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Koordinat: 31°16′21″N 34°15′31″E / 31.27250°N 34.25861°E / 31.27250; 34.25861
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{{Infobox settlement
'''Rafah''' ({{lang-ar|رفح}}) adalah kota di [[Palestina]] yang terletak di [[Jalur Gaza]], di perbatasan dengan [[Mesir]]. Kota ini disebut "Robihwa" oleh orang Mesir kuna, "Rafihu" oleh orang [[Assyria]], "Raphia" oleh orang [[Yunani]] dan [[Romawi]], "{{unicode|Raphiaḥ}}" oleh orang Israel dan kini "Rafah". Pada tahun 2006, kota ini memiliki populasi sebesar 155.000, dengan walikotanya [[Sa’ad Zoarub]].
| name = Rafah
| settlement_type = Kota<!-- [[List of cities in Palestinian Authority areas|Municipality type A (City)]]-->
| translit_lang1 = Arab
| translit_lang1_type = [[Aksara Arab|Arab]]
| translit_lang1_info = رَفَح
| image_skyline = Rafah-11252.jpg
| image_caption = Wilayah Rafah pada tahun 2012
| pushpin_map = Palestine
| pushpin_map_caption = Lokasi Rafah
| pushpin_relief = 1
| image_map = Location Rafah.png
| map_caption = Lokasi Rafah di Jalur Gaza
| coordinates = {{coord|31|16|21|N|34|15|31|E|region:PS|display=inline,title}}
| grid_name = Kisi Palestina
| grid_position = 77/78
| subdivision_type = Negara
| subdivision_name = {{flag|State of Palestine}}<ref name="ISO3166PS">{{cite web |title=PS – Palestine, State of |url=https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:PS |website=ISO – Online Browsing Platform |publisher=[[International Organization for Standardization]] |access-date=15 March 2024}}</ref>
| subdivision_type1 = [[Kegubernuran di Palestina|Kegubernuran]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kegubernuran Rafah|Rafah]]<ref name="ISO3166PS" />
| established_title = Didirikan
| established_date =
| government_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref>tags -->
| government_type = Kota
| leader_title = Kepala Daerah
| leader_name = Anwar al-Shaer (2019)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/11/gaza-strip-municipalities-elections-presidents-rafah.html|title=Palestinians criticize Hamas' decision to appoint municipal presidents – Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East|date=November 2019 }}</ref>
| unit_pref = dunam
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |author=Al Jazeera Staff |title=What’s happening in Gaza’s Rafah as Israel threatens to attack? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/11/what-is-happening-in-gazas-rafah-as-israel-threatens-to-attack |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 64
| area_total_dunam =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| elevation_min_m =
| elevation_max_m =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="PrelimCensus2017">{{cite report |date=February 2018 |title=Preliminary Results of the Population, Housing and Establishments Census, 2017 |url=https://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Downloads/book2364-1.pdf |department=[[Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics]] (PCBS) |publisher=[[State of Palestine]] |pages=64–82 |access-date=2023-10-24}}</ref>
| population_total = 171.899
| population_as_of = Sensus 2017
| population_note =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| website =
| footnotes =
}}


'''Rafah''' ({{lang-ar|رفح}} {{transliteration|ar|Rafaḥ}} {{IPA-ar|rafaħ|}}) adalah sebuah kota di sebelah selatan [[Jalur Gaza]], [[Palestina]]. Rafah adalah ibu kota [[Kegubernuran Rafah]], berjarak {{convert|30|km|mi|sp=us}} di sebelah barat daya [[Kota Gaza]]. Pada tahun 2017, kota ini berpenduduk 171.889.<ref name="PrelimCensus2017" /> Akibat pengeboman dan serangan darat besar-besaran di Kota Gaza dan [[Khan Yunis]] oleh [[Israel]] semasa [[Perang Israel-Hamas 2023]], sekitar 1,4 juta pengungsi diperkirakan berlindung di Rafah pada bulan Februari 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gaza: Israel’s military operation in Rafah would be fatal for displaced civilians and humanitarian aid |url=https://www.nrc.no/news/2024/february/gaza-israels-military-operation-in-rafah-would-be-fatal-for-displaced-civilians-and-humanitarian-aid/ |date=8 February 2024|access-date=8 February 2024 |work=Norwegian Refugee Council}}</ref>
== Pranala luar ==

* [http://www.un.org/unrwa/refugees/gaza/rafah.html United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East]
Selepas [[Perang Palestina 1948]], [[Mesir]] memerintah Rafah dan mendirikan [[kamp pengungsi]] bagi korban perang Palestina. Semasa [[Krisis Suez]], [[Pasukan Pertahanan Israel]] membantai 111 warga Palestina, termasuk 103 pengungsi di kamp pengungsian Rafah. Saat [[Perang Enam Hari]], tentara Israel menduduki [[Semenanjung Sinai]] dan [[Jalur Gaza]] setelah merebutnya dari Mesir. Pada tahun yang sama, tentara IDF melibas dan menghancurkan 144 rumah di kamp pengungsian Rafah, yang menewaskan 23 warga Palestina.<ref name="HC">[[Henry Cattan|Cattan, Henry]] (1969) ''Palestine, The Arabs & Israel. The Search for Justice.'' [[Longman]] SBN 582 78000 4 p. 111</ref>

Ketika Israel menarik pasukannya dari Sinai pada tahun 1982, Rafah dibagi menjadi dua, satu dikuasai oleh Gaza dan satu lagi dikuasai Mesir, yang dipisahkan oleh penghalang kawat berduri.<ref name="cinderella">{{Cite news |last=Usher |first=Graham |date=22 September 2005 |title=Cinderella in Rafah |work=[[Al-Ahram Weekly]] Online |issue=761, 22–28 September 2005 |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2005/761/re1.htm |access-date=9 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051022004151/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2005/761/re1.htm |archive-date=22 October 2005 |via=[[Wayback Machine]]}}</ref> Pusat kota Rafah dihancurkan oleh Israel,<ref name="Razing_Rafah">[https://web.archive.org/web/20060325230545/http://www.hrw.org/reports/2004/rafah1004/rafah1004text.pdf ''Razing Rafah — Mass Home Demolitions in the Gaza Strip''], pp. 27–28 and 52–66 (PDF text version) on [https://web.archive.org/web/20060325230545/http://www.hrw.org/reports/2004/rafah1004/], [https://web.archive.org/web/20060324012233/http://www.hrw.org/campaigns/gaza/ Summary:]. [http://www.refworld.org/docid/45d171362.html ''The report on refworld:'']. Human Rights Watch (HRW), October 2004</ref><ref name=UNWRA_appeal>[http://www.unrwa.org/userfiles/2010011813024.pdf ''Supplementary Appeal for Rafah'']. UNWRA, May 2004</ref><ref name="Uprooting">PCHR, [http://www.pchrgaza.org/files/Reports/English/uprooting%20_trees%20_10.pdf ''Uprooting Palestinian Trees And Leveling Agricultural Land – The tenth Report on Israeli Land Sweeping and Demolition of Palestinian Buildings and Facilities in the Gaza Strip 1 April 2003 – 30 April 2004''] On [http://www.pchrgaza.org/portal/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2675:the-tenth-report-on-israeli-land-sweeping-and-demolition-of-palestinian-buildings-and-facilities-in-the-gaza-strip-1-april-2003-30-april2004&catid=43:pchrdemolitionlandsweeping&Itemid=187]</ref> dan Mesir,<ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/world/2015/01/08/egyptian-military-doubling-buffer-zone-with-gaza-demolishing-nearly-1220-more/ ''Egyptian military doubling buffer zone with Gaza, demolishing nearly 1,220 more homes'']. Associated Press, 8 January 2015</ref><ref>[https://www.hrw.org/report/2015/09/22/look-another-homeland/forced-evictions-egypts-rafah ''Look for Another Homeland'']. Human Rights Watch, September 2015</ref> untuk menciptakan zona penyangga yang lebih luas.

Di Rafah terletak [[Pelintasan Perbatasan Rafah]], satu-satunya titik persimpangan antara Mesir dan Jalur Gaza. Satu-satunya bandara di Gaza, [[Bandar Udara Internasional Yasser Arafat]], terletak di sebelah selatan Rafah. Bandara ini mulai beroperasi pada tahun 1998 dan tutup pada tahun 2001 setelah dibom oleh militer Israel (IDF).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-05-19 |title=Grounded in Gaza, but hoping to fly again |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna7900217 |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Wayback Machine |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222201351/http://legacy.icao.int/icao/en/nr/2002/pio200203_e.pdf |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref>

== Etimologi==
Selama berabad-abad, kota ini dikenal dengan nama {{Transliteration|egy|Rpwḥw}} oleh bangsa [[Mesir kuno]],<ref name="Gauthier">{{cite book |last1=Gauthier |first1=Henri |title=Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques |volume=3 |date=1926 |page=118 |url=https://archive.org/details/Gauthier1926/page/n61/mode/2up}}</ref> {{lang|akk|𒊏𒉿𒄭}} {{transliteration|akk|Rapiḫi}} atau {{lang|akk|𒊏𒉿𒄷}} {{transliteration|akk|Rapiḫu}} oleh bangsa [[Asiria]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Parpola |first=Simo |date=1970 |title=Neo-Assyrian Toponyms |url=https://archive.org/details/neoassyriantopon0000parp |location=Kevaeler |publisher=Butzon & Bercker |page=291 |isbn=}}</ref> רפיח ''Rāphiyaḥ'' oleh [[Bani Israil]], {{lang|grc|Ῥαφία}} {{transliteration|grc|Rhaphíā}}<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0233%3Abook%3D5%3Achapter%3D86%3Asection%3D7 Polybius, Histories, 5.86.7]</ref> oleh bangsa [[Yunani]], ''Raphia'' oleh [[Romawi Kuno]], dan ''Rafh'' oleh [[Kekhalifahan Arab]].

Dalam bahasa Inggris, ''Rafah'' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|ɑː|f|ə}} (dari bahasa Arab modern) paling sering digunakan, tetapi ''Rafiah'' {{IPAc-en|r|ə|ˈ|f|iː|ə}} (dari [[bahasa Ibrani]] modern) terkadang juga digunakan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-1153519&fid=2245&c=gaza_strip |title=Rafīah: Gaza Strip; name, map, geographic coordinates |publisher=Geographic.org |access-date=2014-08-11}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Zaki|first=Chehab|year=2007|title=Inside Hamas: The Untold Story of Militants, Martyrs and Spies|publisher=I.B.Tauris|page=180|isbn=978-1-84511-389-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rWEg6Tfai_oC&q=rafiah&pg=PA180|access-date=2015-09-02}}</ref> Kata ''Raphiah'' {{IPAc-en|r|ə|ˈ|f|aɪ|ə}} (dari bahasa Ibrani kuno) juga digunakan, terutama dalam konteks historis seperti [[Pertempuran Rafah|Pertempuran Raphiah]].

== Demografi ==
Pada tahun [[sensus Palestina 1922|1922]], jumlah penduduk Rafah adalah 599 jiwa,<ref name=Census1922 /> meningkat menjadi 1.423 pada tahun 1931,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mills |first=E. |title=Census of Palestine 1931 |publisher=Greek Convent & Goldberg Presses |year=1931 |location=Jerusalem |pages=6}}</ref> meningkat lagi menjadi 1.635 pada tahun 1938,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VillageStatistics1938orig.pdf |title=Village Statistics |year=1938 |pages=64}}</ref> dan meningkat lagi menjadi 2.220 pada tahun 1945.<ref name=Hadawi46 /> Pada tahun 1982, jumlah penduduknya sekitar 10.800 jiwa.<ref>[http://www.palestineremembered.com/GeoPoints/Rafah_1500/index.html Welcome to Rafah] Palestine Remembered.</ref>

Dalam sensus [[Biro Pusat Statistik Palestina]] (PCBS) tahun 1997, Rafah dan kamp di sekitarnya memiliki populasi gabungan sebanyak 91.181 jiwa, [[Tel al-Sultan]] terdaftar dengan populasi gabungan sebanyak 17.141 jiwa.<ref name="PCBS1997">{{cite web|url=http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/_PCBS/census/phc_97/raf_t1.aspx|title=Palestinian Population by Locality, Sex and Age Groups in Years|access-date=15 February 2018|archive-date=4 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304123037/http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/_PCBS/census/phc_97/raf_t1.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Pengungsi Palestina|Pengungsi]] mencakup 80,3% dari seluruh populasi.<ref>[http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/phc_97/raf_t6.aspx Palestinian Population by Locality and Refugee Status] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081118200339/https://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/phc_97/raf_t6.aspx |date=2008-11-18 }}. [[Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics]] (PCBS).</ref> Berdasarkan sensus tahun 1997, distribusi gender di Rafah (bersama dengan [[kamp Rafah]]) adalah 50,5% laki-laki dan 49,5% perempuan.<ref>[http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/phc_97/raf_t1.aspx Palestinian Population by Locality, Sex and Age Groups in Years] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080614231554/http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/phc_97/raf_t1.aspx |date=2008-06-14 }} [[Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics]].</ref>

Pada perkiraan PCBS tahun 2006, kota Rafah memiliki populasi 71.003 jiwa,<ref name="PCBS2006">{{cite web|url=http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/populati/pop16.aspx|title=PCBS] [Palestinian Central Bureau of Statisctics (PCBS) Projected Mid-Year Population for Rafah Governorate by Locality 2004–2006|access-date=15 February 2018}}</ref> [[Kamp Rafah]] dan [[Tel al-Sultan]] merupakan wilayah terpisah untuk tujuan sensus, masing-masing memiliki populasi 59.983 dan 24.418 jiwa.<ref name="PCBS2006" />

== Arkeologi ==
[[Antiokhus III]], bersedia berdamai dengan [[Ptolemaios V Epifanis]], menyuruh putrinya [[Kleopatra I]] menikah dengan Ptolemaios V. Pernikahan mereka dilangsungkan pada tahun 193 SM di Raphia.<ref>Polybius 18.51.10 dan 28.20.9; Libya 33.40.3 dan 35.13.4; Appian, Syriaca 3.13 dan 5.18</ref>

== Iklim ==
[[Sistem klasifikasi iklim Köppen-Geiger]] mengklasifikasikan iklimnya sebagai semi-kering panas (BSh).<ref name="Climate-Data.org Rafiah">{{Cite web |url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/478554/ |title=Climate: Rafiah – Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table |publisher=Climate-Data.org |access-date=2014-02-21 }}</ref><ref name="Climate-Data.org Rafah">{{Cite web |url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/3958/ |title=Climate: Rafah – Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table |publisher=Climate-Data.org |access-date=2014-02-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223185030/http://en.climate-data.org/location/3958/ |archive-date=2014-02-23 }}</ref>

{{Weather box
|metric first=yes
|single line=yes
|location=Rafiah, jalur Gaza
|Jan high C=17.4
|Feb high C=18.1
|Mar high C=20.5
|Apr high C=23
|May high C=25.8
|Jun high C=28.3
|Jul high C=29.6
|Aug high C=30.5
|Sep high C=29.1
|Oct high C=27.6
|Nov high C=23.8
|Dec high C=19.4
|Jan mean C=12.9
|Feb mean C=13.6
|Mar mean C=15.6
|Apr mean C=18.1
|May mean C=20.9
|Jun mean C=23.6
|Jul mean C=25.2
|Aug mean C=26
|Sep mean C=24.7
|Oct mean C=22.6
|Nov mean C=18.7
|Dec mean C=14.8
|Jan low C=8.4
|Feb low C=9.1
|Mar low C=10.8
|Apr low C=13.3
|May low C=16.1
|Jun low C=19
|Jul low C=20.9
|Aug low C=21.6
|Sep low C=20.3
|Oct low C=17.6
|Nov low C=13.7
|Dec low C=10.2
|Jan precipitation mm=48
|Feb precipitation mm=36
|Mar precipitation mm=27
|Apr precipitation mm=6
|May precipitation mm=4
|Jun precipitation mm=0
|Jul precipitation mm=0
|Aug precipitation mm=0
|Sep precipitation mm=0
|Oct precipitation mm=8
|Nov precipitation mm=39
|Dec precipitation mm=53
|source 1= ''Climate-Data.org'' (altitude: 45&nbsp;m)<ref name="Climate-Data.org Rafiah" />

}}

{{Weather box
|metric first=yes
|single line=yes
|collapsed=yes
|location=Rafah, Sinai Utara
|Jan high C=17.2
|Feb high C=18
|Mar high C=20.3
|Apr high C=22.9
|May high C=25.8
|Jun high C=28.2
|Jul high C=29.6
|Aug high C=30.5
|Sep high C=29
|Oct high C=27.4
|Nov high C=23.7
|Dec high C=19.3
|Jan mean C=12.7
|Feb mean C=13.5
|Mar mean C=15.4
|Apr mean C=18
|May mean C=20.8
|Jun mean C=23.5
|Jul mean C=25.2
|Aug mean C=25.9
|Sep mean C=24.5
|Oct mean C=22.4
|Nov mean C=18.6
|Dec mean C=14.7
|Jan low C=8.2
|Feb low C=9
|Mar low C=10.6
|Apr low C=13.2
|May low C=15.9
|Jun low C=18.8
|Jul low C=20.8
|Aug low C=21.4
|Sep low C=20
|Oct low C=17.4
|Nov low C=13.5
|Dec low C=10.1
|Jan precipitation mm=49
|Feb precipitation mm=37
|Mar precipitation mm=28
|Apr precipitation mm=6
|May precipitation mm=4
|Jun precipitation mm=0
|Jul precipitation mm=0
|Aug precipitation mm=0
|Sep precipitation mm=0
|Oct precipitation mm=8
|Nov precipitation mm=39
|Dec precipitation mm=54
|source 1= ''Climate-Data.org'' (altitude: 78&nbsp;m)<ref name="Climate-Data.org Rafah" />

}}

== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}

== Daftar pustaka ==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|title=The Caravan Route between Egypt and Syria|first = Ludwig Salvator | last=Archduke of Austria|url=https://archive.org/details/caravanroutebetw00ludwrich |author-link=Archduke Ludwig Salvator of Austria|year=1881|publisher =[[Chatto & Windus]]|location=London}}
*{{cite book | editor =Barron, J. B. | title = Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922 |url=https://archive.org/details/PalestineCensus1922 |publisher = Government of Palestine | year = 1923}}
*{{cite book | last= Dauphin |first = C.|author-link= Claudine Dauphin | title = La Palestine byzantine, Peuplement et Populations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FC1mAAAAMAAJ |volume = III : Catalogue | series = BAR International Series 726 | year = 1998 | publisher = Archeopress | location = Oxford|language =fr|isbn= 0-86054-905-4}}
*{{cite book|last=Dwyer|first=Philip|title=Napoleon -The Path To Power 1769–1799 |url=https://archive.org/details/napoleonpathtopo0000dwye_u9d1|year=2007|publisher= Bloomsbury |isbn =978-0-7475-7490-3}}
*{{cite book|title=Village Statistics, April, 1945 |url=http://web.nli.org.il/sites/nli/Hebrew/library/Pages/BookReader.aspx?pid=856390|author=Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics|year=1945}}
*{{cite book|last=Guérin|first=V.|author-link=Victor Guérin|title=Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine|url=https://archive.org/details/descriptiongog02gu|volume=1: Judee, pt. 2|year=1869|publisher= L'Imprimerie Nationale|location=Paris|language=fr}}
*{{cite book|title=Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine|url=http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html|first=S.|last=Hadawi|author-link=Sami Hadawi|year=1970|publisher=Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center}}
*{{cite book | last1= Hütteroth |first1=Wolf-Dieter |first2=Kamal | last2=Abdulfattah | title = Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wqULAAAAIAAJ | year = 1977 | publisher = Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft|isbn= 3-920405-41-2}}
*{{cite book | editor = Mills, E. | title = Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas |url=https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas | publisher = Government of Palestine | location = Jerusalem | year = 1932}}
*{{cite book|title=Polybius 18.51.10 and 28.20.9; Livy 33.40.3 and 35.13.4; Appian, Syriaca 3.13 and 5.18}}
*{{cite book|title=Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500|url=https://archive.org/details/palestineundermo00lestuoft |first=G.|last=Strange, le |author-link=Guy Le Strange|year=1890|publisher=Committee of the [[Palestine Exploration Fund]]}}
{{refend}}

== Pranala eksternal ==
* [https://www.un.org/unrwa/refugees/gaza/rafah.html United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East]
*[http://www.palestineremembered.com/GeoPoints/Rafah_1500/index.html Welcome To The City of Rafah]
* [http://www.rafahtoday.org/ Rafah Today, pictures by Palestinian journalist Mohammed Omer]
* [http://www.rafahtoday.org/ Rafah Today, pictures by Palestinian journalist Mohammed Omer]
* [http://www.weaponsurvey.com/tunnels.htm Rafah Smuggling Tunnels]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060502092756/http://www.weaponsurvey.com/tunnels.htm Rafah Smuggling Tunnels]
* [http://rafahpundits.com/ Rafah Pundits: Rafah Focused Blog]
* [http://rafahpundits.com/ Rafah Pundits: Rafah Focused Blog]
* [http://a-mother-from-gaza.blogspot.com/ Raising Yousuf] - Blog by Laila el-Hadad who is a reporter for Aljazeera living in Gaza
* [http://a-mother-from-gaza.blogspot.com/ Raising Yousuf] – Blog by Laila el-Hadad who is a reporter for Aljazeera living in Gaza
* [http://rafahtoday.org/news/todaymain.htm Reports from Rafah]
* [http://rafahtoday.org/news/todaymain.htm Reports from Rafah]
* [http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=04/06/17/1437207 Interview with Hip Hop Artist Michael Franti] - Reporting from Rafah.
* [http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=04/06/17/1437207 Interview with Hip Hop Artist Michael Franti] – Reporting from Rafah.
* [http://www.humanitarianinfo.org/opt/docs/UN/OCHA/Rafah_insetA.pdf Part A]&nbsp;[http://www.humanitarianinfo.org/opt/docs/UN/OCHA/Rafah_insetB.pdf Part B] Satellite photos comparing 2001 to 2004.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050929001313/http://www.humanitarianinfo.org/opt/docs/UN/OCHA/Rafah_insetA.pdf Part A]&nbsp;[https://web.archive.org/web/20050929001235/http://www.humanitarianinfo.org/opt/docs/UN/OCHA/Rafah_insetB.pdf Part B] Satellite photos comparing 2001 to 2004.
* [http://www.hrw.org/campaigns/gaza Razing Rafah: Mass Home Demolitions in the Gaza Strip] - Human Rights Watch
* [https://www.hrw.org/campaigns/gaza Razing Rafah: Mass Home Demolitions in the Gaza Strip] – Human Rights Watch
* [http://orscp.org The Olympia-Rafah Sister City Project] - The organization started by people in the communities of Rafah, Gaza, and Olympia, WA
* [http://orscp.org/ The Olympia-Rafah Sister City Project] – The organization started by people in the communities of Rafah, Gaza, and Olympia, WA
* [http://madisonrafah.org The Madison-Rafah Sister City Project] - A sistering project connecting the communities of Rafah, Gaza, and Madison, WI
* [http://madisonrafah.org/ The Madison-Rafah Sister City Project] – A sistering project connecting the communities of Rafah, Gaza, and Madison, WI


{{geo-stub}}


{{Kota di Otoritas Palestina}}
{{coor title dms|31|17|19|N|34|15|07|E|region:PS_type:city}}
{{Kegubernuran Rafah}}


{{Authority control}}
[[Kategori:Kota di Mesir]]


[[Kategori:Kota di Palestina]]
[[ar:رفح]]
[[arz:رفح]]
[[bg:Рафах]]
[[ca:Ràfia]]
[[cs:Rafáh]]
[[cy:Rafah]]
[[de:Rafah]]
[[en:Rafah]]
[[eo:Rafah]]
[[es:Rafah]]
[[et:Rafaḩ]]
[[eu:Rafah]]
[[fa:رفح]]
[[fr:Rafah]]
[[he:רפיח]]
[[it:Rafah]]
[[ja:ラファフ]]
[[ko:라파]]
[[nl:Rafah]]
[[no:Rafah]]
[[os:Рафах]]
[[pl:Rafah]]
[[pnb:رفح]]
[[pt:Rafah]]
[[ru:Рафах (город)]]
[[sco:Rafah]]
[[sh:Rafa]]
[[sr:Рафа]]
[[sv:Rafah]]
[[tr:Refah (şehir)]]
[[zh:拉法赫]]

Revisi terkini sejak 14 Juli 2024 03.01

Rafah
Kota
Transkripsi Arab
 • Arabرَفَح
Wilayah Rafah pada tahun 2012
Wilayah Rafah pada tahun 2012
Lokasi Rafah di Jalur Gaza
Lokasi Rafah di Jalur Gaza
Rafah di Teritori Palestina
Rafah
Rafah
Lokasi Rafah
Koordinat: 31°16′21″N 34°15′31″E / 31.27250°N 34.25861°E / 31.27250; 34.25861
Kisi Palestina77/78
Negara State of Palestine[1]
KegubernuranRafah[1]
Pemerintahan
 • JenisKota
 • Kepala DaerahAnwar al-Shaer (2019)[2]
Luas
[3]
 • Total64,000 dunams (64 km2 or 25 sq mi)
Populasi
 (Sensus 2017)[4]
 • Total171,899
 • Kepadatan2,700/km2 (7,000/sq mi)

Rafah (bahasa Arab: رفح Rafaḥ [rafaħ]) adalah sebuah kota di sebelah selatan Jalur Gaza, Palestina. Rafah adalah ibu kota Kegubernuran Rafah, berjarak 30 kilometer (19 mi) di sebelah barat daya Kota Gaza. Pada tahun 2017, kota ini berpenduduk 171.889.[4] Akibat pengeboman dan serangan darat besar-besaran di Kota Gaza dan Khan Yunis oleh Israel semasa Perang Israel-Hamas 2023, sekitar 1,4 juta pengungsi diperkirakan berlindung di Rafah pada bulan Februari 2024.[5]

Selepas Perang Palestina 1948, Mesir memerintah Rafah dan mendirikan kamp pengungsi bagi korban perang Palestina. Semasa Krisis Suez, Pasukan Pertahanan Israel membantai 111 warga Palestina, termasuk 103 pengungsi di kamp pengungsian Rafah. Saat Perang Enam Hari, tentara Israel menduduki Semenanjung Sinai dan Jalur Gaza setelah merebutnya dari Mesir. Pada tahun yang sama, tentara IDF melibas dan menghancurkan 144 rumah di kamp pengungsian Rafah, yang menewaskan 23 warga Palestina.[6]

Ketika Israel menarik pasukannya dari Sinai pada tahun 1982, Rafah dibagi menjadi dua, satu dikuasai oleh Gaza dan satu lagi dikuasai Mesir, yang dipisahkan oleh penghalang kawat berduri.[7] Pusat kota Rafah dihancurkan oleh Israel,[8][9][10] dan Mesir,[11][12] untuk menciptakan zona penyangga yang lebih luas.

Di Rafah terletak Pelintasan Perbatasan Rafah, satu-satunya titik persimpangan antara Mesir dan Jalur Gaza. Satu-satunya bandara di Gaza, Bandar Udara Internasional Yasser Arafat, terletak di sebelah selatan Rafah. Bandara ini mulai beroperasi pada tahun 1998 dan tutup pada tahun 2001 setelah dibom oleh militer Israel (IDF).[13][14]

Etimologi

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Selama berabad-abad, kota ini dikenal dengan nama Rpwḥw oleh bangsa Mesir kuno,[15] 𒊏𒉿𒄭 Rapiḫi atau 𒊏𒉿𒄷 Rapiḫu oleh bangsa Asiria,[16] רפיח Rāphiyaḥ oleh Bani Israil, Ῥαφία Rhaphíā[17] oleh bangsa Yunani, Raphia oleh Romawi Kuno, dan Rafh oleh Kekhalifahan Arab.

Dalam bahasa Inggris, Rafah /ˈrɑːfə/ (dari bahasa Arab modern) paling sering digunakan, tetapi Rafiah /rəˈfiːə/ (dari bahasa Ibrani modern) terkadang juga digunakan.[18][19] Kata Raphiah /rəˈfaɪə/ (dari bahasa Ibrani kuno) juga digunakan, terutama dalam konteks historis seperti Pertempuran Raphiah.

Demografi

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Pada tahun 1922, jumlah penduduk Rafah adalah 599 jiwa,[20] meningkat menjadi 1.423 pada tahun 1931,[21] meningkat lagi menjadi 1.635 pada tahun 1938,[22] dan meningkat lagi menjadi 2.220 pada tahun 1945.[23] Pada tahun 1982, jumlah penduduknya sekitar 10.800 jiwa.[24]

Dalam sensus Biro Pusat Statistik Palestina (PCBS) tahun 1997, Rafah dan kamp di sekitarnya memiliki populasi gabungan sebanyak 91.181 jiwa, Tel al-Sultan terdaftar dengan populasi gabungan sebanyak 17.141 jiwa.[25] Pengungsi mencakup 80,3% dari seluruh populasi.[26] Berdasarkan sensus tahun 1997, distribusi gender di Rafah (bersama dengan kamp Rafah) adalah 50,5% laki-laki dan 49,5% perempuan.[27]

Pada perkiraan PCBS tahun 2006, kota Rafah memiliki populasi 71.003 jiwa,[28] Kamp Rafah dan Tel al-Sultan merupakan wilayah terpisah untuk tujuan sensus, masing-masing memiliki populasi 59.983 dan 24.418 jiwa.[28]

Arkeologi

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Antiokhus III, bersedia berdamai dengan Ptolemaios V Epifanis, menyuruh putrinya Kleopatra I menikah dengan Ptolemaios V. Pernikahan mereka dilangsungkan pada tahun 193 SM di Raphia.[29]

Iklim

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Sistem klasifikasi iklim Köppen-Geiger mengklasifikasikan iklimnya sebagai semi-kering panas (BSh).[30][31]

Data iklim Rafiah, jalur Gaza
Bulan Jan Feb Mar Apr Mei Jun Jul Agt Sep Okt Nov Des Tahun
Rata-rata tertinggi °C (°F) 17.4
(63.3) 		18.1
(64.6) 		20.5
(68.9) 		23
(73) 		25.8
(78.4) 		28.3
(82.9) 		29.6
(85.3) 		30.5
(86.9) 		29.1
(84.4) 		27.6
(81.7) 		23.8
(74.8) 		19.4
(66.9) 		24.42
(75.93)
Rata-rata harian °C (°F) 12.9
(55.2) 		13.6
(56.5) 		15.6
(60.1) 		18.1
(64.6) 		20.9
(69.6) 		23.6
(74.5) 		25.2
(77.4) 		26
(79) 		24.7
(76.5) 		22.6
(72.7) 		18.7
(65.7) 		14.8
(58.6) 		19.72
(67.53)
Rata-rata terendah °C (°F) 8.4
(47.1) 		9.1
(48.4) 		10.8
(51.4) 		13.3
(55.9) 		16.1
(61) 		19
(66) 		20.9
(69.6) 		21.6
(70.9) 		20.3
(68.5) 		17.6
(63.7) 		13.7
(56.7) 		10.2
(50.4) 		15.08
(59.13)
Presipitasi mm (inci) 48
(1.89) 		36
(1.42) 		27
(1.06) 		6
(0.24) 		4
(0.16) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		8
(0.31) 		39
(1.54) 		53
(2.09) 		221
(8.71)
Sumber: Climate-Data.org (altitude: 45 m)[30]

Referensi

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  1. ^ a b "PS – Palestine, State of". ISO – Online Browsing Platform. International Organization for Standardization. Diakses tanggal 15 March 2024. 
  2. ^ "Palestinians criticize Hamas' decision to appoint municipal presidents – Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East". November 2019. 
  3. ^ Al Jazeera Staff. "What's happening in Gaza's Rafah as Israel threatens to attack?". Al Jazeera (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2024-02-16. 
  4. ^ a b Preliminary Results of the Population, Housing and Establishments Census, 2017 (PDF). Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) (Laporan). State of Palestine. February 2018. hlm. 64–82. Diakses tanggal 2023-10-24. 
  5. ^ "Gaza: Israel's military operation in Rafah would be fatal for displaced civilians and humanitarian aid". Norwegian Refugee Council. 8 February 2024. Diakses tanggal 8 February 2024. 
  6. ^ Cattan, Henry (1969) Palestine, The Arabs & Israel. The Search for Justice. Longman SBN 582 78000 4 p. 111
  7. ^ Usher, Graham (22 September 2005). "Cinderella in Rafah". Al-Ahram Weekly Online (761, 22–28 September 2005). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 22 October 2005. Diakses tanggal 9 November 2015 – via Wayback Machine. 
  8. ^ Razing Rafah — Mass Home Demolitions in the Gaza Strip, pp. 27–28 and 52–66 (PDF text version) on [1], Summary:. The report on refworld:. Human Rights Watch (HRW), October 2004
  9. ^ Supplementary Appeal for Rafah. UNWRA, May 2004
  10. ^ PCHR, Uprooting Palestinian Trees And Leveling Agricultural Land – The tenth Report on Israeli Land Sweeping and Demolition of Palestinian Buildings and Facilities in the Gaza Strip 1 April 2003 – 30 April 2004 On [2]
  11. ^ Egyptian military doubling buffer zone with Gaza, demolishing nearly 1,220 more homes. Associated Press, 8 January 2015
  12. ^ Look for Another Homeland. Human Rights Watch, September 2015
  13. ^ "Grounded in Gaza, but hoping to fly again". NBC News (dalam bahasa Inggris). 2005-05-19. Diakses tanggal 2024-03-22. 
  14. ^ "Wayback Machine" (PDF). web.archive.org. Diakses tanggal 2024-03-22. 
  15. ^ Gauthier, Henri (1926). Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques. 3. hlm. 118. 
  16. ^ Parpola, Simo (1970). Neo-Assyrian Toponyms. Kevaeler: Butzon & Bercker. hlm. 291. 
  17. ^ Polybius, Histories, 5.86.7
  18. ^ "Rafīah: Gaza Strip; name, map, geographic coordinates". Geographic.org. Diakses tanggal 2014-08-11. 
  19. ^ Zaki, Chehab (2007), Inside Hamas: The Untold Story of Militants, Martyrs and Spies, I.B.Tauris, hlm. 180, ISBN 978-1-84511-389-6, diakses tanggal 2015-09-02 
  20. ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama Census1922
  21. ^ Mills, E. (1931). Census of Palestine 1931. Jerusalem: Greek Convent & Goldberg Presses. hlm. 6. 
  22. ^ Village Statistics (PDF). 1938. hlm. 64. 
  23. ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama Hadawi46
  24. ^ Welcome to Rafah Palestine Remembered.
  25. ^ "Palestinian Population by Locality, Sex and Age Groups in Years". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 4 March 2012. Diakses tanggal 15 February 2018. 
  26. ^ Palestinian Population by Locality and Refugee Status Diarsipkan 2008-11-18 di Wayback Machine.. Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS).
  27. ^ Palestinian Population by Locality, Sex and Age Groups in Years Diarsipkan 2008-06-14 di Wayback Machine. Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics.
  28. ^ a b "PCBS] [Palestinian Central Bureau of Statisctics (PCBS) Projected Mid-Year Population for Rafah Governorate by Locality 2004–2006". Diakses tanggal 15 February 2018. 
  29. ^ Polybius 18.51.10 dan 28.20.9; Libya 33.40.3 dan 35.13.4; Appian, Syriaca 3.13 dan 5.18
  30. ^ a b "Climate: Rafiah – Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table". Climate-Data.org. Diakses tanggal 2014-02-21. 
  31. ^ a b "Climate: Rafah – Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table". Climate-Data.org. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2014-02-23. Diakses tanggal 2014-02-21. 

Daftar pustaka

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Pranala eksternal

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