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k →‎Pranala luar: Persondata now moved to wikidata, removed: {{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see Wikipedia:Persondata. --> |NAME = Nur-Banu |ALTERNATIVE NAMES = |SHORT DESCRIPTION = Wife of the Ottoman Sultan |DATE OF BIRTH = 1525 |
 
(14 revisi perantara oleh 9 pengguna tidak ditampilkan)
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{{Short description|Valide Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1574 to 1583}}
{{Infobox person
{{family name hatnote|Nurbanu|Sultana|lang=Ottoman Turkish}}
|image =
{{Infobox royalty
|birth_name = Cecilia Vernier-Baffo atau Rachel Olivia de Nasi
| consort = yes
|birth_date = ~ 1525–30
| name = Nurbanu Sultan
|birth_place = [[Paros|Páros]], [[Cyclades|Cyclades Islands]], [[Republic of Venice]]
| image = Nurbanu's burial, Shahanshahnama.jpg
|death_date = 7 Desember 1583 (usia 52–58)
| caption = Prosesi pemakaman Sultan Nurbanu, miniatur Ottoman
|death_place = [[Istanbul]], [[Kekaisaran Utsmaniyah]]
| succession = [[Valide Sultan]] dari [[Kekaisaran Ottoman]]
|death_cause =
| reign = 15 Desember 1574 – 7 Desember 1583
|resting_place = [[Hagia Sophia Mosque]], [[Istanbul]]
| predecessor = [[Ayşe Hafsa Sultan]]
|resting_place_coordinates =
| succession1 = [[Haseki sultan|Haseki Sultan]] dari [[Kekaisaran Ottoman]]<br />{{small|(Permaisuri Kekaisaran)}}
|residence = [[Istanbul]]
| reign1 = 7 September 1566 – 15 December 1574
|ethnicity = [[Italians|Italian]] or [[Hispanic|Spanish]]
| predecessor1 = [[Hürrem Sultan]]
|religion = [[Islam]], previously [[Catholic]] or [[Jewish]]
|known_for = [[Valide Sultan]]
| successor1 = [[Safiye Sultan (istri Murad III)|Safiye Sultan]]
| successor = [[Safiye Sultan (istri Murad III)|Safiye Sultan]]
|spouse = [[Selim II]]
| birth_name = Cecilia Venier-Baffo ''atau'' Rachel ''atau'' Kalē Kartanou
|partner =
| birth_date = {{circa}} 1525–1527
|children = [[Murad III]]<br/>[[Ismihan Sultan]]<br/>[[Şah Sultan (daughter of Selim II)|Şah Sultan]]<br/>[[Fatma Sultan (daughter of Selim II)|Fatma Sultan]]<br/>[[Gevherhan Sultan (daughter of Selim II)|Gevherhan Sultan]]
| birth_place = [[Paros]], [[Kyklades|Kepulauan Kyklades]], atau [[Corfu]], [[Republik Venesia]]?
|parents = Yosef de Nasi and Violanta Baffo
| death_date = {{death date|1583|12|7|df=yes}} (berusia 56–58)
|relatives = [[Joseph Nassi|Joseph de Nasi]]
| death_place = [[Istana Topkapi]], [[Istanbul]], [[Kekaisaran Ottoman]]
| burial_place = [[Masjid Hagia Sophia]], [[Istanbul]]
| full name = {{lang-tr|Nurbanu Sultan}} <br/> {{lang-ota|نوربانو سلطان}}
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Selim II]]|1571|1574|end=died}}
| issue = {{unbulleted list|[[Şah Sultan (putri dari Selim II)|Şah Sultan]]|[[Gevherhan Sultan (putri dari Selim II)|Gevherhan Sultan]]|[[Ismihan Sultan]]|[[Murad III]]|[[Fatma Sultan (putri Selim II)|Fatma Sultan]]|}}
| father =
| mother =
| religion = [[Islam Sunni]], sebelumnya [[Katolik Roma]] atau [[Yahudi]] atau [[Ortodoks Yunani]]
}}
}}
'''Nurbanu Sultan''' ({{lang-ota|نور بانو سلطان}}; "''queen of light''", {{circa}} 1525/1527<ref name=EI/> – 7 December 1583) adalah [[Haseki sultan|Haseki Sultan]] dari [[Kekaisaran Ottoman]] dan istri sah Sultan [[Selim II]] (memerintah 1566–1574), serta [[Valide Sultan]] (ibu Sultana) sebagai ibunda Sultan [[Murad III]] (memerintah 1574–1583). Dia adalah salah satu tokoh paling terkemuka pada masa [[Kesultanan Wanita]]. Teori yang bertentangan menggambarkan dia berasal dari [[Republik Venesia|Venesia]], seorang Yahudi<ref>Stanford J. Shaw, {{Google books |id=Xd422lS6ezgC |page=178 |title=History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey, Volume 1 }}</ref> atau Yunani<ref name="Arbel" />. Nama lahirnya mungkin Cecilia Venier-Baffo,<ref>Godfrey Goodwin, ''The Private World of Ottoman Women'', Saqi Book, {{ISBN|0-86356-745-2}}, {{ISBN|3-631-36808-9}}, 2001. page 128,</ref> Rachel<ref>Valeria Heuberger, Geneviève Humbert, Geneviève Humbert-Knitel, Elisabeth Vyslonzil, ''Cultures in Colors'', page 68. {{ISBN|3-631-36808-9}}, 2001</ref> atau Kalē Kartanou.<ref name=Arbel>Arbel, Benjamin, ''Nur Banu (c. 1530-1583): A Venetian Sultana?'', Turcica, 24 (1992), pp. 241-259.</ref>


== Teori tentang asal usulnya ==
'''Nurbanu Sultan''' (nama lengkap ''Haseki Afife Nûr-Banû Vâlide Sultân Aliyyetü'ş-Şân Hazretleri''; {{lang-ota|نور بانو سلطان}}; {{circa}} 1525 – 7 Desember 1583) adalah istri kesayangan Sultan [[Selim II]] sekaligus Valide Sultan untuk putranya [[Murad III]]. Dia adalah salah satu dari wanita terkuat dalam sejarah Utsmaniyah. Ia dikatakan berasal dari keturunan bangsawan [[:en:Republic of Venice|Venesia]] atau [[Yahudi]] [[Spanyol]].<ref>Stanford J. Shaw, {{Google books |id=Xd422lS6ezgC |page=178 |title=History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey, Volume 1 }}</ref> Nama kelahirannya dikatakan adalah Rachel Olivia de Nasi,<ref>Godfrey Goodwin, ''The Private World of Ottoman Women'', Saqi Book, ISBN 0-86356-745-2, ISBN 3-631-36808-9, 2001. page 128,</ref> atau Cecilia Venier-Baffo,<ref>Valeria Heuberger, Geneviève Humbert, Geneviève Humbert-Knitel, Elisabeth Vyslonzil, ''Cultures in Colors'', page 68. ISBN 3-631-36808-9, 2001</ref>
Ada beberapa teori tentang asal usul etnis Nurbanu.<ref name="valide"/> Meskipun tidak ada teori yang dibuktikan secara pasti, namun teori yang berasal dari Venesia adalah yang paling terkenal dan paling terakreditasi serta menerima konsensus terbesar di kalangan sejarawan.<ref name="Arbel" />
<!--
== Theories about her origin ==
Currently, there exist two living theories about the ethnic roots of Nurbanu:


=== ''Rachel Olivia de Nasi'' ===
=== ''Cecilia Venier-Baffo'' ===
Pada tahun 1900, Emilio Spagni mengklaim bahwa dia adalah seorang bangsawan Venesia, putri Nicolò Venier dan Violante Baffo, diculik di [[Paros]] ketika ditangkap oleh laksamana Ottoman [[Hayreddin Barbarossa]] dalam Perang Ottoman-Venesia Ketiga. Sultana sendiri sering mengatakan bahwa dia adalah keturunan bangsawan Venesia, tetapi tidak pernah menyebutkan nama keluarganya.<ref name=Arbel/> Pendapat bahwa Nurbanu Sultan adalah Cecilia Venier-Baffo diikuti oleh Franz Babinger dalam artikelnya tentang Nurbanu Sultan untuk ''Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/cecilia-baffo_(Dizionario-Biografico)|title=BAFFO, Cecilia in "Dizionario Biografico"|website=www.treccani.it}}</ref>
Yosef (Joseph) de Nasi, Duke of Naxos was the son of Samuel de Nasi, and the grandson of Yosef de Nasi, who was a tax farmer (collector) from [[Spain]]. Samuel de Nasi had a brother also named Yosef de Nasi who moved to Paros in the Greek islands.<ref name ="nur">{{cite book|author=Peter D Matthews|title=Shakespeare Exhumed: The Bassano Chronicles|publisher=Bassano Publishing House|date=13 Jun 2013|pages=|isbn=978-0-987-36526-2|quote=}}</ref> At the time the Greek islands were under Venetian rule until the Muslim invasion of 1537.<ref name ="nur"/> The connections is revealed by the relationship of Rachel Olivia de Nasi who was born in Venice in 1525 to Yosef de Nasi, son of Samuel de Nasi, which places Rachel and [[Joseph Nassi|Joseph de Nasi]] as second cousins, who was in a very close relationship with Nurbanu's husband.<ref name ="nur"/> Rachel was therefore related to [[Gracia Mendes Nasi|Doña Gracia Mendes Nasi]] also known by her Christianised name Beatrice de Luna.<ref name ="nur"/> During the 1537 war on [[Paros|Páros]], the Venetian born Rachel Olivia de Nasi was abducted and taken to the royal [[harem]] of Ottoman Prince [[Selim II]] in [[Istanbul]] and became his favourite wife.<ref name ="nur"/> She was renamed ''"Afife Nurbanu Sultan"''.<ref name ="nur"/> Being Jewish, she gave priorities to the Jewish people of [[Istanbul]] and [[Manisa]].<ref name ="nur"/> The fact remains that Rachel was Nasi, which is proved by relationships.


=== ''Cecilia Vernier-Baffo'' ===
=== ''Kale Kartanou'' ===
Pada tahun 1992, sejarawan Benjamin Arbel mengajukan teori baru, bahwa Nurbanu adalah seorang Yunani dari Corfu bernama Kale Kartanou, putri Nikolas Kartanos, dan bahwa dia diculik dari pulau itu pada tahun 1538.<ref name=Arbel/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Thys-Senocak |first=Lucienne |url= |title=Ottoman Women Builders: The Architectural Patronage of Hadice Turhan Sultan |date=2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-91315-7 |pages=58 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Rossi |first1=Irena Radić |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kzNaEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA139 |title=The Shipwreck at Gnalić: A Mirror to the Renaissance World |last2=Nicolardi |first2=Mariangela |last3=Bondioli |first3=Mauro |last4=Batur |first4=Katarina |date=2021 |publisher=Archaeopress Publishing Ltd |isbn=978-1-80327-151-4 |pages=139 |language=en}}</ref> Menurut teori ini, para senator Venesia secara sewenang-wenang memilih untuk menciptakan identitas baru untuknya sebagai ''Cecilia Venier-Baffo'',<ref name=":0" /> and she adopted it for political and material gains.<ref name="Arbel" /><ref name=":1">Pedani, M.P. (2000). Safiye's Household and Venetian Diplomacy. ''Turcica, 32'', 9-32.</ref> Teori ini telah diterima oleh sejarawan Italia Maria Pia Pidani,<ref name=":1" /> dan sejarawan Turki Emrah Safa Gürkan.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Gürkan |first=Emrah Safa |date=2016 |title=His Bailo's Kapudan: Conversion, Tangled Loyalties and Hasan Veneziano between Istanbul and Venice (1588-1591) |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/oa/issue/47402/588066 |journal=Osmanlı Araştırmaları |language=en |volume=48 |issue=48 |pages=277–319 |doi=10.18589/oa.588066 |issn=0255-0636}}</ref> Menurut sejarawan terakhir, fakta bahwa dia "menjalin hubungan trans-kekaisaran untuk mengambil hati orang-orang Venesia menunjukkan bahwa Ottoman juga menganggap latar belakang bersama sebagai aset diplomatik".<ref name=":2" />
There has been some debate as to whose daughter Rachel Olivia de Nasi was.<ref name ="nur"/> The [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] claimed she was the daughter of [[Nicolò Venier]] whose brother [[Sebastiano Venier]] (1496-1578), who became Doge of Venice between 1577 and 1578.<ref name ="nur"/> While the Turkish Muslims recorded that she was the natural daughter of Venetian Judean named Yosef de Nasi and Violanta Baffo, who ended up marrying Nicolò Venier.<ref name ="nur"/> Other entries confirm that Voilanta Baffo was a mistress to Nicolò Venier, yet Yosef de Nasi is also recorded as the husband of Voilanta Baffo.<ref name ="nur"/> More likely Nasi died, which allowed Baffo to remarry to Nicolò Venier (proven fact from relationships.<ref name ="nur"/>)


=== asal Yahudi ===
Joseph de Nasi, Duke of Naxos, fled Venice to the Ottoman Empire of Prince Selim II and Rachel de Nasi.<ref name ="nur"/> This relationship unequivocally confirms that Rachel was the daughter of Yosef Nasi, brother of Benedetto de Nasi, which directly links the two Nasi families to Joseph de Nasi and [[Gracia Mendes Nasi|Doña Gracia Mendes Nasi]].<ref name ="nur"/>
Sejarawan Turki Ahmet Refik percaya dia adalah keturunan Yahudi bernama Rachel,<ref>Çağatay Uluçay, ''Padişahların Kadınları ve Kızları'' p.68, citing ''Kadınlar Saltanatı'' I p.95</ref> seperti yang dilakukan sejarawan Turki lainnya.<ref name=EI>A.H. de Groot, s.v. in [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] vol.8 p.124</ref>


== Time as consort ==-->
== Masa muda ==
Nurbanu yang dikatakan sebagai orang terkemuka di istana karena kecantikannya dan kecerdasannya yang luar biasa, dikirim ke Manisa sebagai salah satu [[selir]] harem [[Selim II|Şehzade Selim]] pada tahun 1543, dan dia memberinya seorang putra, [[Murad III|Murad]], Sultan Kekaisaran Ottoman berikutnya setelah ayahnya, dan empat putri.<ref name="valide"/>
[[File:Portrait Of Sultan Selim II.jpg|thumb|upright|Suami Nurbanu, Selim II]]
[[File:Tizian 121.jpg|thumb|left|165px|[[Mihrimah Sultan]], saudara ipar perempuan Nurbanu]]
<!--Nurbanu became the most favored consort of [[Ottoman Sultan]] [[Selim II]], who was put on the throne in 1566, and the mother of [[Murad III]]. She had been the head of his princely harem, however, when he became sultan, she was not head of the imperial harem, as that was a position taken by Selim's elder sister, the acting Valide Sultan, [[Mihrimah Sultan]]. Even after Selim began to take other concubines, she persisted as a favorite for her beauty and intelligence. As mother of the heir-apparent, she acted as an advisor to her husband. Although it was far from normal at the time, Selim II would often ask Nurbanu for her advice on various subjects because of his respect for her good judgment. Jacopo Soranzo, Venetian Ambassador reported: {{bq|text= "The Haseki is said to be extremely well loved and honored by His Majesty both for her great beauty and for being unusually intelligent."{{sfn|Peirce|1993|p=[{{google books|id=L6-VRgVzRcUC|page=228|plainurl=yes}} 228]}}}} She was a devoted wife and a very loyal mother as later events would prove. The Ottoman Empire was far from being very stable at the top and clashes over the imperial throne were common. It was also not uncommon for the loser to have his entire family massacred along with him to prevent any future challenge. Nurbanu Sultan was determined, however, that when the time came for her son to succeed his father, nothing would interfere with that.


== Kematian ==
== Valide Sultan and regent ==
[[File:Sultan Murad III.jpg|thumb|upright|Murad III, to whom Nûr-Banû was a [[Valide sultan]] during 1574 - 1583.]]
[[File:Nurbanu's burial, Shahanshahnama.jpg|thumb|upright|Ṣalāt al-Janāzah dan pemakaman Islam Nurbanu Sultan ''(Shahan-Shah-Namah-i Lokhmann)'']]
Prince Murad had been sent to serve as Governor of Manisa on the Aegean coast and was there when Sultan Selim II died in 1574. This would have been the prefect opportunity for someone to seize power with the Sultan dead and his son away from the capital. Nurbanu realized this as much, if not more, than anyone and took quick action. Security and privacy in the harem were the most strict anywhere and no one knew when Selim II had actually died. Nurbanu told no one and hid the dead body of her husband in an icebox and sent to Manisa for her son to come to Constantinople immediately. All the while no one was the wiser that Sultan Selim II had actually departed this life. It was not made known publicly until twelve days later when Murad arrived and Nurbanu delivered up the body of her late husband. Her son became Sultan [[Murad III]] and Nurbanu became [[Valide Sultan]] (effectively “Queen Mother”), the highest position a woman could hold in the Ottoman Empire. However, once again, she was not completely in charge until the death of [[Mihrimah Sultan]], four years after Selim's. When she did though, she became a formidable figure with far-reaching influence.


Nurbanu meninggal di Istanbul pada tanggal 7 Desember 1583, pada masa pemerintahan putranya Murad III.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/death-in-the-topkapi-harem.aspx?PageID=238&NID=37887&NewsCatID=438|title=Death in the Topkapı Harem - TASTE OF THE PAST|website=Hürriyet Daily News {{!}} LEADING NEWS SOURCE FOR TURKEY AND THE REGION|access-date=2017-10-21}}</ref> Dia dimakamkan di sebelah Selim II di [[türbe]] (makam) miliknya di halaman [[Hagia Sophia]], sehingga menjadi istri pertama seorang Sultan yang menerima kehormatan dimakamkan di samping pasangannya.{{sfn|Peirce|1993|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=L6-VRgVzRcUC&pg=PA189 189]}}
=== Foreign politics ===
After Nurbanu became the [[valide sultan]] to her son [[Murad III]], she effectively managed the government together with the [[Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire|Grand Vizier]] [[Sokollu Mehmed Pasha]], who acted as co-regent with the sultan during the [[Sultanate of Women]]. Her intermediary to the world outside the harem was her "kira", [[Esther Handali]]. "Kira" was so popular means of communication with the outside world when Nûr-Banû was the [[Valide Sultan]] that the two women were said to have been lovers. She corresponded with the queen [[Catherine de' Medici]] of [[France]]. Venetian accounts are the most prolific in describing Nurbanu Sultan as a woman who never forgot her Venetian origins.
[[File:Nurbanu's burial, Shahanshahnama.jpg|thumb|upright|Afife Nûr-Bânû [[Valide Sultan]]'s [[Salat al-Janazah|Ṣalāt al-Janāzah]] and her [[Islamic burial]] ''(Shahan-Shah-Namah-i Lokhmann)'']]
During her nine years of regency (1574–1583), her politics were so pro-Venetian that she was hated by the [[Republic of Genoa]]. Some have even suggested that she was poisoned by a [[Republic of Genoa|Genoese]] agent. In any case, she died at the palace in the [[Yenikapı]] [[Quarter (country subdivision)|Quarter]], [[Istanbul]] on 7 December 1583. Moreover, it has been said that Nurbanu was related to [[Safiye Sultan]], who was born Sofia Baffo, married Murad III, and consequently became the next [[valide sultan]] of the [[Ottoman Empire]] when her own son [[Mehmed III]] acceded to the throne. On the other hand, the Ottoman records claim that the [[Republic of Venice]] became highly dependent on the [[Ottoman Empire]] during the regency of Nurbanu because her policies were allegedly extremely pro-Jewish.


Nurbanu Sultan menarik rasa hormat yang besar tidak hanya selama hidupnya tetapi juga setelah kematiannya. Bertentangan dengan norma bahwa sultan tetap berada di istana selama prosesi pemakaman, Murad III menemani jenazah ibunya, berjalan dan menangis, ke masjid Fatih di mana upacara pemakamannya akan dibacakan. Masjid sultan terjauh dari istana kekaisaran, yaitu Masjid Fatih, digunakan untuk upacara pemakaman. Pilihan ini tidak hanya memungkinkan sebanyak mungkin orang untuk memberikan restunya kepada jiwa Sultan Nurbanu tetapi juga mempertahankan apresiasi yang luas atas penghormatan keagamaan yang diberikan kepadanya oleh penduduk ibukota kekaisaran. {{sfn|Düzbakar|2006|p=14}}
=== Charitable establishments and philanthrophy ===
During her nine years of regency, Nurbanu ordered the renowned Ottoman architect [[Mimar Sinan]] to build the [[Atik Valide Mosque]] and its surrounding [[külliye]] at the district of [[Üsküdar]] in [[Istanbul]], where previously a "Jewish bath" was located. The construction of the külliye was completed and put in commission at the end of 1583, just before the demise of Nurbanu on 7 December 1583. She was buried at the [[mausoleum]] of her husband [[Selim II]] located inside the [[Hagia Sophia]] (then a mosque) at [[Sultanahmet, Fatih|Sultanahmet]] in [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]].-->
[[File:Tomb of Sultan Selim II - 06.JPG|left|thumb|[[:en:türbe|Makam]] Nurbanu terletak di sebelah Selim II pada lapangan [[Hagia Sophia]].]]


Sebelum kematian Nurbanu, duta besar Venesia di istana Ottoman, Paolo Contarini pernah menyatakan {{blockquote|"Semua kebaikan dan kejahatan datang dari ibu ratu." {{sfn|Düzbakar|2006|p=14}}}} Ketika Nurbanu meninggal pada bulan Desember 1583, penerus Contarini melaporkan hal berikut:
== Lihat pula ==


{{blockquote|"Kematian wanita ini membuat marah beberapa orang karena kepentingan pribadi mereka, sementara memuaskan orang lain. Otoritas besar yang dia nikmati bersama putranya telah memberikan keuntungan penting bagi banyak orang, sementara sebaliknya telah menghilangkan harapan beberapa orang untuk mewujudkan keinginan mereka. Namun demikian, semua orang mengakui secara umum bahwa dia adalah wanita yang sangat baik, berani dan terpelajar"{{sfn|Düzbakar|2006|p=14}}}}
*[[Kekaisaran Utsmaniyah]]

== Anak ==
Bersama Selim, Nurbanu memiliki seorang putra dan empat putri:

* [[Şah Sultan (putri dari Selim II)|Şah Sultan]] ({{circa}} 1543, Istana Karaman, Karaman – 3 November 1580, Konstantinopel, dimakamkan di Mausoleum Zal Mahmud Paşa, Eyüp), menikah pertama pada tahun 1562 dengan Hassan Aga, menikah kedua pada tahun 1575 dengan Zal Mahmud Pasha.<ref name="tezcan"/>
* [[Gevherhan Sultan (putri dari Selim II)|Gevherhan Sultan]] (1544, Istana Manisa, Manisa – 1624, Konstantinopel, dimakamkan di Mausoleum Selim II, Masjid Hagia Sophia), menikah pertama pada tahun 1562 dengan Piyale Pasha, menikah kedua dengan Cerrah Mehmed Pasha.<ref name="tezcan"/>
* [[Ismihan Sultan]] (1545, Istana Manisa, Manisa – 8 Agustus 1585, Konstantinopel, dimakamkan di Mausoleum Selim II, Masjid Hagia Sophia), menikah pertama pada tahun 1562 dengan Sokollu Mehmed Pasha, menikah kedua pada tahun 1584 dengan Kalaylıkoz Ali Pasha.<ref name="tezcan">{{cite book|first=Baki|last=Tezcan|title=Searching For Osman: A Reassessment Of The Deposition Of Ottoman Sultan Osman II (1618-1622)|publisher=unpublished Ph.D. thesis|year=2001|pages=327 n. 16}}</ref>
* [[Murad III]] (4 Juli 1546, Istana Manisa, Manisa – 16 Januari 1595, Istana Topkapı, Konstantinopel, dimakamkan di Mausoleum Murad III, Hagia Sophia)
* [[Fatma Sultan (putri Selim II)|Fatma Sultan]] ({{circa|1558}}, Istana Konya, Konya – Oktober 1580, Konstantinopel, dimakamkan di Masjid Siyavuş Pasha), menikah pada tahun 1573 dengan Kanijeli Siyavuş Pasha.{{sfn|Uluçay|1985|page=43}}{{sfn|Freely|1999|page=}}

== Dalam sastra dan budaya populer ==
* Versi fiksi tentang kehidupan dan kematian Sultan Nurbanu muncul dalam ''the Venetian Contract'' karya Marina Fiorato, di mana ia digambarkan sebagai keponakan Doge Sebastiano Venier dan ibu dari Freya, yang merupakan protagonis dalam novel tersebut.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goodreads.com/work/best_book/17423687-the-venetian-bargain|title=The Venetian Contract|website=www.goodreads.com}}</ref>
* Nurbanu Sultan adalah tokoh protagonis dalam ''The Mapmaker's Daughter'' karya Katherine Nouri Hughes, yang berbentuk memoar Nurbanu Sultan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goodreads.com/work/best_book/53692264-the-mapmaker-s-daughter-a-novel|title=The Mapmaker's Daughter|website=www.goodreads.com}}</ref>
* Dia diperankan oleh aktris Turki Merve Boluğur dalam serial televisi ''[[Muhteşem Yüzyıl]].''<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.turkiyegazetesi.com.tr/editorunsectikleri/143714.aspx|title=Merve Boluğur kimdir? Nurbanu Sultan nasıl öldü?|work=turkiyegazetesi.com.tr|access-date=2017-10-21|language=tr-TR}}</ref>

== Lihat pula ==
* [[Kekaisaran Utsmaniyah]]
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{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
|NAME = Nur-Banu
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
|SHORT DESCRIPTION = Wife of the Ottoman Sultan
|DATE OF BIRTH = 1525
|PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Paros|Páros]], [[Cyclades|Cyclades Islands]], [[Republic of Venice|The Most Serene Republic of Venice]]
|DATE OF DEATH = 1583
|PLACE OF DEATH = [[Istanbul]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nur-Banu}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nur-Banu}}
[[Kategori:Kelahiran 1525]]
[[Kategori:Kematian 1583]]
[[Kategori:Kesultanan Utsmaniyah]]
<!--[[Kategori:16th-century Ottoman people]]
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[[Kategori:Kelahiran 1525]]
[[Kategori:Kematian 1583]]
[[Kategori:Kesultanan Utsmaniyah]]

Revisi terkini sejak 26 Juni 2024 20.43

Dalam nama gaya Turki Utsmaniyah ini, nama pemberiannya adalah Nurbanu, gelarnya adalah Sultana, dan itu bukanlah nama keluarga.
Nurbanu Sultan
Prosesi pemakaman Sultan Nurbanu, miniatur Ottoman
Valide Sultan dari Kekaisaran Ottoman
Periode15 Desember 1574 – 7 Desember 1583
PendahuluAyşe Hafsa Sultan
PenerusSafiye Sultan
Haseki Sultan dari Kekaisaran Ottoman
(Permaisuri Kekaisaran)
Periode7 September 1566 – 15 December 1574
PendahuluHürrem Sultan
PenerusSafiye Sultan
KelahiranCecilia Venier-Baffo atau Rachel atau Kalē Kartanou
ca 1525–1527
Paros, Kepulauan Kyklades, atau Corfu, Republik Venesia?
Kematian7 Desember 1583 (berusia 56–58)
Istana Topkapi, Istanbul, Kekaisaran Ottoman
Pemakaman
Masjid Hagia Sophia, Istanbul
Pasangan
​
​
(m. 1571; meninggal 1574)​
Keturunan
Nama lengkap
bahasa Turki: Nurbanu Sultan
Turki Otoman: نوربانو سلطان
AgamaIslam Sunni, sebelumnya Katolik Roma atau Yahudi atau Ortodoks Yunani

Nurbanu Sultan (Turki Otoman: نور بانو سلطان; "queen of light", ca 1525/1527[1] – 7 December 1583) adalah Haseki Sultan dari Kekaisaran Ottoman dan istri sah Sultan Selim II (memerintah 1566–1574), serta Valide Sultan (ibu Sultana) sebagai ibunda Sultan Murad III (memerintah 1574–1583). Dia adalah salah satu tokoh paling terkemuka pada masa Kesultanan Wanita. Teori yang bertentangan menggambarkan dia berasal dari Venesia, seorang Yahudi[2] atau Yunani[3]. Nama lahirnya mungkin Cecilia Venier-Baffo,[4] Rachel[5] atau Kalē Kartanou.[3]

Teori tentang asal usulnya

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Ada beberapa teori tentang asal usul etnis Nurbanu.[6] Meskipun tidak ada teori yang dibuktikan secara pasti, namun teori yang berasal dari Venesia adalah yang paling terkenal dan paling terakreditasi serta menerima konsensus terbesar di kalangan sejarawan.[3]

Cecilia Venier-Baffo

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Pada tahun 1900, Emilio Spagni mengklaim bahwa dia adalah seorang bangsawan Venesia, putri Nicolò Venier dan Violante Baffo, diculik di Paros ketika ditangkap oleh laksamana Ottoman Hayreddin Barbarossa dalam Perang Ottoman-Venesia Ketiga. Sultana sendiri sering mengatakan bahwa dia adalah keturunan bangsawan Venesia, tetapi tidak pernah menyebutkan nama keluarganya.[3] Pendapat bahwa Nurbanu Sultan adalah Cecilia Venier-Baffo diikuti oleh Franz Babinger dalam artikelnya tentang Nurbanu Sultan untuk Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani.[7]

Kale Kartanou

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Pada tahun 1992, sejarawan Benjamin Arbel mengajukan teori baru, bahwa Nurbanu adalah seorang Yunani dari Corfu bernama Kale Kartanou, putri Nikolas Kartanos, dan bahwa dia diculik dari pulau itu pada tahun 1538.[3][8][9] Menurut teori ini, para senator Venesia secara sewenang-wenang memilih untuk menciptakan identitas baru untuknya sebagai Cecilia Venier-Baffo,[9] and she adopted it for political and material gains.[3][10] Teori ini telah diterima oleh sejarawan Italia Maria Pia Pidani,[10] dan sejarawan Turki Emrah Safa Gürkan.[11] Menurut sejarawan terakhir, fakta bahwa dia "menjalin hubungan trans-kekaisaran untuk mengambil hati orang-orang Venesia menunjukkan bahwa Ottoman juga menganggap latar belakang bersama sebagai aset diplomatik".[11]

asal Yahudi

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Sejarawan Turki Ahmet Refik percaya dia adalah keturunan Yahudi bernama Rachel,[12] seperti yang dilakukan sejarawan Turki lainnya.[1]

Masa muda

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Nurbanu yang dikatakan sebagai orang terkemuka di istana karena kecantikannya dan kecerdasannya yang luar biasa, dikirim ke Manisa sebagai salah satu selir harem Şehzade Selim pada tahun 1543, dan dia memberinya seorang putra, Murad, Sultan Kekaisaran Ottoman berikutnya setelah ayahnya, dan empat putri.[6]

Kematian

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Ṣalāt al-Janāzah dan pemakaman Islam Nurbanu Sultan (Shahan-Shah-Namah-i Lokhmann)

Nurbanu meninggal di Istanbul pada tanggal 7 Desember 1583, pada masa pemerintahan putranya Murad III.[13] Dia dimakamkan di sebelah Selim II di türbe (makam) miliknya di halaman Hagia Sophia, sehingga menjadi istri pertama seorang Sultan yang menerima kehormatan dimakamkan di samping pasangannya.[14]

Nurbanu Sultan menarik rasa hormat yang besar tidak hanya selama hidupnya tetapi juga setelah kematiannya. Bertentangan dengan norma bahwa sultan tetap berada di istana selama prosesi pemakaman, Murad III menemani jenazah ibunya, berjalan dan menangis, ke masjid Fatih di mana upacara pemakamannya akan dibacakan. Masjid sultan terjauh dari istana kekaisaran, yaitu Masjid Fatih, digunakan untuk upacara pemakaman. Pilihan ini tidak hanya memungkinkan sebanyak mungkin orang untuk memberikan restunya kepada jiwa Sultan Nurbanu tetapi juga mempertahankan apresiasi yang luas atas penghormatan keagamaan yang diberikan kepadanya oleh penduduk ibukota kekaisaran. [15]

Sebelum kematian Nurbanu, duta besar Venesia di istana Ottoman, Paolo Contarini pernah menyatakan

"Semua kebaikan dan kejahatan datang dari ibu ratu." [15]

Ketika Nurbanu meninggal pada bulan Desember 1583, penerus Contarini melaporkan hal berikut:

"Kematian wanita ini membuat marah beberapa orang karena kepentingan pribadi mereka, sementara memuaskan orang lain. Otoritas besar yang dia nikmati bersama putranya telah memberikan keuntungan penting bagi banyak orang, sementara sebaliknya telah menghilangkan harapan beberapa orang untuk mewujudkan keinginan mereka. Namun demikian, semua orang mengakui secara umum bahwa dia adalah wanita yang sangat baik, berani dan terpelajar"[15]

Anak

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Bersama Selim, Nurbanu memiliki seorang putra dan empat putri:

  • Şah Sultan (ca 1543, Istana Karaman, Karaman – 3 November 1580, Konstantinopel, dimakamkan di Mausoleum Zal Mahmud Paşa, Eyüp), menikah pertama pada tahun 1562 dengan Hassan Aga, menikah kedua pada tahun 1575 dengan Zal Mahmud Pasha.[16]
  • Gevherhan Sultan (1544, Istana Manisa, Manisa – 1624, Konstantinopel, dimakamkan di Mausoleum Selim II, Masjid Hagia Sophia), menikah pertama pada tahun 1562 dengan Piyale Pasha, menikah kedua dengan Cerrah Mehmed Pasha.[16]
  • Ismihan Sultan (1545, Istana Manisa, Manisa – 8 Agustus 1585, Konstantinopel, dimakamkan di Mausoleum Selim II, Masjid Hagia Sophia), menikah pertama pada tahun 1562 dengan Sokollu Mehmed Pasha, menikah kedua pada tahun 1584 dengan Kalaylıkoz Ali Pasha.[16]
  • Murad III (4 Juli 1546, Istana Manisa, Manisa – 16 Januari 1595, Istana Topkapı, Konstantinopel, dimakamkan di Mausoleum Murad III, Hagia Sophia)
  • Fatma Sultan (ca 1558, Istana Konya, Konya – Oktober 1580, Konstantinopel, dimakamkan di Masjid Siyavuş Pasha), menikah pada tahun 1573 dengan Kanijeli Siyavuş Pasha.[17][18]

Dalam sastra dan budaya populer

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  • Versi fiksi tentang kehidupan dan kematian Sultan Nurbanu muncul dalam the Venetian Contract karya Marina Fiorato, di mana ia digambarkan sebagai keponakan Doge Sebastiano Venier dan ibu dari Freya, yang merupakan protagonis dalam novel tersebut.[19]
  • Nurbanu Sultan adalah tokoh protagonis dalam The Mapmaker's Daughter karya Katherine Nouri Hughes, yang berbentuk memoar Nurbanu Sultan.[20]
  • Dia diperankan oleh aktris Turki Merve Boluğur dalam serial televisi Muhteşem Yüzyıl.[21]

Lihat pula

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Referensi

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  1. ^ a b A.H. de Groot, s.v. in Encyclopaedia of Islam vol.8 p.124
  2. ^ Stanford J. Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey, Volume 1, hlm. 178, pada Google Books
  3. ^ a b c d e f Arbel, Benjamin, Nur Banu (c. 1530-1583): A Venetian Sultana?, Turcica, 24 (1992), pp. 241-259.
  4. ^ Godfrey Goodwin, The Private World of Ottoman Women, Saqi Book, ISBN 0-86356-745-2, ISBN 3-631-36808-9, 2001. page 128,
  5. ^ Valeria Heuberger, Geneviève Humbert, Geneviève Humbert-Knitel, Elisabeth Vyslonzil, Cultures in Colors, page 68. ISBN 3-631-36808-9, 2001
  6. ^ a b Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama valide
  7. ^ "BAFFO, Cecilia in "Dizionario Biografico"". www.treccani.it. 
  8. ^ Thys-Senocak, Lucienne (2017). Ottoman Women Builders: The Architectural Patronage of Hadice Turhan Sultan (dalam bahasa Inggris). Routledge. hlm. 58. ISBN 978-1-351-91315-7. 
  9. ^ a b Rossi, Irena Radić; Nicolardi, Mariangela; Bondioli, Mauro; Batur, Katarina (2021). The Shipwreck at Gnalić: A Mirror to the Renaissance World (dalam bahasa Inggris). Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. hlm. 139. ISBN 978-1-80327-151-4. 
  10. ^ a b Pedani, M.P. (2000). Safiye's Household and Venetian Diplomacy. Turcica, 32, 9-32.
  11. ^ a b Gürkan, Emrah Safa (2016). "His Bailo's Kapudan: Conversion, Tangled Loyalties and Hasan Veneziano between Istanbul and Venice (1588-1591)". Osmanlı Araştırmaları (dalam bahasa Inggris). 48 (48): 277–319. doi:10.18589/oa.588066. ISSN 0255-0636. 
  12. ^ Çağatay Uluçay, Padişahların Kadınları ve Kızları p.68, citing Kadınlar Saltanatı I p.95
  13. ^ "Death in the Topkapı Harem - TASTE OF THE PAST". Hürriyet Daily News | LEADING NEWS SOURCE FOR TURKEY AND THE REGION. Diakses tanggal 2017-10-21. 
  14. ^ Peirce 1993, hlm. 189.
  15. ^ a b c Düzbakar 2006, hlm. 14.
  16. ^ a b c Tezcan, Baki (2001). Searching For Osman: A Reassessment Of The Deposition Of Ottoman Sultan Osman II (1618-1622). unpublished Ph.D. thesis. hlm. 327 n. 16. 
  17. ^ Uluçay 1985, hlm. 43.
  18. ^ Freely 1999.
  19. ^ "The Venetian Contract". www.goodreads.com. 
  20. ^ "The Mapmaker's Daughter". www.goodreads.com. 
  21. ^ "Merve Boluğur kimdir? Nurbanu Sultan nasıl öldü?". turkiyegazetesi.com.tr (dalam bahasa Turki). Diakses tanggal 2017-10-21. 

Pustaka

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  • Goodwin, Jason, Lords of the Horizons, (1998) - page 160
  • A.D. Alderson, The Structure of the Ottoman Dynasty. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1956.
  • Almanach de Gotha: annuaire généalogique, diplomatique et statistique, Justes Perthes, Gotha, 1880-1944.
  • Burke's Royal Families of the World, Volume II: Africa & The Middle East, Burke's Peerage Ltd., London, 1980.
  • Yılmaz Öztuna, Devletler ve Hanedanlar, Turkiye 1074-1990, Ankara, 1989.
  • Osman Selâheddin Osmanoğlu, Osmanli Devleti'nin Kuruluşunun 700. Yılında Osmanlı Hanedanı, Islâm Tarih, Sanat ve Kültür Araştırma Vakfı (ISAR), Istanbul, 1999.
  • Emine Fuat Tugay, Three Centuries: Family Chronicles of Turkey and Egypt, Oxford, 1963.

Pranala luar

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Ottoman
Didahului oleh:
Hürrem Sultan 		Haseki Sultan
7 September 1566 – 15 December 1574 		Diteruskan oleh:
Safiye Sultan
Didahului oleh:
Ayşe Hafsa Sultan 		Valide Sultan
15 December 1574 – 7 December 1583

Templat:Mothers of the Ottoman Sultans

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