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{{About|daftar hitam politik pada 1940an dan 1950an|film dokumenter pendek 1950 tentang ini|The Hollywood Ten|survei permainan latar yang belum diproduksi|Black List (survei)}}
{{About|daftar hitam politik pada 1940an dan 1950an|film dokumenter pendek 1950 tentang ini|The Hollywood Ten|survei permainan latar yang belum diproduksi|Black List (survei)}}
[[Berkas:H10Protest.gif|thumb|right|upright=1.6|Para anggota [[Hollywood Ten]] dan keluarga mereka pada 1950, berunjuk rasa menentang pembebasan kesepuluh orang tersebut]]


'''Daftar hitam Hollywood'''—atau yang lebih dikenal sebagai '''daftar hitam industri hiburan'''—adalah praktek penolakan pekerjaan terhadap para penulis latar, aktor, sutradara, musisi, dan anggota profesional dunia hiburan Amerika lainnya pada pertengahan abad ke-20 karena mereka dituduh simpatisan atau berhubungan dengan [[Komunis]]. Para artisditarik dari pekerjaannya atas dasar tuduhan keanggotaan mereka dalam atau bersimpati dengan [[Partai Komunis AS]] atau menolak untuk ikut penyelidikan dalam aktivitas partai tersebut. Bahkan pada masa penegakan terkuatnya, akhir 1940an sampai akhir 1950an, [[daftar hitam]]-nya terkadang eksplisit atau terverifiabel, namun langsung menghancurkan karir orang-orang dalam industri film.
'''Daftar hitam Hollywood'''—atau yang lebih dikenal sebagai '''daftar hitam industri hiburan'''—adalah praktek penolakan pekerjaan terhadap para penulis latar, aktor, sutradara, musisi, dan anggota profesional dunia hiburan Amerika lainnya pada pertengahan abad ke-20 karena mereka dituduh simpatisan atau berhubungan dengan [[Komunis]]. Para artisditarik dari pekerjaannya atas dasar tuduhan keanggotaan mereka dalam atau bersimpati dengan [[Partai Komunis AS]] atau menolak untuk ikut penyelidikan dalam aktivitas partai tersebut. Bahkan pada masa penegakan terkuatnya, akhir 1940an sampai akhir 1950an, [[daftar hitam]]-nya terkadang eksplisit atau terverifiabel, namun langsung menghancurkan karier orang-orang dalam industri film.


Daftar hitam Hollywood sistematis pertama dilembagakan pada 24 November 1947, sehari setelah sepuluh penulis dan sutradara dikutip [[kontem Kongres]] karena menolak pentestifikasian untuk [[House Un-American Activities Committee]]. Sekelompok eksekutif studio, yang bertindak di bawah naungan [[MPAA|Motion Picture Association of America]], membela artis-artis tersebut—yang disebut [[Hollywood Ten]]—dan menjadi dikenal sebagai [[Pernyataan Waldorf]].
Daftar hitam Hollywood sistematis pertama dilembagakan pada 24 November 1947, sehari setelah sepuluh penulis dan sutradara dikutip [[kontem Kongres]] karena menolak pentestifikasian untuk [[House Un-American Activities Committee]]. Sekelompok eksekutif studio, yang bertindak di bawah naungan [[MPAA|Motion Picture Association of America]], membela artis-artis tersebut—yang disebut [[Hollywood Ten]]—dan menjadi dikenal sebagai [[Pernyataan Waldorf]].
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Pada 22 Juni 1950, sebuah pamflet berjudul ''[[Red Channels]]'' diterbitkan. Berfokus pada bidang penyiaran, pamflet tersebut mengidentifikasikan 151 anggota profesional industri hiburan dalam konteks "Fasis Merah dan simpatisan mereka". Kemudian, kebanyakan dari mereka, bersama dengan pembawa acara dari artis lainnya, dikeluarkan dari pekerjaan dalam sebagian besar bidang dunia hiburan.
Pada 22 Juni 1950, sebuah pamflet berjudul ''[[Red Channels]]'' diterbitkan. Berfokus pada bidang penyiaran, pamflet tersebut mengidentifikasikan 151 anggota profesional industri hiburan dalam konteks "Fasis Merah dan simpatisan mereka". Kemudian, kebanyakan dari mereka, bersama dengan pembawa acara dari artis lainnya, dikeluarkan dari pekerjaan dalam sebagian besar bidang dunia hiburan.


Daftar hitam berlanjut sampai 1960, saat [[Dalton Trumbo]], seorang anggota Partai Komunis dari 1943 sampai 1948<ref>[[Victor Navasky]], ''Naming Names'', New York: Viking, 2003</ref>
Daftar hitam berlanjut sampai 1960, saat [[Dalton Trumbo]], seorang anggota Partai Komunis dari 1943 sampai 1948<ref>[[Victor Navasky]], ''Naming Names'', New York: Viking, 2003</ref>
dan anggota Hollywood Ten, diangkat sebagai penulis latar dari film yang sangat sukses ''[[Exodus (film 1960)|Exodus]]'', dan kemudian secara terbuka diketahui oleh aktor [[Kirk Douglas]] karena menulis permainan latar untuk film ''[[Spartacus (film)|Spartacus]]''.<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-life/9515653/Kirk-Douglas-My-Spartacus-broke-all-the-rules.html ref blacklist Kirk Douglas, "My Spartacus Broke All the Rules"], ''the Telegraph''</ref> Namun, sejumlah orang yang masuk daftar hitam masih ditolak bekerja dalam profesi-profesi mereka selama bertahun-tahun setelahnya.
dan anggota Hollywood Ten, diangkat sebagai penulis latar dari film yang sangat sukses ''[[Exodus (film 1960)|Exodus]]'', dan kemudian secara terbuka diketahui oleh aktor [[Kirk Douglas]] karena menulis permainan latar untuk film ''[[Spartacus (film)|Spartacus]]''.<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-life/9515653/Kirk-Douglas-My-Spartacus-broke-all-the-rules.html ref blacklist Kirk Douglas, "My Spartacus Broke All the Rules"], ''the Telegraph''</ref> Namun, sejumlah orang yang masuk daftar hitam masih ditolak bekerja dalam profesi-profesi mereka selama bertahun-tahun setelahnya.


== Hollywood Ten dan orang-orang yang masuk daftar hitam lainnya pada 1947 ==
==Referensi==

=== Hollywood Ten ===

Berikut ini adalah sepuluh orang yang dikutip kontem Kongres dan dimasukkan daftar hitam setelah menolak menjawab pertanyaan tentang tuduhan keterlibatan mereka dengan Partai Komunis:<ref>{{cite web|title=Hollywood Ten|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/269472/Hollywood-Ten|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate=9 December 2012}}</ref>
* [[Alvah Bessie]], penulis latar
* [[Herbert Biberman]], penulis latar dan sutradara
* [[Lester Cole]], penulis latar
* [[Edward Dmytryk]], sutradara
* [[Ring Lardner Jr.]], penulis latar
* [[John Howard Lawson]], penulis latar
* [[Albert Maltz]], penulis latar
* [[Samuel Ornitz]], penulis latar
* [[Adrian Scott]], produser dan penulis latar
* [[Dalton Trumbo]], penulis latar

=== Lain-lain ===

* [[Hanns Eisler]], komposer<ref>Herman (1997), p. 356; Dick (1989), p. 7.</ref>
* [[Bernard Gordon (penulis)|Bernard Gordon]], penulis latar<ref>Gordon (1999), p. 16.</ref>
* [[Joan LaCour Scott]], penulis latar<ref>Ceplair and Englund (2003), p. 403; Goldstein (1999).</ref>

=== Orang-orang yang masuk daftar hitam antara Januari 1948 dan Juni 1950 ===
(yang berbintang menandakan orang yang juga masuk dalam Red Channels)
* [[Ben Barzman]], penulis latar<ref>Ceplair and Englund (2003), p. 401.</ref>
* [[Paul Draper (penari)|Paul Draper]], aktor dan penari*<ref>Everitt (2007), p. 53.</ref>
* [[Sheridan Gibney]], penulis latar<ref>Navasky (1980), p. 88.</ref>
* [[Paul Green (pengarang drama)|Paul Green]], pengarang drama dan penulis latar<ref name=Ward178>Ward and Butler (2008), pp. 178–79.</ref>
* [[Lillian Hellman]], pengarang drama dan penulis latar*<ref>Newman (1989), p. 140.</ref>
* [[Canada Lee]], aktor<ref>Horne (2006), pp. 204–5, 224; Goudsouzian (2004), p. 88.</ref>
* [[Paul Robeson]], aktor dan penyanyi<ref>Gill (2000), pp. 50–52.</ref>
* [[Edwin Rolfe]], penulis latar dan penyair<ref>Nelson and Hendricks (1990), p. 53.</ref>
* [[William Sweets]], penyiar radio*<ref>Cogley (1956), pp. 25–28.</ref>
* [[Richard Wright (pengarang)|Richard Wright]], penulis<ref name=Ward178/>

=== Daftar ''Red Channels'' ===
(lihat, e.g., Schrecker [2002], p.&nbsp;244; Barnouw [1990], pp.&nbsp;122–24)
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
* [[Larry Adler]], aktor dan musisi
* [[Luther Adler]], aktor dan sutradara
* [[Stella Adler]], aktor dan guru
* [[Edith Atwater]], aktor
* [[Howard Bay (perancang)|Howard Bay]], perancang latar
* [[Ralph Bell (aktor)|Ralph Bell]], aktor
* [[Leonard Bernstein]], komposer dan konduktor
* [[Walter Bernstein]], penulis latar
* [[Michael Blankfort]], penulis latar{{Ref_label|C|c|none}}
* [[Marc Blitzstein]], komposer
* [[True Boardman]], penulis latar
* [[Millen Brand]], penulis
* [[Oscar Brand]], penyanyi foklor
* [[Joseph Edward Bromberg]], aktor
* [[Himan Brown]], produser dan sutradara
* [[John Brown (aktor)|John Brown]], aktor
* [[Abe Burrows]], pengarang drama dan pembuat lirik
* [[Morris Carnovsky]], aktor
* [[Cliff Carpenter]], aktor
* [[Vera Caspary]], penulis
* [[Edward Chodorov]], penulis latar dan produser
* [[Jerome Chodorov]], penulis
* [[Mady Christians]], aktor
* [[Lee J. Cobb]], aktor
* [[Marc Connelly]], pengarang drama
* [[Aaron Copland]], komposer
* [[Norman Corwin]], penulis
* [[Howard Da Silva]], aktor
* [[Roger De Koven]], aktor
* [[Dean Dixon]], konduktor
* [[Olin Downes]], kritikus musik
* [[Alfred Drake]], aktor dan penyanyi
* [[Paul Draper (penari)|Paul Draper]], aktor dan penari
* [[Howard Duff]], aktor
* [[Clifford Durr|Clifford J. Durr]], jaksa
* [[Richard Dyer-Bennet]], penyanyi foklor
* [[José Ferrer]], aktor
* [[Louise Fitch (Lewis)]], aktor
* [[Martin Gabel]], aktor
* [[Arthur Gaeth]], komentator radio
* [[William S. Gailmor]], jurnalis dan komentator radio
* [[John Garfield]], aktor
* [[Will Geer]], aktor
* [[Jack Gilford]], aktor dan komedian
* [[Tom Glazer]], penyanyi foklor
* [[Ruth Gordon]], aktor dan penulis latar
* [[Lloyd Gough]], aktor
* [[Morton Gould]], pianis dan komposer
* [[Shirley Graham]], penulis
* [[Ben Grauer]], pembawa acara radio dan TV
* [[Mitchell Grayson]], sutradara dan produser radio
* [[Horace Grenell]], konduktor dan produser musik
{{col-3}}
* [[Uta Hagen]], aktor dan guru
* [[Dashiell Hammett]], penulis
* [[E. Y. "Yip" Harburg]], pembuat lirik
* [[Robert P. Heller]], jurnalis televisi
* [[Lillian Hellman]], pengarang drama dan penulis latar
* [[Jon Hering]], intern
* [[Nat Hiken]], penulis dan produser
* [[Rose Hobart]], aktor
* [[Judy Holliday]], aktor dan komedian
* [[Roderick B. Holmgren]], jurnalis
* [[Lena Horne]], penyanyi dan aktor
* [[Langston Hughes]], penulis
* [[Marsha Hunt (aktris kelahiran 1917)|Marsha Hunt]], aktor
* [[Leo Hurwitz]], sutradara
* [[Charles Irving (aktor)|Charles Irving]], aktor
* [[Burl Ives]], penyanyi foklor dan aktor
* [[Sam Jaffe]], aktor
* [[Leon Janney]], aktor
* [[Joe Julian (aktor)|Joe Julian]], aktor
* [[Garson Kanin]], penulis dan sutradara
* [[George Keane]], aktor
* [[Donna Keath]], aktor radio
* [[Pert Kelton]], aktor
* [[Alexander Kendrick]], jurnalis dan pengarang
* [[Adelaide Klein]], aktor
* [[Howard Koch (penulis latar)|Howard Koch]], penulis latar
* [[Tony Kraber]], aktor
* [[Millard Lampell]], penulis latar
* [[John La Touche (musisi)|John La Touche]], pembuat lirik
* [[Arthur Laurents]], penulis
* [[Gypsy Rose Lee]], aktor dan [[ekdisias]]
* [[Madeline Lee Gilford|Madeline Lee]], aktris{{Ref_label|D|d|none}}
* [[Ray Lev]], pianis klasik
* [[Philip Loeb]], aktor
* [[Ella Logan]], aktor dan penyanyi
* [[Alan Lomax]], folkloris dan musikologis
* [[Avon Long]], aktor dan penyanyi
* [[Joseph Losey]], sutradara
* [[Peter Lyon]], penulis televisi
* [[Aline MacMahon]], aktor
* [[Paul Mann]], sutradara dan guru
* [[Margo (aktris)|Margo]], aktor dan penari
* [[Myron McCormick]], aktor
* [[Paul McGrath (aktor)|Paul McGrath]], aktor radio
* [[Burgess Meredith]], aktor
* [[Arthur Miller]], pengarang drama
* [[Henry Morgan (komedian)|Henry Morgan]], aktor
* [[Zero Mostel]], aktor dan komedian
* [[Jean Muir (aktris)|Jean Muir]], aktor
* [[Meg Mundy]], aktor
* [[Lyn Murray]], komposer dan pemimpin paduan suara
{{col-3}}
* [[Ben Myers (jaksa)|Ben Myers]], jaksa
* [[Dorothy Parker]], penulis
* George Pepper, produser<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=HvC3WaGZF3UC&pg=PA218&lpg=PA218&dq=ceplair+george+pepper&source=bl&ots=Ep3qCwB9b2&sig=3cho2HcWTwjo2N68tJwluagSwkQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjii4nNkKLPAhUB5WMKHfCpBm4Q6AEIQDAH#v=onepage&q=ceplair%20george%20pepper&f=false
</ref>
* [[Jeanette Pepper]], ekonomis
* [[Arnold Perl]], produser dan penulis
* [[Minerva Pious]], aktor
* [[Samson Raphaelson]], penulis latar dan pengarang drama
* [[Bernard Reis]], akuntan
* [[Anne Revere]], aktor
* [[Kenneth Roberts (pengarang)|Kenneth Roberts]], penulis
* [[Earl Robinson]], komposer dan pembuat lirik
* [[Edward G. Robinson]], aktor
* [[William N. Robson]], penulis radio dan TV
* [[Harold Rome]], komposer dan pembuat lirik
* [[Norman Rosten]], penulis
* [[Selena Royle]], aktor
* [[Coby Ruskin]], sutradara TV
* [[Robert William St. John]], jurnalis, penyiar
* [[Hazel Scott]], musisi jazz dan klasik
* [[Pete Seeger]], penyanyi foklor
* [[Lisa Sergio]], pembawa acara radio
* [[Artie Shaw]], musisi jazz musisi
* [[Irwin Shaw]], penulis, pengarang drama
* [[Robert Lewis Shayon]], mantan presiden badan direktur radio dan TV
* [[Ann Shepherd]], aktor
* [[William L. Shirer]], jurnalis, penyiar
* [[Allan Sloane]], penulis radio dan TV
* [[Howard K. Smith]], jurnalis, penyiar
* [[Gale Sondergaard]], aktor
* [[Hester Sondergaard]], aktor
* [[Lionel Stander]], aktor
* [[Johannes Steel]], jurnalis, komentator radio
* [[Paul Stewart (aktor)|Paul Stewart]], aktor
* [[Elliott Sullivan]], aktor
* [[William Sweets]], pembawa acara radio
* [[Helen Tamiris]], koreografer
* [[Betty Todd]], sutradara
* [[Louis Untermeyer]], penyair
* [[Hilda Vaughn]], aktor
* [[J. Raymond Walsh]], komentator radio
* [[Sam Wanamaker]], aktor
* [[Theodore Ward]], pengarang drama
* [[Fredi Washington]], aktor
* [[Margaret Webster]], aktor, sutradara dan produser
* [[Orson Welles]], aktor, penulis dan sutradara
* [[Josh White]], musisi blues
* [[Irene Wicker]], penyanyi dan aktor
* [[Betty Winkler|Betty Winkler (Keane)]], aktor
* [[Martin Wolfson]], aktor
* [[Lesley Woods]], aktor
* [[Richard Yaffe]], jurnalis, penyiar
{{col-end}}

=== Orang-orang lainnya yang mula-mula masuk daftar hitam setelah Juni 1950 ===
{{Div col|3}}
* [[Eddie Albert]], aktor<ref>Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 188.</ref>
* [[Lew Amster]], penulis latar<ref name=BWb28>Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 28.</ref>
* [[Richard Attenborough]], aktor, sutradara dan produser<ref>Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 253.</ref>
* [[Norma Barzman]], penulis latar<ref>Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 159.</ref>
* [[Sol Barzman]], penulis latar<ref>Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 146.</ref>
* [[Orson Bean]], aktor<ref>Faulk (1963), p. 7.</ref>
* [[Albert Bein]], penulis latar<ref name=BWb28/>
* [[Harry Belafonte]], aktor dan penyanyi<ref>McGill (2005), pp. 249–50; Ward (1998), p. 323; Cogley (1956), pp. 8–9.</ref>
* [[Barbara Bel Geddes]], aktris<ref>Katz (1994), p. 106.</ref>
* [[Ben Bengal]], penulis latar<ref>Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 50.</ref>
* [[Seymour Bennett]], penulis latar<ref>Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 123.</ref>
* [[Leonardo Bercovici]], penulis latar<ref name="Buhle and Wagner 2003b, p. 21"/>
* [[Herschel Bernardi]], aktor<ref>Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 42.</ref>
* [[John Berry (sutradara)|John Berry]], aktor, penulis latar dan sutradara<ref>Denning (1998), p. 374; Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 108.</ref>
* [[Henry Blankfort]], penulis latar<ref name=BWb31>Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 31.</ref>
* [[Laurie Blankfort]], artis<ref name=BWb31/>
* [[Roman Bohnen]], aktor<ref name="Buhle and Wagner 2003b, p. 49">Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 49.</ref>
* [[Allen Boretz]], penulis latar and songwriter<ref>Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 83.</ref>
* [[Phoebe Brand]], aktris<ref>Schwartz, J. (1999); Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 50.</ref>
* [[John Bright (penulis latar)|John Bright]], penulis latar<ref>Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 2.</ref>
* [[Phil Brown (aktor)|Phil Brown]], aktor<ref>Barzman (2004), p. 449.</ref>
* [[Harold Buchman]], penulis latar<ref name="Buhle and Wagner 2003b, p. 22">Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 22.</ref>
* [[Sidney Buchman]], penulis latar<ref>Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 128.</ref>
* [[Luis Buñuel]], sutradara<ref name="BWb6"/>
* [[Val Burton]], penulis latar<ref name="Buhle and Wagner 2003b, p. 17">Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 17.</ref>
* [[Hugo Butler]], penulis latar<ref>Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 22.</ref>
* [[Alan Campbell (penulis latar)|Alan Campbell]], penulis latar<ref>Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 129.</ref>
* [[Charles Chaplin]], aktor, sutradara dan produser<ref>Katz (1994), p. 241.</ref>
* [[Maurice Clark]], penulis latar<ref>Navasky (1980), p. 283.</ref>
* [[Richard J. Collins|Richard Collins]], penulis latar<ref>Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 73.</ref>
* [[Charles Collingwood (jurnalis)|Charles Collingwood]], komentator radio<ref>Faulk (1963), pp. 7–8.</ref>
* [[Dorothy Comingore]], aktris<ref>Denning (1998), p. 374; Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 20.</ref>
* [[Jeff Corey]], aktor<ref>Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 77.</ref>
* [[George Corey]], penulis latar<ref>Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 151.</ref>
* [[Irwin Corey]], aktor dan komedian<ref>Sullivan (2010), p. 64.</ref>
* [[Oliver Crawford]], penulis latar<ref>''Times'' (2008).</ref>
* [[John Cromwell (sutradara)|John Cromwell]], sutradara<ref>Lumenick 2007a.</ref>
* [[Charles Dagget]], animator<ref name="Cohen 2004, p. 178">Cohen (2004), p. 178.</ref>{{Ref_label|E|e|none}}
* [[Danny Dare]], koreografer<ref>Boyer (1996); Cogley (1956), p. 124.</ref>{{Ref_label|F|f|none}}
* [[Jules Dassin]], sutradara<ref>Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 105.</ref>
* [[Ossie Davis]], aktor<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://capitolwords.org/date/2005/02/09/H472_honoring-the-life-and-accomplishments-of-the-late-/ |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2017-01-09 |archive-date=2013-04-14 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130414131517/http://capitolwords.org/date/2005/02/09/H472_honoring-the-life-and-accomplishments-of-the-late-/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
* [[Ruby Dee]], aktris<ref>http://brbl-archive.library.yale.edu/exhibitions/cvvpw/gallery/dee1.html</ref>
* [[Dolores del Río]], aktris<ref>Ramón (1997), p. 44.</ref>
* [[Karen DeWolf]], penulis latar<ref name="Buhle and Wagner 2003b, p. 5">Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 5.</ref>
* [[Howard Dimsdale]], penulis<ref name=BWa250>Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 250.</ref>
* [[Ludwig Donath]], aktor<ref name="Buhle and Wagner 2003b, p. 49"/>
* [[Arnaud d'Usseau]], penulis latar<ref name=BWa83>Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 83.</ref>
* [[P. D. Eastman|Phil Eastman]], penulis kartun<ref>Cohen (2004), pp. 178–81.</ref>
* [[Leslie Edgley]], penulis latar<ref name="Navasky 1980, p. 282">Navasky (1980), p. 282.</ref>
* [[Edward Eliscu]], penulis latar<ref name=BWb7>Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 7.</ref>
* [[Faith Elliott]], animator<ref>Barzman (2004), p. 89.</ref>
* [[Cy Endfield]], penulis latar dan sutradara<ref>Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 137.</ref>
* [[Guy Endore]], penulis latar<ref name=BWa83/>
* [[Francis Edward Faragoh]], penulis latar<ref>Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 14.</ref>
* [[Frances Farmer]], aktris<ref>{{cite news|last=Johnson |first=Allan |url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1996-02-27/features/9602270322_1_blacklist-chairman-j-parnell-thomas-communist-party |title=Climate Of Fear: 'Blacklist' Chronicles Careers, Lives Trashed During Witch Hunts For Communists |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |date=February 27, 1996 |accessdate=2012-12-09}}</ref>
* [[Howard Fast]], penulis<ref>Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 48.</ref>
* [[John Henry Faulk]], pembawa acara radio<ref>Faulk (1963), pp. 6–7.</ref>
* [[Jerry Fielding]], komposer<ref name="Burlingame 2000 74"/>
* [[Carl Foreman]], produser dan penulis latar<ref>Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. xi.</ref>
* [[Anne Froelick]], penulis latar<ref name=BWa250/>
* [[Lester Fuller]], sutradara<ref>Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 251.</ref>
* [[Bert Gilden]], penulis latar<ref>Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 105.</ref>
* [[Lee Gold (penulis latar)|Lee Gold]], penulis latar<ref>Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 139.</ref>
* [[Harold Goldman]], penulis latar<ref>Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 16.</ref>
* [[Michael Gordon (sutradara)|Michael Gordon]], sutradara<ref>Dick (1982), p. 80.</ref>
* [[Jay Gorney]], penulis latar<ref>Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 96.</ref>
* [[Lee Grant]], aktris<ref>Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 31.</ref>
* [[Morton Grant]], penulis latar<ref name="Buhle and Wagner 2003b, p. 13">Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 13.</ref>
* [[Anne Green (penulis latar)|Anne Green]], penulis latar<ref>Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 95.</ref>
* [[Jack T. Gross]], produser<ref name="Buhle and Wagner 2003b, p. 37">Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 37.</ref>
* [[Margaret Gruen]], penulis latar<ref>Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 164.</ref>
* [[David Hilberman]], animator<ref name=Cohen172>Cohen (2004), pp. 172–76.</ref>
* [[Tamara Hovey]], penulis latar<ref name="BWb15"/>
* [[John Hubley]], animator<ref>Cohen (2004), pp. 178, 181–83.</ref>
* [[Edward Huebsch]], penulis latar<ref name="Buhle and Wagner 2003b, p. 18">Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 18.</ref>
* [[Ian McLellan Hunter]], penulis latar<ref name="Buhle and Wagner 2003a, p. 86">Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 86.</ref>
* [[Kim Hunter]], aktris<ref>Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. viii.</ref>
* [[John Ireland (aktor)|John Ireland]], aktor<ref name="Doherty 2003, p. 236"/>
* [[Daniel James (penulis latar)|Daniel James]], penulis latar<ref name="Buhle and Wagner 2003a, p. 80">Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 80.
* [[Walter Elias Disney]]
</ref>
* [[Paul Jarrico]], produser and penulis latar<ref>Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 134.</ref>
* [[Gordon Kahn]], penulis latar<ref name=BWa250/>
* [[Victor Kilian]], aktor<ref>Graulich and Tatum (2003), p. 115.</ref>
* [[Sidney Kingsley]], pengarang drama<ref>Zecker (2007), p. 106.</ref>
* [[Alexander Knox]], aktor<ref>Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 194.</ref>
* [[Mickey Knox (aktor)|Mickey Knox]], aktor<ref>Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 106.</ref>
* [[Lester Koenig]], produser<ref>Herman (1997), p. 356.</ref>
* [[Charles Korvin]], aktor<ref>Korvin (1997).</ref>
* [[Hy Kraft]], penulis latar<ref>Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 39.</ref>
* [[Constance Lee]], penulis latar<ref>Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 24.</ref>
* [[Will Lee]], aktor dan komika
* [[Robert Lees]], penulis latar<ref name="Buhle and Wagner 2003a, p. 86"/>
* [[Carl Lerner]], penyunting dan sutradara<ref>Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 150.</ref>
* [[Irving Lerner]], sutradara<ref>Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 53.</ref>
* [[Sam Levene]], aktor<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=bXSdUTdA_dUC&pg=PA163</ref>
* [[Lewis Leverett]], aktor<ref name="Schwartz 1999">Schwartz (1999).</ref>
* [[Alfred Lewis Levitt]], penulis latar<ref name=BWa130>Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 130.</ref>
* [[Helen Slote Levitt]], penulis latar<ref name=BWa130/>
* [[Mitch Lindemann]], penulis latar<ref name="Buhle and Wagner 2003b, p. 37"/>
* [[Norman Lloyd (aktor)|Norman Lloyd]], aktor<ref>Denning (1998), p. 374; Lumenick (2007b).</ref>
* [[Ben Maddow]], penulis latar<ref>Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 110.</ref>
* [[Arnold Manoff]], penulis latar<ref>Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 20.</ref>
* [[John McGrew]], animator<ref>Cohen (2004), pp. 172–73178.</ref>
* [[Ruth McKenney]], penulis<ref>Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 142.</ref>
* [[Bill Meléndez]], animator<ref>Cohen (2004), pp. 178–79, 186.</ref>
* [[John "Skins" Miller]], aktor<ref>Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 8.</ref>
* Paula Miller, aktris<ref name="Schwartz 1999"/>
* [[Josef Mischel]], penulis latar<ref>Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 110.</ref>
* [[Karen Morley]], aktris<ref>Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 78.</ref>
* [[Henry Myers (penulis latar)|Henry Myers]], penulis latar<ref>Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 26.</ref>
* [[Mortimer Offner]], penulis latar<ref name=BWb7/>
* [[Alfred Palca]], penulis dan produser<ref>Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 157.</ref>
* [[Larry Parks]], aktor<ref>Navasky (1980), pp. 371–73.</ref>
* [[Leo Penn]], aktor<ref name=BWa45>Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 45.</ref>
* [[Irving Pichel]], sutradara<ref>Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 10.</ref>
* [[Louis Pollock]], penulis latar<ref name="Englund 2003 p. 388"/>
* [[Abraham Polonsky]], penulis latar and director<ref name="Buhle and Wagner 2003b, p. 13"/>
* [[William Pomerance]], animation executive<ref name=Cohen172/>
* [[Vladimir Pozner]], penulis latar<ref name=BWb11>Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 11.</ref>
* [[Stanley Prager]], sutradara<ref name=BWb15>Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 15.</ref>
* [[John Randolph (aktor)|John Randolph]], aktor<ref>Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 247.</ref>
* [[Maurice Rapf]], penulis latar<ref>Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 163.</ref>
* [[Rosaura Revueltas]], aktris<ref>Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 253.</ref>
* [[Robert L. Richards]], penulis latar<ref name="Buhle and Wagner 2003a, p. 80"/>
* [[Frederic I. Rinaldo]], penulis latar<ref>Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 1.</ref>
* [[Martin Ritt]], aktor dan sutradara<ref>Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 18.</ref>
* [[W. L. River]], penulis latar<ref name="Buhle and Wagner 2003b, p. 5"/>
* [[Marguerite Roberts]], penulis latar<ref>Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 88.</ref>
* [[David Robison (penulis latar)|David Robison]], penulis latar<ref name=Lerner03>Lerner (2003), pp. 337–38.</ref>
* [[Naomi Robison]], aktris<ref name=Lerner03/>
* [[Louise Rousseau]], penulis latar<ref name=BWb6>Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 6.</ref>
* [[Jean Rouverol|Jean Rouverol (Butler)]], aktris dan penulis<ref>Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 142.</ref>
* [[Shimen Ruskin]], actor<ref name="Navasky 1980, p. 282"/>
* [[Madeleine Ruthven]], penulis latar<ref>Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 55.</ref>
* [[Waldo Salt]], penulis latar<ref>Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 208.</ref>
* [[John Sanford (1904–2003)|John Sanford]], penulis latar<ref>Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 101.</ref>
* [[Bill Scott (pengisi suara)|Bill Scott]], pengisi suara<ref name="Cohen 2004, p. 178"/>
* [[Martha Scott]], aktris<ref name="Englund 2003 p. 388"/>
* [[Robert Shayne]], aktor
* [[Joshua Shelley]], aktor<ref name=BWa45/>
* [[Madeleine Sherwood]], aktris<ref>Perebinossoff, Gross, and Gross (2005), p. 9; Kisseloff (1995), p. 416.</ref>
* [[Reuben Ship]], penulis latar<ref>Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 218.</ref>
* [[Viola Brothers Shore]], penulis latar<ref name=BWb11/>
* [[George Sklar]], pengarang drama<ref name=BWb6/>
* [[Art Smith (aktor)|Art Smith]], aktor<ref name="Schwartz 1999"/>
* [[Louis Solomon]], penulis latar dan produser<ref>Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 63.</ref>
* [[Ray Spencer]], penulis latar<ref name="Buhle and Wagner 2003b, p. 37"/>
* [[Janet Stevenson]], penulis<ref name="Buhle and Wagner 2003b, p. 49"/>
* [[Philip Stevenson]], penulis<ref name="Buhle and Wagner 2003b, p. 49"/>
* [[Donald Ogden Stewart]], penulis latar<ref>Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 36.</ref>
* [[Arthur Strawn]], penulis latar<ref>Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 91.</ref>
* [[Bess Taffel]], penulis latar<ref name=BWb15/>
* [[Julius Tannenbaum]], producer<ref name="Buhle and Wagner 2003b, p. 22"/>
* [[Frank Tarloff]], penulis latar<ref>Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 175.</ref>
* [[Shepard Traube]], sutradara dan penulis latar<ref name="Buhle and Wagner 2003b, p. 17"/>
* [[Dorothy Tree]], aktris<ref>Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 47.</ref>
* [[Paul Trivers]], penulis latar<ref>Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 141.</ref>
* [[George Tyne]], aktor<ref name=BWa45/>
* [[Michael Uris]], penulis<ref>Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 90.</ref>
* [[Peter Viertel]], penulis latar<ref>Navasky (1980), pp. 93–94.</ref>
* [[Bernard Vorhaus]], sutradara<ref>Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 9.</ref>
* [[John Weber (produser)|John Weber]], produser<ref>Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 209.</ref>
* Richard Weil, penulis latar<ref name="Buhle and Wagner 2003b, p. 18"/>
* [[Hannah Weinstein]], produser<ref>Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 66.</ref>
* [[John Wexley]], penulis latar<ref>Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 111.</ref>
* [[Michael Wilson (penulis)|Michael Wilson]], penulis latar<ref>Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. vii.</ref>
* [[Nedrick Young]], aktor dan penulis latar<ref>Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 248.</ref>
* [[Julian Zimet]], penulis latar<ref name="BWa83"/>
{{Div col end}}

== Referensi ==


'''Kutipan'''
'''Kutipan'''
Baris 18: Baris 388:
'''Daftar pustaka'''
'''Daftar pustaka'''
{{Refbegin|2}}
{{Refbegin|2}}
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* Anderson, John (2007). "Old Hollywood", ''Village Voice'', November 20 (available [http://www.villagevoice.com/film/0747,anderson,78397,20.html online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080623225329/http://www.villagevoice.com/film/0747,anderson,78397,20.html |date=2008-06-23 }}).
*Andrew, Geoff (2005). "''On the Waterfront''", in ''Time Out Film Guide'', 14th ed., ed. John Pym. London: Time Out. ISBN 1-904978-48-7
* Andrew, Geoff (2005). "''On the Waterfront''", in ''Time Out Film Guide'', 14th ed., ed. John Pym. London: Time Out. ISBN 1-904978-48-7
*Barnouw, Erik (1990 [1975]). ''Tube of Plenty: The Evolution of American Television''. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-506483-6
* Barnouw, Erik (1990 [1975]). ''Tube of Plenty: The Evolution of American Television''. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-506483-6
*Barzman, Norma (2004). ''The Red And The Blacklist: The Intimate Memoir of a Hollywood Expatriate''. New York: Thunder's Mouth/Nation Books. ISBN 1-56025-617-6
* Barzman, Norma (2004). ''The Red And The Blacklist: The Intimate Memoir of a Hollywood Expatriate''. New York: Thunder's Mouth/Nation Books. ISBN 1-56025-617-6
*Belton, John (1994). ''American Cinema/American Culture'' [excerpt] in Ross (2002), pp.&nbsp;193–212.
* Belton, John (1994). ''American Cinema/American Culture'' [excerpt] in Ross (2002), pp.&nbsp;193–212.
*Billingsley, Kenneth Lloyd (2000). ''Hollywood Party''. Roseville, CA: Prima Publishing. ISBN 0-7615-1376-0.
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* Newman, Robert P. (1989). ''The Cold War Romance of Lillian Hellman and John Melby''. Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-1815-1
*O'Neill, William L. (1990 [1982]). ''A Better World: Stalinism and the American Intellectuals''. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction. ISBN 0-88738-631-8
* O'Neill, William L. (1990 [1982]). ''A Better World: Stalinism and the American Intellectuals''. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction. ISBN 0-88738-631-8
*Parish, James Robert (2004). ''The Hollywood Book of Scandals: The Shocking, Often Disgraceful Deeds and Affairs of More than 100 American Movie and TV Idols''. New York et al.: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-142189-0
* Parish, James Robert (2004). ''The Hollywood Book of Scandals: The Shocking, Often Disgraceful Deeds and Affairs of More than 100 American Movie and TV Idols''. New York et al.: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-142189-0
*Perebinossoff, Philippe, Brian Gross, and Lynne S. Gross (2005). ''Programming for TV, Radio, and the Internet: Strategy, Development, and Evaluation''. Burlington, Mass., and Oxford: Focal Press/Elsiver. ISBN 0-240-80682-4
* Perebinossoff, Philippe, Brian Gross, and Lynne S. Gross (2005). ''Programming for TV, Radio, and the Internet: Strategy, Development, and Evaluation''. Burlington, Mass., and Oxford: Focal Press/Elsiver. ISBN 0-240-80682-4
*Ramón, David (1997). ''Dolores del Río''. México: Clío. ISBN 968-6932-35-6
* Ramón, David (1997). ''Dolores del Río''. México: Clío. ISBN 968-6932-35-6
*''Red Channels: The Report of Communist Influence in Radio and Television'' (1950). New York: Counterattack.
* ''Red Channels: The Report of Communist Influence in Radio and Television'' (1950). New York: Counterattack.
*Ross, Stephen J. (ed.) (2002). ''Movies and American Society''. Malden, Mass., and Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-21960-9
* Ross, Stephen J. (ed.) (2002). ''Movies and American Society''. Malden, Mass., and Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-21960-9
*Schrecker, Ellen (2002). ''The Age of McCarthyism: A Brief History with Documents''. New York: Palgrave. ISBN 0-312-29425-5
* Schrecker, Ellen (2002). ''The Age of McCarthyism: A Brief History with Documents''. New York: Palgrave. ISBN 0-312-29425-5
*Schwartz, Jerry (1999). "Some Actors Outraged by Kazan Honor", Associated Press, March 13 (available [http://writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/50s/kazan-award-flap.html online]).
* Schwartz, Jerry (1999). "Some Actors Outraged by Kazan Honor", Associated Press, March 13 (available [http://writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/50s/kazan-award-flap.html online]).
*Scott, William Berryman, and Peter M. Rutkoff (1999). ''New York Modern: The Arts and the City''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-5998-0
* Scott, William Berryman, and Peter M. Rutkoff (1999). ''New York Modern: The Arts and the City''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-5998-0
*Smith, Jeff (1999). "'A Good Business Proposition': Dalton Trumbo, ''Spartacus'', and the End of the Blacklist", in ''Controlling Hollywood: Censorship/Regulation in the Studio Era'', ed. Matthew Bernstein. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-8135-2707-4
* Smith, Jeff (1999). "'A Good Business Proposition': Dalton Trumbo, ''Spartacus'', and the End of the Blacklist", in ''Controlling Hollywood: Censorship/Regulation in the Studio Era'', ed. Matthew Bernstein. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-8135-2707-4
*Stone, Geoffrey R. (2004). ''Perilous Times: Free Speech in Wartime from the Sedition Act of 1798 to the War on Terrorism''. New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-05880-8
* Stone, Geoffrey R. (2004). ''Perilous Times: Free Speech in Wartime from the Sedition Act of 1798 to the War on Terrorism''. New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-05880-8
*Sullivan, James (2010). ''Seven Dirty Words: The Life and Crimes of George Carlin''. Cambridge, Mass.: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-81829-5
* Sullivan, James (2010). ''Seven Dirty Words: The Life and Crimes of George Carlin''. Cambridge, Mass.: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-81829-5
*Trumbo, Dalton (1970). ''Additional Dialogue: Letters of Dalton Trumbo 1942–1962''. Manfull, Helen, ed. New York: Evans and Company. ISBN
* Trumbo, Dalton (1970). ''Additional Dialogue: Letters of Dalton Trumbo 1942–1962''. Manfull, Helen, ed. New York: Evans and Company. ISBN
*"Oliver Crawford: Hollywood Writer", ''Times'' (London), October 8, 2008 (available [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article4902110.ece online]).
* "Oliver Crawford: Hollywood Writer", ''Times'' (London), October 8, 2008 (available [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article4902110.ece online]).
*Verrier, Richard (2011). "Writers Guild Restores Screenplay Credit to Trumbo for 'Roman Holiday'", ''Los Angeles Times'', December 19 (available [http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/entertainmentnewsbuzz/2011/12/writers-guild-restores-screenplay-credit-to-trumbo-for-roman-holiday.html online]).
* Verrier, Richard (2011). "Writers Guild Restores Screenplay Credit to Trumbo for 'Roman Holiday'", ''Los Angeles Times'', December 19 (available [http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/entertainmentnewsbuzz/2011/12/writers-guild-restores-screenplay-credit-to-trumbo-for-roman-holiday.html online]).
*Wakeman, John, ed. (1987). ''World Film Directors—Volume One: 1890–1945''. New York: H. W. Wilson. ISBN 0-8242-0757-2
* Wakeman, John, ed. (1987). ''World Film Directors—Volume One: 1890–1945''. New York: H. W. Wilson. ISBN 0-8242-0757-2
*Ward, Brian (1998). ''Just My Soul Responding: Rhythm and Blues, Black Consciousness, and Race Relations''. London: UCL Press. ISBN 1-85728-138-1
* Ward, Brian (1998). ''Just My Soul Responding: Rhythm and Blues, Black Consciousness, and Race Relations''. London: UCL Press. ISBN 1-85728-138-1
*Ward, Jerry Washington, and Robert Butler (2008). ''The Richard Wright Encyclopedia''. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood. ISBN 0-313-31239-7
* Ward, Jerry Washington, and Robert Butler (2008). ''The Richard Wright Encyclopedia''. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood. ISBN 0-313-31239-7
*Weigand, Kate (2002). ''Red Feminism: American Communism and the Making of Women's Liberation''. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-6489-5
* Weigand, Kate (2002). ''Red Feminism: American Communism and the Making of Women's Liberation''. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-6489-5
*Weinraub, Bernard (2000). "Blacklisted Screenwriters Get Credits", ''New York Times'', August 5.
* Weinraub, Bernard (2000). "Blacklisted Screenwriters Get Credits", ''New York Times'', August 5.
*Zecker, Robert (2007). ''Metropolis: The American City in Popular Culture''. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood. ISBN 0-275-99712-X
* Zecker, Robert (2007). ''Metropolis: The American City in Popular Culture''. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood. ISBN 0-275-99712-X
{{Refend}}
{{Refend}}


'''Further reading'''
'''Further reading'''
*Berg, Sandra (2006). "When Noir Turned Black" (interview with [[Jules Dassin]]), ''Written By'' (November) (available [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927015754/http://www.wga.org/writtenby/writtenbysub.aspx?id=2247 online] [https://web.archive.org/web/20130518192152/http://www.wga.org/writtenby/writtenbysub.aspx?id=2247 Archived version of May 2013]).
* Berg, Sandra (2006). "When Noir Turned Black" (interview with [[Jules Dassin]]), ''Written By'' (November) (available [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927015754/http://www.wga.org/writtenby/writtenbysub.aspx?id=2247 online] [https://web.archive.org/web/20130518192152/http://www.wga.org/writtenby/writtenbysub.aspx?id=2247 Archived version of May 2013]).
*Bernstein, Walter (2000). ''Inside Out: A Memoir of the Blacklist''. New York: Da Capo. ISBN 0-306-80936-2
* Bernstein, Walter (2000). ''Inside Out: A Memoir of the Blacklist''. New York: Da Capo. ISBN 0-306-80936-2
*Briley, Ronald (1994). "Reel History and the Cold War", ''OAH Magazine of History'' 8 (winter) (available [https://web.archive.org/web/20061027052439/http://www.oah.org/pubs/magazine/coldwar/briley1.html online] [https://web.archive.org/web/20030101143557/http://www.oah.org/pubs/magazine/coldwar/briley1.html Archived version of Jan.2003]).
* Briley, Ronald (1994). "Reel History and the Cold War", ''OAH Magazine of History'' 8 (winter) (available [https://web.archive.org/web/20061027052439/http://www.oah.org/pubs/magazine/coldwar/briley1.html online] [https://web.archive.org/web/20030101143557/http://www.oah.org/pubs/magazine/coldwar/briley1.html Archived version of Jan.2003]).
*Georgakas, Dan (1992). "Hollywood Blacklist", in ''Encyclopedia of the American Left'', ed. [[Mari Jo Buhle]], [[Paul Buhle]], and [[Dan Georgakas]]. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press (available [http://www.writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/50s/blacklist.html online]). ISBN 0-252-06250-7
* Georgakas, Dan (1992). "Hollywood Blacklist", in ''Encyclopedia of the American Left'', ed. [[Mari Jo Buhle]], [[Paul Buhle]], and [[Dan Georgakas]]. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press (available [http://www.writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/50s/blacklist.html online]). ISBN 0-252-06250-7
*Kahn, Gordon (1948). ''Hollywood on Trial: The Story of the 10 Who Were Indicted''. New York: Boni & Gaer (excerpted [http://www.cobbles.com/simpp_archive/huac_committee-of-five.htm online]). ISBN 0-405-03921-2
* Kahn, Gordon (1948). ''Hollywood on Trial: The Story of the 10 Who Were Indicted''. New York: Boni & Gaer (excerpted [http://www.cobbles.com/simpp_archive/huac_committee-of-five.htm online]). ISBN 0-405-03921-2
*Leab, Daniel J., with guide by Robert E. Lester (1991). ''Communist Activity in the Entertainment Industry: FBI Surveillance Files on Hollywood, 1942–1958''. Bethesda, Maryland: University Publications of America (available [http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/1708_FBIFilesCommActsEntertain.pdf online]). ISBN 1-55655-414-1
* Leab, Daniel J., with guide by Robert E. Lester (1991). ''Communist Activity in the Entertainment Industry: FBI Surveillance Files on Hollywood, 1942–1958''. Bethesda, Maryland: University Publications of America (available [http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/1708_FBIFilesCommActsEntertain.pdf online]). ISBN 1-55655-414-1
*Murray, Lawrence L. (1975). "Monsters, Spys, and Subversives: The Film Industry Responds to the Cold War, 1945–1955", ''Jump Cut'' 9 (available [http://www.ejumpcut.org/archive/onlinessays/JC09folder/ColdWarFilms.html online]).
* Murray, Lawrence L. (1975). "Monsters, Spys, and Subversives: The Film Industry Responds to the Cold War, 1945–1955", ''Jump Cut'' 9 (available [http://www.ejumpcut.org/archive/onlinessays/JC09folder/ColdWarFilms.html online]).
*Nizer, Louis. (1966). The Jury Returns. New York: Doubleday & Co. ISBN 978-0-671-12505-9
* Nizer, Louis. (1966). The Jury Returns. New York: Doubleday & Co. ISBN 978-0-671-12505-9
*"Seven-Year Justice", ''Time'', July 6, 1962 (available [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,940029,00.html online]).
* "Seven-Year Justice", ''Time'', July 6, 1962 (available [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,940029,00.html online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504194218/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,940029,00.html |date=2009-05-04 }}).
*Vaughn, Robert. (2004). Only Victims: A Study of Show Business Blacklisting, 2nd ed. New York: Proscenium/Limelight Editions. (Originally published New York: Putnam, 1972).ISBN 978-0-87910-081-0
* Vaughn, Robert. (2004). Only Victims: A Study of Show Business Blacklisting, 2nd ed. New York: Proscenium/Limelight Editions. (Originally published New York: Putnam, 1972).ISBN 978-0-87910-081-0


==Pranala luar==
== Pranala luar ==
*[http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/108/110880/ch26_a5_d1.pdf Albert Maltz's HUAC Testimony] transcript of the writer's testimony (preceded by excerpts of actor Ronald Reagan's testimony—see below for link to complete Reagan transcript)
* [http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/108/110880/ch26_a5_d1.pdf Albert Maltz's HUAC Testimony] transcript of the writer's testimony (preceded by excerpts of actor Ronald Reagan's testimony—see below for link to complete Reagan transcript)
*[http://www.writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/50s/congcomms.html "Congressional Committees and Unfriendly Witnesses"] detailed examination of legal issues involved in HUAC proceedings by historian Ellen Schrecker
* [http://www.writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/50s/congcomms.html "Congressional Committees and Unfriendly Witnesses"] detailed examination of legal issues involved in HUAC proceedings by historian Ellen Schrecker
*[http://ccrjustice.org/newsroom/press-releases/mccarthy-era-blacklist-victims,-peace-groups,-academics,-and-media-file-amic "McCarthy Era Blacklist Victims, Peace Groups, Academics, and Media File Amicus Briefs in CCR Case"] news release focused on 2009 brief filed by former blacklistees including [[Irwin Corey]] in ''[[Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project]]'' Supreme Court free speech case
* [http://ccrjustice.org/newsroom/press-releases/mccarthy-era-blacklist-victims,-peace-groups,-academics,-and-media-file-amic "McCarthy Era Blacklist Victims, Peace Groups, Academics, and Media File Amicus Briefs in CCR Case"] news release focused on 2009 brief filed by former blacklistees including [[Irwin Corey]] in ''[[Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project]]'' Supreme Court free speech case
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071015082054/http://twcnet.edu/cschutz/history-page/Consensus/Reagan-huac-testimony.html Ronald Reagan's HUAC Testimony] transcript of the actor's testimony of October 23, 1947 ([https://web.archive.org/web/20041124000508/http://www.twcnet.edu/cschutz/history-page/Consensus/Reagan-huac-testimony.html Archived version of Nov. 2004])
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071015082054/http://twcnet.edu/cschutz/history-page/Consensus/Reagan-huac-testimony.html Ronald Reagan's HUAC Testimony] transcript of the actor's testimony of October 23, 1947 ([https://web.archive.org/web/20041124000508/http://www.twcnet.edu/cschutz/history-page/Consensus/Reagan-huac-testimony.html Archived version of Nov. 2004])
*[http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/entertainment/july-dec97/blacklist_10-24.html "Seeing Red"] transcript of excerpts from PBS documentary ''The Legacy of the Hollywood Blacklist'' and interview by ''[[The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer|NewsHour]]'' correspondent Elizabeth Farnsworth with two blacklisted artists, writer/producer [[Paul Jarrico]] and actress [[Marsha Hunt (actress, born 1917)|Marsha Hunt]]
* [http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/entertainment/july-dec97/blacklist_10-24.html "Seeing Red"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060803135428/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/entertainment/july-dec97/blacklist_10-24.html |date=2006-08-03 }} transcript of excerpts from PBS documentary ''The Legacy of the Hollywood Blacklist'' and interview by ''[[The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer|NewsHour]]'' correspondent Elizabeth Farnsworth with two blacklisted artists, writer/producer [[Paul Jarrico]] and actress [[Marsha Hunt (actress, born 1917)|Marsha Hunt]]
*[https://archive.org/details/FBI-Communist-Infiltration-Motion-Picture-Industry FBI Documents on Communist Infiltration- Motion Picture Industry (COMPIC)]
* [https://archive.org/details/FBI-Communist-Infiltration-Motion-Picture-Industry FBI Documents on Communist Infiltration- Motion Picture Industry (COMPIC)]
*[http://oralhistory.library.ucla.edu/viewItem.do?ark=21198/zz000905wx&title=%20Hollywood%20Blacklist Hollywood Blacklist], series of interviews and transcripts (many online) from Center for Oral History Research, UCLA Library Special Collections, University of California, Los Angeles.
* [http://oralhistory.library.ucla.edu/viewItem.do?ark=21198/zz000905wx&title=%20Hollywood%20Blacklist Hollywood Blacklist] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127032924/http://oralhistory.library.ucla.edu/viewItem.do?ark=21198%2Fzz000905wx&title=%20Hollywood%20Blacklist |date=2016-01-27 }}, series of interviews and transcripts (many online) from Center for Oral History Research, UCLA Library Special Collections, University of California, Los Angeles.


{{DEFAULTSORT:Daftar Hitam Hollywood}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Daftar Hitam Hollywood}}

Revisi terkini sejak 16 September 2023 12.36

Halaman ini berisi artikel tentang daftar hitam politik pada 1940an dan 1950an. Untuk film dokumenter pendek 1950 tentang ini, lihat The Hollywood Ten. Untuk survei permainan latar yang belum diproduksi, lihat Black List (survei).

Daftar hitam Hollywood—atau yang lebih dikenal sebagai daftar hitam industri hiburan—adalah praktek penolakan pekerjaan terhadap para penulis latar, aktor, sutradara, musisi, dan anggota profesional dunia hiburan Amerika lainnya pada pertengahan abad ke-20 karena mereka dituduh simpatisan atau berhubungan dengan Komunis. Para artisditarik dari pekerjaannya atas dasar tuduhan keanggotaan mereka dalam atau bersimpati dengan Partai Komunis AS atau menolak untuk ikut penyelidikan dalam aktivitas partai tersebut. Bahkan pada masa penegakan terkuatnya, akhir 1940an sampai akhir 1950an, daftar hitam-nya terkadang eksplisit atau terverifiabel, namun langsung menghancurkan karier orang-orang dalam industri film.

Daftar hitam Hollywood sistematis pertama dilembagakan pada 24 November 1947, sehari setelah sepuluh penulis dan sutradara dikutip kontem Kongres karena menolak pentestifikasian untuk House Un-American Activities Committee. Sekelompok eksekutif studio, yang bertindak di bawah naungan Motion Picture Association of America, membela artis-artis tersebut—yang disebut Hollywood Ten—dan menjadi dikenal sebagai Pernyataan Waldorf.

Pada 22 Juni 1950, sebuah pamflet berjudul Red Channels diterbitkan. Berfokus pada bidang penyiaran, pamflet tersebut mengidentifikasikan 151 anggota profesional industri hiburan dalam konteks "Fasis Merah dan simpatisan mereka". Kemudian, kebanyakan dari mereka, bersama dengan pembawa acara dari artis lainnya, dikeluarkan dari pekerjaan dalam sebagian besar bidang dunia hiburan.

Daftar hitam berlanjut sampai 1960, saat Dalton Trumbo, seorang anggota Partai Komunis dari 1943 sampai 1948[1] dan anggota Hollywood Ten, diangkat sebagai penulis latar dari film yang sangat sukses Exodus, dan kemudian secara terbuka diketahui oleh aktor Kirk Douglas karena menulis permainan latar untuk film Spartacus.[2] Namun, sejumlah orang yang masuk daftar hitam masih ditolak bekerja dalam profesi-profesi mereka selama bertahun-tahun setelahnya.

Hollywood Ten dan orang-orang yang masuk daftar hitam lainnya pada 1947

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Hollywood Ten

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Berikut ini adalah sepuluh orang yang dikutip kontem Kongres dan dimasukkan daftar hitam setelah menolak menjawab pertanyaan tentang tuduhan keterlibatan mereka dengan Partai Komunis:[3]

Lain-lain

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Orang-orang yang masuk daftar hitam antara Januari 1948 dan Juni 1950

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(yang berbintang menandakan orang yang juga masuk dalam Red Channels)

Daftar Red Channels

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(lihat, e.g., Schrecker [2002], p. 244; Barnouw [1990], pp. 122–24)

Orang-orang lainnya yang mula-mula masuk daftar hitam setelah Juni 1950

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Referensi

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Kutipan

  1. ^ Victor Navasky, Naming Names, New York: Viking, 2003
  2. ^ ref blacklist Kirk Douglas, "My Spartacus Broke All the Rules", the Telegraph
  3. ^ "Hollywood Ten". Encyclopædia Britannica. Diakses tanggal 9 December 2012. 
  4. ^ Herman (1997), p. 356; Dick (1989), p. 7.
  5. ^ Gordon (1999), p. 16.
  6. ^ Ceplair and Englund (2003), p. 403; Goldstein (1999).
  7. ^ Ceplair and Englund (2003), p. 401.
  8. ^ Everitt (2007), p. 53.
  9. ^ Navasky (1980), p. 88.
  10. ^ a b Ward and Butler (2008), pp. 178–79.
  11. ^ Newman (1989), p. 140.
  12. ^ Horne (2006), pp. 204–5, 224; Goudsouzian (2004), p. 88.
  13. ^ Gill (2000), pp. 50–52.
  14. ^ Nelson and Hendricks (1990), p. 53.
  15. ^ Cogley (1956), pp. 25–28.
  16. ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=HvC3WaGZF3UC&pg=PA218&lpg=PA218&dq=ceplair+george+pepper&source=bl&ots=Ep3qCwB9b2&sig=3cho2HcWTwjo2N68tJwluagSwkQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjii4nNkKLPAhUB5WMKHfCpBm4Q6AEIQDAH#v=onepage&q=ceplair%20george%20pepper&f=false
  17. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 188.
  18. ^ a b Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 28.
  19. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 253.
  20. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 159.
  21. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 146.
  22. ^ Faulk (1963), p. 7.
  23. ^ McGill (2005), pp. 249–50; Ward (1998), p. 323; Cogley (1956), pp. 8–9.
  24. ^ Katz (1994), p. 106.
  25. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 50.
  26. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 123.
  27. ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama Buhle and Wagner 2003b, p. 21
  28. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 42.
  29. ^ Denning (1998), p. 374; Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 108.
  30. ^ a b Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 31.
  31. ^ a b c d Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 49.
  32. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 83.
  33. ^ Schwartz, J. (1999); Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 50.
  34. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 2.
  35. ^ Barzman (2004), p. 449.
  36. ^ a b Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 22.
  37. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 128.
  38. ^ a b c Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 6.
  39. ^ a b Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 17.
  40. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 22.
  41. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 129.
  42. ^ Katz (1994), p. 241.
  43. ^ Navasky (1980), p. 283.
  44. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 73.
  45. ^ Faulk (1963), pp. 7–8.
  46. ^ Denning (1998), p. 374; Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 20.
  47. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 77.
  48. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 151.
  49. ^ Sullivan (2010), p. 64.
  50. ^ Times (2008).
  51. ^ Lumenick 2007a.
  52. ^ a b Cohen (2004), p. 178.
  53. ^ Boyer (1996); Cogley (1956), p. 124.
  54. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 105.
  55. ^ "Salinan arsip". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-04-14. Diakses tanggal 2017-01-09. 
  56. ^ http://brbl-archive.library.yale.edu/exhibitions/cvvpw/gallery/dee1.html
  57. ^ Ramón (1997), p. 44.
  58. ^ a b Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 5.
  59. ^ a b c Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 250.
  60. ^ a b c Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 83.
  61. ^ Cohen (2004), pp. 178–81.
  62. ^ a b Navasky (1980), p. 282.
  63. ^ a b Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 7.
  64. ^ Barzman (2004), p. 89.
  65. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 137.
  66. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 14.
  67. ^ Johnson, Allan (February 27, 1996). "Climate Of Fear: 'Blacklist' Chronicles Careers, Lives Trashed During Witch Hunts For Communists". Chicago Tribune. Diakses tanggal 2012-12-09. 
  68. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 48.
  69. ^ Faulk (1963), pp. 6–7.
  70. ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama Burlingame 2000 74
  71. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. xi.
  72. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 251.
  73. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 105.
  74. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 139.
  75. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 16.
  76. ^ Dick (1982), p. 80.
  77. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 96.
  78. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 31.
  79. ^ a b Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 13.
  80. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 95.
  81. ^ a b c Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 37.
  82. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 164.
  83. ^ a b Cohen (2004), pp. 172–76.
  84. ^ a b c Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 15.
  85. ^ Cohen (2004), pp. 178, 181–83.
  86. ^ a b Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 18.
  87. ^ a b Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 86.
  88. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. viii.
  89. ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama Doherty 2003, p. 236
  90. ^ a b Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 80.
  91. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 134.
  92. ^ Graulich and Tatum (2003), p. 115.
  93. ^ Zecker (2007), p. 106.
  94. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 194.
  95. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 106.
  96. ^ Herman (1997), p. 356.
  97. ^ Korvin (1997).
  98. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 39.
  99. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 24.
  100. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 150.
  101. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 53.
  102. ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=bXSdUTdA_dUC&pg=PA163
  103. ^ a b c Schwartz (1999).
  104. ^ a b Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 130.
  105. ^ Denning (1998), p. 374; Lumenick (2007b).
  106. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 110.
  107. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 20.
  108. ^ Cohen (2004), pp. 172–73178.
  109. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 142.
  110. ^ Cohen (2004), pp. 178–79, 186.
  111. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 8.
  112. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 110.
  113. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 78.
  114. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 26.
  115. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 157.
  116. ^ Navasky (1980), pp. 371–73.
  117. ^ a b c Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 45.
  118. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 10.
  119. ^ a b Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama Englund 2003 p. 388
  120. ^ a b Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 11.
  121. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 247.
  122. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 163.
  123. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 253.
  124. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 1.
  125. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 18.
  126. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 88.
  127. ^ a b Lerner (2003), pp. 337–38.
  128. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 142.
  129. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 55.
  130. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 208.
  131. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 101.
  132. ^ Perebinossoff, Gross, and Gross (2005), p. 9; Kisseloff (1995), p. 416.
  133. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 218.
  134. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 63.
  135. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 36.
  136. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 91.
  137. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 175.
  138. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 47.
  139. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 141.
  140. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 90.
  141. ^ Navasky (1980), pp. 93–94.
  142. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 9.
  143. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 209.
  144. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003b), p. 66.
  145. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 111.
  146. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. vii.
  147. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2003a), p. 248.

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Further reading

  • Berg, Sandra (2006). "When Noir Turned Black" (interview with Jules Dassin), Written By (November) (available online Archived version of May 2013).
  • Bernstein, Walter (2000). Inside Out: A Memoir of the Blacklist. New York: Da Capo. ISBN 0-306-80936-2
  • Briley, Ronald (1994). "Reel History and the Cold War", OAH Magazine of History 8 (winter) (available online Archived version of Jan.2003).
  • Georgakas, Dan (1992). "Hollywood Blacklist", in Encyclopedia of the American Left, ed. Mari Jo Buhle, Paul Buhle, and Dan Georgakas. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press (available online). ISBN 0-252-06250-7
  • Kahn, Gordon (1948). Hollywood on Trial: The Story of the 10 Who Were Indicted. New York: Boni & Gaer (excerpted online). ISBN 0-405-03921-2
  • Leab, Daniel J., with guide by Robert E. Lester (1991). Communist Activity in the Entertainment Industry: FBI Surveillance Files on Hollywood, 1942–1958. Bethesda, Maryland: University Publications of America (available online). ISBN 1-55655-414-1
  • Murray, Lawrence L. (1975). "Monsters, Spys, and Subversives: The Film Industry Responds to the Cold War, 1945–1955", Jump Cut 9 (available online).
  • Nizer, Louis. (1966). The Jury Returns. New York: Doubleday & Co. ISBN 978-0-671-12505-9
  • "Seven-Year Justice", Time, July 6, 1962 (available online Diarsipkan 2009-05-04 di Wayback Machine.).
  • Vaughn, Robert. (2004). Only Victims: A Study of Show Business Blacklisting, 2nd ed. New York: Proscenium/Limelight Editions. (Originally published New York: Putnam, 1972).ISBN 978-0-87910-081-0

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