Orang Manda: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{Infobox religious group |
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'''Sabean Mandean''' atau '''Sabi'in''' adalah agama yang terdapat di Irak dan Iran. Golongan lainnya adalah Sabean Harran yang terdapat di Yordania. Pengikut ini menganggap [[Nabi Yahya]] bin [[Nabi Zakaria]] (Yohanes Pembaptis) sebagai nabi mereka. Agama juga menyembah kepada bulan dan bintang-bintang. |
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| group = Orang Manda <br />{{Script|Mand|ࡌࡀࡍࡃࡀࡉࡉࡀ}}<br />{{nobold|{{lang|ar|الصابئة المندائيون}}}} |
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| image = File:Mandaeans 03.jpg |
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| caption = Orang Manda sedang melakukan peribadatan, Iran |
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| population = {{circa|60.000–100.000<ref name=Bell>{{Cite web|last=Bell|first=Matthew|date=6 October 2016|url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2016-10-06/these-iraqi-immigrants-worship-john-baptist-theyre-not-christians?amp|title = These Iraqi immigrants revere John the Baptist, but they're not Christians|website=The World|access-date=3 November 2021}}</ref><ref name="yaledailynews">{{Cite web|last=Thaler|first=Kai|date=9 March 2007|url=https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2007/03/09/iraqi-minority-group-needs-u-s-attention/|title=Iraqi minority group needs U.S. attention|website=Yale Daily News|access-date=3 November 2021}}</ref><ref name=WMP>{{Cite web|url=http://mandaeanpriests.exeter.ac.uk/the-mandaeans|title=The Mandaeans – Who are the Mandaeans?|website=The Worlds of Mandaean Priests|access-date=5 November 2021}}</ref> |
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}} |
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| region4 = {{flagcountry|Irak}} |
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| pop4 = 3.000{{efn|name=fn1}}–6.000<ref name="Salloum">{{Cite web|title=Iraqi Mandaeans fear extinction|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/08/iraq-minority-mandaen.html|last=Salloum|first=Saad|date=2019-08-29|website=Al-Monitor|language=en|access-date=2020-05-20}}</ref><ref name=MHRG>{{cite web|last1=Farhan|first1=Salam|last2=al Roomi|first2=Layla|last3=Nashi|first3=Suhaib|title=Submission on behalf of the Mandaean Human Rights Group to the Human Rights Committee's Periodic Review of Iraq in October 2015|date=October 2015|url=https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/IPeoples/EMRIP/CulturalHeritage/MandaeanHumanRightsGroup.pdf|website=OHCHR|access-date=15 November 2021}}</ref> |
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| region6 = {{flagcountry|Iran}} |
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| pop6 = 2.500 (2015)<ref name="saving">{{cite web|last=Contrera|first=Russell|url=http://www.hollandsentinel.com/lifestyle/x1558731033/Saving-the-people-killing-the-faith|title=Saving the people, killing the faith – Holland, MI|publisher=The Holland Sentinel|access-date=2011-12-17|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306012853/http://www.hollandsentinel.com/lifestyle/x1558731033/Saving-the-people-killing-the-faith|archive-date=2012-03-06}}</ref><ref name=MHRG/> |
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| region9 = {{flagcountry|Yordania}} |
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| pop9 = 1.400–2.500<ref>{{cite web|last1=Castelier|first1=Sebastian|last2=Dzuilka|first2=Margaux|url=https://www.thenational.ae/world/mena/jordan-s-mandaean-minority-fear-returning-to-post-isis-iraq-1.738337|title=Jordan's Mandaean minority fear returning to post-ISIS Iraq|website=The National|access-date=9 June 2018|date=9 June 2018}}</ref><ref name=":0"/> |
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| region10 = {{flagcountry|Suriah}} |
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| pop10 = 1.000 (2015)<ref name=Sido>{{cite web |last=Sido |first=Kamal |date=7 October 2010 |title=Leader of the world's Mandaeans asks for help |url=http://www.gfbv.de/pressemit.php?id=2425&PHPSESSID=6ed8c693db800049dbfc6c385df5a029#selection-2108.1-2119.45 |website=Gesellschaft für bedrohte Völker |access-date=4 November 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130211055722/http://www.gfbv.de/pressemit.php?id=2425&PHPSESSID=6ed8c693db800049dbfc6c385df5a029#selection-2108.1-2119.45 |archive-date=11 February 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=MHRG/> |
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| region1 = {{flagcountry|Swedia}} |
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| pop1 = [[Orang Manda di Swedia|10.000–20.000]]<ref name=manswe>{{cite web|last1=Larsson|first1=Göran|last2=Sorgenfrei|first2=Simon|last3=Stockman|first3=Max|date=2017|title=Religiösa minoriteter från Mellanöstern|url=https://www.myndighetensst.se/download/18.74c15c6d173d8c1d0b2eb6bd/1607428893836/Nr%207,%20Relig%20minor%20mellano%CC%88st_nr7_A4_KOMPLETT.pdf|website=Myndigheten för stöd till trossamfund|access-date=4 November 2021}}</ref><ref name=Routledge/> |
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| region2 = {{flagcountry|Australia}} |
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| pop2 = [[Manda Australia|8.000–10.000]]<ref>{{cite web|date=26 January 2019|title=The strength within: The role of refugee community organisations in settlement-Case study: Sabean Mandean Association|url=https://www.refugeecouncil.org.au/strength-within/11/|website=Refugee Council of Australia|access-date=8 November 2021}}</ref><ref name=manaus>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-07-21/meet-the-mandaeans-sydneys-followers-of-john-the-baptist/8727720|title=Meet the Mandaeans: Australian followers of John the Baptist celebrate new year|last=Hegarty|first=Siobhan|publisher=ABC|date=21 July 2017|access-date=22 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Hinchey|first=Rebecca|title=Mandaens, a unique culture|url=http://www.startts.org.au/media/Refugee-Transitions/Refugee-Transitions-Issue-19-mandaens-a-unique-culture.pdf|website=NSW Service for the Treatment and Rehabilitation of Torture and Trauma Survivors|access-date=4 November 2021}}</ref> |
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| region5 = {{flagcountry|Belanda}} |
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| pop5 = 4.000<ref name=WMP/> |
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| region7 = {{flagcountry|Britania Raya}} |
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| pop3 = [[Manda Amerika|5.000–7.000]]<ref name="The Boston Globe">{{cite news|last1=MacQuarrie|first1=Brian|title=Embraced by Worcester, Iraq's persecuted Mandaean refugees now seek 'anchor'—their own temple|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2016/08/12/embraced-worcester-iraq-persecuted-mandaean-refugees-now-seek-anchor-their-own-temple/qSTOVM3qTRoD8zSiuIlLTO/story.html|access-date=19 August 2016|work=The Boston Globe |date=13 August 2016}}</ref><ref name="office"/><ref name=sly>{{Cite web|last=Sly|first=Liz|title='This is one of the world's oldest religions, and it is going to die.'|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2008-11-16-0811160073-story.html|access-date=5 November 2021|website=Chicago Tribune|date=16 November 2008|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=mansa>{{cite web|last1=Busch|first1=Matthew|last2=Ross|first2=Robyn|date=18 February 2020|title=Against The Current|url=https://www.texasobserver.org/mandaeans-san-antonio-trump/|website=Texas Observer|access-date=8 November 2021}}</ref><ref name=MHRG/> |
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| region3 = {{flagcountry|Amerika Serikat}} |
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| pop7 = 2.500<ref name=WMP/> |
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| region11 = {{flagcountry|Kanada}} |
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| pop11 = 1.000<ref>{{cite web|last=Fraser|first=Tim|date=31 July 2015|title=Canadians working to rescue Mandaean people on brink of extinction in Iraq|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/canadians-working-to-rescue-mandaean-people-on-brink-of-extinction-in-iraq/article25807210/|website=The Globe and Mail|access-date=4 November 2021}}</ref> |
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| region8 = {{flagcountry|Jerman}} |
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| pop8 = 2.200–3.000<ref>''[http://remid.de/info_zahlen/verschiedene Verschiedene Gemeinschaften / neuere religiöse Bewegungen]'', in: ''Religionswissenschaftlicher Medien- und Informationsdienst|Religionswissenschaftliche Medien- und Informationsdienst e. V. (Abbreviation: REMID)'', Retrieved 9 October 2016</ref><ref name=Routledge>Hanish, Shak (2019). The Mandaeans In Iraq. In {{cite book|last=Rowe|first=Paul S.|title=Routledge Handbook of Minorities in the Middle East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bOF1DwAAQBAJ&q=Routledge+Handbook+of+Minorities+in+the+Middle+East|page=160|year=2019|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317233794|place=London and New York}}</ref> |
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| region13 = {{flagcountry|Denmark}} |
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| pop13 = 650–1.200<ref name=dk>{{cite web|last1=Schou|first1=Kim|last2=Højland|first2=Marie-Louise|date=6 May 2013|title=Hvem er mandæerne?|url=https://www.religion.dk/viden/hvem-er-mand%C3%A6erne|website=Religion.dk(Danish)|access-date=4 November 2021}}</ref><ref name=MHRG/> |
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| region14 = {{flagcountry|Finlandia}} |
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| pop14 = 100 keluarga<ref>{{cite web|last=Koskinen|first=Paula|title=Mandealaiset saivat joukkokasteen Pyhäjärvessä|url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-7355033|website=Yle|date=14 July 2014|access-date=15 November 2021}}</ref> |
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| region12 = {{flagcountry|Selandia Baru}} |
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| pop12 = 1.000<ref name=Routledge/> |
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| region15 = {{flagcountry|Prancis}} |
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| pop15 = 500<ref name=Fr>{{cite web|title=Religion : la Touraine, refuge des Sabéens-Mandéens|url=https://www.lanouvellerepublique.fr/tours/la-touraine-refuge-des-sabeens-mandeens#:~:text=L'Indre%2Det%2DLoire,un%20lieu%20de%20culte%20fixe.&text=Ils%20ne%20sont%20pas%20chr%C3%A9tiens,Mais%20baptistes%20(*).|date=23 April 2019|website=la Nouvelle Republique|access-date=3 December 2021}}</ref> |
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| rels = [[Mandaisme]] |
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| Beliefs = |
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| scrips = [[Ginza Rabba]], [[Qulasta]], [[Injil Yohanes Manda]], [[Haran Gawaita]], dsb. ([[Daftar teks Manda|''lihat lebih banyak'']]) |
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| langs = {{plainlist| |
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*[[Bahasa Manda|Manda]] {{smaller|sebagai bahasa liturgis}} |
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*[[Bahasa Manda Baru|Manda Baru]] |
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*[[Bahasa Arab Mesopotamia|Arab Mesopotamia]] (di [[Irak]], [[Yordania]], [[Suriah]] dan diaspora) |
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*[[Bahasa Persia|Persia]] (di [[Iran]] dan diaspora) |
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*[[Bahasa Swedia|Swedia]], [[Bahasa Inggris|Inggris]] dsb. sebagai bahasa kedua di diaspora.}} |
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}} |
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{{Contains special characters |
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| special = karakter [[Unicode]] tidak umum |
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| fix = Bantuan:Dukungan multibahasa |
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| image = Replacement character.svg |
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| link = Specials (blok Unicode) |
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| alt = <?> |
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| compact = yes |
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}} |
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'''Orang Manda''' ({{lang-ar|المندائيون}} {{transliteration|ar|al-Mandāʾiyyūn}}) adalah sebuah [[kelompok etnoreligius]] yang memeluk agama [[Mandaisme]]. Mereka percata bahwa [[Yohanes Pembaptis]] adalah [[nabi]] terakhir dan yang berkedudukan paling tinggi. Mereka mungkin saja merupakan salah satu kelompok agama paling awal yang mempraktikkan [[baptisme]], serta salah satu pemeluk paling awal [[Gnostisisme]], sebuah sistem kepercayaan yang mana mereka merupakan perwakilan terakhir yang masih ada.<ref name=McGrath>{{Citation|last=McGrath|first=James|title=The First Baptists, The Last Gnostics: The Mandaeans|website=YouTube-A lunchtime talk about the Mandaeans by Dr. James F. McGrath at Butler University|date=23 January 2015|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gvv6I02MNlc |access-date=3 November 2021}}</ref><ref name = BuckleyOrigin/>{{rp|109}} Orang Manda pada awalnya merupakan penutur asli dari [[bahasa Manda]], sebuah [[Rumpun bahasa Aram Timur|bahasa Aram Timur]], sebelum hampir semua dari mereka beralih ke [[bahasa Arab Mesopotamia]] atau [[bahasa Persia]] sebagai bahasa utamanya. |
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Setelah [[Invasi Irak 2003|invasi]] Irak oleh [[Amerika Serikat]] dan [[Pasukan Multi-Nasional – Irak|sekutunya]] pada tahun 2003, komunitas Manda di [[Irak]], yang sebelum perang berjumlah 60.000–70.000 jiwa, jumlahnya turun akibat kebangkitan [[ekstremisme Islam]] dan tidak adanya perlindungan terhadap ekstremisme tersebut, dengan sebagian besar komunitas pindah ke [[Iran]], [[Suriah]] dan [[Yordania]], atau membentuk komunitas diaspora di luar [[Timur Tengah]]. Orang Manda telah [[pindah agama paksa|dipaksa untuk pindah agama]] ke Islam, menjadikan mereka [[Apostasi dalam Islam|keluar dari Islam]] jika mereka kembali ke agama aslinya, sehingga berisiko akan dibunuh. Orang Manda yang mengalami hal tersebut menyuarakan perasaan tidak aman di semua negara Muslim akibat alasan tersebut.<ref name="bbc0307">{{cite web|last=Crawford|first=Angus|title=Iraq's Mandaeans 'face extinction'|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/6412453.stm|date=4 March 2007|website=BBC News|access-date=25 November 2021}}</ref><ref name="Genocide Watch: Mandaeans of Iraq">[http://www.genocidewatch.org/news/IraqGenocideWatchMandaeansofIraq.htm Genocide Watch: Mandaeans of Iraq] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090508083559/http://www.genocidewatch.org/news/IraqGenocideWatchMandaeansofIraq.htm |date=May 8, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Saving the people, killing the faith |url=https://eu.hollandsentinel.com/story/news/2009/08/08/saving-people-killing-faith/45287553007/ |publisher=[[The Holland Sentinel]] |access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref><ref name="DEUTSCH2">{{cite web|last=Deutsch|first=Nathaniel|date=6 October 2007|title=Save the Gnostics|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/06/opinion/06deutsch.html|website=The New York Times|access-date=25 November 2021}}</ref><ref name="yaledailynews2">[http://www.yaledailynews.com/articles/view/20341 Iraqi minority group needs U.S. attention] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025053439/http://www.yaledailynews.com/articles/view/20341|date=2007-10-25}}, Kai Thaler, ''Yale Daily News'', 9 March 2007.</ref> |
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== Rujukan == |
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* {{en}} [http://towerofbabel.com/map/articles/04/06/01/0116257.shtml?tid=274&tid=121 Sabean Mandean] |
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Komunitas Manda di Iran yang tersisa juga telah semakin berkurang akibat [[persekusi]] bermotif agama selama berdekade-dekade. Tidak seperti minoritas agama lainnya semisal [[Kekristenan di Iran|Kristen]], [[Yahudi Iran|Yahudi]] dan [[Zoroastrianisme di Iran|umat Zoroaster]], orang Manda tidaklah mendapat perlindungan dari segala bentuk persekusi, serupa dengan [[Baháʼí di Iran|umat Baháʼí]] di Iran.<ref name="saving" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gechumanrights.org/persecution-of-the-mandaeans-religious-minority-in-iran/|title=Смена юр адреса – Перерегистрация юридического адреса|access-date=October 16, 2020|archive-date=October 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017115456/http://www.gechumanrights.org/persecution-of-the-mandaeans-religious-minority-in-iran/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=al Sheati|first=Ahmed|url=https://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/12/06/181123.html|title=Iran Mandaeans in exile following persecution|date=6 December 2011|website=Al Arabiya|access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref> Per tahun 2007, populasi orang Manda di Irak telah jatuh ke kira-kira 5.000.<ref name="DEUTSCH2"/> Diestimasikan terdapat 60.000–100.000 orang Manda di seluruh dunia.<ref name=sly/> Sekitar 10.000 orang Manda tinggal di [[Manda Australia|Australia]] dan antara 10.000 hingga 20.000 di [[Orang Manda di Swedia|Swedia]], menjadikan kedua negara tersebut negara dengan orang Manda terbanyak.<ref name=Routledge/><ref name=manaus/> Terdapat 2.500 orang Manda di [[Yordania]], merupakan komunitas Manda terbesar di Timur Tengah di luar Irak dan Iran.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Ersan|first=Mohammad|title=Are Iraqi Mandaeans better off in Jordan?|website=Al-Monitor|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2018/02/jordan-iraq-mandaean-refugees-religion.html|access-date=2021-08-13|date=2 February 2018|language=en}}</ref> |
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{{agama-stub}} |
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==Pranala luar== |
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[[Kategori:Agama di Irak]] |
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{{Commons category|Mandaeans}} |
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[[Kategori:Agama di Iran]] |
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* [http://www.mandaeanunion.org/ Mandaean Associations Union] |
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* [http://www.mandaic.org/ Resources of the language of the Mandaeans] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104071635/http://www.mandaic.org/ |date=November 4, 2018 }} |
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* [http://www.gnosis.org/library/mand.htm Mandaean Scriptures and Fragments] |
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* {{citation|author=Mandaean Human Rights Group|title= Mandaean Human Rights Annual Report|year=2008|publisher=AINA|url=http://www.aina.org/reports/mhrar200803.pdf}} |
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[[Category:Tokoh Manda| ]] |
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[[ar:مندائية]] |
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[[Category:Kelompok etnoreligius]] |
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[[arz:صابئه]] |
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[[Category:Suku bangsa di Timur Tengaj]] |
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[[bg:Мандаянизъм]] |
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[[Category:Kelompok etnoreligius di Asia]] |
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[[ca:Mandeisme]] |
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[[Category:Suku bangsa di Iran]] |
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[[cs:Mandejci]] |
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[[Category:Suku bangsa di Irak]] |
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[[de:Mandäer]] |
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[[Category:Penduduk asli di Asia Barat]] |
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[[el:Μανδαίοι]] |
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[[ |
[[Category:Mandaisme| ]] |
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[[Category:Suku bangsa berbahasa Semit]] |
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[[eo:Mandeoj]] |
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[[Category:Suku bangsa kuno di Timur Dekat]] |
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[[es:Mandeísmo]] |
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[[fa:مندائیان]] |
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[[fi:Mandealaisuus]] |
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[[fr:Mandéisme]] |
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[[he:מנדעים]] |
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[[hr:Mandejci]] |
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[[it:Mandei]] |
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[[ja:マンダ教]] |
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[[ko:만다야교]] |
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[[mt:Mandejżmu]] |
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[[nl:Mandaeërs]] |
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[[nn:Mandearar]] |
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[[no:Mandeanisme]] |
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[[pl:Mandaizm]] |
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[[pt:Mandeísmo]] |
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[[ru:Мандеи]] |
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[[simple:Mandaeism]] |
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[[sk:Mandejci]] |
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[[sv:Mandeism]] |
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[[tr:Sâbiîlik]] |
Revisi terkini sejak 20 Agustus 2024 09.59
Total populasi | |
---|---|
ca 60.000–100.000[1][2][3] | |
Wilayah dengan populasi signifikan | |
Swedia | 10.000–20.000[4][5] |
Australia | 8.000–10.000[6][7][8] |
Amerika Serikat | 5.000–7.000[9][10][11][12][13] |
Irak | 3.000[a]–6.000[14][13] |
Belanda | 4.000[3] |
Iran | 2.500 (2015)[15][13] |
Britania Raya | 2.500[3] |
Jerman | 2.200–3.000[16][5] |
Yordania | 1.400–2.500[17][18] |
Suriah | 1.000 (2015)[19][13] |
Kanada | 1.000[20] |
Selandia Baru | 1.000[5] |
Denmark | 650–1.200[21][13] |
Finlandia | 100 keluarga[22] |
Prancis | 500[23] |
Agama | |
Mandaisme | |
Kitab suci | |
Ginza Rabba, Qulasta, Injil Yohanes Manda, Haran Gawaita, dsb. (lihat lebih banyak) | |
Bahasa | |
|
Orang Manda (bahasa Arab: المندائيون al-Mandāʾiyyūn) adalah sebuah kelompok etnoreligius yang memeluk agama Mandaisme. Mereka percata bahwa Yohanes Pembaptis adalah nabi terakhir dan yang berkedudukan paling tinggi. Mereka mungkin saja merupakan salah satu kelompok agama paling awal yang mempraktikkan baptisme, serta salah satu pemeluk paling awal Gnostisisme, sebuah sistem kepercayaan yang mana mereka merupakan perwakilan terakhir yang masih ada.[24][25] Orang Manda pada awalnya merupakan penutur asli dari bahasa Manda, sebuah bahasa Aram Timur, sebelum hampir semua dari mereka beralih ke bahasa Arab Mesopotamia atau bahasa Persia sebagai bahasa utamanya.
Setelah invasi Irak oleh Amerika Serikat dan sekutunya pada tahun 2003, komunitas Manda di Irak, yang sebelum perang berjumlah 60.000–70.000 jiwa, jumlahnya turun akibat kebangkitan ekstremisme Islam dan tidak adanya perlindungan terhadap ekstremisme tersebut, dengan sebagian besar komunitas pindah ke Iran, Suriah dan Yordania, atau membentuk komunitas diaspora di luar Timur Tengah. Orang Manda telah dipaksa untuk pindah agama ke Islam, menjadikan mereka keluar dari Islam jika mereka kembali ke agama aslinya, sehingga berisiko akan dibunuh. Orang Manda yang mengalami hal tersebut menyuarakan perasaan tidak aman di semua negara Muslim akibat alasan tersebut.[26][27][28][29][30]
Komunitas Manda di Iran yang tersisa juga telah semakin berkurang akibat persekusi bermotif agama selama berdekade-dekade. Tidak seperti minoritas agama lainnya semisal Kristen, Yahudi dan umat Zoroaster, orang Manda tidaklah mendapat perlindungan dari segala bentuk persekusi, serupa dengan umat Baháʼí di Iran.[15][31][32] Per tahun 2007, populasi orang Manda di Irak telah jatuh ke kira-kira 5.000.[29] Diestimasikan terdapat 60.000–100.000 orang Manda di seluruh dunia.[11] Sekitar 10.000 orang Manda tinggal di Australia dan antara 10.000 hingga 20.000 di Swedia, menjadikan kedua negara tersebut negara dengan orang Manda terbanyak.[5][7] Terdapat 2.500 orang Manda di Yordania, merupakan komunitas Manda terbesar di Timur Tengah di luar Irak dan Iran.[18]
Pranala luar
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Mandaean Associations Union
- Resources of the language of the Mandaeans Diarsipkan November 4, 2018, di Wayback Machine.
- Mandaean Scriptures and Fragments
- Mandaean Human Rights Group (2008), Mandaean Human Rights Annual Report (PDF), AINA
- ^ Bell, Matthew (6 October 2016). "These Iraqi immigrants revere John the Baptist, but they're not Christians". The World. Diakses tanggal 3 November 2021.
- ^ Thaler, Kai (9 March 2007). "Iraqi minority group needs U.S. attention". Yale Daily News. Diakses tanggal 3 November 2021.
- ^ a b c "The Mandaeans – Who are the Mandaeans?". The Worlds of Mandaean Priests. Diakses tanggal 5 November 2021.
- ^ Larsson, Göran; Sorgenfrei, Simon; Stockman, Max (2017). "Religiösa minoriteter från Mellanöstern" (PDF). Myndigheten för stöd till trossamfund. Diakses tanggal 4 November 2021.
- ^ a b c d Hanish, Shak (2019). The Mandaeans In Iraq. In Rowe, Paul S. (2019). Routledge Handbook of Minorities in the Middle East. London and New York: Routledge. hlm. 160. ISBN 9781317233794.
- ^ "The strength within: The role of refugee community organisations in settlement-Case study: Sabean Mandean Association". Refugee Council of Australia. 26 January 2019. Diakses tanggal 8 November 2021.
- ^ a b Hegarty, Siobhan (21 July 2017). "Meet the Mandaeans: Australian followers of John the Baptist celebrate new year". ABC. Diakses tanggal 22 July 2017.
- ^ Hinchey, Rebecca. "Mandaens, a unique culture" (PDF). NSW Service for the Treatment and Rehabilitation of Torture and Trauma Survivors. Diakses tanggal 4 November 2021.
- ^ MacQuarrie, Brian (13 August 2016). "Embraced by Worcester, Iraq's persecuted Mandaean refugees now seek 'anchor'—their own temple". The Boston Globe. Diakses tanggal 19 August 2016.
- ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag
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tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernamaoffice
- ^ a b Sly, Liz (16 November 2008). "'This is one of the world's oldest religions, and it is going to die.'". Chicago Tribune (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 5 November 2021.
- ^ Busch, Matthew; Ross, Robyn (18 February 2020). "Against The Current". Texas Observer. Diakses tanggal 8 November 2021.
- ^ a b c d e Farhan, Salam; al Roomi, Layla; Nashi, Suhaib (October 2015). "Submission on behalf of the Mandaean Human Rights Group to the Human Rights Committee's Periodic Review of Iraq in October 2015" (PDF). OHCHR. Diakses tanggal 15 November 2021.
- ^ Salloum, Saad (2019-08-29). "Iraqi Mandaeans fear extinction". Al-Monitor (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2020-05-20.
- ^ a b Contrera, Russell. "Saving the people, killing the faith – Holland, MI". The Holland Sentinel. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-03-06. Diakses tanggal 2011-12-17.
- ^ Verschiedene Gemeinschaften / neuere religiöse Bewegungen, in: Religionswissenschaftlicher Medien- und Informationsdienst|Religionswissenschaftliche Medien- und Informationsdienst e. V. (Abbreviation: REMID), Retrieved 9 October 2016
- ^ Castelier, Sebastian; Dzuilka, Margaux (9 June 2018). "Jordan's Mandaean minority fear returning to post-ISIS Iraq". The National. Diakses tanggal 9 June 2018.
- ^ a b Ersan, Mohammad (2 February 2018). "Are Iraqi Mandaeans better off in Jordan?". Al-Monitor (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2021-08-13.
- ^ Sido, Kamal (7 October 2010). "Leader of the world's Mandaeans asks for help". Gesellschaft für bedrohte Völker. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 11 February 2013. Diakses tanggal 4 November 2021.
- ^ Fraser, Tim (31 July 2015). "Canadians working to rescue Mandaean people on brink of extinction in Iraq". The Globe and Mail. Diakses tanggal 4 November 2021.
- ^ Schou, Kim; Højland, Marie-Louise (6 May 2013). "Hvem er mandæerne?". Religion.dk(Danish). Diakses tanggal 4 November 2021.
- ^ Koskinen, Paula (14 July 2014). "Mandealaiset saivat joukkokasteen Pyhäjärvessä". Yle. Diakses tanggal 15 November 2021.
- ^ "Religion : la Touraine, refuge des Sabéens-Mandéens". la Nouvelle Republique. 23 April 2019. Diakses tanggal 3 December 2021.
- ^ McGrath, James (23 January 2015), "The First Baptists, The Last Gnostics: The Mandaeans", YouTube-A lunchtime talk about the Mandaeans by Dr. James F. McGrath at Butler University, diakses tanggal 3 November 2021
- ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag
<ref>
tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernamaBuckleyOrigin
- ^ Crawford, Angus (4 March 2007). "Iraq's Mandaeans 'face extinction'". BBC News. Diakses tanggal 25 November 2021.
- ^ Genocide Watch: Mandaeans of Iraq Diarsipkan May 8, 2009, di Wayback Machine.
- ^ "Saving the people, killing the faith". The Holland Sentinel. Diakses tanggal 22 December 2022.
- ^ a b Deutsch, Nathaniel (6 October 2007). "Save the Gnostics". The New York Times. Diakses tanggal 25 November 2021.
- ^ Iraqi minority group needs U.S. attention Diarsipkan 2007-10-25 di Wayback Machine., Kai Thaler, Yale Daily News, 9 March 2007.
- ^ "Смена юр адреса – Перерегистрация юридического адреса". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal October 17, 2020. Diakses tanggal October 16, 2020.
- ^ al Sheati, Ahmed (6 December 2011). "Iran Mandaeans in exile following persecution". Al Arabiya. Diakses tanggal 11 November 2021.
Kesalahan pengutipan: Ditemukan tag <ref>
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