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{{Infobox religious group|group=Druze <br /> Al-Muwaḥḥidūn <br /> {{lang|ar|موحدّون دروز}}|image=[[File:Druze star.svg|120px]] <br /><br /> [[File:Flag of Druze.svg|120px]]|caption=[[Bintang Druze|Bintang]] dan [[bendera Druze]]|population=≈800.000<ref>{{cite book|author1=Carl Skutsch|editor1-last=Skutsch|editor1-first=Carl|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities|date=7 November 2013|publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-135-19388-1|page=410|quote=Total Population: 800,000}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Robert Brenton Betts|title=The Druze|date=1 January 1990|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-04810-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/druze0000bett/page/55 55]|edition=illustrated, reprint, revised|quote=The total population of Druze throughout the world probably approaches one million.|url=https://archive.org/details/druze0000bett/page/55}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Donna Marsh|title=Doing Business in the Middle East: A cultural and practical guide for all Business Professionals|date=11 May 2015|publisher=Hachette UK|isbn=978-1-4721-3567-4|edition=revised|quote=It is believed there are no more than 1 million Druze worldwide; most live in the Levant.}}</ref>–2.000.000<ref>{{cite book|author1=Samy Swayd|title=Historical Dictionary of the Druzes|date=10 March 2015|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-4617-1|page=3|edition=2|quote=The Druze world population at present is perhaps nearing two million;&nbsp;...}}</ref>|region1={{flagcountry|Syria}}|pop1=600.000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gulf2000.columbia.edu/images/maps/Syria_Religion_Detailed_lg.png |title=Syria region map |website=gulf2000.columbia.edu |format=PNG}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-33166043|title=Syria's Druze under threat as conflict spreads|first=Faisal|last=Irshaid|date=19 June 2015|newspaper=BBC News}}</ref>|region2={{flagcountry|Lebanon}}|pop2=250.000<ref name=freedom>[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108487.htm Lebanon – International Religious Freedom Report 2008] U.S. Department of State. Retrieved on 2013-06-13.</ref>|region3={{flagcountry|Israel}} dan [[Dataran Tinggi Golan]] yang [[Wilayah pendudukan Israel|diduduki Israel]]|pop3=143.000<ref name="CBS13">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/mediarelease/DocLib/2019/122/11_19_122b.pdf|title=The Druze population in Israel – a collection of data on the occasion of the Prophet Shuaib holiday|date=2019-04-17|work=CBS – Israel|publisher=[[Israel Central Bureau of Statistics]]|access-date=2019-05-08}}</ref>|region4={{flagcountry|Venezuela}}|pop4=60.000<ref name="Aamama">{{cite web|title=Tariq Alaiseme [reportedly to be] vice-president of Venezuela |url=http://www.al-amama.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1110| date = 2013 | publisher=Aamama|language=ar}}: Referring governor [[Tareck El Aissami]].</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.juf.org/news/jerusalem.aspx?id=451177| title = Sending relief--and a message of inclusion and love—to our Druze sisters and brothers}}</ref>|region5={{flagcountry|United States}}|pop5=50.000<ref>{{Citation |title=Druze Traditions|publisher=Institute of Druze Studies |url=http://www.druzestudies.org/Druzes.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114032929/http://www.druzestudies.org/Druzes.html |archive-date=14 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.juf.org/news/jerusalem.aspx?id=451177| title = Sending relief--and a message of inclusion and love—to our Druze sisters and brothers}}</ref>|region6={{flagcountry|Canada}}|pop6=25.000<ref>{{cite web|title=Dating Druze: The struggle to find love in a dwindling diaspora|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/druze-dating-diaspora-toronto-exclusion-1.4904888|website=www.cbc.ca|access-date=1 May 2019}}</ref>|region7={{flagcountry|Jordan}}|pop7=20.000<ref name="auto">{{Citation |publisher=[[US State Department]] |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2005/51602.htm |title=International Religious Freedom Report |year=2005}}</ref>|region8={{flagcountry|Australia}}|pop8=20.000<ref>{{cite web|title=Druze Population of Australia by Place of Usual Residence (2006)|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/CDataOnline|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |access-date=27 July 2010}}</ref>|region9={{flagcountry|Germany}}|pop9=10.000<ref>{{cite web|title=Drusentum - Die geheime Religion (2020)|url=https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/drusentum-die-geheime-religion.886.de.html?dram:article_id=480342|publisher=[[Deutschlandfunk]] |access-date=5 January 2021}}</ref>|rels=Kepercayaan Druze|scrips=[[Rasa'il al-Hikmah]]|founder=[[Hamzah bin Ali bin Ahmad]]<ref name="The World's Greatest Religious Lead">{{cite book |editor1-last=Hendrix |editor1-first=Scott |editor2-last=Okeja |editor2-first=Uchenna |title=The World's Greatest Religious Leaders: How Religious Figures Helped Shape World History [2 volumes] |date=2018 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1440841385 |page=11}}</ref>|langs={{plainlist|
Druze adalah "muslim' yang secara skipturalis besandar pada Bible, Al-Quran dan tulisan-tulisan sufi
* [[bahasa Arab|Arab]] (utama)
* [[bahasa Ibrani|Ibrani]] (sebagai [[bahasa kedua]] di [[Israel]])<ref name="norman">{{cite book|title=Nations, Language and Citizenship|last=Berdichevsky|first=Norman |publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-2700-0|date=2004-02-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Sacred Places, 2nd Edition [2 volumes]|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofsa0001broc| first=Norbert |last=Brockman|year= 2011| isbn=9781598846546| page =[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofsa0001broc/page/259 259]|publisher=ABC-CLIO|quote=}}</ref>
* [[bahasa Spanyol|Spanyol]] (di [[Venezuela]] dan [[Kolombia]])
* [[bahasa Inggris|Inggris]] (di [[Amerika Serikat]], [[Kanada]], dan [[Australia]]) }}}}

'''Druze''' atau '''Arab Druze''' ({{IPAc-en|'|d|r|uː|z}};<ref>{{cite web|date=2013-07-18|title=Definition of druze|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/druze|website=Dictionary.com|access-date=2019-08-26}}</ref> {{lang-ar|دَرْزِيٌّ}}, ''{{transl|ar|darzī}}'' atau {{Lang-ar|دُرْزِيٌّ}} ''{{transl|ar|durzī}}'', jamak {{lang|ar|دُرُوزٌ|rtl=yes}}, ''{{transl|ar|durūz}}'') adalah [[kelompok etnoreligius]] [[Esoterisme Barat|esoterik]] berbahasa Arab<ref name="dawn">{{cite book|last=Chatty|first=Dawn|date=2010-03-15|title=Displacement and Dispossession in the Modern Middle East|url=https://archive.org/details/displacementdisp0000chat|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-81792-9}}</ref><ref name="Harrison1">{{cite book|author=Simon Harrison|year=2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B9-LF_Of_E8C&pg=PA121|title=Fracturing Resemblances: Identity and Mimetic Conflict in Melanesia and the West|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-1-57181-680-1|pages=121–}}</ref> dari [[Asia Barat]] yang menganut agama Druze, sebuah [[agama Abrahamik]], [[Monoteisme|monoteistik]], [[Sinkretisme|sinkretis]], dan [[Agama etnis|etnis]] berdasarkan ajaran [[Hamzah bin Ali bin Ahmad]] dan [[Filsafat Yunani Kuno|filsuf Yunani Kuno]] seperti [[Plato]], [[Aristoteles]], [[Pythagoras]], dan [[Zenon dari Kition]].<ref name="BritishLibrary">{{cite web|last=Abulafia|first=Anna Sapir|author-link=Anna Abulafia|date=23 September 2019|title=The Abrahamic religions|url=https://www.bl.uk/sacred-texts/articles/the-abrahamic-religions|website=www.bl.uk|publisher=[[British Library]]|location=[[London]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712150432/https://www.bl.uk/sacred-texts/articles/the-abrahamic-religions|archive-date=12 July 2020|access-date=9 March 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TheDruze">{{cite book|last=Obeid|first=Anis|year=2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FejqBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT1|title=The Druze & Their Faith in Tawhid|publisher=Syracuse University Press|isbn=978-0-8156-5257-1|page=1}}</ref><ref name="Entrepreneurship and Religion">{{cite book|author1=Léo-Paul Dana|date=1 January 2010|title=Entrepreneurship and Religion|publisher=[[Edward Elgar Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-84980-632-9|page=314}}<!--|access-date=6 January 2015--></ref><ref name="Adams Media">{{cite book|author1=Terri Morrison|author2=Wayne A. Conaway|date=24 July 2006|url=https://archive.org/details/kissboworshakeha00morr_568|title=Kiss, Bow, Or Shake Hands: The Bestselling Guide to Doing Business in More Than 60 Countries|publisher=[[Adams Media]]|isbn=978-1-59337-368-9|edition=illustrated|page=[https://archive.org/details/kissboworshakeha00morr_568/page/n274 259]|url-access=limited}}<!--|access-date=6 January 2015--></ref> Penganutnya menyebut dirinya sebagai "Monoteis" atau "Unitarian" (''al-Muwaḥḥidūn'').<ref name="wendy">{{cite book|last=Doniger|first=Wendy|year=1999|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440|title=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions|publisher=Merriam-Webster, Inc.|isbn=978-0-87779-044-0|url-access=registration}}</ref>

Kitab sucinya adalah ''[[Rasail al-Hikmah]]'', menjadi sumber hukum dasar agama Druze.<ref name="Izzeddin1993">{{cite book|author=Nejla M. Abu Izzeddin|year=1993|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BprjrZzee5EC&pg=PA108|title=The Druzes: A New Study of their History, Faith, and Society|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-09705-6|page=108}}</ref> Druze berasal dari gabungan agama [[Ismailiyah|Syiah Ismailiyah]],<ref name="farhad">{{cite book|last=Daftary|first=Farhad|date=2013-12-02|title=A History of Shi'i Islam|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofshiiisl0000daft|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-0-85773-524-9}}</ref> [[Kekristenan]],<ref name="auto3">{{cite book|last=Quilliam|first=Neil|year=1999|title=Syria and the New World Order|url=https://archive.org/details/syrianewworldord0000quil|publisher=Michigan University press|isbn=9780863722493|page=[https://archive.org/details/syrianewworldord0000quil/page/42 42]}}</ref><ref name="auto8">{{cite book|year=1992|url=https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia28ency|title=The New Encyclopaedia Britannica|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|isbn=9780852295533|page=[https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia28ency/page/237 237]|quote=Druze religious beliefs developed out of Isma'ill teachings. Various Jewish, Christian, Gnostic, Neoplatonic, and Iranian elements, however, are combined under a doctrine of strict monotheism.|url-access=registration}}</ref> [[Gnostisisme]], [[Neoplatonisme]],<ref name="auto3" /><ref name="auto8" /> [[Zoroastrianisme]],<ref name="Hitti1928">{{cite book|author=Philip Khuri Hitti|year=1928|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pYgvLf2GE8YC&pg=PT27|title=The Origins of the Druze People and Religion: With Extracts from Their Sacred Writings|publisher=Library of Alexandria|isbn=978-1-4655-4662-3|pages=27–}}</ref><ref name="Sālibī2005">{{cite book|author=Kamāl Sālibī|year=2005|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F4YWAQAAMAAJ|title=The Druze: realities & perceptions|publisher=Druze Heritage Foundation|isbn=978-1-904850-06-9|pages=186 190}}</ref> [[Agama Buddha|Buddha]],<ref name="Conder2018">{{cite book|author=Claude Reignier Conder|date=20 September 2018|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BStwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA80|title=Palestine|publisher=BoD – Books on Demand|isbn=978-3-7340-3986-7|pages=80–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|year=1989|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rG1tAAAAMAAJ|title=Al-Rāfidān|publisher=Kokushikan Daigaku, Iraku Kodai Bunka Kenkyūjo|pages=2–}}</ref> [[Agama Hindu|Hindu]], [[Pythagoreanisme]],<ref name="Rosenthal 2003 296">{{cite book|last=Rosenthal|first=Donna|year=2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b-w6GfokajcC&pg=PA296|title=The Israelis: Ordinary People in an Extraordinary Land|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-684-86972-8|page=296}}</ref><ref name="kamlesh">{{cite book|last=Kapur|first=Kamlesh|year=2010|title=History of Ancient India|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-207-4910-8}}</ref> dan filsafat dan keyakinan lainnya, sehingga menciptakan teologi yang berbeda dan rahasia berdasarkan interpretasi esoterik kitab suci, yang menekankan peran pikiran dan kebenaran.<ref name="wendy" /><ref name="kamlesh" /> Penganut Druze meyakini [[teofani]] dan [[reinkarnasi]].{{Sfn|Nisan|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=keD9z1XWuNwC&pg=PA98 95]}} Druze meyakini bahwa pada akhir siklus kelahiran kembali, yang dicapai melalui reinkarnasi, jiwa akan bersatu dengan pemikiran kosmis (''{{lang|ae-Latn|al-ʻaql al-kullī}}'').<ref name="Druze">{{cite web|date=2015|title=Druze|url=http://www.druze.org.au/religion/|publisher=druze.org.au|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160214100847/http://www.druze.org.au/religion/|archive-date=14 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Penganut Druze memiliki pujian istimewa kepada nabi dalam Al-Qur'an, [[Syuaib]], yang mereka yakini sebagai orang yang sama dengan [[Yitro]] dalam Alkitab.<ref>{{cite book|year=2013|title=A Political and Economic Dictionary of the Middle East|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135355616|quote=}}</ref> Druze meyakini bahwa [[Adam]], [[Nuh]], [[Abraham]], [[Musa]], [[Yesus]], [[Muhammad]], dan [[Ismail bin Ja'far]] merupakan nabi.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Finegan|first=Jack|date=1981|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tqxtAAAAMAAJ&q=%22seven+prophets%22|title=Discovering Israel: An Archeological Guide to the Holy Land|publisher=Eerdmans|isbn=978-0-8028-1869-0|language=en}}</ref> Tradisi Druze juga menghormati [[Salman al-Farisi]],<ref>{{cite book|last=D Nisan|first=Mordechai|year=2015|title=Minorities in the Middle East: A History of Struggle and Self-Expression, 2d ed.|publisher=McFarland|isbn=9780786451333|page=94|quote=}}</ref> [[Khidr]] (yang mereka yakini sebagai [[Elia]], lahir kembali sebagai [[Yohanes Pembaptis]] dan [[Saint George|Santo Georgius]]),<ref name="auto12">{{cite book|last=Swayd|first=Samy|year=2015|title=Historical Dictionary of the Druzes|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1442246171|page=77}}</ref> [[Ayub]], [[Lukas sang Penginjil]], dan lain-lainnya sebagai "pengajar" dan "nabi".<ref>{{cite book|last=S. Swayd|first=Samy|year=2009|title=The A to Z of the Druzes|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9780810868366|page=109|quote=They also cover the lives and teachings of some biblical personages, such as Job, Jethro, Jesus, John, Luke, and others}}</ref>

Druze melarang orang asing masuk agamanya. Pernikahan beda agama sangat jarang dan sangat dipertanyakan. Kebanyakan praktik ibadahnya juga rahasia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Druze {{!}} History, Religion, & Facts {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Druze|website=www.britannica.com|language=en|access-date=2022-11-13}}</ref>
[[Berkas:Channel_2_-_Druze.webm|jmpl|Video clips from the archive of [[Channel 2 (Israeli TV channel)|Israel Channel 2]] [[Israeli News Company]] showing [[Druze in Israel|Israeli Druze men]] in traditional clothing. The flags shown are Druze flags.]]
Penganut Druze bukanlah seorang [[Muslim]], meski berkembang dari agama Syiah Ismailiyah.<ref name="De McLaurin 1979 114" /><ref>{{cite web|date=|title=Druze in Syria|url=https://rpl.hds.harvard.edu/faq/druze-syria|publisher=Harvard University|quote=The Druze are an ethnoreligious group concentrated in Syria, Lebanon, and Israel with around one million adherents worldwide. The Druze follow a millenarian offshoot of Isma’ili Shi'ism. Followers emphasize Abrahamic monotheism but consider the religion as separate from Islam.}}</ref> Keyakinan Druze menjadi salah satu kelompok religius terbesar di [[Syam]], dengan populasi antara 800.000 hingga 1 juta pengikut. Banyak dijumpai di [[Lebanon]], [[Suriah]], dan [[Israel]], dengan komunitas kecil di [[Yordania]]. Mereka mencakup 5,5% populasi Lebanon, 3% populasi Suriah, dan 1,6% populasi Israel. Populasi Druze terbanyak sekaligus tertua ada di [[Gunung Lebanon]] dan di selatan Suriah di sekitar [[Jabal al-Druze|Jabal ad-Duruz]] ("Gunung Druze").<ref>{{cite thesis|author=Radwan, Chad K.|date=June 2009|title=Assessing Druze identity and strategies for preserving Druze heritage in North America|url=http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3158&context=etd|type=MA thesis|publisher=University of South Florida}}</ref>

Masyarakat agama Druze memainkan peran yang sangat penting dalam membentuk sejarah Syam, karena turut memainkan peran politik yang signifikan.<ref>{{cite book|last=Zabad|first=Ibrahim|year=2017|title=Middle Eastern Minorities: The Impact of the Arab Spring|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781317096733|page=125|quote=Although the Druze are a tiny community, they have played a vital role in the politics of the Levant}}</ref> Sebagai minoritas, mereka sering mengalami [[persekusi]] oleh berbagai rezim Muslim, termasuk [[ekstremisme Islam]] kontemporer..<ref>{{cite book|last=J. Stewart|first=Dona|year=2008|title=The Middle East Today: Political, Geographical and Cultural Perspectives|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135980795|page=33}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Al-Khalidi|first=Suleiman|date=11 June 2015|title=Calls for aid to Syria's Druze after al Qaeda kills 20|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-druze-idUSKBN0OR0NV20150611|work=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Syria: ISIS Imposes 'Sharia' on Idlib's Druze|url=http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/18002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520142702/http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/18002|archive-date=20 May 2015|access-date=12 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Lokasi ==
Kaum Druze kebanyakan tinggal di [[Lebanon]], meskipun ada pula komunitas yang kecil di [[Israel]], [[Suriah]], dan [[Yordania]].

Komunitas-komunitas besar yang terdiri dari kaum ekspatriat terdapat di [[Amerika Serikat]], [[Kanada]], [[Amerika Latin]], [[Afrika Barat]], [[Australia]] dan [[Eropa]]. Mereka menggunakan [[bahasa Arab]] dan mengikuti pola sosial yang sangat mirip dengan orang-orang [[bangsa Arab|Arab]] lainnya dari wilayah itu. Kebanyakan Druze menganggap diri mereka Arab.<ref>Walid Jumlat, head of Lebanese Progressive Party. [https://archive.today/20120724112452/www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_1-2-2004_pg3_5 Op-ed: 'The Arabs must unite above all else'] (perlu pendaftaran).</ref>

Diperkirakan ada sekitar 2,3 juta Druze di seluruh dunia, dan kebanyakan daripadanya berada di [[Levant]] atau Mediterania Timur.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/3612002.stm]</ref> Namun, sejumlah orang memperkirakan keseluruhan populasi Druze hanyalah sekitar 450.000 orang saja.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.adherents.com/adh_branches.html#Islam |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2006-08-15 |archive-date=2019-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106014508/http://www.adherents.com/adh_branches.html#Islam |dead-url=yes }}</ref>

== Sejarah kaum Druze ==
[[Berkas:Constantinople(1878)-Druse_woman.png|jmpl|100px|Seorang perempuan Druze di [[Istanbul]] pada masa [[Kekaisaran Ottoman]].]]

Agama ini berkembang dari [[Syi'ah]] [[Ismailiyah]], sebuah gerakan filsafat yang didasarkan pada [[Bani Fatimiyah]], pada [[abad ke-10]]. Agama ini tidak berusaha mengubah Islam arus utama melainkan menciptakan suatu agama yang sama sekali baru, yang dipegnaruhi antara lain oleh [[filsafat Yunani]], [[Gnostisisme]] dan [[Kekristenan]].

Ada dua pelaku utama pada tahun-tahun permulaannya: Penguasa Fātimiyah yang saleh ''Tariqu l-Ḥakīm'' (985–1021)--juga dikenal sebagai [[Al-hakim]] atau ''[[al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah|al-Ḥakīm bi-ˤAmru l-Lāh]]'' ("Pemimpin di dalam Nama Allah")--adalah seorang kalifah Ismaili dari Mesir yang dipercayai oleh sebagian orang sebagai benar-benar penjelmaan Allah. Imigran Persia [[Hamza ibn-'Ali ibn-Ahmad|Hamza ibn ˤAlī ibn Aḥmad]] adalah arsitek utama gerakan ini. [[Imam Syiah|Imām]] Ḥamza inilah yang pertama-tama secara terbuka mengumumkan bahwa Ḥakīm lebih daripada seorang manusia biasa.

<!--The early Druze community faced a strong challenge when Muḥammad ad-Darazī declared Ḥakīm's divinity and claimed to be his chief messenger. It is said that Ḥakīm was angered by this and had Darazī executed. Meanwhile, Hamza and his moderate followers, who had rejected that Ḥakīm was the incarnation of God, received his favour and were protected until he disappeared one night in [[1021]]. The Druze believe that Ḥakīm went into occultation and will return in the [[Eschatology|end of days]] as the [[Al-Qa'im (person)|Qā'im]] "Ariser" or [[Mahdi]] "Guided One".

After the death (resp. the hiding''/al-ghaiba'') of Ḥakīm, the Druze were forced to move and use the (accepted) practice of ''[[taqiyya]]'' "dissimulation", whereby they concealed their true beliefs and outwardly accepted the religious beliefs of those amongst whom they lived even as they secretly retained their true convictions.

The Druze have played major roles in the history of the [[Levant]]. They were mostly scattered in the [[Chouf Mountains]], which are part of [[Mount Lebanon]] (known for some time as the Mount of the Druzes), and later the so-named [[Jabal el-Dourouz|Jabal al-Durūz (Mount of the Druzes)]] in [[Syria]].

The Druze also played a major role in the [[Lebanese Civil War]] ([[1975]]–[[1990]]). They organized a [[militia]] (one of the strongest militias in the War) under the leadership of [[Walid Jumblatt]], (son of [[Kamal Jumblatt]]), in opposition to the [[Maronite]] Christian [[Kataeb Party (Lebanon)|Phalangist]] militia of [[Bachir Gemayel]] in the Mount Lebanon area (especially the Chouf) where the Druze militia were successful in winning the war. A peace treaty was then signed between the Druze and Maronite leaders which has enabled them to live peacefully together and later become allies.

==The Druze today==

In Lebanon, Syria and Israel, the Druze have official recognition as a separate religious community with its own religious court system. Their symbol is an array of five colors: [[green]], [[red]], [[yellow]], [[blue]] and [[white]]. Each color pertains to a symbol defining its principles: green for ''ˤAql'' "the Universal Mind", red for ''Rūħ'' "the Universal Soul", yellow for ''Kalima''
"the Truth/Word", blue for ''Sabq'' "the Antagonist/Cause" and white for ''Talī'' "the Protagonist/Effect". These principles are why the number [[5 (number)|five]] has special considerations among the religious community; it is usually represented symbolically as a five-pointed star.

Although often politically recognized as Muslims, most Druzes do not consider themselves Muslims, since they are not followers of the five pillars of Islam.

[[Berkas:Druzememorial.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Daliyat Al-Karmel]], Israeli Memorial to 355 Druze killed while fighting for Israel]]
In [[Israel]], Druze choose to vote in elections but usually identify themselves as [[Arab]]s (but not specifically as [[Palestinian]]s)<sup>[[#Notes|1]]</sup>. Some of the Galilean and Carmelean Druzes are well known in Israel as “Israeli patriots”. Lately, [[Azzam Azzam]], an Israeli-Druze convicted spy, has become (in Israel’s popular culture) the model of the “ultimate Israeli patriot”.

However, many Druze living in the [[Golan Heights]] consider themselves [[Syria]]n and refuse Israeli citizenship, while the remainder consider themselves Israeli. In general elections, the majority of Druze villages have similar voting patterns as the general public.

Israeli Druze also serve in the [[Israeli army]], voluntarily since 1948, and—at the community's request—compulsorily since 1956. Their privileges and responsibilites are the same as Israeli Jews; thus, all Druze are drafted, but exemptions are given for religious students and for various other reasons.

In January 2004, the spiritual leader of the Druze community in Israel, Shaykh [[Mowafak Tarif]], signed a declaration calling on all non-Jews in Israel to observe the [[Seven Noahide Laws]] as laid down in the [[Bible]] and expounded upon in [[Jewish tradition]]. The mayor of the [[Galilee|Galilean]] and the city of [[Shfaram]] also signed the document {{fact}}. The declaration includes the commitment to make a "...better humane world based on the Seven Noahide Commandments and the values they represent commanded by the Creator to all mankind through Moses on [[Mount Sinai]]."

Support for the spread of the Seven Noahide Commandments by the Druze leaders reflects the Biblical narrative itself. The Druze community reveres the non-Jewish father-in-law of Moses, [[Jethro]], whom Muslim Arabs call [[Shoaib|Shuˤayb]]. According to the Biblical narrative, Jethro joined and assisted the Jewish people in the desert during the [[Exodus]], accepted monotheism, but ultimately rejoined his own people. In fact, the tomb of Jethro in [[Tiberias]] is the most important religious site for the Druze community. [http://www.arutzsheva.com/news.php3?id=56379]

In 1167 Benjamin Metudela wrote about the Druze in his diary, according to his book the Druze are "Mountain dwellers, monotheists, believe in soul transfigurations and are good friends with the [[Jews]]".

== Prominent Druze figures ==
{{main|List of Druze}}
*[[Fakhreddin II]] (1588–1635), descendant of the [[Ma'an Dynasty]], ruled at its height what is now Lebanon, part of Syria, Israel and even part of [[Turkey]].
*[[L'Emir Magid Arslan]] was the leader of the independence of Lebanon in 1943 when the president Bechara el Khoury with fellow ministers were taken to prison to rachaya by the French. His sons L'Emir Faysal Arslan and L'Emir Talal Arslan fought each other democratically to gain seat in the Lebanese Parliament but L'Emir Talal Arslan won the seat because of Syria's influence over Lebanon during the Lebanese elections in 1992.
*[[Kamal Jumblatt]] founded the [[Lebanon|Lebanese]] [[Progressive Socialist Party]] in the mid-20th century and was a major thinker and philosopher; his son [[Walid Jumblatt]] remains prominent in Lebanese politics.
*In Israel, [[Salah Tarif]], a former captain in the paratrooper and the tank divisions of the Israeli Army, has been a [[Knesset]] member since 1992. He has served as the Deputy Speaker and the Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs and was appointed [[Minister Without Portfolio]] in the Sharon government of 2001.
*[[Ayoob Kara]], a former member of the Knesset (Israeli parliament)for the [[Likud]] party.
*[[Colonel]] [[Imad Fares]], acclaimed commander of the [[Givati Brigade]] of the Israeli Army from 2001–2003.
*[[Major General]] [[Hussain Fares]], commander of the [[Israel Border Police]].
*[[Lieutenant General]] Salim Slim, commander of the [[Lebanese Judiciary Police]].
*[[Azzam Azzam]] was accused of spying for Israel by Egypt and jailed there for eight years before being released in late 2004.
*The famous musician [[Farid Al Atrache]], born in Syria's ''Jabal al-Durūz'' to Prince Farhan al-Atrash (brother of Sultan Basha al-Atrash). He moved to Egypt with his mother, brother and sister Asmahan, who was also a famous singer. He composed hundreds of songs and acted in many movies. Al-Atrache revived the Eastern musical traditions with such pieces as "Lahn al-Khulud" and the Rabeeh Opera.
*Radio announcer [[Casey Kasem]], born Kamal Amin Kasem to Lebanese Druze immigrants to the USA, is probably that country's most well-known figure of Druze heritage. About 20,000 Druze live in the United States.
*Sultan Basha al-Atrash was leader of the revolution against the French occupation of Lebanon and Syria in the 1920s. He is viewed by many Druze, as well as many non-Druze Arabs, as a symbol of courage and defiance to outside influence and occupation.

==Beliefs of the Druze==
The Druze faith keeps its tenets secret. They are publicly open about very few details of their faith (they practice [[taqiyya]]) and they do not accept converts and strongly discourage conversion from their religion to another. This is due to many religious, political and historical reasons: the Druze were violently and brutally persecuted for centuries by other religious communities.
The Druze believe in the unity of God, hence their preference for the name "People of Monotheism" or "Monotheists". Their [[theology]] has a [[Neo-Platonism|Neo-Platonic]] view about how God interacts with the world through emanations and is similar to some [[gnosticism|gnostic]] and other [[esotericism|esoteric]] sects. They are not, however, influenced by the [[Sufi]] philosophy, as many believe.

The principles of the Druze faith are: guarding one's tongue (honesty), protecting one's brother, respecting the elderly, helping others, protecting one's homeland, and belief in one God. Another well-known feature of the Druze religion is a fervent belief in human-only [[reincarnation]] for all the members of the community. They reject [[polygamy]], [[tobacco smoking]], [[alcoholic beverage|alcohol]] or consumption of [[pork]], although pork and alcohol may be consumed in many non-religious and/or [[al-Juhl]] households.

Druze religion does not allow them to intermarry with [[Muslims]], [[Jews]] or members of any other religions. However, these rules are often disregarded in modern societies.

It is also known that Druze believe in five cosmic principles, represented by the five colored Druze star: intelligence/reason (green), soul (red), word (yellow), precedent (blue) and [[immanence]] (white). These virtues take the shape of five different spirits which, until recently, have been continuously reincarnated on Earth as prophets and philosophers including [[Adam and Eve|Adam]], [[Pythagoras]], [[Akhenaten]], and many others. The Druze believe that, in every time period, these five principles were personified in five different people who came down together to Earth to teach humans the true path to God and [[nirvana]], but that with them came five other individuals who would lead people away from the right path into "darkness".

The Druze believe in prophets like [[Adam]], [[Noah]] (''Nūħ''), [[Abraham]] (''Ibrāhīm''), [[Sarah]], [[Jacob]] (''Yaˤqub''), [[Moses]] (''Mūsā''), [[Solomon]] (''Sulaymān''), [[John the Baptist]] (''Yahya'') and [[Jesus]] (''Isā'') (as mentioned above, in contrast to members of the other monotheistic faiths, they also elevate Jethro, or Shuˤayb, [[father-in-law]] of Mūsā, to the status of major prophet). They also believe in the wisdom of classical Greek [[philosopher]]s such as [[Plato]] and [[Pythagoras]]. In addition, they have an array of "wise men" that founded the religion in the [[11th century]].

Individual [[prayer]] does not exist. Druze are not required to follow the Muslim duties of prayer, fasting, or pilgrimage to [[Mecca]] but may do so, especially if it is dangerous for them if they do not.

One of the faith's holy books is called the ''Kitābu l-Ħikma'' or "Book of Wisdom", largely compiled by a mysterious figure called [[Muqtana|al-Muqtana]]. It has six volumes and is compiled in [[chapter]]s, each covering a specific issue. The teachings denounce materialism, especially materialism relative to religion.

===ˤUqqāl and Juhhāl===
The Druze are split into two groups. The outer group, called ''al-Juhhāl'' (جهال), "the Ignorant", are not granted access to the secret Druze holy literature. They form the Druze political and military leadership and generally distance themselves from religious issues. They comprise perhaps 90% of the Druze.

The inner group are called ''al-ˤUqqāl'' (عقال), "the Knowledgeable Initiates". Women are considered especially suitable to become ˤUqqāl; they are even regarded to be spiritually superior to men, a belief that greatly contrasts with the surrounding Christian and Muslim communities.

Druze women who are ˤuqqāl can opt to wear ''al-mandīl'', a transparent loose white [[veil]], especially in the presence of religious figures. They wear ''al-mandīl'' on their head to cover their hair and wrap it around their mouth and sometimes over their nose as well. They wear black shirts and long skirts covering their legs to their ankles. Male ''ˤuqqāl'' grow moustaches, shave their heads, and wear dark clothing with white turbans.

The ˤuqqāl themselves are also divided into two groups; about 10% are ''al-Ajawīd'', a term that means "The Good Ones (diminutive)". They are the leaders of the spiritual life of the Druze.

Druze places of worship are usually very modest and the Ajawīd lead very modest lifestyles. Prayer is usually conducted discreetly, among family and friends. There is little official hierarchy in the religious community except for the ''[[Shaykh]] al-ˤAql'', whose role is more political and social than religious. A religious figure is admired for his wisdom and lifestyle.

Contradictory literature surrounds the Druze mainly due to adopted beliefs that were used to protect them from persecutors and due to the rumors and stories of outsiders. For example, it is still unclear to most outsiders whether the Druze follow the same traditions of fasting as Muslims in the month of [[Ramadan]]. This is because the Druze have followed these traditions for centuries in order to protect themselves. Many orthodox Druze hold that they should not follow these traditions, but should follow a different fasting tradition still practiced by religious figures instead. The Druze have other fasting traditions, such as fasting during the ten days before [[Eid ul-Adha]], the last night of which is spent in prayer. The Druze fast is more difficult than the traditional Ramadan fast in that only one light meal is allowed in the evening.

==Notes==
#''Al-Maðhab at-Tawḥīdī ad-Durzī'' p. 66 by Najib Israwi, cited in Samy Swayd 1998, ''The Druzes: An Annotated Bibliography'', ISBN 0-9662932-0-7
#''Identity Repertoires among Arabs in Israel'', by Muhammad Amara and Izhak Schnell; ''Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies'', Vol. 30, 2004 -->

== Lihat pula ==
* [[Daftar Druze]]

== Pranala luar ==
* [http://www.lebdruze.com/ Komunitas Druze Lebanon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220170756/http://lebdruze.com/ |date=2009-02-20 }}
* [http://www.druze.com/ Perhimpunan Druze Amerika - Nasional]
* [http://www.druze.org/ Perhimpunan Druze Amerika - Michigan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403220418/http://www.druze.org/ |date=2008-04-03 }}
* [http://www.druze.org.au/ Komunitas Druze Australia]
* [http://sa.druze.org.au/ Komunitas Druze Australia Selatan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090912033037/http://sa.druze.org.au/ |date=2009-09-12 }}
* [http://www.druzestudies.org/ Lembaga Studi Druze]
* [http://www.druze.org.il/ Online Druz Israel - bahasa Ibrani] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071208073206/http://www.druze.org.il/ |date=2007-12-08 }}
* [http://www.europeandruzesociety.com/ Perhimpunan Druze Eropa]
* [http://www.druzenet.org/ Druzenet: Penerbitan bahasa Inggris]
* [http://www.druze.net/ Perhimpunan Druze Kanada]
* [http://www.mmouka.com www.mmouka.com]
* [http://www.druzehistoryandculture.com/ Artikel tentang Druze] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403021757/http://www.druzehistoryandculture.com/ |date=2008-04-03 }}
* [http://59.1911encyclopedia.org/D/DR/DRUSES.htm Ensiklopedi Britannica 1911]
* [http://faculty-staff.ou.edu/L/Joshua.M.Landis-1/Joshua_Landis_Druze_and_Shishakli.htm Bangkit dan runtuhnya Druze Suriah]
* [http://www.druzecafe.com/ Bertemu Druze dari seluruh dunia]
* [http://www.religioustolerance.org/druse.htm Druse, Druze, Mowahhidoon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316205855/http://www.religioustolerance.org/druse.htm |date=2021-03-16 }} digambarkan dalam situs OCRT

== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Agama Abrahamik]]
[[Kategori:Agama di Lebanon]]
[[Kategori:Perhimpunan Suriah]]
[[Kategori:Kelompok etnoreligius]]
[[Kategori:Suku bangsa di Suriah]]
[[Kategori:Suku bangsa di Lebanon]]
[[Kategori:Kelompok etnik di Israel]]
[[Kategori:Gnostisisme]]
[[Kategori:Hermetisisme]]
[[Kategori:Mistisisme]]
[[Kategori:Agama monoteis]]
[[Kategori:Neoplatonis]]
[[Kategori:Filsafat Pythagoras]]
[[Kategori:Suku bangsa di Timur Tengah]]
[[Kategori:Agama etnik]]
[[Kategori:Druze| ]]

Revisi terkini sejak 19 Agustus 2024 04.38

Druze
Al-Muwaḥḥidūn
موحدّون دروز


Bintang dan bendera Druze
Total populasi
≈800.000[1][2][3]–2.000.000[4]
Pendiri
Hamzah bin Ali bin Ahmad[5]
Wilayah dengan populasi signifikan
 Suriah600.000[6][7]
 Lebanon250.000[8]
 Israel dan Dataran Tinggi Golan yang diduduki Israel143.000[9]
 Venezuela60.000[10][11]
 Amerika Serikat50.000[12][13]
 Kanada25.000[14]
 Yordania20.000[15]
 Australia20.000[16]
 Jerman10.000[17]
Agama
Kepercayaan Druze
Kitab suci
Rasa'il al-Hikmah
Bahasa

Druze atau Arab Druze (/ˈdruːz/;[20] bahasa Arab: دَرْزِيٌّ, darzī atau bahasa Arab: دُرْزِيٌّ durzī, jamak دُرُوزٌ, durūz) adalah kelompok etnoreligius esoterik berbahasa Arab[21][22] dari Asia Barat yang menganut agama Druze, sebuah agama Abrahamik, monoteistik, sinkretis, dan etnis berdasarkan ajaran Hamzah bin Ali bin Ahmad dan filsuf Yunani Kuno seperti Plato, Aristoteles, Pythagoras, dan Zenon dari Kition.[23][24][25][26] Penganutnya menyebut dirinya sebagai "Monoteis" atau "Unitarian" (al-Muwaḥḥidūn).[27]

Kitab sucinya adalah Rasail al-Hikmah, menjadi sumber hukum dasar agama Druze.[28] Druze berasal dari gabungan agama Syiah Ismailiyah,[29] Kekristenan,[30][31] Gnostisisme, Neoplatonisme,[30][31] Zoroastrianisme,[32][33] Buddha,[34][35] Hindu, Pythagoreanisme,[36][37] dan filsafat dan keyakinan lainnya, sehingga menciptakan teologi yang berbeda dan rahasia berdasarkan interpretasi esoterik kitab suci, yang menekankan peran pikiran dan kebenaran.[27][37] Penganut Druze meyakini teofani dan reinkarnasi.[38] Druze meyakini bahwa pada akhir siklus kelahiran kembali, yang dicapai melalui reinkarnasi, jiwa akan bersatu dengan pemikiran kosmis (al-ʻaql al-kullī).[39]

Penganut Druze memiliki pujian istimewa kepada nabi dalam Al-Qur'an, Syuaib, yang mereka yakini sebagai orang yang sama dengan Yitro dalam Alkitab.[40] Druze meyakini bahwa Adam, Nuh, Abraham, Musa, Yesus, Muhammad, dan Ismail bin Ja'far merupakan nabi.[41] Tradisi Druze juga menghormati Salman al-Farisi,[42] Khidr (yang mereka yakini sebagai Elia, lahir kembali sebagai Yohanes Pembaptis dan Santo Georgius),[43] Ayub, Lukas sang Penginjil, dan lain-lainnya sebagai "pengajar" dan "nabi".[44]

Druze melarang orang asing masuk agamanya. Pernikahan beda agama sangat jarang dan sangat dipertanyakan. Kebanyakan praktik ibadahnya juga rahasia.[45]

Video clips from the archive of Israel Channel 2 Israeli News Company showing Israeli Druze men in traditional clothing. The flags shown are Druze flags.

Penganut Druze bukanlah seorang Muslim, meski berkembang dari agama Syiah Ismailiyah.[46][47] Keyakinan Druze menjadi salah satu kelompok religius terbesar di Syam, dengan populasi antara 800.000 hingga 1 juta pengikut. Banyak dijumpai di Lebanon, Suriah, dan Israel, dengan komunitas kecil di Yordania. Mereka mencakup 5,5% populasi Lebanon, 3% populasi Suriah, dan 1,6% populasi Israel. Populasi Druze terbanyak sekaligus tertua ada di Gunung Lebanon dan di selatan Suriah di sekitar Jabal ad-Duruz ("Gunung Druze").[48]

Masyarakat agama Druze memainkan peran yang sangat penting dalam membentuk sejarah Syam, karena turut memainkan peran politik yang signifikan.[49] Sebagai minoritas, mereka sering mengalami persekusi oleh berbagai rezim Muslim, termasuk ekstremisme Islam kontemporer..[50][51][52]

Lokasi

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Kaum Druze kebanyakan tinggal di Lebanon, meskipun ada pula komunitas yang kecil di Israel, Suriah, dan Yordania.

Komunitas-komunitas besar yang terdiri dari kaum ekspatriat terdapat di Amerika Serikat, Kanada, Amerika Latin, Afrika Barat, Australia dan Eropa. Mereka menggunakan bahasa Arab dan mengikuti pola sosial yang sangat mirip dengan orang-orang Arab lainnya dari wilayah itu. Kebanyakan Druze menganggap diri mereka Arab.[53]

Diperkirakan ada sekitar 2,3 juta Druze di seluruh dunia, dan kebanyakan daripadanya berada di Levant atau Mediterania Timur.[54] Namun, sejumlah orang memperkirakan keseluruhan populasi Druze hanyalah sekitar 450.000 orang saja.[55]

Sejarah kaum Druze

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Seorang perempuan Druze di Istanbul pada masa Kekaisaran Ottoman.

Agama ini berkembang dari Syi'ah Ismailiyah, sebuah gerakan filsafat yang didasarkan pada Bani Fatimiyah, pada abad ke-10. Agama ini tidak berusaha mengubah Islam arus utama melainkan menciptakan suatu agama yang sama sekali baru, yang dipegnaruhi antara lain oleh filsafat Yunani, Gnostisisme dan Kekristenan.

Ada dua pelaku utama pada tahun-tahun permulaannya: Penguasa Fātimiyah yang saleh Tariqu l-Ḥakīm (985–1021)--juga dikenal sebagai Al-hakim atau al-Ḥakīm bi-ˤAmru l-Lāh ("Pemimpin di dalam Nama Allah")--adalah seorang kalifah Ismaili dari Mesir yang dipercayai oleh sebagian orang sebagai benar-benar penjelmaan Allah. Imigran Persia Hamza ibn ˤAlī ibn Aḥmad adalah arsitek utama gerakan ini. Imām Ḥamza inilah yang pertama-tama secara terbuka mengumumkan bahwa Ḥakīm lebih daripada seorang manusia biasa.


Lihat pula

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Pranala luar

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Referensi

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  1. ^ Carl Skutsch (7 November 2013). Skutsch, Carl, ed. Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities. Routledge. hlm. 410. ISBN 978-1-135-19388-1. Total Population: 800,000 
  2. ^ Robert Brenton Betts (1 January 1990). The Druze (edisi ke-illustrated, reprint, revised). Yale University Press. hlm. 55. ISBN 978-0-300-04810-0. The total population of Druze throughout the world probably approaches one million. 
  3. ^ Donna Marsh (11 May 2015). Doing Business in the Middle East: A cultural and practical guide for all Business Professionals (edisi ke-revised). Hachette UK. ISBN 978-1-4721-3567-4. It is believed there are no more than 1 million Druze worldwide; most live in the Levant. 
  4. ^ Samy Swayd (10 March 2015). Historical Dictionary of the Druzes (edisi ke-2). Rowman & Littlefield. hlm. 3. ISBN 978-1-4422-4617-1. The Druze world population at present is perhaps nearing two million; ... 
  5. ^ Hendrix, Scott; Okeja, Uchenna, ed. (2018). The World's Greatest Religious Leaders: How Religious Figures Helped Shape World History [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. hlm. 11. ISBN 978-1440841385. 
  6. ^ "Syria region map" (PNG). gulf2000.columbia.edu. 
  7. ^ Irshaid, Faisal (19 June 2015). "Syria's Druze under threat as conflict spreads". BBC News. 
  8. ^ Lebanon – International Religious Freedom Report 2008 U.S. Department of State. Retrieved on 2013-06-13.
  9. ^ "The Druze population in Israel – a collection of data on the occasion of the Prophet Shuaib holiday" (PDF). CBS – Israel. Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 2019-04-17. Diakses tanggal 2019-05-08. 
  10. ^ "Tariq Alaiseme [reportedly to be] vice-president of Venezuela" (dalam bahasa Arab). Aamama. 2013. : Referring governor Tareck El Aissami.
  11. ^ "Sending relief--and a message of inclusion and love—to our Druze sisters and brothers". 
  12. ^ Druze Traditions, Institute of Druze Studies, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 14 January 2009 
  13. ^ "Sending relief--and a message of inclusion and love—to our Druze sisters and brothers". 
  14. ^ "Dating Druze: The struggle to find love in a dwindling diaspora". www.cbc.ca. Diakses tanggal 1 May 2019. 
  15. ^ International Religious Freedom Report, US State Department, 2005 
  16. ^ "Druze Population of Australia by Place of Usual Residence (2006)". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Diakses tanggal 27 July 2010. 
  17. ^ "Drusentum - Die geheime Religion (2020)". Deutschlandfunk. Diakses tanggal 5 January 2021. 
  18. ^ Berdichevsky, Norman (2004-02-13). Nations, Language and Citizenship. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-2700-0. 
  19. ^ Brockman, Norbert (2011). Encyclopedia of Sacred Places, 2nd Edition [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. hlm. 259. ISBN 9781598846546. 
  20. ^ "Definition of druze". Dictionary.com. 2013-07-18. Diakses tanggal 2019-08-26. 
  21. ^ Chatty, Dawn (2010-03-15). Displacement and Dispossession in the Modern Middle East. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81792-9. 
  22. ^ Simon Harrison (2006). Fracturing Resemblances: Identity and Mimetic Conflict in Melanesia and the West. Berghahn Books. hlm. 121–. ISBN 978-1-57181-680-1. 
  23. ^ Abulafia, Anna Sapir (23 September 2019). "The Abrahamic religions". www.bl.uk. London: British Library. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 12 July 2020. Diakses tanggal 9 March 2021. 
  24. ^ Obeid, Anis (2006). The Druze & Their Faith in Tawhid. Syracuse University Press. hlm. 1. ISBN 978-0-8156-5257-1. 
  25. ^ Léo-Paul Dana (1 January 2010). Entrepreneurship and Religion. Edward Elgar Publishing. hlm. 314. ISBN 978-1-84980-632-9. 
  26. ^ Terri Morrison; Wayne A. Conaway (24 July 2006). Kiss, Bow, Or Shake Hands: The Bestselling Guide to Doing Business in More Than 60 CountriesAkses gratis dibatasi (uji coba), biasanya perlu berlangganan (edisi ke-illustrated). Adams Media. hlm. 259. ISBN 978-1-59337-368-9. 
  27. ^ a b Doniger, Wendy (1999). Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World ReligionsPerlu mendaftar (gratis). Merriam-Webster, Inc. ISBN 978-0-87779-044-0. 
  28. ^ Nejla M. Abu Izzeddin (1993). The Druzes: A New Study of their History, Faith, and Society. Brill. hlm. 108. ISBN 978-90-04-09705-6. 
  29. ^ Daftary, Farhad (2013-12-02). A History of Shi'i Islam. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-0-85773-524-9. 
  30. ^ a b Quilliam, Neil (1999). Syria and the New World Order. Michigan University press. hlm. 42. ISBN 9780863722493. 
  31. ^ a b The New Encyclopaedia BritannicaPerlu mendaftar (gratis). Encyclopaedia Britannica. 1992. hlm. 237. ISBN 9780852295533. Druze religious beliefs developed out of Isma'ill teachings. Various Jewish, Christian, Gnostic, Neoplatonic, and Iranian elements, however, are combined under a doctrine of strict monotheism. 
  32. ^ Philip Khuri Hitti (1928). The Origins of the Druze People and Religion: With Extracts from Their Sacred Writings. Library of Alexandria. hlm. 27–. ISBN 978-1-4655-4662-3. 
  33. ^ Kamāl Sālibī (2005). The Druze: realities & perceptions. Druze Heritage Foundation. hlm. 186 190. ISBN 978-1-904850-06-9. 
  34. ^ Claude Reignier Conder (20 September 2018). Palestine. BoD – Books on Demand. hlm. 80–. ISBN 978-3-7340-3986-7. 
  35. ^ Al-Rāfidān. Kokushikan Daigaku, Iraku Kodai Bunka Kenkyūjo. 1989. hlm. 2–. 
  36. ^ Rosenthal, Donna (2003). The Israelis: Ordinary People in an Extraordinary Land. Simon and Schuster. hlm. 296. ISBN 978-0-684-86972-8. 
  37. ^ a b Kapur, Kamlesh (2010). History of Ancient India. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 978-81-207-4910-8. 
  38. ^ Nisan 2002, hlm. 95.
  39. ^ "Druze". druze.org.au. 2015. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 14 February 2016. 
  40. ^ A Political and Economic Dictionary of the Middle East. Routledge. 2013. ISBN 9781135355616. 
  41. ^ Finegan, Jack (1981). Discovering Israel: An Archeological Guide to the Holy Land (dalam bahasa Inggris). Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-1869-0. 
  42. ^ D Nisan, Mordechai (2015). Minorities in the Middle East: A History of Struggle and Self-Expression, 2d ed. McFarland. hlm. 94. ISBN 9780786451333. 
  43. ^ Swayd, Samy (2015). Historical Dictionary of the Druzes. Rowman & Littlefield. hlm. 77. ISBN 978-1442246171. 
  44. ^ S. Swayd, Samy (2009). The A to Z of the Druzes. Rowman & Littlefield. hlm. 109. ISBN 9780810868366. They also cover the lives and teachings of some biblical personages, such as Job, Jethro, Jesus, John, Luke, and others 
  45. ^ "Druze | History, Religion, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2022-11-13. 
  46. ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama De McLaurin 1979 114
  47. ^ "Druze in Syria". Harvard University. The Druze are an ethnoreligious group concentrated in Syria, Lebanon, and Israel with around one million adherents worldwide. The Druze follow a millenarian offshoot of Isma’ili Shi'ism. Followers emphasize Abrahamic monotheism but consider the religion as separate from Islam. 
  48. ^ Radwan, Chad K. (June 2009). Assessing Druze identity and strategies for preserving Druze heritage in North America (Tesis MA thesis). University of South Florida. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3158&context=etd. 
  49. ^ Zabad, Ibrahim (2017). Middle Eastern Minorities: The Impact of the Arab Spring. Taylor & Francis. hlm. 125. ISBN 9781317096733. Although the Druze are a tiny community, they have played a vital role in the politics of the Levant 
  50. ^ J. Stewart, Dona (2008). The Middle East Today: Political, Geographical and Cultural Perspectives. Routledge. hlm. 33. ISBN 9781135980795. 
  51. ^ Al-Khalidi, Suleiman (11 June 2015). "Calls for aid to Syria's Druze after al Qaeda kills 20". Reuters. 
  52. ^ "Syria: ISIS Imposes 'Sharia' on Idlib's Druze". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 20 May 2015. Diakses tanggal 12 May 2015. 
  53. ^ Walid Jumlat, head of Lebanese Progressive Party. Op-ed: 'The Arabs must unite above all else' (perlu pendaftaran).
  54. ^ [1]
  55. ^ "Salinan arsip". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2019-01-06. Diakses tanggal 2006-08-15. 
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