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{{Taxobox
{{Taxobox
| name = Burung hantu bertanduk
| name = Beluk
| image = Bengalese Eagle Owl.jpg
| image = Bengalese Eagle Owl.jpg
| image_caption = ''Bubo bengalensis'' Burung hantu bertanduk dari Indian
| image_caption = ''Bubo bengalensis'' Burung hantu bertanduk dari Indian
Baris 20: Baris 20:
''Ophthalmomegas'' <small>Dejaut, 1911</small><ref>Possibly a [[junior synonym]] of ''Ketupa'', if that is a valid genus: Pavia (1999), Mlíkovský (2002, 2003).</ref>
''Ophthalmomegas'' <small>Dejaut, 1911</small><ref>Possibly a [[junior synonym]] of ''Ketupa'', if that is a valid genus: Pavia (1999), Mlíkovský (2002, 2003).</ref>
}}
}}
'''Burung hantu bertanduk''' Amerika merupakan jenis burung dari [[genus]] '''''Bubo'''''. Genus ini memiliki sekitar satu atau dua lusin [[species]] dari keluarga [[burung hantu]], dan dapat ditemukan di berbagai tempat di dunia. Pada awalnya hanya burung hantu yang memiliki jumbai pada telinganya yang dimasukkan ke genus ini.
'''Beluk''';merupakan jenis burung hantu bertanduk dari [[genus]] '''''Bubo'''''. Genus ini memiliki sekitar satu atau dua lusin [[species]] dari keluarga [[burung hantu]], dan dapat ditemukan di berbagai tempat di dunia. Pada awalnya hanya burung hantu yang memiliki jumbai pada telinganya yang dimasukkan ke genus ini.
[[Berkas:White horned owl portrait.jpg|thumb|Seekor burung hantu bertanduk putih sedang menyantap seekor tikus.]]
[[Berkas:White horned owl portrait.jpg|jmpl|Seekor burung hantu bertanduk putih sedang menyantap seekor tikus.]]
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==Systematics==
==Systematics==
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[[mtDNA]] [[cytochrome b|cytochrome ''b'']] [[DNA sequence|sequence]] data supports the decision to consider the [[Snowy Owl]] an eagle-owl [[adaptation|adapted]] to [[Arctic]] conditions and moving it into ''Bubo'', rendering the [[monotypic]] genus ''Nyctea'' invalid.<ref name = olsenetal2002>Olsen ''et al.'' (2002)</ref>
[[mtDNA]] [[cytochrome b|cytochrome ''b'']] [[DNA sequence|sequence]] data supports the decision to consider the [[Snowy Owl]] an eagle-owl [[adaptation|adapted]] to [[Arctic]] conditions and moving it into ''Bubo'', rendering the [[monotypic]] genus ''Nyctea'' invalid.<ref name = olsenetal2002>Olsen ''et al.'' (2002)</ref>


The four fish-owls previously in the genus ''[[Ketupa]]'' were provisionally moved into ''Bubo'' as well.<ref>König ''et al.'' (1999)</ref> However, the mtDNA cytochrome ''b'' data suggests that in this case, to make ''Bubo'' [[monophyletic]] the ''[[Scotopelia]]'' fishing owls would also need to be included there. On the other hand, the genus then becomes quite large and ill-defined, and ''Bubo'' in the expanded sense seems to consist of two distinct [[clade]]s. Thus, the fish and fishing owls can alternatively be united in ''Ketupa'' if some aberrant eagle-owls &ndash; at least the [[Barred Eagle-Owl|Barred]], [[Spot-bellied Eagle-Owl|Spot-bellied]] and [[Usambara Eagle-Owl]]s, perhaps also [[Fraser's Eagle-Owl]] and maybe others &ndash; are moved into that genus too. As some enigmatic eagle-owls remain essentially unstudied and others &ndash; e.g. [[Verreaux's Eagle-Owl]] &ndash; are of unresolved relationships, more research is needed.<ref name = olsenetal2002 />
The four fish-owls previously in the genus ''[[Ketupa]]'' were provisionally moved into ''Bubo'' as well.<ref>König ''et al.'' (1999)</ref> However, the mtDNA cytochrome ''b'' data suggests that in this case, to make ''Bubo'' [[monophyletic]] the ''[[Scotopelia]]'' fishing owls would also need to be included there. On the other hand, the genus then becomes quite large and ill-defined, and ''Bubo'' in the expanded sense seems to consist of two distinct [[clade]]s. Thus, the fish and fishing owls can alternatively be united in ''Ketupa'' if some aberrant eagle-owls – at least the [[Barred Eagle-Owl|Barred]], [[Spot-bellied Eagle-Owl|Spot-bellied]] and [[Usambara Eagle-Owl]]s, perhaps also [[Fraser's Eagle-Owl]] and maybe others – are moved into that genus too. As some enigmatic eagle-owls remain essentially unstudied and others – e.g. [[Verreaux's Eagle-Owl]] – are of unresolved relationships, more research is needed.<ref name = olsenetal2002 />


===Living species===
===Living species===
Baris 66: Baris 66:
* ''Bubo leakeyae'' (Early Pleistocene of Tanzania)
* ''Bubo leakeyae'' (Early Pleistocene of Tanzania)
* ''Bubo binagadensis'' (Late Pleistocene of Binagady, Azerbaijan)
* ''Bubo binagadensis'' (Late Pleistocene of Binagady, Azerbaijan)
* [[Cuban Horned Owl]], ''[[Bubo osvaldoi]]'' (Late{{Verify source|date=September 2008}} Pleistocene of Cuba)
* [[Cuban Horned Owl]], ''[[Bubo osvaldoi]]'' (Late{{Verify source|date=September 2008}} Pleistocene of Cuba)


Some notable undescribed [[fossil]]s of prehistoric horned owls, usually quite fragmentary remains, have also been recorded:
Some notable undescribed [[fossil]]s of prehistoric horned owls, usually quite fragmentary remains, have also been recorded:
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Several presumed ''Bubo'' fossils have turned out to be from different birds. The Late Eocene/Early Oligocene eared owls ''"Bubo" incertus'' and ''"Bubo" arvernensis'' are now placed in the fossil [[barn-owl]] genera ''[[Nocturnavis]]'' and ''[[Necrobyas]]'', respectively. ''"Bubo" leptosteus'' is now recognized as primitive owl in the genus ''[[Minerva (owl)|Minerva]]'' (formerly ''Protostrix''). ''"Bubo" poirreiri'' from the Late Oligocene or Early Miocene of Saint-Gérard-le-Puy in France, is now placed in ''[[Mioglaux]]''.
Several presumed ''Bubo'' fossils have turned out to be from different birds. The Late Eocene/Early Oligocene eared owls ''"Bubo" incertus'' and ''"Bubo" arvernensis'' are now placed in the fossil [[barn-owl]] genera ''[[Nocturnavis]]'' and ''[[Necrobyas]]'', respectively. ''"Bubo" leptosteus'' is now recognized as primitive owl in the genus ''[[Minerva (owl)|Minerva]]'' (formerly ''Protostrix''). ''"Bubo" poirreiri'' from the Late Oligocene or Early Miocene of Saint-Gérard-le-Puy in France, is now placed in ''[[Mioglaux]]''.


On the other hand, the supposed fossil [[heron]] ''"Ardea" lignitum'' from the [[Late Pliocene]] of [[Plaue]]-Rippersroda (Germany) was apparently an owl and close to ''Bubo'' or more probably actually belongs here. Given its age &ndash; about 2 million years ago or so &ndash; it is usually included in the Eurasian Eagle-Owl today.<ref>Olson (1985): p.167, Mlíkovský (2002)</ref>
On the other hand, the supposed fossil [[heron]] ''"Ardea" lignitum'' from the [[Late Pliocene]] of [[Plaue]]-Rippersroda (Germany) was apparently an owl and close to ''Bubo'' or more probably actually belongs here. Given its age – about 2 million years ago or so – it is usually included in the Eurasian Eagle-Owl today.<ref>Olson (1985): p.167, Mlíkovský (2002)</ref>
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== Catatan kaki ==
== Catatan kaki ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}


== Referensi ==
== Referensi ==
* [[Alan Feduccia|Feduccia, J. Alan]] (1970): Some birds of prey from the Upper Pliocene of Kansas. ''[[Auk (journal)|Auk]]'' '''87'''(4): 795-797. [http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Auk/v087n04/DJVU/P0795-P0797.djvu DjVu fulltext] [http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Auk/v087n04/p0795-p0797.pdf PDF fulltext]
* [[Alan Feduccia|Feduccia, J. Alan]] (1970): Some birds of prey from the Upper Pliocene of Kansas. ''[[Auk (journal)|Auk]]'' '''87'''(4): 795-797. [http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Auk/v087n04/DJVU/P0795-P0797.djvu DjVu fulltext] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606171151/http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Auk/v087n04/DJVU/P0795-P0797.djvu |date=2011-06-06 }} [http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Auk/v087n04/p0795-p0797.pdf PDF fulltext] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606111215/http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Auk/v087n04/p0795-p0797.pdf |date=2011-06-06 }}
* Howard, Hildegarde (1947): A preliminary survey of trends in avian evolution from Pleistocene to recent time. ''[[Condor (journal)|Condor]]'' '''49'''(1): 10–13. [http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Condor/files/DJVU/v049n01/P0010-P0013.djvu DjVu fulltext] [http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Condor/files/issues/v049n01/p0010-p0013.pdf PDF fulltext]
* Howard, Hildegarde (1947): A preliminary survey of trends in avian evolution from Pleistocene to recent time. ''[[Condor (journal)|Condor]]'' '''49'''(1): 10–13. [http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Condor/files/DJVU/v049n01/P0010-P0013.djvu DjVu fulltext] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702224747/http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Condor/files/DJVU/v049n01/P0010-P0013.djvu |date=2013-07-02 }} [http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Condor/files/issues/v049n01/p0010-p0013.pdf PDF fulltext] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217155256/http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Condor/files/issues/v049n01/p0010-p0013.pdf |date=2008-12-17 }}
* König, Claus; Weick, Friedhelm & Becking, Jan-Hendrik (1999): ''Owls: A guide to the owls of the world.'' Yale University Press, New Haven. <small>ISBN 0-300-07920-6</small>
* König, Claus; Weick, Friedhelm & Becking, Jan-Hendrik (1999): ''Owls: A guide to the owls of the world.'' [[Yale University Press]], New Haven.<small>ISBN 0-300-07920-6</small>
* [[Kalman Lambrecht|Lambrecht, Kálmán]] (1933): ''Handbuch der Palaeornithologie'' [Handbook of Paleornithology]. Gebrüder Bornträger, Berlin. [in German]
* [[Kalman Lambrecht|Lambrecht, Kálmán]] (1933): ''Handbuch der Palaeornithologie'' [Handbook of Paleornithology]. Gebrüder Bornträger, Berlin. [in German]
* Mlíkovský, Jiří (2002): ''Cenozoic Birds of the World, Part 1: Europe''. Ninox Press, Prague. <small>{{Listed Invalid ISBN|80-901105-3-8}}</small> [http://www.nm.cz/download/JML-18-2002-CBE.pdf PDF fulltext]<!-- This should be treated with extreme caution as regards merging of species. Splits are usually good though. See also critical review in Auk121:623-627 here http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3793/is_200404/ai_n9396879 -->
* Mlíkovský, Jiří (2002): ''Cenozoic Birds of the World, Part 1: Europe''. Ninox Press, Prague.<small>{{Listed Invalid ISBN|80-901105-3-8}}</small> [http://www.nm.cz/download/JML-18-2002-CBE.pdf PDF fulltext] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520101755/http://www.nm.cz/download/JML-18-2002-CBE.pdf |date=2011-05-20 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/5wzfLX4u8?url=http://www.nm.cz/download/JML-18-2002-CBE.pdf |date=2011-03-07 }}<!-- This should be treated with extreme caution as regards merging of species. Splits are usually good though. See also critical review in Auk121:623-627 here http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3793/is_200404/ai_n9396879 -->
* Mlíkovský, Jiří (2003): Brown Fish Owl (''Bubo zeylonensis'') in Europe: past distribution and taxonomic status. ''Buteo'' '''13''': 61-65. [http://www.nm.cz/download/JML-13-2003-bubo-zeylonensis.pdf PDF fulltext]
* Mlíkovský, Jiří (2003): Brown Fish Owl (''Bubo zeylonensis'') in Europe: past distribution and taxonomic status. ''Buteo'' '''13''': 61-65. [http://www.nm.cz/download/JML-13-2003-bubo-zeylonensis.pdf PDF fulltext] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223329/http://www.nm.cz/download/JML-13-2003-bubo-zeylonensis.pdf |date=2007-09-27 }}
* Olsen, Jery; Wink, Michael; Sauer-Gürth, Heidi & Trost, Susan (2002): A new ''Ninox'' owl from Sumba, Indonesia. ''[[Emu (journal)|Emu]]'' '''102'''(3): 223-231. <small>{{DOI|10.1071/MU02006}}</small> [http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/institute/fak14/ipmb/phazb/pdf-files/2002%20Pdf.Pubwink/17.2002.pdf PDF fulltext]
* Olsen, Jery; Wink, Michael; Sauer-Gürth, Heidi & Trost, Susan (2002): A new ''Ninox'' owl from Sumba, Indonesia. ''[[Emu (journal)|Emu]]'' '''102'''(3): 223-231.<small>{{DOI|10.1071/MU02006}}</small> [http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/institute/fak14/ipmb/phazb/pdf-files/2002%20Pdf.Pubwink/17.2002.pdf PDF fulltext] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930232448/http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/institute/fak14/ipmb/phazb/pdf-files/2002%20Pdf.Pubwink/17.2002.pdf |date=2009-09-30 }}
* [[Storrs Olson|Olson, Storrs L.]] (1985): The fossil record of birds. ''In:'' Farner, D.S.; King, J.R. & Parkes, Kenneth C. (eds.): ''Avian Biology'' '''8''': 79-238. Academic Press, New York.
* [[Storrs Olson|Olson, Storrs L.]] (1985): The fossil record of birds. ''In:'' Farner, D.S.; King, J.R. & Parkes, Kenneth C. (eds.): ''Avian Biology'' '''8''': 79-238. Academic Press, New York.
* Pavia, Marco (1999): Un cranio di ''Bubo insularis'' Mourer-Chauviré & Weesie, 1986 (Aves, Strigidae) nelle brecce ossifere del Pleistocene di Capo Figari (Sardegna, Italia) ["A cranium of ''B. insularis'' from the Pleistocene ossiferous breccia of Cape Figari (Sardinia, Italy)"]. ''Atti della Accademia delle Scienze di Torino, Classe di Scienze fisiche, matematiche e naturali'' '''133''': 1-10 [Italian with English abstract]. [http://www2.nrm.se/ve/birds/sape/GlobalOwlProject/Fossil_owls/Pavia%201999.pdf PDF fulltext]
* Pavia, Marco (1999): Un cranio di ''Bubo insularis'' Mourer-Chauviré & Weesie, 1986 (Aves, Strigidae) nelle brecce ossifere del Pleistocene di Capo Figari (Sardegna, [[Italia]]) ["A cranium of ''B. insularis'' from the Pleistocene ossiferous breccia of Cape Figari (Sardinia, Italy)"]. ''Atti della Accademia delle Scienze di Torino, Classe di Scienze fisiche, matematiche e naturali'' '''133''': 1-10 [Italian with English abstract]. [http://www2.nrm.se/ve/birds/sape/GlobalOwlProject/Fossil_owls/Pavia%201999.pdf PDF fulltext] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925034803/http://www2.nrm.se/ve/birds/sape/GlobalOwlProject/Fossil_owls/Pavia%201999.pdf |date=2012-09-25 }}
* [[David Steadman|Steadman, David William]]; Arroyo-Cabrales, Joaquin; Johnson, Eileen & Guzman, A. Fabiola (1994): New Information on the Late Pleistocene Birds from San Josecito Cave, Nuevo León, Mexico. ''[[Condor (journal)|Condor]]'' '''96'''(3): 577-589. [http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Condor/files/DJVU/v096n03/P0577-P0589.djvu DjVu fulltext] [http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Condor/files/issues/v096n03/p0577-p0589.pdf PDF fulltext]
* [[David Steadman|Steadman, David William]]; Arroyo-Cabrales, Joaquin; Johnson, Eileen & Guzman, A. Fabiola (1994): New Information on the Late Pleistocene Birds from San Josecito Cave, Nuevo León, Mexico. ''[[Condor (journal)|Condor]]'' '''96'''(3): 577-589. [http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Condor/files/DJVU/v096n03/P0577-P0589.djvu DjVu fulltext] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702152740/http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Condor/files/DJVU/v096n03/P0577-P0589.djvu |date=2013-07-02 }} [http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Condor/files/issues/v096n03/p0577-p0589.pdf PDF fulltext] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060911032144/http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Condor/files/issues/v096n03/p0577-p0589.pdf |date=2006-09-11 }}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q214293}}


[[Kategori:Strigiformes]]
[[Kategori:Strigiformes]]

Revisi terkini sejak 1 November 2023 12.38

Beluk
Bubo bengalensis Burung hantu bertanduk dari Indian
Klasifikasi ilmiah
Kerajaan:
Animalia
Filum:
Chordata
Kelas:
Aves
Subkelas:
Neornithes
Infrakelas:
Neognathae
Superordo:
Neoaves
Ordo:
Strigiformes
Famili:
Strigidae
Genus:
Bubo

Duméril, 1805
Species

Sekitar satu atau dua lusin

Sinonim

Nyctea Stephens, 1826
Ophthalmomegas Dejaut, 1911[1]

Beluk;merupakan jenis burung hantu bertanduk dari genus Bubo. Genus ini memiliki sekitar satu atau dua lusin species dari keluarga burung hantu, dan dapat ditemukan di berbagai tempat di dunia. Pada awalnya hanya burung hantu yang memiliki jumbai pada telinganya yang dimasukkan ke genus ini.

Seekor burung hantu bertanduk putih sedang menyantap seekor tikus.

Catatan kaki

[sunting | sunting sumber]
  1. ^ Possibly a junior synonym of Ketupa, if that is a valid genus: Pavia (1999), Mlíkovský (2002, 2003).

Referensi

[sunting | sunting sumber]
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