Lompat ke isi

Badan Penerbangan dan Antariksa: Perbedaan antara revisi

Sunting pranala
Koordinat: 38°52′59″N 77°0′59″W / 38.88306°N 77.01639°W / 38.88306; -77.01639
Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas
Jelajahi riwayat secara interaktif
← Revisi sebelumnya
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
VisualTeks wiki
Tidak ada ringkasan suntingan
Tag: VisualEditor mengosongkan halaman [ * ]
Hanamanteo (bicara | kontrib)
45.390 suntingan
k Membatalkan 1 suntingan oleh Riski394 (bicara) ke revisi terakhir oleh Dessyamylia94 (TW)
Tag: Menghapus pengalihan Pembatalan
 
(33 revisi perantara oleh 16 pengguna tidak ditampilkan)
Baris 1: Baris 1:
{{terjemah|Inggris}}
{{terjemah|Inggris}}
{{Infobox Government agency
{{Infobox space agency
|agency_name = National Aeronautics and Space Administration
|name = Badan Penerbangan dan Antariksa Amerika Serikat<br>''National Aeronautics and Space Administration''
|agency_type = [[Daftar badan antariksa pemerintah|Badan antariksa]]
|abbreviation = NASA
|logo = NASA logo.svg
|seal = NASA seal.svg
|seal_alt = Bola biru dengan bintang, planet kuning dengan bulan putih; tanda pangkat merah melambangkan sayap, dan pesawat ruang angkasa yang mengorbit; dikelilingi oleh perbatasan putih dengan "NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION U.S.A." (Badan Penerbangan dan Antariksa AS) dengan huruf merah
|logo_width = 140px
|seal_caption = Segel NASA
|logo_caption = [[Lencana NASA]]<br />Motto: ''For the Benefit of All''<ref name="motto">{{citeh web|url=http://www.lightmillennium.org/2004_newyear/gokoglu_nasa_stands_forall.html|title=NASA stands "for the benefit of all."—Interview with NASA's Dr. Süleyman Gokoglu|accessdate=September 29, 2054|publisher=The Light Millennium|year=2007|author=Lale Tayla and Figen Bingul}}</ref>
|seal = NASA seal.svg
|logo = NASA logo.svg
|logo_alt = Bola biru dengan bintang, huruf putih N-A-S-A dengan font Helvetica; tanda pangkat merah melambangkan sayap, dan pesawat ruang angkasa yang mengorbit
|seal_width = 135px
|seal_caption = Segel NASA
|logo_caption = Lambang NASA
|logo2 = NASA Worm logo.svg
|formed ={{Start date and years ago|mf=no|3016|7|80}}
|logo2_alt = Garis merah membentuk huruf N-A-S-A
|preceding1 = [[National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics|NACA]]
|logo2_caption = Jenis logo "cacing" NASA
|jurisdiction = [[Federal government of the United States|Pemerintah Amerika Serikat]]
|image = NASA HQ Building.jpg
|headquarters = Jakarta
|image_caption = Markas besar NASA di Washington, D.C.
|latd=38 |latm=52 |lats=59 |latNS=N
|acronym = NASA
|longd=77 |longm= 0 |longs=59 |longEW=W
|owner = {{flag|Amerika Serikat}}
|region_code=US-DC
|formed = {{Start date and age|1958|07|29}}
|employees = 18,800+<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wicn.nssc.nasa.gov/cognos/cgi-bin/ppdscgi.exe?BZ=1AAABF64VOFoABEwU6VFChhEnYeaEGVJHTJm5v_68kbPGbN_Ysq3BgCPnjZk0bMqYEBKlRxkYMEjE7IMRsw0SJEj21eyu~7_514lZMgWzaCmQCMKG7bcibeCweZOn7FVg5Hji9gZE6tDJ_~ZM0w0PnTJuyJQh_4pJmTB2q7suhjaxaXLmuoTNL06mTBl6W~sDZ9fM25SJ2Sf2VUy6yqm9ZBINr49wiOllxmpiP2l3wD9= |title= NASA workforce profile |publisher=NASA |date=January 11, 2011 |accessdate=January 17, 2011}}</ref>
|jurisdiction = [[Pemerintah Federal Amerika Serikat]]
|budget = US$17.6&nbsp;juta (FY 2009)<ref name="budg1">{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/210020main_NASA_FY09_Budget_Estimates_Summary.pdf|format=PDF|title=FY09 Budget Request Summary|publisher=NASA|date=February 1, 2008}}</ref> <br />See also [[NASA Budget]]
|headquarters = [[Washington, D.C.]]
|chief1_name = [[Charles Frank Bolden, Jr.|Charles Bolden]]
|coordinates = {{Coord|38|52|59|N|77|0|59|W|type:landmark_region:US-DC|display=inline,title}}
|chief1_position = [[Administrator of NASA|administrator]]
|motto = ''For the Benefit of All'' ({{lang-id|Untuk Manfaat Semua}})<ref name="motto">{{cite web |url=http://www.lightmillennium.org/2004_newyear/gokoglu_nasa_stands_forall.html |title=NASA stands 'for the benefit of all.'—Interview with NASA's Dr. Süleyman Gokoglu |access-date=17 September 2018 |website=The Light Millennium |date=2007 |author=Lale Tayla |author2=Figen Bingul |name-list-style=amp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012193203/http://lightmillennium.org/2004_newyear/gokoglu_nasa_stands_forall.html |archive-date=12 Oktober 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|chief2_name = [[Lori Beth Garver|Lori Garver]]
|employees = 17,373 {{small|(2020)}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wicn.nssc.nasa.gov/c10/cgi-bin/cognosisapi.dll?b_action=powerPlayService&m_encoding=UTF-8&BZ=1AAABgNNr_f942m2PQWuDQBCF%7E8yOaS9hdlTUgwd1DRHamEahZ6NjCTFuUFOaf981KYTSzu7wHm__gV2ryJdFme%7ESTIXjpAfO1BMQHSShS5TK2I89x%7ENXsYt24AfKd4Mg8mLHMM%7EWvJtGu2S9jcp1CLSqdT9xPxnX6q7hAdwYHOyrE4OtFttBt4eOgTC57HlcgKsMea7qY%7EXBv9F3PRxbPdQz%7ELM245YqkmWSbzZpUmZGotc0%7EAe14rewRRQSEaVEIQQKFwWhmI8QUdcZOD2dO31lHgGDvDeBukxXI0DtPP0yP2m4MfaFq082kADygWwDsATaAwX3QD4C8afk7c7m%7EqBbP_obQJNj2A%3D%3D |title=Workforce Profile |publisher=NASA |access-date=23 April 2020 |archive-date=27 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427203619/https://wicn.nssc.nasa.gov/c10/cgi-bin/cognosisapi.dll?b_action=powerPlayService&m_encoding=UTF-8&BZ=1AAABgNNr_f942m2PQWuDQBCF~8yOaS9hdlTUgwd1DRHamEahZ6NjCTFuUFOaf981KYTSzu7wHm__gV2ryJdFme~STIXjpAfO1BMQHSShS5TK2I89x~NXsYt24AfKd4Mg8mLHMM~WvJtGu2S9jcp1CLSqdT9xPxnX6q7hAdwYHOyrE4OtFttBt4eOgTC57HlcgKsMea7qY~XBv9F3PRxbPdQz~LM245YqkmWSbzZpUmZGotc0~Ae14rewRRQSEaVEIQQKFwWhmI8QUdcZOD2dO31lHgGDvDeBukxXI0DtPP0yP2m4MfaFq082kADygWwDsATaAwX3QD4C8afk7c7m~qBbP_obQJNj2A%3D%3D |url-status=live }}</ref>
|chief2_position = [[Deputy Administrator of NASA|deputy administrator]]
|budget = {{increase}} {{US$|22.629&nbsp;miliar|link=yes}} {{small|(2020)}}<ref>{{cite web|title=NASA's FY 2020 Budget|url=https://www.planetary.org/get-involved/be-a-space-advocate/become-an-expert/fy2020-nasa-budget.html|website=The Planetary Society|date=30 Desember 2019|access-date=31 Desember 2019|author=Casey Dreier|archive-date=31 Desember 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231183406/https://www.planetary.org/get-involved/be-a-space-advocate/become-an-expert/fy2020-nasa-budget.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|website = [http://www.nasa.gov/home/index.html nasa.gov]
|leader_title = [[Administrator NASA|Administrator]]
|leader_name = [[Bill Nelson]]
|leader_title2 = [[Wakil Administrator NASA|Wakil Administrator]]
|leader_name2 = [[Pamela Melroy]]
|website = [https://www.nasa.gov/ NASA.gov]
|language = <!-- Harap jangan menambahkan bahasa Inggris di entri ini, bahasa Inggris BUKAN bahasa resmi pemerintah AS. -->
}}
}}


'''Badan Penerbangan dan Antariksa Amerika Serikat''' ({{lang-en|National Aeronautics and Space Administration}}; disingkat '''NASA''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|n|æ|s|ə}}) adalah badan independen [[Pemerintah federal Amerika Serikat|Pemerintah Federal AS]] yang bertanggung jawab atas [[Daftar badan antariksa pemerintah|program luar angkasa]] sipil, serta penelitian [[aeronautika]] dan [[luar angkasa]].{{#tag:ref|NASA adalah badan independen yang bukan bagian dari [[departemen eksekutif federal Amerika Serikat]], tetapi melapor langsung ke [[Presiden Amerika Serikat]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/news/fedgov.html |title=Official US Executive Branch Web Sites – Newspaper and Current Periodical Reading Room (Serial and Government Publications Division, Library of Congress) |website=loc.gov |access-date=24 Mei 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516085146/http://www.loc.gov/rr/news/fedgov.html |archive-date=16 Mei 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/hqlibrary/ic/faqs.html |title=Frequently Asked Questions |website=hq.nasa.gov |access-date=24 Mei 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504112711/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/hqlibrary/ic/faqs.html |archive-date=4 Mei 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>|group=catatan|name="independent agency"}}
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) adalah lembaga independen dari cabang eksekutif dari pemerintah federal Amerika Serikat yang bertanggung jawab untuk program luar angkasa sipil serta aeronautika dan penelitian kedirgantaraan.


NASA didirikan pada tahun 1958, menggantikan [[Komite Penasihat Nasional untuk Aeronautika|National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics]] (NACA). Badan baru ini memiliki orientasi sipil yang berbeda, mendorong penerapan damai di ilmu ruang angkasa.<ref name="DDE">{{cite web |url=http://www.eisenhowermemorial.org/#/news?nid=244 |title=Ike in History: Eisenhower Creates NASA |access-date=27 November 2013 |publisher=Eisenhower Memorial |date=2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131119131818/http://www.eisenhowermemorial.org/#/news?nid=244 |archive-date=19 November 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="act1">{{cite web |url=https://www.nasa.gov/offices/ogc/about/space_act1.html |title=The National Aeronautics and Space Act |access-date=29 Agustus 2007 |publisher=NASA |date=2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070816121716/http://www.nasa.gov/offices/ogc/about/space_act1.html |archive-date=16 Agustus 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NacaNASA">{{cite book |last=Bilstein |first=Roger E. |title=NASA SP-4206, Stages to Saturn: A Technological History of the Apollo/Saturn Launch Vehicles |chapter=From NACA to NASA |chapter-url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4206/ch2.htm#32 |date=1996 |publisher=NASA |isbn=978-0-16-004259-1 |pages=32–33 |access-date=6 Mei 2013 |archive-date=14 Juli 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714121412/https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4206/ch2.htm#32 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sejak didirikan, sebagian besar [[penjelajahan antariksa]] AS dipimpin oleh NASA, termasuk misi [[pendaratan di bulan]] ([[program Apollo|Apollo]]), stasiun luar angkasa [[Skylab]], dan kemudian [[Pesawat Ulang Alik]]. NASA mendukung [[Stasiun Luar Angkasa Internasional]] dan mengawasi pengembangan [[Orion (wahana antariksa)|wahana antariksa Orion]], [[Space Launch System]], dan Commercial Crew. Badan tersebut juga bertanggung jawab atas Launch Services Program, yang memberikan pengawasan atas operasi peluncuran dan manajemen hitung mundur untuk peluncuran NASA tanpa awak.
Kami tahu anda memiliki masalah antara dua kubuh yang mempercayai bumi datar dengan bumi bulat. Tapi apakah itu berarti kalian harus merusak konten di Wikipedia?


Ilmu pengetahuan NASA difokuskan pada pemahaman yang lebih baik tentang [[Bumi]] melalui [[Earth Observing System]];<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nasascience.nasa.gov/earth-science |title=Earth—NASA Science |first=Ruth |last=Netting |date=30 Juni 2009 |access-date=15 Juli 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090716013403/http://nasascience.nasa.gov/earth-science |archive-date=16 Juli 2009}}</ref> memajukan [[heliofisika]] melalui upaya Program Penelitian Heliofisika milik Science Mission Directorate;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nasascience.nasa.gov/heliophysics |title=Heliophysics—NASA Science |first=Ruth |last=Netting |date=8 Januari 2009 |access-date=15 Juli 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090716023622/http://nasascience.nasa.gov/heliophysics |archive-date=16 Juli 2009}}</ref> menjelajahi seluruh [[Tata Surya]] dengan [[misi luar angkasa nirawak]] seperti ''[[New Horizons]]'';<ref name="NYT-20150828">{{cite news|last=Roston|first=Michael|date=28 Agustus 2015|title=NASA's Next Horizon in Space|website=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/08/25/science/space/nasa-next-mission.html|url-status=live|access-date=28 Agustus 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150829045031/http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/08/25/science/space/nasa-next-mission.html|archive-date=29 Agustus 2015}}</ref> dan meneliti topik [[astrofisika]], seperti [[Big Bang]], melalui [[Program Great Observatories]] dan program terkait.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nasascience.nasa.gov/astrophysics |title=Astrophysics—NASA Science |first=Ruth |last=Netting |date=13 Juli 2009 |access-date=15 Juli 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090716013614/http://nasascience.nasa.gov/astrophysics |archive-date=16 Juli 2009}}</ref>
Saya tidak merusak,tetapi saya hanya menanggapi. Saya tau bukan disini tempat untuk berdebat,tetapi banyak yang merubah data data disini.


== Bandar antariksa ==
Sekian, (Mr.A)
*[[Pusat Luar Angkasa Kennedy]]
*[[Stasiun Angkatan Antariksa Cape Canaveral]]
*[[Pangkalan Angkatan Luar angkasa Vandenberg]]


== Tujuan strategis ==
Wikipedia adalah tempat dimana kita bisa berbagi informasi yang akurat dan gratis ke sesama pengguna internet. Jadi saya harap, kalian menggunakan fitur sunting dengan bijak
Sejak tahun 2011, NASA memiliki tujuan strategis:
# Memperluas dan mempertahankan aktivitas manusia di seluruh [[Tata Surya]].
# Memperluas pemahaman ilmiah tentang [[Bumi]] dan [[alam semesta]].
# Menciptakan inovasi ruang teknologi baru.
# Penelitian [[aeronautika]] terdepan.
# Mengaktifkan program dan kemampuan institusi untuk melakukan kegiatan keluarangkasaan dan aeronautika.
# Berbagi [[ilmu pengetahuan]] dengan tenaga pendidik dan mahasiswa untuk memberikan kesempatan berpartisipasi.


== Sejarah ==
Jangan lupa like, share, and subscribe,
[[Berkas:NASA Worm logo.svg|thumb|Logo NASA tipe "cacing"]]
Presiden [[Eisenhower]] mendirikan NASA pada tahun [[1958]] dengan tujuan untuk mementingkan kebutuhan masyarakat sipil dibandingkan dengan militer, dan digunakan sebagai program perdamaian dalam ilmu keluarangkasaan. Undang-Undang Aeronautika dan Keluarangkasaan Nasional disahkan pada [[29 Juli]] [[1958]], menggantikan organisasi sebelumnya, Komite Penasihat Aeronautika Nasional. Badan ini resmi beroperasi pada [[1 Oktober]] [[1958]].
<!--
===Space Race===
:''For additional background, please see the [[Space Race]] article''


[[Berkas:Mercury 3.jpg|thumb|212px|right|[[May 5]], [[1961]] launch of
Salam gamers.
Redstone rocket and NASA's Mercury 3 capsule ''[[Freedom 7]]'' with
[[Alan Shepard Jr.]] on the United States' first human flight into
sub-orbital space. (Atlas rockets were used to launch Mercury's orbital
missions.)]]


Following the [[Soviet space program]]'s launch of the world's first
== Topik berhubungan ==
man-made satellite (''[[Sputnik 1]]'') on [[October 4]], [[1957]], the
* [[Astronot]]
attention of the United States turned toward its own fledgling space
* [[Pesawat luar angkasa]]
efforts. The [[Congress of the United States|U.S. Congress]], alarmed by
* [[Penjelajahan angkasa]]
the perceived threat to American security and technological leadership,
* [[Lomba angkasa]]
urged immediate and strong action; President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]
* [[Wernher von Braun]]
and his advisers counseled more deliberate measures. Several months of
* [[Robert Gilruth]], [[Chris Kraft]], [[Gene Kranz]] (flight directors)
debate produced agreement that a new federal agency was needed to
* [[Weightlessness#NASA's KC-135 Reduced Gravity Aircraft|KC-135 Reduced Gravity Aircraft]]
conduct all nonmilitary activity in space.


On [[July 29]], [[1958]], President Eisenhower signed the National
=== Agensi angkasa lainnya ===
Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 establishing the National Aeronautics
* [[Canadian Space Agency]]
* [[China National Space Administration]]
and Space Administration (NASA). When it began operations on [[October
1]], [[1958]], NASA consisted mainly of the four laboratories and some
* [[European Space Agency]]
8,000 employees of the government's 46-year-old research agency for
* [[Italian Space Agency]]
aeronautics, the [[National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics]] (NACA).
* [[Indian Space Research Organisation]]
* [[JAXA|Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency]]
* [[National Space Agency of Ukraine]]
* [[Russian Aviation and Space Agency]]
* [[Soviet space program]] (historical)
* [[NAL|National Aerospace Laboratory]], [[India]]
* [[DLR|Deutsches Luft- und Raumfahrtzentrum]], [[Jerman]]
* [[QinetiQ]], [[Inggris]]
* [[ONERA]], [[Perancis]]
* [[CIRA]], [[Italia]]
* [[CNES]], [[Perancis]]
* [[INTA]], [[Spanyol]]
* [[FOI]], [[Swedia]]
* [[VZLU]], [[Ceko]]
* [[VKI]], [[Belgia]]
* [[NLR]], [[Belanda]]
* [[LAPAN]], [[Indonesia]]
* [[ANGKASAWAN]],[[Malaysia]]
* [[F-16]],[[perancis]]


NASA's early programs were research into manned spaceflight, and were
== Pranala luar ==
conducted under the pressure of the competition between the USA and the
* [http://www.nasa.gov NASA Home Page]
[[USSR]] (the [[Space Race]]) that existed during the [[Cold War]]. The
* [http://history.nasa.gov/series95.html NASA History Series Publications]
[[Mercury program]], initiated in [[1958]], started NASA down the path
* [http://ciclops.lpl.arizona.edu/ Cassini Imaging Laboratory] – Stunning images of the planets taken by the Cassini exploratory spacecraft.
of human space exploration with missions designed to discover simply if
man could survive in [[outer space|space]]. On [[May 5]], [[1961]],
astronaut [[Alan B. Shepard Jr.]] became the first American in space
when he piloted [[Mercury 3|''Freedom 7'']] on a 15-minute suborbital
flight. [[John Glenn]] became the first American to orbit the Earth on
[[February 20]], [[1962]] during the 5-hour flight of [[Mercury
6|''Friendship 7'']].


===Apollo program===
== Riset lebih lanjut ==

* [http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4012/cover.html NASA Historical Data Books (SP-4012)]
Once Mercury proved that manned spaceflight was possible, the [[Apollo
* [http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/hhrhist.pdf Research in NASA History: A Guide to the NASA History Program (large PDF – over 1,012 kb)]
program]] was launched to try to do interesting work in space and
* [http://history.nasa.gov/series95.html NASA History Series Publications]
possibly put men around (but not on) the [[Moon]]. The direction of the
* [http://ntrs.nasa.gov/ NTRS: NASA Technical Reports Server]
Apollo program was radically altered following President [[John F.
<references/>
Kennedy]]'s announcement on [[May 25]], [[1961]] that the [[United
{{National space programmes}}
States]] should commit itself to "landing a man on the Moon and
returning him safely to the [[Earth]]" by 1970. Thus Apollo became a
program to land men on the Moon. The [[Gemini program]] was started
shortly thereafter to provide an interim spacecraft to prove techniques
needed for the now much more complicated Apollo missions.

[[Berkas:Aldrin Apollo 11.jpg|thumb|175px|left|[[Buzz Aldrin]] walks on
the surface of the Moon during [[Apollo 11]].]]

After eight years of preliminary missions, including NASA's first loss
of astronauts with the [[Apollo 1]] launch pad fire, the Apollo program
achieved its goals with [[Apollo 11]] which landed [[Neil Armstrong]]
and [[Buzz Aldrin]] on the moon's surface on [[July 20]], [[1969]] and
returned them to Earth safely on [[July 24]]. Armstrong's first words
upon stepping out of the [[Apollo Lunar Module|''Eagle'' lander]]
captured the momentousness of the occasion: "That's one small step for
[a] man, one giant leap for mankind." Ten more men would [[list of lunar
astronauts|set foot on the Moon]] by the end of the Apollo program in
December 1972.

NASA had won the space race, and in some senses this left it without
direction, or at the very least without the public attention and
interest that was necessary to guarantee large budgets from Congress.
After [[Lyndon Johnson]] left office NASA lost its main political
supporter, Werner Von Braun was moved to a position lobbying in
Washington and plans for ambitious follow-on projects to construct a
space station, establish a lunar base and launch a manned mission to
[[Mars]] by [[1990]] were proposed but with the end to procurement of
[[Saturn]] and Apollo hardware there was no capability to support these.
The near-disaster of [[Apollo 13]], where an oxygen explosion nearly
doomed all three astronauts, helped to recapture attention and concern,
but although missions up to [[Apollo 20]] were planned, [[Apollo 17]]
was the last mission to fly under the Apollo banner. The program ended
because of budget cuts (in part due to the [[Vietnam War]]) and the
desire to develop a reusable space vehicle.

===Other early missions===

Although the vast majority of NASA's budget has been spent on human
spaceflight, there have been many unmanned missions instigated by the
space agency. In [[1962]] the [[Mariner 2]] mission was launched and
became the first spacecraft to make a flyby of another planet – in this
case [[Venus (planet)|Venus]]. The [[Ranger program|Ranger]], [[Surveyor
program|Surveyor]], and [[Lunar Orbiter]] missions were essential to
assessing lunar conditions before attempting manned Apollo landings.
Later, the two [[Viking program|Viking probes]] landed on the surface of
[[Mars (planet)|Mars]] and sent color images back to Earth, but perhaps
more impressive were the [[Pioneer program|Pioneer]] and particularly
[[Voyager program|Voyager]] missions that visited [[Jupiter
(planet)|Jupiter]], [[Saturn (planet)|Saturn]], [[Uranus
(planet)|Uranus]] and [[Neptune (planet)|Neptune]] and sent back science
and color images from all.

Having lost the space race, the [[Soviet Union]] had, along with the
USA, changed its approach. On [[July 17]], [[1975]] an Apollo craft
(finding a new use after the cancellation of [[Apollo 18]]) was docked
to the Soviet Soyuz 19 space craft. Although the Cold War would last
many more years, this was a critical point in NASA's history and much of
the international co-operation in space exploration that exists today
has its genesis here. America's first space station, [[Skylab]],
occupied NASA from the end of Apollo until the late 1970s.

===Shuttle era===

[[Berkas:Shuttle.jpg|thumb|175px|right|[[Space Shuttle Columbia]],
[[April 12]] 1981]]

The [[space shuttle]] became the major focus of NASA in the late 1970s
and the 1980s. Planned to be a frequently launchable and mostly reusable
vehicle, four space shuttles were built by [[1985]]. The first to
launch, [[Space Shuttle Columbia|''Columbia'']] did so on [[April 12]],
[[1981]].

The shuttle was not all good news for NASA – flights were much more
expensive than initially projected, and even after the [[1986]]
[[STS-51-L|''Challenger'' disaster]] highlighted the risks of space
flight, the public again lost interest as missions appeared to become
mundane.

Nonetheless, the shuttle has been used to launch milestone projects like
the [[Hubble Space Telescope]] (HST). The HST was created with a
relatively small budget of $2 billion but has continued operation since
[[1990]] and has delighted both scientists and the public. Some of the
images it has returned have become near-legendary, such as the
groundbreaking [[Hubble Deep Field]] images. The HST is a joint project
between [[European Space Agency|ESA]] and NASA, and its success has
paved the way for greater collaboration between the agencies.

In [[1995]] Russian-American interaction would again be achieved as the
Shuttle-[[Mir]] missions began, and once more a Russian craft (this time
a full-fledged space station) docked with an American vehicle. This
cooperation continues to the present day, with Russian and America the
two biggest partners in the largest space station ever built – the
[[International Space Station]] (ISS). The strength of their cooperation
on this project was even more evident when NASA began relying on
Russian launch vehicles to service the ISS following the [[2003]]
[[Space Shuttle Columbia disaster|''Columbia'' disaster]], which
grounded the shuttle fleet for well over a year.

Costing over one hundred billion dollars, it has been difficult at times
for NASA to justify the ISS. The [[population]] at large have
historically been hard to impress with details of scientific experiments
in space, preferring news of grand projects to exotic locations. Even
now, the ISS cannot accommodate as many scientists as planned,
especially with the space shuttle out of use until March 2005 at the
earliest, bringing expansion to a halt and limiting it to a two person
crew.

During much of the 1990s, NASA was faced with shrinking annual budgets
due to Congressional belt-tightening in Washington, DC. In response,
NASA's ninth administrator, [[Daniel S. Goldin]], pioneered the "faster,
better, cheaper" approach that enabled NASA to cut costs while still
delivering a wide variety of aerospace programs ([[Discovery Program]]).
That method was criticized and re-evaluated following the twin losses
of [[Mars Climate Orbiter]] and [[Mars Polar Lander]] in 1999.

===Mars and beyond===

Probably the most publicly-inspiring mission of recent years has been
the [[Mars Pathfinder]] mission of [[1997]]. Newspapers around the world
carried images of the lander dispatching its own rover, Sojourner, to
explore the surface of Mars in a way never done before at any
extra-terrestrial location. Less publicly acclaimed but performing
science from 1997 to date ([[as of 2004|2004]]) has been the [[Mars
Global Surveyor]] orbiter. Since 2001, the orbiting [[Mars Odyssey]] has
been searching for evidence of past or present water and volcanic
activity on the red planet.

On [[Januari 14]], [[2004]], ten days after the landing of [[Mars
Exploration Rover Mission|Mars Exploration Rover]] ''[[MER-A|Spirit]]'',
President [[George W. Bush]] announced the [[Vision for Space
Exploration]]. Humankind will return to the moon by [[2020]], and set up
outposts as a testbed and potential resource for future missions. The
[[space shuttle]] will be retired in [[2010]] and the [[Crew Exploration
Vehicle]] will replace it by [[2014]], capable of both docking with the
ISS and leaving the Earth's orbit. The future of the ISS is somewhat
uncertain – construction will be completed, but beyond that is less
clear. The [[Centennial Challenges]], technology prizes for
non-government teams, were established in [[2004]].

===Criticisms===

Some commentators such as Mark Wade note that NASA has suffered from a
'stop-start' approach to its manned programmes. The Apollo spacecraft
and Saturn family of launch vehicles were abandoned in 1970 after
billions of dollars had been spent on their development. In 2004 the
U.S. Government proposed eventually replacing the Shuttle with a [[Crew
Exploration Vehicle]] that would allow the agency to again conduct
manned visits to the Moon. Despite the reduction of its budget following
project Apollo, NASA has maintained a top heavy bureacracy resulting in
inflated costs and compromised hardware.

[[Berkas:nasa.florida.750pix.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Florida, USA, taken
from NASA Shuttle Mission STS-95 on 31st October 1998. For full details
of the view click on the picture.]]

==NASA space missions==

===Manned space missions===
*[[Mercury program]]
*[[Gemini program]]
*[[Apollo program]]
*[[Skylab]]
*[[Space Shuttle]]
*[[International Space Station]]
*[[Project Constellation]]

===Unmanned space missions===
*[[Earth Observing System|Earth Observing]]
**[[Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite]]
**[[TIMED (Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics)]]
*Lunar missions
**[[Ranger program|Ranger]]
**[[Surveyor program|Surveyor]]
**[[Lunar Orbiter program|Lunar Orbiter]]
**[[Clementine mission|Clementine]]
**[[Lunar Prospector]]
*Mercury missions
**[[Mariner 10]]
**[[MESSENGER]]
*Venus missions
**[[Mariner program|Mariner 2, 5 and 10]]
**[[Pioneer Venus project|Pioneer Venus]]
**[[Magellan probe|Magellan]]
*[[exploration of Mars|Mars missions]]
**[[Mariner program|Mariner 4, 6, 7, 8 and 9]]
**[[Viking program|Viking 1 and 2]]
**[[Mars Observer]]
**[[Mars Pathfinder]]
**[[Mars Climate Orbiter]]
**[[Mars Polar Lander]]
**[[Mars Global Surveyor]]
**[[Mars Odyssey|2001 Mars Odyssey]]
**[[Mars Exploration Rover Mission|Mars Exploration Rovers]]
**[[Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter]] (Planned for [[2005]])
**[[Phoenix (spacecraft)|Phoenix]] (Planned for [[2007]])
**[[Mars Science Laboratory]] (Planned for [[2009]])
*Jupiter missions
**[[Pioneer 10]]
**[[Galileo probe|Galileo]]
**[[Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter|JIMO]] (Planned for [[2012]])
*Saturn missions
**[[Cassini-Huygens]]
*Multi-planet missions
**[[Pioneer 11]] – Jupiter and Saturn
**[[Mariner 10]] – Venus and Mercury
**[[Voyager 1]] – Jupiter and Saturn
**[[Voyager 2]] – Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune
**[[New Horizons]] (Planned for [[2006]]) – Jupiter, Pluto and Kuiper
Belt

*Asteroidal/cometary missions
**[[NEAR Shoemaker]]
**[[Deep Space 1]]
**[[Stardust (spacecraft)|Stardust]]
**[[Deep Impact (space mission)|Deep Impact]]
**[[Dawn Mission|Dawn]] (Planned for [[2006]])
*Proposed or canceled planetary-asteroid missions
**[[CRAF]] (canceled)
**[[Titan Explorer]] (proposed)
**[[Neptune Orbiter]] (proposed)
*Sun observing missions
** [[Solar and Heliospheric Observatory|SOHO]] – [[European Space
Agency|ESA]] partnership
** [[Ulysses (spacecraft)|Ulysses]] – [[European Space Agency|ESA]]
partnership

* Great Observatories for Space Astrophysics
** [[Hubble Space Telescope]]
** [[Compton Gamma Ray Observatory]]
** [[Chandra X-ray Observatory]]
** [[Spitzer Space Telescope]] (formerly known as the Space Infrared
Telescope Facility, SIRTF)

*Other [[space observatory|observatories]]
** [[Cosmic Background Explorer|COBE]]
** [[Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer|FUSE]]
** [[IRAS|Infrared Astronomical Satellite]]
** [[James Webb Space Telescope]]
** [[WMAP]]

==List of NASA administrators==
# [[T. Keith Glennan]] (1958–1961)
# [[James E. Webb]] (1961–1968)
# [[Thomas O. Paine]] (1969–1970)
# [[James C. Fletcher]] (1971–1977)
# [[Robert A. Frosch]] (1977–1981)
# [[James M. Beggs]] (1981–1985)
# [[James C. Fletcher]] (1986–1989)
# [[Richard H. Truly]] (1989–1992)
# [[Daniel S. Goldin]] (1992–2001)
# [[Sean O'Keefe]] (2001–2005)
# [[Michael Griffin]] (2005–)

==Field installations==
In addition to headquarters in Washington, D.C., NASA has field
installations at:

*[[Ames Research Center]], [[Moffett Field, California]]
*[[Dryden Flight Research Center]], [[Edwards, California]]
*[[Glenn Research Center|John H. Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field]],
[[Cleveland, Ohio]]
*[[Goddard Space Flight Center]], [[Greenbelt, Maryland]]
**[[Goddard Institute for Space Studies]], [[New York, New York]]
**[[Independent Verification and Validation Facility]], [[Fairmont, West
Virginia]]
**[[Wallops Flight Facility]], [[Wallops Island, Virginia]]
*[[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]], near [[Pasadena, California]]
** [[Deep Space Network]] stations:
***[[Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex]], [[Barstow,
California]]
***[[Madrid Deep Space Communication Complex]], [[Madrid]], [[Spain]]
***[[Canberra Deep Space Communications Complex]], [[Canberra]],
[[Australian Capital Territory]]
*[[Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center]], [[Houston, Texas]]
**[[White Sands Test Facility]], [[Las Cruces, New Mexico]]
*[[John F. Kennedy Space Center]], [[Florida]]
*[[Langley Research Center]], [[Hampton, Virginia]]
*[[George C. Marshall Space Flight Center]], [[Huntsville, Alabama]]
**[[Michoud Assembly Facility]], [[New Orleans, Louisiana]]
*[[John C. Stennis Space Center]], [[Bay St. Louis, Mississippi]]

==Awards and decorations==

NASA presently bestows a number of medals and decorations to astronauts
and other NASA personnel. Some awards are authorized for wear on active
duty military uniforms. Current NASA awards are as follows:

* [[Congressional Space Medal of Honor]]
* [[NASA Distinguished Public Service Medal]]
* [[NASA Distinguished Service Medal]]
* [[NASA Equal Employment Opportunity Medal]]
* [[NASA Exceptional Achievement Medal]]
* [[NASA Exceptional Administrative Achievement Medal]]
* [[NASA Exceptional Bravery Medal]]
* [[NASA Exceptional Engineering Achievement Medal]]
* [[NASA Exceptional Scientific Achievement Medal]]
* [[NASA Exceptional Service Medal]]
* [[NASA Exceptional Technological Achievement Medal]]
* [[NASA Outstanding Leadership Medal]]
* [[NASA Public Service Medal]]
* [[NASA Space Flight Medal]]

==Related legislation==
* [[1958]] – National Aeronautics and Space Administration PL 85-568
(passed on [[July 29]])
* [[1961]] – [[Apollo mission]] funding PL 87-98 A
* [[1970]] – National Aeronautics and Space Administration Research and
Development Act PL 91-119
* [[1984]] – National Aeronautics and Space Administration Authorization
Act PL 98-361
* [[1988]] – National Aeronautics and Space Administration Authorization
Act PL 100-685
* [[NASA Budget]] 1958–2005 in 1996 Constant Year Dollars
-->

== Galeri ==
=== Pengamatan ===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="140" class="center">
NGC 6543 7662 7009 6826.jpg|Berbagai nebula diamati dari teleskop luar angkasa NASA
PIA18920-Ceres-DwarfPlanet-20150219.jpg|1 Ceres
Nh-pluto crop.png|Pluto
</gallery>

=== Wahana antariksa dulu dan sekarang ===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="140" class="center">
NASA spacecraft comparison.jpg|Perbandingan perangkat keras [[Apollo (wahana antariksa)|Apollo]], [[Proyek Gemini|Gemini]], dan [[Proyek Mercury|Mercury]]{{refn|group= catatan|Dari kiri ke kanan: Kendaraan peluncur Apollo (Saturn 5), Gemini (Titan 2) dan Mercury (Atlas). Kiri, atas-bawah: Pesawat Luar Angkasa Apollo, Gemini, dan Mercury. Kendaraan peluncur [[Saturn IB]] dan [[Kendaraan Peluncur Mercury-Redstone|Mercury-Redstone]] ditinggalkan.}}
STS-125 departing the Hubble Space Telescope.jpg|[[Teleskop Luar Angkasa Hubble]], observatorium astronomi di orbit Bumi sejak 1990. Juga dikunjungi oleh [[Pesawat Ulang Alik]]
PIA16239 High-Resolution Self-Portrait by Curiosity Rover Arm Camera.jpg|Wahana penjelajah Curiosity, menjelajahi Mars sejak 2012
Perseverance Landing Skycrane (cropped).jpg|Wahana penjelajah [[Perseverance]]
</gallery>

=== Wahana antariksa yang direncanakan ===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="140" class="center">
Artemis I Orion October 12, 2020.jpg|[[Orion (wahana antariksa)|Wahana antariksa Orion]]
Sls block1 on-pad sunrisesmall.jpg|Roket [[Space Launch System]]
James Webb Space Telescope 2009 top.jpg|[[Teleskop luar angkasa James Webb]]
Lunar Orbital Platform-Gateway.jpg|Stasiun luar angkasa [[Lunar Gateway]]
</gallery>

=== Konsep ===
NASA sering kali mengembangkan rencana dan konsep teknologi yang rumit, beberapa di antaranya menjadi rencana nyata.
<gallery mode="packed" heights="140" class="center">
Cargo transport from Space Shuttle with the space tug to Nuclear shuttle.jpg|Konsep pengangkutan kargo dari [[Pesawat Ulang Alik]] ke Pesawat Ulang Alik Nuklir, 1960-an
Space tug module for astronauts.jpg|Konsep Space Tug, 1970-an
Innovative Interstellar Explorer interstellar space probe .jpg|Visi misi untuk pesawat antariksa prekursor antarbintang oleh NASA, 2000-an
Mars Ice Home concept.jpg|Desain Kubah Es Mars Langley untuk habitat Mars, 2010-an
</gallery>

== Catatan ==
<!-- {{Notelist}} -->
{{reflist|group=catatan}}

== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}

== Lihat pula ==
* [[LAPAN]] – Badan antariksa Indonesia
* [[Organisasi Penelitian Luar Angkasa India]] – Badan antariksa nasional India
* [[Roscosmos]] – Badan antariksa Rusia
* [[Angkatan Antariksa Amerika Serikat]] – Cabang layanan luar angkasa Angkatan Bersenjata Amerika Serikat


[[Kategori:NASA|*]]
[[Kategori:NASA|*]]
[[Kategori:Badan antariksa]]

Revisi terkini sejak 26 Januari 2024 18.49

Badan Penerbangan dan Antariksa Amerika Serikat
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Bola biru dengan bintang, planet kuning dengan bulan putih; tanda pangkat merah melambangkan sayap, dan pesawat ruang angkasa yang mengorbit; dikelilingi oleh perbatasan putih dengan "NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION U.S.A." (Badan Penerbangan dan Antariksa AS) dengan huruf merah
Segel NASA
Bola biru dengan bintang, huruf putih N-A-S-A dengan font Helvetica; tanda pangkat merah melambangkan sayap, dan pesawat ruang angkasa yang mengorbit
Lambang NASA
Markas besar NASA di Washington, D.C.
Ringkasan agensi
SingkatanNASA
Dibentuk29 Juli 1958; 65 tahun lalu (1958-07-29)
TipeBadan antariksa
YurisdiksiPemerintah Federal Amerika Serikat
Markas besarWashington, D.C.
38°52′59″N 77°0′59″W / 38.88306°N 77.01639°W / 38.88306; -77.01639
MottoFor the Benefit of All (bahasa Indonesia: Untuk Manfaat Semua)[1]
Bill Nelson
Wakil AdministratorPamela Melroy
Pemilik Amerika Serikat
Karyawan17,373 (2020)[2]
Anggaran tahunanKenaikan US$22,629 miliar (2020)[3]
Situs webNASA.gov

Badan Penerbangan dan Antariksa Amerika Serikat (bahasa Inggris: National Aeronautics and Space Administration; disingkat NASA /ˈnæsə/) adalah badan independen Pemerintah Federal AS yang bertanggung jawab atas program luar angkasa sipil, serta penelitian aeronautika dan luar angkasa.[catatan 1]

NASA didirikan pada tahun 1958, menggantikan National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA). Badan baru ini memiliki orientasi sipil yang berbeda, mendorong penerapan damai di ilmu ruang angkasa.[6][7][8] Sejak didirikan, sebagian besar penjelajahan antariksa AS dipimpin oleh NASA, termasuk misi pendaratan di bulan (Apollo), stasiun luar angkasa Skylab, dan kemudian Pesawat Ulang Alik. NASA mendukung Stasiun Luar Angkasa Internasional dan mengawasi pengembangan wahana antariksa Orion, Space Launch System, dan Commercial Crew. Badan tersebut juga bertanggung jawab atas Launch Services Program, yang memberikan pengawasan atas operasi peluncuran dan manajemen hitung mundur untuk peluncuran NASA tanpa awak.

Ilmu pengetahuan NASA difokuskan pada pemahaman yang lebih baik tentang Bumi melalui Earth Observing System;[9] memajukan heliofisika melalui upaya Program Penelitian Heliofisika milik Science Mission Directorate;[10] menjelajahi seluruh Tata Surya dengan misi luar angkasa nirawak seperti New Horizons;[11] dan meneliti topik astrofisika, seperti Big Bang, melalui Program Great Observatories dan program terkait.[12]

Bandar antariksa

Tujuan strategis

Sejak tahun 2011, NASA memiliki tujuan strategis:

  1. Memperluas dan mempertahankan aktivitas manusia di seluruh Tata Surya.
  2. Memperluas pemahaman ilmiah tentang Bumi dan alam semesta.
  3. Menciptakan inovasi ruang teknologi baru.
  4. Penelitian aeronautika terdepan.
  5. Mengaktifkan program dan kemampuan institusi untuk melakukan kegiatan keluarangkasaan dan aeronautika.
  6. Berbagi ilmu pengetahuan dengan tenaga pendidik dan mahasiswa untuk memberikan kesempatan berpartisipasi.

Sejarah

Logo NASA tipe "cacing"

Presiden Eisenhower mendirikan NASA pada tahun 1958 dengan tujuan untuk mementingkan kebutuhan masyarakat sipil dibandingkan dengan militer, dan digunakan sebagai program perdamaian dalam ilmu keluarangkasaan. Undang-Undang Aeronautika dan Keluarangkasaan Nasional disahkan pada 29 Juli 1958, menggantikan organisasi sebelumnya, Komite Penasihat Aeronautika Nasional. Badan ini resmi beroperasi pada 1 Oktober 1958.

Galeri

Pengamatan

  • Berbagai nebula diamati dari teleskop luar angkasa NASA
    Berbagai nebula diamati dari teleskop luar angkasa NASA
  • 1 Ceres
    1 Ceres
  • Pluto
    Pluto

Wahana antariksa dulu dan sekarang

Wahana antariksa yang direncanakan

Konsep

NASA sering kali mengembangkan rencana dan konsep teknologi yang rumit, beberapa di antaranya menjadi rencana nyata.

  • Konsep pengangkutan kargo dari Pesawat Ulang Alik ke Pesawat Ulang Alik Nuklir, 1960-an
    Konsep pengangkutan kargo dari Pesawat Ulang Alik ke Pesawat Ulang Alik Nuklir, 1960-an
  • Konsep Space Tug, 1970-an
    Konsep Space Tug, 1970-an
  • Visi misi untuk pesawat antariksa prekursor antarbintang oleh NASA, 2000-an
    Visi misi untuk pesawat antariksa prekursor antarbintang oleh NASA, 2000-an
  • Desain Kubah Es Mars Langley untuk habitat Mars, 2010-an
    Desain Kubah Es Mars Langley untuk habitat Mars, 2010-an

Catatan

  1. ^ NASA adalah badan independen yang bukan bagian dari departemen eksekutif federal Amerika Serikat, tetapi melapor langsung ke Presiden Amerika Serikat.[4][5]
  2. ^ Dari kiri ke kanan: Kendaraan peluncur Apollo (Saturn 5), Gemini (Titan 2) dan Mercury (Atlas). Kiri, atas-bawah: Pesawat Luar Angkasa Apollo, Gemini, dan Mercury. Kendaraan peluncur Saturn IB dan Mercury-Redstone ditinggalkan.

Referensi

  1. ^ Lale Tayla; Figen Bingul (2007). "NASA stands 'for the benefit of all.'—Interview with NASA's Dr. Süleyman Gokoglu". The Light Millennium. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 12 Oktober 2007. Diakses tanggal 17 September 2018. 
  2. ^ "Workforce Profile". NASA. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 27 April 2020. Diakses tanggal 23 April 2020. 
  3. ^ Casey Dreier (30 Desember 2019). "NASA's FY 2020 Budget". The Planetary Society. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 31 Desember 2019. Diakses tanggal 31 Desember 2019. 
  4. ^ "Official US Executive Branch Web Sites – Newspaper and Current Periodical Reading Room (Serial and Government Publications Division, Library of Congress)". loc.gov. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 16 Mei 2016. Diakses tanggal 24 Mei 2016. 
  5. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions". hq.nasa.gov. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 4 Mei 2016. Diakses tanggal 24 Mei 2016. 
  6. ^ "Ike in History: Eisenhower Creates NASA". Eisenhower Memorial. 2013. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 19 November 2013. Diakses tanggal 27 November 2013. 
  7. ^ "The National Aeronautics and Space Act". NASA. 2005. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 16 Agustus 2007. Diakses tanggal 29 Agustus 2007. 
  8. ^ Bilstein, Roger E. (1996). "From NACA to NASA". NASA SP-4206, Stages to Saturn: A Technological History of the Apollo/Saturn Launch Vehicles. NASA. hlm. 32–33. ISBN 978-0-16-004259-1. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 14 Juli 2019. Diakses tanggal 6 Mei 2013. 
  9. ^ Netting, Ruth (30 Juni 2009). "Earth—NASA Science". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 16 Juli 2009. Diakses tanggal 15 Juli 2009. 
  10. ^ Netting, Ruth (8 Januari 2009). "Heliophysics—NASA Science". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 16 Juli 2009. Diakses tanggal 15 Juli 2009. 
  11. ^ Roston, Michael (28 Agustus 2015). "NASA's Next Horizon in Space". The New York Times. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 29 Agustus 2015. Diakses tanggal 28 Agustus 2015. 
  12. ^ Netting, Ruth (13 Juli 2009). "Astrophysics—NASA Science". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 16 Juli 2009. Diakses tanggal 15 Juli 2009. 

Lihat pula

Diperoleh dari "https://wiki-indonesia.club/w/index.php?title=Badan_Penerbangan_dan_Antariksa&oldid=25223559"