Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza: Perbedaan antara revisi

Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza
Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza;
	Cavalli-Sforza, Oktober 2010
Lahir	25 Januari 1922; Genova, Italia
Meninggal	31 Agustus 2018 (umur 96); Belluno, Italia
Penghargaan	Weldon Memorial Prize (1978)
	Karier ilmiah
Bidang	Genetika

Jelajahi riwayat secara interaktif

← Revisi sebelumnya

Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan

VisualTeks wiki

Sebaris

Revisi terkini sejak 1 Desember 2022 15.19

Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza (25 Januari 1922 – 31 Agustus 2018) adalah seorang pakar genetika populasi asal Italia dan mantan dosen di Stanford University.

Karya[sunting | sunting sumber]

Buku[sunting | sunting sumber]

Cavalli-Sforza telah mengumpulkan karyanya untuk orang awam dalam 5 polok yang diliputi dalam Genes, Peoples, and Languages.^[1] Menurut sebuah artikl yang diterbitkan di The Economist, karya Cavalli-Sforza "mempertanyakan asumpsi bahwa ada perbedaan genetik yang berarti antara ras manusia, dan memang, mempertanyakan paham bahwa paham 'ras' memiliki arti biologis apa pun yang berarti". Buku tersebut menggambarkan, baik masalah menyususn suatu "silsilah" umum untuk keseluruhan ras manusia, maupun beberapa mekanisme dan metode analisis data untuk mengurangi masalah tersebut. Dengan demikian, buku ini membangun asumsi yang menakjubkan tentang 150 000 tahun terakhir ekspansi manusia, migrasi, dan munculnya keaneka ragaman manusia.^[2]

Mengenai paham "ras manusia"[sunting | sunting sumber]

Pandangan Cavalli-Sforza telah berubah sejalan dengan waktu:

“

(1977) Perbedaan yang ada antara kelompok ras besar adalah sedemikian rupa sehingga para ras dapat disebut subspesies seandainya kita menerima untuk manusia kriteria yang diusulkan Mayr (1963) untuk zoologi sistematis.^[3]

”

“

(1994) Klasifikasi dalam ras telah dibuktikan suatu usaha yang sia-sia karena alasan yang sudah jelas bagi Darwin.^[4]

”

Referensi[sunting | sunting sumber]

^ Luigi Cavalli-Sforza, Genes, Peoples, and Languages, tr. Mark Seielstad, North Point Press (2000) ISBN 0-86547-529-6
^ Geoffrey Carr, "Survey: The proper study of mankind", The Economist Vol. 356, no. 8177, pg. 11. (1 July 2000)
^ Cavalli-Sforza, L.L. and W.F. Bodmer. (1977). The Genetics of Human Populations, San Francisco: W.H. Freeman and Co
^ Cavalli-Sforza, Menozzi, & Piazza, 1994, p. 19

Artikel bertopik biografi Italia ini adalah sebuah rintisan. Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.

[1] Luigi Cavalli-Sforza, Genes, Peoples, and Languages, tr. Mark Seielstad, North Point Press (2000) ISBN 0-86547-529-6

[2] Geoffrey Carr, "Survey: The proper study of mankind", The Economist Vol. 356, no. 8177, pg. 11. (1 July 2000)

[3] Cavalli-Sforza, L.L. and W.F. Bodmer. (1977). The Genetics of Human Populations, San Francisco: W.H. Freeman and Co

[4] Cavalli-Sforza, Menozzi, & Piazza, 1994, p. 19

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

@@ Baris 1: / Baris 1: @@
+{{Infobox scientist
-[[File:Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza - Capo di Ponte (Foto Luca Giarelli).jpg|thumb|Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza]]
+| name = Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza
-'''Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza''' (lahir 25 Januari 1922) adalah seorang pakar [[genetika]] [[populasi]] asal [[Itali]] yang lahir di [[Genova]] dan menjadi dosen [[Stanford University]] sejak 1970 (sekarang ''[[emeritus]]'').
+| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|ForMemRS}}
+| image = Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza - Capo di Ponte (Foto Luca Giarelli).jpg
+| caption = Cavalli-Sforza, Oktober 2010
+| birth_date = {{Birth date|1922|1|25|df=y}}
+| birth_place = [[Genova]], [[Kerajaan Italia (1861–1946)|Italia]]
+| death_date = {{Death date and age|2018|8|31|1922|1|25|df=y}}
+| death_place = [[Belluno]], [[Italia]]
+| field = [[Genetika]]
+| awards = [[Weldon Memorial Prize]] {{small|(1978)}}
+}}
+'''Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza''' ({{lahirmati|[[Genova]], [[Kerajaan Italia (1861–1946)|Italia]]|25|1|1922|[[Belluno]], [[Italia]]|31|8|2018}}) adalah seorang pakar [[genetika]] [[penduduk|populasi]] asal [[Italia]] dan mantan dosen di [[Universitas Stanford|Stanford University]].
-==Karya==
+== Karya ==
-===Buku===
+=== Buku ===
-Cavalli-Sforza telah mengumpulkan karyanya untuk orang awam dalam 5 polok yang diliputi dalam ''Genes, Peoples, and Languages''.<ref>Luigi Cavalli-Sforza, ''Genes, Peoples, and Languages,'' tr. Mark Seielstad, North Point Press (2000) ISBN 0865475296</ref>  Menurut sebuah artikl yang diterbitkan di ''[[The Economist]]'', karya Cavalli-Sforza "mempertanyakan asumpsi bahwa ada perbedaan genetik yang berarti antara [[ras manusia]], dan memang, mempertanyakan paham bahwa paham 'ras' memiliki arti biologis apa pun yang berarti". Buku tersebut menggambarkan, baik masalah menyususn suatu "silsilah" umum untuk keseluruhan [[manusia|ras manusia]], maupun beberapa mekanisme dan metode analisis data untuk mengurangi masalah tersebut. Dengan demikian, buku ini membangun asumsi yang menakjubkan tentang 150 000 tahun terakhir ekspansi manusia, migrasi, dan munculnya keaneka ragaman manusia. <ref>Geoffrey Carr, "Survey: The proper study of mankind", ''The Economist'' Vol. 356, no. 8177,  pg. 11. (1 July 2000)</ref>
+Cavalli-Sforza telah mengumpulkan karyanya untuk orang awam dalam 5 polok yang diliputi dalam ''Genes, Peoples, and Languages''.<ref>Luigi Cavalli-Sforza, ''Genes, Peoples, and Languages,'' tr. Mark Seielstad, North Point Press (2000) ISBN 0-86547-529-6</ref> Menurut sebuah artikl yang diterbitkan di ''[[The Economist]]'', karya Cavalli-Sforza "mempertanyakan asumpsi bahwa ada perbedaan genetik yang berarti antara [[ras manusia]], dan memang, mempertanyakan paham bahwa paham 'ras' memiliki arti biologis apa pun yang berarti". Buku tersebut menggambarkan, baik masalah menyususn suatu "silsilah" umum untuk keseluruhan [[manusia|ras manusia]], maupun beberapa mekanisme dan metode analisis data untuk mengurangi masalah tersebut. Dengan demikian, buku ini membangun asumsi yang menakjubkan tentang 150 000 tahun terakhir ekspansi manusia, migrasi, dan munculnya keaneka ragaman manusia.<ref>Geoffrey Carr, "Survey: The proper study of mankind", ''The Economist'' Vol. 356, no. 8177, pg. 11. (1 July 2000)</ref>
+== Mengenai paham "[[ras manusia]]" ==
-Cavalli-Sforza's ''The History and Geography of Human Genes''<ref>Cavalli-Sforza, L. L., P. Menozzi, A. Piazza. 1994. ''The History and Geography of Human Genes.'' Princeton University Press, Princeton. ISBN 0-691-02905-9</ref> (1994 with Paolo Menozzi and Alberto Piazza) is a standard reference on [[human genetic variation]]. Cavalli-Sforza also wrote ''The Great Human Diasporas: The History of Diversity and Evolution'' (together with his son Francesco).
+Pandangan Cavalli-Sforza telah berubah sejalan dengan waktu:
+{{Cquote|(1977) Perbedaan yang ada antara kelompok ras besar adalah sedemikian rupa sehingga para ras dapat disebut [[upaspesies|subspesies]] seandainya kita menerima untuk manusia kriteria yang diusulkan Mayr (1963) untuk [[zoologi]] sistematis.<ref>Cavalli-Sforza, L.L. and W.F. Bodmer. (1977). ''The Genetics of Human Populations'', San Francisco: W.H. Freeman and Co</ref>}}
-===Schooling and positions===
-Cavalli-Sforza entered [[Ghislieri College]] in Pavia in 1939 and he received his [[Doctor of Medicine|M.D.]] from the [[University of Pavia]] in 1944. After the war he followed studies at [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] with the statistician and evolutionary biologist [[Ronald A. Fisher]] in the area of bacterial genetics. They were followed by years of teaching in northern Italy, in [[Milan]], [[Parma]], and [[Pavia]], and then he moved in 1970 to [[Stanford University|Stanford]], where he has remained.
-In [[1999]] he won the [[Balzan Prize]] for the Science of human origins.  He has been a member of the [[Pontifical Academy of Sciences]] since 1994.
-===Specific contributions===
-Cavalli-Sforza initiated a new field of research by combining the concrete findings of demography with a newly-available analysis of [[blood type|blood groups]] in an actual human population. He also studied the connections between [[Human migration|migration]] patterns and blood groups.
-Writing in the mid-1960s with another genetics student of [[Ronald A. Fisher]], [[A.W.F. Edwards|Anthony W. F. Edwards]],  Cavalli-Sforza pioneered statistical methods for estimating  [[evolutionary tree]]s ([[phylogeny|phylogenies]]); to estimate evolutionary trees, they used [[maximum likelihood]] estimation. Edwards and Cavalli-Sforza wrote about trees of populations within the human species, where genetic differences are affected both by treelike patterns of historical separation of populations and by spread of genes among populations by migration and admixture.  In later papers, Cavalli-Sforza has written about the effects of both divergence and migration on human gene frequencies.
-While Cavalli-Sforza is best known for his work in genetics, he also, in collaboration with [[Marcus Feldman]] and others, initiated the sub-discipline of [[cultural anthropology]] known alternatively as [[coevolution]], [[gene-culture coevolution]], [[cultural transmission theory]] or [[dual inheritance theory]]. The publication ''[[Cultural Transmission and Evolution: A Quantitative Approach]]'' (1981) made use of models from population genetics to investigate the transmission of [[culturally transmitted units]]. This line of inquiry initiated research into the correlation of patterns of genetic and cultural dispersion.
-==Mengenai paham "[[ras manusia]]"==
-Pandangan Cavalli-Sforza telah berubah sejalan dengan waktu :
-{{Cquote|(1977) Perbedaan yang ada antara kelompok ras besar adalah sedemikian rupa sehingga para ras dapat disebut [[subspesies]] seandainya kita menerima untuk manusia kriteria yang diusulkan Mayr (1963) untuk [[zoologi]] sistematis.<ref>Cavalli-Sforza, L.L. and W.F. Bodmer. (1977). ''The Genetics of Human Populations'', San Francisco: W.H. Freeman and Co</ref>}}
 {{Cquote|(1994) Klasifikasi dalam ras telah dibuktikan suatu usaha yang sia-sia karena alasan yang sudah jelas bagi [[Charles Darwin|Darwin]].<ref>Cavalli-Sforza, Menozzi, & Piazza, 1994, p. 19</ref>}}
-==Kritik==
+== Referensi ==
+{{Reflist}}
-His proposed ambitious [[Human Genome Diversity Project]] to gather further genetic data from populations around the world was accused of "cultural insensitivity, [[neocolonialism]], and [[biopiracy]]."<ref>[http://www.stanfordalumni.org/news/magazine/1999/mayjun/articles/cavalli_sforza.html  Mitchell Leslie, "The History of Everyone and Everything", ''Stanford Magazine'']</ref>
+{{Authority control}}
-Linguist [[William Poser]] in [[Language Log]] has criticized some of Cavalli-Sforza's comments about linguistics,<ref>[http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/000209.html  "Irresponsible Punditry", ''Language Log,'' Pennsylvania U. (December 10, 2003)]</ref> in particular the suggestion, echoing controversial linguists [[Merritt Ruhlen]] and [[Joseph Greenberg]], that some mainstream linguists are unnecessarily conservative about hypothesized long-range relationships between language families, and an overstatement that Greenberg's critics "have ruled out the possibility of hierarchical classification", which Cavalli-Sforza did not defend when challenged by Poser, but deferred to Ruhlen. Cavalli-Sforza's interest in hypothesized large-scale language families is as a basis for comparison with similarly large-scale postulated genetic classifications of human populations.
+{{lifetime|1922|2018}}
-==Notes==
-{{reflist}}
+{{DEFAULTSORT:Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca}}
-==See also==
+[[Kategori:Ilmuwan Italia]]
-*[[Dual inheritance theory]]
-*[[Human genetic variation]]
-*[[Human genetic clustering]]
-==Bibliography==
-* [[A.W.F. Edwards|Edwards, A.W.F.]], and L.L. Cavalli-Sforza. 1964. Reconstruction of evolutionary trees. pp.&nbsp;67–76 in ''Phenetic and Phylogenetic Classification'', ed. V. H. Heywood and J. McNeill. Systematics Association pub. no. 6, London.
-* Cavalli-Sforza, L.L. and [[A.W.F. Edwards]]. 1965. Analysis of human evolution. pp.&nbsp;923–933 in ''Genetics Today. Proceedings of the XI International Congress of Genetics, The Hague, The Netherlands, September, 1963'', volume 3, ed. S. J. Geerts, Pergamon Press, Oxford.
-* Cavalli-Sforza, L.L. and [[A.W.F. Edwards]]. 1967. Phylogenetic analysis: models and estimation procedures. ''American Journal of Human Genetics'' 19:233-257.
-* Cavalli-Sforza, L. L. and W. F. Bodmer.  1971. ''The Genetics of Human Populations.''  W. H. Freeman, San Francisco (reprinted 1999 by Dover Publications).
-* Cavalli-Sforza, L. L. and M. Feldman.  1981. ''Cultural Transmission and Evolution.''  Princeton University Press, Princeton.
-* Cavalli-Sforza, L. L., P. Menozzi, A. Piazza. 1994. ''The History and Geography of Human Genes.''  Princeton University Press, Princeton.  ISBN 0-691-02905-9
-* Cavalli-Sforza, L. L. and Francesco Cavalli-Sforza. 1995. ''The Great Human Diasporas: The History of Diversity and Evolution''. Addison-Wesley ISBN 0201407558
-* Cavalli-Sforza, L.L. 2000. ''Genes, Peoples, and Languages.'' North Point Press, New York. ISBN 0-865-47529-6
-* Cavalli Sforza, L. L, ''Il caso e la necessità - Ragioni e limiti della diversità genetica'', 2007, Di Renzo Editore, Roma
-*{{cite book |title=Genes, Culture, and Human Evolution: A Synthesis |last1=Stone |first1=Linda |last2=Lurquin |first2=Paul F. |last3=Cavalli-Sforza |first3=L. Luca |authorlink3=Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza |year=2007 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |location=Malden (MA) |isbn=978-1-4051-5089-7 |laysummary=http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1405150890.html |laydate=6 September 2010 |ref=harv }}
-==Films==
-*2003 - ''Journey of Man''
-== Further reading ==
-* {{Cite book |title=A Genetic and Cultural Odyssey: The Life and Work of L. Luca Cavalli-Sforza |last1=Stone |first1=Linda |last2=Lurquin |first2=Paul F. |year=2005 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-231-13396-8 |laysummary=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1380217/ |laydate=23 October 2010 |ref=harv }}
-==External links==
-*[http://web.archive.org/web/20050306005329/http://www.africagenome.co.za/2003_profiles/luigi_cavalli-sforza.html African Human Genome Initiative]: Brief biography of Cavalli-Sforza from the [[Internet archive]]
-*[http://dannyreviews.com/h/The_Great_Human_Diasporas.html The Great Human Diasporas - The History of Diversity and Evolution]: book review
-*[http://med.stanford.edu/profiles/Luigi_Cavalli-Sforza/ L.L. Cavalli-Sforza's Stanford University homepage profile]
-*[http://web.archive.org/web/20050307134942/http://www.fsbassociates.com/fsg/genespeopleslanguages.htm Genes, Peoples, and Languages]: book review from the [[Internet archive]]
-*[http://www.alanmacfarlane.com/ancestors/cavalli-sforza.htm Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza interview by Federica Crivellaro, 5th December 2006 (film)]
-{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
-| NAME              = Cavalli Sforza, Luigi Luca
-| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
-| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
-| DATE OF BIRTH     = January 25, 1922
-| PLACE OF BIRTH    =
-| DATE OF DEATH     =
-| PLACE OF DEATH    =
-}}
-{{DEFAULTSORT:Cavalli Sforza, Luigi Luca}}
-[[Category:1922 births]]
-[[Category:Living people]]
-[[Category:genetika populasi]]
-[[Category:People from Genoa]]
-[[Category:University of Pavia alumni]]
-[[Category:Stanford University faculty]]
-[[Category:Members of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences]]
-[[Category:Foreign Members of the Royal Society]]
-[[Category:House of Sforza]]
-[[Category:Recent single origin hypothesis]]
-[[Category:Members of the French Academy of Sciences]]
-[[Category:genetika]]
-[[Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences]]
+{{Italia-bio-stub}}
-[[ca:Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza]]
-[[cs:Luigi Cavalli-Sforza]]
-[[de:Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza]]
-[[en:Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza]]
-[[eo:Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza]]
-[[es:Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza]]
-[[fi:Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza]]
-[[fr:Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza]]
-[[hr:Luigi Luca Cavalli Sforza]]
-[[it:Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza]]
-[[ja:ルイジ・ルーカ・カヴァッリ＝スフォルツァ]]
-[[la:Ludovicus Lucas Cavalli-Sforza]]
-[[no:Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza]]
-[[pl:Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza]]
-[[pt:Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza]]
-[[ru:Кавалли-Сфорца, Луиджи Лука]]
-[[sh:Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza]]
-[[sk:Luigi Cavalli-Sforza]]
-[[sv:Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza]]
-[[zh:路易吉·路卡·卡瓦利-斯福扎]]

Pengawasan otoritas
Umum	Integrated Authority File (Jerman) ISNI 1 VIAF 1 WorldCat (via VIAF)
Perpustakaan nasional	Norwegia Spanyol Prancis (data) Catalunya The ICCU id CFIV039434 is not valid. Amerika Serikat Jepang Republik Ceko Australia Korea Belanda Polandia Swedia
Basis data ilmiah	CiNii (Jepang)
Lain-lain	Faceted Application of Subject Terminology RERO (Swiss) 1 Social Networks and Archival Context SUDOC (Prancis) 1 Trove (Australia) 1