Teror Merah: Perbedaan antara revisi

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Revisi terkini sejak 29 Agustus 2024 01.51

Teror Merah adalah sebuah kampanye pembunuhan massal, penyiksaan, dan operasi sistematis yang dilakukan oleh Bolshevik setelah permulaan Perang Saudara Rusia pada 1918. Historiografi Soviet mendeskripsikan Teror Merah secara resmi diumumkan pada September 1918 oleh Yakov Sverdlov dan berakhir sekitar Oktober 1918. Namun, istilah tersebut kemudian ditujukan kepada represi politik pada seluruh masa Perang Saudara (1918–1922).^[1]^[2] Cheka (polisi rahasia Bolshevik)^[3] melakukan represi massal.^[4] Perkiraan jumlah orang yang tewas pada masa Teror Merah berkisar dari 10,000^[5] sampai lebih dari satu setengah juta orang.^[6]

Catatan

^ Melgunov, Sergei Petrovich (1924). The Red Terror in Russia. Hyperion Pr (dipublikasikan tanggal 1975). ISBN 0-88355-187-X. See also: The Record of the Red Terror Diarsipkan 2018-12-21 di Wayback Machine.
^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama Black
^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama Radzinsky
^ Suvorov, Viktor, Inside Soviet Military Intelligence, New York: Macmillan (1984)
^ Ryan, James (2012). Lenin's Terror: The Ideological Origins of Early Soviet State Violence. London: Routledge. p. 114. ISBN 978-1138815681.
^ Szaszdi, Lajos (2008). Russian civil-military relations and the origins of the second Chechen war. University Press of America. hlm. 152. ISBN 9780761841784.

Referensi dan bacaan tambahan

Nicolas Werth, Karel Bartosek, Jean-Louis Panne, Jean-Louis Margolin, Andrzej Paczkowski, Stephane Courtois, Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression, Harvard University Press, 1999, hardcover, 858 pages, ISBN 0-674-07608-7. Chapter 4: The Red Terror
George Leggett, The Cheka: Lenin's Political Police. Oxford University Press, 1987, ISBN 0-19-822862-7
Melgounov, Sergey Petrovich (1925) The Red Terror in Russia. London & Toronto: J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd
Ryan, James (2012). Lenin's Terror: The Ideological Origins of Early Soviet State Violence. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1138815681.

Pranala luar

Terrorism or Communism book by Leon Trotsky on the use of Red Terror.
Down with the Death Penalty! by Yuliy Osipovich Martov, June/July 1918
The Record of the Red Terror Diarsipkan 2018-12-21 di Wayback Machine. by Sergei Melgunov
More 'red terror' remains found in Russia UPI, 19 Juli 2010.

Templat:Topik Uni Soviet

[Melgunov-1] Melgunov, Sergei Petrovich (1924). The Red Terror in Russia. Hyperion Pr (dipublikasikan tanggal 1975). ISBN 0-88355-187-X. See also: The Record of the Red Terror Diarsipkan 2018-12-21 di Wayback Machine.

[Black-2] Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama Black

[Radzinsky-3] Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama Radzinsky

[Suvorov,_Viktor_1984-4] Suvorov, Viktor, Inside Soviet Military Intelligence, New York: Macmillan (1984)

[5] Ryan, James (2012). Lenin's Terror: The Ideological Origins of Early Soviet State Violence. London: Routledge. p. 114. ISBN 978-1138815681.

[szaszdi-6] Szaszdi, Lajos (2008). Russian civil-military relations and the origins of the second Chechen war. University Press of America. hlm. 152. ISBN 9780761841784.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

@@ Baris 1: / Baris 1: @@
-{{about|Teror Merah di Russia}}
+{{about|Teror Merah di Rusia}}
 {{distinguish|Ketakutan Merah}}
+{{periksaterjemahan|en|Red Terror}}
-{{Represi di Uni Soviet}}
+[[Berkas:19180902-red_terror-banner.jpg|jmpl|al=Sekelompok massa berada didepan sebuah bangunan membawa spanduk yang berisi:  "Kematian bagi kaum borjuis. Hiduplah Teror Merah."|Terjemahan spanduk: "Kematian bagi kaum borjuis. Hiduplah Teror Merah."]]
-'''Teror Merah''' adalah sebuah kampanye [[pembunuhan massal di bawah rezim komunis|pembunuhan massal]], penyiksaan, dan opresi sistematis yang dilakukan oleh [[Bolshevik]] setelah permulaan [[Perang Saudara Rusia]] pada 1918. [[Historiografi Soviet]] mendeskripsikan Teror Merah secara resmi diumumkan pada September 1918 oleh [[Yakov Sverdlov]] dan berakhir sekitar Oktober 1918. Namun, istilah tersebut kemudian ditujukan kepada [[represi politik]] pada seluruh masa Perang Saudara (1918–1922).<ref name="Melgunov">{{cite book
+'''Teror Merah''' adalah sebuah kampanye [[pembunuhan massal di bawah rezim komunis|pembunuhan massal]], penyiksaan, dan operasi sistematis yang dilakukan oleh [[Bolshevik]] setelah permulaan [[Perang Saudara Rusia]] pada 1918. [[Historiografi Soviet]] mendeskripsikan Teror Merah secara resmi diumumkan pada September 1918 oleh [[Yakov Sverdlov]] dan berakhir sekitar Oktober 1918. Namun, istilah tersebut kemudian ditujukan kepada [[represi politik]] pada seluruh masa Perang Saudara (1918–1922).<ref name="Melgunov">{{cite book
 | last1                 = Melgunov
 | first1                = Sergei Petrovich
@@ Baris 12: / Baris 13: @@
 | isbn                  = 0-88355-187-X
 }}
-See also: [http://www.paulbogdanor.com/left/soviet/redterror.pdf The Record of the Red Terror]
+See also: [http://www.paulbogdanor.com/left/soviet/redterror.pdf The Record of the Red Terror] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221170529/http://www.paulbogdanor.com/left/soviet/redterror.pdf |date=2018-12-21 }}</ref><ref name="Black" />
+[[Cheka]] ([[polisi rahasia]] Bolshevik)<ref name="Radzinsky" /> melakukan represi massal.<ref name="Suvorov, Viktor 1984">Suvorov, Viktor, ''Inside Soviet Military Intelligence'', New York: Macmillan (1984)</ref> Perkiraan jumlah orang yang tewas pada masa Teror Merah berkisar dari 10,000<!-- and 15,000, --><ref>Ryan, James (2012). ''Lenin's Terror: The Ideological Origins of Early Soviet State Violence.'' London: [[Routledge]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=XJ6LAgAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA114#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 114]. ISBN 978-1138815681.</ref><!-- to 50,000< ref >Mastering Twentieth Century Russian History, Norman Lowe</ref><ref name="anatomy">The Anatomy of Revolution Revisited: A Comparative Analysis of England, France, and Russia. Bailey Stone. Cambridge University Press, 25/11/2013. p. 335< / ref >  to 140,000< ref name="anatomy" / >< ref >"The Russian Revolution", Richard Pipes, Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 13/7/2011, p. 838< / ref> --> sampai lebih dari satu setengah juta orang.<ref name="szaszdi">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZuXf0-HU4QMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Russian+civil-military+relations+and+the+origins+of+the+second+Chechen+war&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAGoVChMIz6HUuMG4xwIVgRKSCh3QawgD#v=onepage&q=Russian%20civil-military%20relations%20and%20the%20origins%20of%20the%20second%20Chechen%20war&f=false | title=Russian civil-military relations and the origins of the second Chechen war | publisher=University Press of America | author=Szaszdi, Lajos | year=2008 | pages=152 | isbn=9780761841784}}</ref>
-</ref><ref name="Black" />
-[[Cheka]] ([[polisi rahasia]] Bolshevik)<ref name="Radzinsky" /> melakukan represi massal.<ref name="Suvorov, Viktor 1984">Suvorov, Viktor, ''Inside Soviet Military Intelligence'', New York: Macmillan (1984)</ref>  Perkiraan jumlah orang yang tewas pada masa Teror Merah berkisar dari 10,000<!-- and 15,000, --><ref>Ryan, James (2012). ''Lenin's Terror: The Ideological Origins of Early Soviet State Violence.'' London: [[Routledge]].  [https://books.google.com/books?id=XJ6LAgAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA114#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 114]. ISBN 978-1138815681.</ref><!-- to 50,000< ref >Mastering Twentieth Century Russian History, Norman Lowe</ref><ref name="anatomy">The Anatomy of Revolution Revisited: A Comparative Analysis of England, France, and Russia. Bailey Stone. Cambridge University Press, 25/11/2013. p. 335< / ref >  to 140,000< ref name="anatomy" / >< ref >"The Russian Revolution", Richard Pipes, Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 13/7/2011, p. 838< / ref> --> sampai lebih dari satu setengah juga orang.<ref name="szaszdi">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZuXf0-HU4QMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Russian+civil-military+relations+and+the+origins+of+the+second+Chechen+war&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAGoVChMIz6HUuMG4xwIVgRKSCh3QawgD#v=onepage&q=Russian%20civil-military%20relations%20and%20the%20origins%20of%20the%20second%20Chechen%20war&f=false | title=Russian civil-military relations and the origins of the second Chechen war | publisher=University Press of America | author=Szaszdi, Lajos | year=2008 | pages=152 | isbn=9780761841784}}</ref>
 == Catatan ==
@@ Baris 23: / Baris 23: @@
 * George Leggett, ''The Cheka: Lenin's Political Police.'' [[Oxford University Press]], 1987, ISBN 0-19-822862-7
 * [[Sergei Melgunov|Melgounov, Sergey Petrovich]] (1925) ''The Red Terror in Russia.'' London & Toronto: J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd
-*{{Cite book |last = Ryan | first = James | title = Lenin's Terror: The Ideological Origins of Early Soviet State Violence | publisher = [[Routledge]] | location = London | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-1138815681 | url= https://www.routledge.com/products/9781138815681 | ref=harv }}
+* {{Cite book |last = Ryan | first = James | title = Lenin's Terror: The Ideological Origins of Early Soviet State Violence | publisher = [[Routledge]] | location = London | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-1138815681 | url= https://www.routledge.com/products/9781138815681 | ref=harv }}
-==Pranala luar==
+== Pranala luar ==
-*[http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1920/terrcomm/index.htm Terrorism or Communism] book by [[Leon Trotsky]] on the use of Red Terror.
+* [http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1920/terrcomm/index.htm Terrorism or Communism] book by [[Leon Trotsky]] on the use of Red Terror.
-*[http://www.marxists.org/archive/martov/1918/07/death-penalty.htm Down with the Death Penalty!] by [[Julius Martov|Yuliy Osipovich Martov]], June/July 1918
+* [http://www.marxists.org/archive/martov/1918/07/death-penalty.htm Down with the Death Penalty!] by [[Julius Martov|Yuliy Osipovich Martov]], June/July 1918
-*[http://www.paulbogdanor.com/left/soviet/redterror.pdf The Record of the Red Terror] by [[Sergei Melgunov]]
+* [http://www.paulbogdanor.com/left/soviet/redterror.pdf The Record of the Red Terror] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221170529/http://www.paulbogdanor.com/left/soviet/redterror.pdf |date=2018-12-21 }} by [[Sergei Melgunov]]
-*[http://www.upi.com/Top_News/International/2010/07/19/More-red-terror-remains-found-in-Russia/UPI-26891279556579/ More 'red terror' remains found in Russia] [[UPI]], 19 Juli 2010.
+* [http://www.upi.com/Top_News/International/2010/07/19/More-red-terror-remains-found-in-Russia/UPI-26891279556579/ More 'red terror' remains found in Russia] [[UPI]], 19 Juli 2010.
 {{Topik Uni Soviet}}