satu revisi perantara oleh satu pengguna lainnya tidak ditampilkan) | |||
Baris 10: | Baris 10: | ||
| pushpin_map_caption = Lokasi Rafah |
| pushpin_map_caption = Lokasi Rafah |
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| image_map = Location |
| image_map = Location Rafah.png |
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| map_caption = Lokasi Rafah di Jalur Gaza |
| map_caption = Lokasi Rafah di Jalur Gaza |
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| coordinates = {{coord|31|16|21|N|34|15|31|E|region:PS|display=inline,title}} |
| coordinates = {{coord|31|16|21|N|34|15|31|E|region:PS|display=inline,title}} |
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Baris 189: | Baris 189: | ||
*{{cite book | editor =Barron, J. B. | title = Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922 |url=https://archive.org/details/PalestineCensus1922 |publisher = Government of Palestine | year = 1923}} |
*{{cite book | editor =Barron, J. B. | title = Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922 |url=https://archive.org/details/PalestineCensus1922 |publisher = Government of Palestine | year = 1923}} |
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*{{cite book | last= Dauphin |first = C.|author-link= Claudine Dauphin | title = La Palestine byzantine, Peuplement et Populations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FC1mAAAAMAAJ |volume = III : Catalogue | series = BAR International Series 726 | year = 1998 | publisher = Archeopress | location = Oxford|language =fr|isbn= 0-86054-905-4}} |
*{{cite book | last= Dauphin |first = C.|author-link= Claudine Dauphin | title = La Palestine byzantine, Peuplement et Populations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FC1mAAAAMAAJ |volume = III : Catalogue | series = BAR International Series 726 | year = 1998 | publisher = Archeopress | location = Oxford|language =fr|isbn= 0-86054-905-4}} |
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*{{cite book|last=Dwyer|first=Philip|title=Napoleon -The Path To Power 1769–1799 |year=2007|publisher= Bloomsbury |isbn =978-0-7475-7490-3}} |
*{{cite book|last=Dwyer|first=Philip|title=Napoleon -The Path To Power 1769–1799 |url=https://archive.org/details/napoleonpathtopo0000dwye_u9d1|year=2007|publisher= Bloomsbury |isbn =978-0-7475-7490-3}} |
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*{{cite book|title=Village Statistics, April, 1945 |url=http://web.nli.org.il/sites/nli/Hebrew/library/Pages/BookReader.aspx?pid=856390|author=Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics|year=1945}} |
*{{cite book|title=Village Statistics, April, 1945 |url=http://web.nli.org.il/sites/nli/Hebrew/library/Pages/BookReader.aspx?pid=856390|author=Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics|year=1945}} |
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*{{cite book|last=Guérin|first=V.|author-link=Victor Guérin|title=Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine|url=https://archive.org/details/descriptiongog02gu|volume=1: Judee, pt. 2|year=1869|publisher= L'Imprimerie Nationale|location=Paris|language=fr}} |
*{{cite book|last=Guérin|first=V.|author-link=Victor Guérin|title=Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine|url=https://archive.org/details/descriptiongog02gu|volume=1: Judee, pt. 2|year=1869|publisher= L'Imprimerie Nationale|location=Paris|language=fr}} |
Revisi terkini sejak 14 Juli 2024 03.01
Rafah | |
---|---|
Kota | |
Transkripsi Arab | |
• Arab | رَفَح |
Koordinat: 31°16′21″N 34°15′31″E / 31.27250°N 34.25861°E | |
Kisi Palestina | 77/78 |
Negara | State of Palestine[1] |
Kegubernuran | Rafah[1] |
Pemerintahan | |
• Jenis | Kota |
• Kepala Daerah | Anwar al-Shaer (2019)[2] |
Luas | |
• Total | 64,000 dunams (64 km2 or 25 sq mi) |
Populasi (Sensus 2017)[4] | |
• Total | 171,899 |
• Kepadatan | 2,700/km2 (7,000/sq mi) |
Rafah (bahasa Arab: رفح Rafaḥ [rafaħ]) adalah sebuah kota di sebelah selatan Jalur Gaza, Palestina. Rafah adalah ibu kota Kegubernuran Rafah, berjarak 30 kilometer (19 mi) di sebelah barat daya Kota Gaza. Pada tahun 2017, kota ini berpenduduk 171.889.[4] Akibat pengeboman dan serangan darat besar-besaran di Kota Gaza dan Khan Yunis oleh Israel semasa Perang Israel-Hamas 2023, sekitar 1,4 juta pengungsi diperkirakan berlindung di Rafah pada bulan Februari 2024.[5]
Selepas Perang Palestina 1948, Mesir memerintah Rafah dan mendirikan kamp pengungsi bagi korban perang Palestina. Semasa Krisis Suez, Pasukan Pertahanan Israel membantai 111 warga Palestina, termasuk 103 pengungsi di kamp pengungsian Rafah. Saat Perang Enam Hari, tentara Israel menduduki Semenanjung Sinai dan Jalur Gaza setelah merebutnya dari Mesir. Pada tahun yang sama, tentara IDF melibas dan menghancurkan 144 rumah di kamp pengungsian Rafah, yang menewaskan 23 warga Palestina.[6]
Ketika Israel menarik pasukannya dari Sinai pada tahun 1982, Rafah dibagi menjadi dua, satu dikuasai oleh Gaza dan satu lagi dikuasai Mesir, yang dipisahkan oleh penghalang kawat berduri.[7] Pusat kota Rafah dihancurkan oleh Israel,[8][9][10] dan Mesir,[11][12] untuk menciptakan zona penyangga yang lebih luas.
Di Rafah terletak Pelintasan Perbatasan Rafah, satu-satunya titik persimpangan antara Mesir dan Jalur Gaza. Satu-satunya bandara di Gaza, Bandar Udara Internasional Yasser Arafat, terletak di sebelah selatan Rafah. Bandara ini mulai beroperasi pada tahun 1998 dan tutup pada tahun 2001 setelah dibom oleh militer Israel (IDF).[13][14]
Etimologi
[sunting | sunting sumber]Selama berabad-abad, kota ini dikenal dengan nama Rpwḥw oleh bangsa Mesir kuno,[15] 𒊏𒉿𒄭 Rapiḫi atau 𒊏𒉿𒄷 Rapiḫu oleh bangsa Asiria,[16] רפיח Rāphiyaḥ oleh Bani Israil, Ῥαφία Rhaphíā[17] oleh bangsa Yunani, Raphia oleh Romawi Kuno, dan Rafh oleh Kekhalifahan Arab.
Dalam bahasa Inggris, Rafah /ˈrɑːfə/ (dari bahasa Arab modern) paling sering digunakan, tetapi Rafiah /rəˈfiːə/ (dari bahasa Ibrani modern) terkadang juga digunakan.[18][19] Kata Raphiah /rəˈfaɪə/ (dari bahasa Ibrani kuno) juga digunakan, terutama dalam konteks historis seperti Pertempuran Raphiah.
Demografi
[sunting | sunting sumber]Pada tahun 1922, jumlah penduduk Rafah adalah 599 jiwa,[20] meningkat menjadi 1.423 pada tahun 1931,[21] meningkat lagi menjadi 1.635 pada tahun 1938,[22] dan meningkat lagi menjadi 2.220 pada tahun 1945.[23] Pada tahun 1982, jumlah penduduknya sekitar 10.800 jiwa.[24]
Dalam sensus Biro Pusat Statistik Palestina (PCBS) tahun 1997, Rafah dan kamp di sekitarnya memiliki populasi gabungan sebanyak 91.181 jiwa, Tel al-Sultan terdaftar dengan populasi gabungan sebanyak 17.141 jiwa.[25] Pengungsi mencakup 80,3% dari seluruh populasi.[26] Berdasarkan sensus tahun 1997, distribusi gender di Rafah (bersama dengan kamp Rafah) adalah 50,5% laki-laki dan 49,5% perempuan.[27]
Pada perkiraan PCBS tahun 2006, kota Rafah memiliki populasi 71.003 jiwa,[28] Kamp Rafah dan Tel al-Sultan merupakan wilayah terpisah untuk tujuan sensus, masing-masing memiliki populasi 59.983 dan 24.418 jiwa.[28]
Arkeologi
[sunting | sunting sumber]Antiokhus III, bersedia berdamai dengan Ptolemaios V Epifanis, menyuruh putrinya Kleopatra I menikah dengan Ptolemaios V. Pernikahan mereka dilangsungkan pada tahun 193 SM di Raphia.[29]
Iklim
[sunting | sunting sumber]Sistem klasifikasi iklim Köppen-Geiger mengklasifikasikan iklimnya sebagai semi-kering panas (BSh).[30][31]
Data iklim Rafiah, jalur Gaza | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bulan | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | Mei | Jun | Jul | Agt | Sep | Okt | Nov | Des | Tahun |
Rata-rata tertinggi °C (°F) | 17.4 (63.3) |
18.1 (64.6) |
20.5 (68.9) |
23 (73) |
25.8 (78.4) |
28.3 (82.9) |
29.6 (85.3) |
30.5 (86.9) |
29.1 (84.4) |
27.6 (81.7) |
23.8 (74.8) |
19.4 (66.9) |
24.42 (75.93) |
Rata-rata harian °C (°F) | 12.9 (55.2) |
13.6 (56.5) |
15.6 (60.1) |
18.1 (64.6) |
20.9 (69.6) |
23.6 (74.5) |
25.2 (77.4) |
26 (79) |
24.7 (76.5) |
22.6 (72.7) |
18.7 (65.7) |
14.8 (58.6) |
19.72 (67.53) |
Rata-rata terendah °C (°F) | 8.4 (47.1) |
9.1 (48.4) |
10.8 (51.4) |
13.3 (55.9) |
16.1 (61) |
19 (66) |
20.9 (69.6) |
21.6 (70.9) |
20.3 (68.5) |
17.6 (63.7) |
13.7 (56.7) |
10.2 (50.4) |
15.08 (59.13) |
Presipitasi mm (inci) | 48 (1.89) |
36 (1.42) |
27 (1.06) |
6 (0.24) |
4 (0.16) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
8 (0.31) |
39 (1.54) |
53 (2.09) |
221 (8.71) |
Sumber: Climate-Data.org (altitude: 45 m)[30] |
Data iklim Rafah, Sinai Utara | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bulan | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | Mei | Jun | Jul | Agt | Sep | Okt | Nov | Des | Tahun |
Rata-rata tertinggi °C (°F) | 17.2 (63) |
18 (64) |
20.3 (68.5) |
22.9 (73.2) |
25.8 (78.4) |
28.2 (82.8) |
29.6 (85.3) |
30.5 (86.9) |
29 (84) |
27.4 (81.3) |
23.7 (74.7) |
19.3 (66.7) |
24.33 (75.73) |
Rata-rata harian °C (°F) | 12.7 (54.9) |
13.5 (56.3) |
15.4 (59.7) |
18 (64) |
20.8 (69.4) |
23.5 (74.3) |
25.2 (77.4) |
25.9 (78.6) |
24.5 (76.1) |
22.4 (72.3) |
18.6 (65.5) |
14.7 (58.5) |
19.6 (67.25) |
Rata-rata terendah °C (°F) | 8.2 (46.8) |
9 (48) |
10.6 (51.1) |
13.2 (55.8) |
15.9 (60.6) |
18.8 (65.8) |
20.8 (69.4) |
21.4 (70.5) |
20 (68) |
17.4 (63.3) |
13.5 (56.3) |
10.1 (50.2) |
14.91 (58.82) |
Presipitasi mm (inci) | 49 (1.93) |
37 (1.46) |
28 (1.1) |
6 (0.24) |
4 (0.16) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
8 (0.31) |
39 (1.54) |
54 (2.13) |
225 (8.87) |
Sumber: Climate-Data.org (altitude: 78 m)[31] |
Referensi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ a b "PS – Palestine, State of". ISO – Online Browsing Platform. International Organization for Standardization. Diakses tanggal 15 March 2024.
- ^ "Palestinians criticize Hamas' decision to appoint municipal presidents – Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East". November 2019.
- ^ Al Jazeera Staff. "What's happening in Gaza's Rafah as Israel threatens to attack?". Al Jazeera (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2024-02-16.
- ^ a b Preliminary Results of the Population, Housing and Establishments Census, 2017 (PDF). Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) (Laporan). State of Palestine. February 2018. hlm. 64–82. Diakses tanggal 2023-10-24.
- ^ "Gaza: Israel's military operation in Rafah would be fatal for displaced civilians and humanitarian aid". Norwegian Refugee Council. 8 February 2024. Diakses tanggal 8 February 2024.
- ^ Cattan, Henry (1969) Palestine, The Arabs & Israel. The Search for Justice. Longman SBN 582 78000 4 p. 111
- ^ Usher, Graham (22 September 2005). "Cinderella in Rafah". Al-Ahram Weekly Online (761, 22–28 September 2005). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 22 October 2005. Diakses tanggal 9 November 2015 – via Wayback Machine.
- ^ Razing Rafah — Mass Home Demolitions in the Gaza Strip, pp. 27–28 and 52–66 (PDF text version) on [1], Summary:. The report on refworld:. Human Rights Watch (HRW), October 2004
- ^ Supplementary Appeal for Rafah. UNWRA, May 2004
- ^ PCHR, Uprooting Palestinian Trees And Leveling Agricultural Land – The tenth Report on Israeli Land Sweeping and Demolition of Palestinian Buildings and Facilities in the Gaza Strip 1 April 2003 – 30 April 2004 On [2]
- ^ Egyptian military doubling buffer zone with Gaza, demolishing nearly 1,220 more homes. Associated Press, 8 January 2015
- ^ Look for Another Homeland. Human Rights Watch, September 2015
- ^ "Grounded in Gaza, but hoping to fly again". NBC News (dalam bahasa Inggris). 2005-05-19. Diakses tanggal 2024-03-22.
- ^ "Wayback Machine" (PDF). web.archive.org. Diakses tanggal 2024-03-22.
- ^ Gauthier, Henri (1926). Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques. 3. hlm. 118.
- ^ Parpola, Simo (1970). Neo-Assyrian Toponyms. Kevaeler: Butzon & Bercker. hlm. 291.
- ^ Polybius, Histories, 5.86.7
- ^ "Rafīah: Gaza Strip; name, map, geographic coordinates". Geographic.org. Diakses tanggal 2014-08-11.
- ^ Zaki, Chehab (2007), Inside Hamas: The Untold Story of Militants, Martyrs and Spies, I.B.Tauris, hlm. 180, ISBN 978-1-84511-389-6, diakses tanggal 2015-09-02
- ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag
<ref>
tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernamaCensus1922
- ^ Mills, E. (1931). Census of Palestine 1931. Jerusalem: Greek Convent & Goldberg Presses. hlm. 6.
- ^ Village Statistics (PDF). 1938. hlm. 64.
- ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag
<ref>
tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernamaHadawi46
- ^ Welcome to Rafah Palestine Remembered.
- ^ "Palestinian Population by Locality, Sex and Age Groups in Years". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 4 March 2012. Diakses tanggal 15 February 2018.
- ^ Palestinian Population by Locality and Refugee Status Diarsipkan 2008-11-18 di Wayback Machine.. Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS).
- ^ Palestinian Population by Locality, Sex and Age Groups in Years Diarsipkan 2008-06-14 di Wayback Machine. Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics.
- ^ a b "PCBS] [Palestinian Central Bureau of Statisctics (PCBS) Projected Mid-Year Population for Rafah Governorate by Locality 2004–2006". Diakses tanggal 15 February 2018.
- ^ Polybius 18.51.10 dan 28.20.9; Libya 33.40.3 dan 35.13.4; Appian, Syriaca 3.13 dan 5.18
- ^ a b "Climate: Rafiah – Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table". Climate-Data.org. Diakses tanggal 2014-02-21.
- ^ a b "Climate: Rafah – Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table". Climate-Data.org. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2014-02-23. Diakses tanggal 2014-02-21.
Daftar pustaka
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Archduke of Austria, Ludwig Salvator (1881). The Caravan Route between Egypt and Syria. London: Chatto & Windus.
- Barron, J. B., ed. (1923). Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine.
- Dauphin, C. (1998). La Palestine byzantine, Peuplement et Populations. BAR International Series 726 (dalam bahasa Prancis). III : Catalogue. Oxford: Archeopress. ISBN 0-86054-905-4.
- Dwyer, Philip (2007). Napoleon -The Path To Power 1769–1799. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-0-7475-7490-3.
- Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics (1945). Village Statistics, April, 1945.
- Guérin, V. (1869). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (dalam bahasa Prancis). 1: Judee, pt. 2. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale.
- Hadawi, S. (1970). Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center.
- Hütteroth, Wolf-Dieter; Abdulfattah, Kamal (1977). Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft. ISBN 3-920405-41-2.
- Mills, E., ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine.
- Polybius 18.51.10 and 28.20.9; Livy 33.40.3 and 35.13.4; Appian, Syriaca 3.13 and 5.18.
- Strange, le, G. (1890). Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
Pranala eksternal
[sunting | sunting sumber]- United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East
- Welcome To The City of Rafah
- Rafah Today, pictures by Palestinian journalist Mohammed Omer
- Rafah Smuggling Tunnels
- Rafah Pundits: Rafah Focused Blog
- Raising Yousuf – Blog by Laila el-Hadad who is a reporter for Aljazeera living in Gaza
- Reports from Rafah
- Interview with Hip Hop Artist Michael Franti – Reporting from Rafah.
- Part A Part B Satellite photos comparing 2001 to 2004.
- Razing Rafah: Mass Home Demolitions in the Gaza Strip – Human Rights Watch
- The Olympia-Rafah Sister City Project – The organization started by people in the communities of Rafah, Gaza, and Olympia, WA
- The Madison-Rafah Sister City Project – A sistering project connecting the communities of Rafah, Gaza, and Madison, WI