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{{Infobox_President
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2016}}
| name={{lang|ar|بشار الأسد}}<br />Bashar al-Assad
{{Nama Arab|al-Assad}}
| nationality=Suriah
{{Infobox officeholder
| image=Syria.BasharAlAssad.01.jpg
| name = Bashar al-Assad
| order=[[Presiden Suriah]] Ke-10
| office = [[Presiden Suriah|Presiden Suriah ke-19]]
| term_start=[[17 Juli]] [[2000]]
| native_name = بشار الأسد
| term_end=Sekarang
| native_name_lang = ar
| predecessor=[[Abdul Halim Khaddam]] (Pejabat)
| image = File:Al-Assad 2022 (cropped).jpeg
| successor=''Sedang Menjabat''
| caption = Bashar Pada 2022
| birth_date={{birth date and age|1965|9|11}}
| predecessor = [[Abdul Halim Khaddam]] {{small|(Penjabat)}}
| birth_place=[[Damascus]], [[Suriah]]
| primeminister = [[Muhammad Mushthafa Miru]]<br>[[Muhammad Naji al-Otari|Muhammad Naji al-Uthari]]<br>[[Adel Safar|Adil Safar]]<br>[[Riyad Farid Hijab|Riyadh Farid Hijab]]<br>[[Omar Ibrahim Ghalawanji|Umar Ibrahim Ghalawanji]]<br>[[Wa'il Nadir al-Halqi]]<br>[[Imad Khamis]]
| dead=alive
| successor =
| death_date=
| vicepresident = [[Abdul Halim Khaddam]]<br>[[Zuhair Masyarqah]]<br>[[Faruq asy-Syara']]<br>[[Najah al-Aththar]]
| death_place=
| party = [[Partai Ba'ats|Partai Ba'ats Suriah]]
| spouse= [[Asma Assad]]
| lieutenant1 = Sulaiman Qaddah<br>[[Muhammad Sa'id Bukhaitan]]<br>[[Hilal Hilal]]
| party=[[Partai Baath]]
| vicepresident=[[Farouk al-Sharaa]]
| leader1 = [[Abdullah al-Ahmar]]
| office1 = Sekretaris Jenderal [[Komando Regional Partai Ba'ath Sosialis Arab – Kawasan Suriah]]
| predecessor1 = [[Hafez al-Assad]]
| successor1 =
| birth_name = Basyar Hafizh al-Assad
| birth_date = {{nowrap|{{birth date and age|df=yes|1965|9|11}}}}
| birth_place = {{negara|Suriah}} [[Damaskus]], Suriah
| death_date =
| death_place =
| otherparty = [[Front Progressif Nasional (Suriah)|Front Progressif Nasional]]
| spouse = [[Asma al-Assad]] {{marriage||2000}}
| children = 3
| alma_mater = [[Universitas Damaskus]]
| religion = [[Syiah]] {{small|([[Nushairiah]])}}
| allegiance = {{flag|Suriah}}
| branch = [[Angkatan Bersenjata Suriah]]
| serviceyears = 1988–Sekarang
| rank = [[Berkas:Syria-Army-Mushir.svg|30px]] [[Mushir|Marsekal]]
| unit = [[Pengawal Republikan (Suriah)|Pengawal Republikan]] {{small|(Sebelum 2000)}}
| commands = [[Angkatan Bersenjata Suriah]]
| battles = [[Perang Saudara Suriah]]
| term_start = 17 Juli 2000
| term_end =
| term_start1 = 24 Juni 2000
| term_end1 =
| blank1 = Agama
| data1 = [[Islam]] [[Alawi]]
}}
}}


'''dr. Bashar al-Assad''' ([[bahasa Arab|Arab]]:بشار الأسد}}, ''Baššār al-Asad'') (lahir [[11 September]] [[1965]]) adalah [[Presiden Suriah|Presiden]] [[Suriah|Republik Arab Suriah]], Sekretaris Wilayah [[Partai Baath]], dan anak mantan Presiden [[Hafizh al-Assad]]. Bashar menggantikan ayahnya sebagai Presiden Suriah segera setelah kematiannya pada [[10 Juni]] 2000.
'''Dr. Basyar Hafizh al-Assad''' ({{lang-ar|بشار حافظ الأسد}} ''{{transl|ar|DIN|Baššār Ḥāfiẓ al-ʾAsad}}'', <small>pelafalan [[Arab Syam|Syam]]:</small> {{IPA-ar|baʃˈʃaːr ˈħaːfezˤ elˈʔasad|}}; {{Audio|En-us-Bashar Al-Assad from Syria pronunciation (Voice of America).ogg|pelafalan Inggris}}; {{lahirmati|[[Damaskus]], [[Suriah]]|11|9|1965}}) adalah [[Presiden Suriah]] saat ini, memegang kekuasaan sejak 17 Juli 2000. Ia juga [[Panglima Tertinggi]] [[Angkatan Bersenjata Suriah]], Sekretaris Jenderal [[Partai Ba'ats|Partai Arab Sosialis Ba'ats]] yang berkuasa dan Sekretaris Wilayah [[Komando Wilayah Partai Arab Sosialis Ba'ats – Wilayah Suriah|cabang partai]] di Suriah. Dia adalah putra [[Hafizh al-Assad]], yang merupakan Presiden Suriah 1971–2000.

Lahir dan besar di [[Damaskus]], Assad lulus dari sekolah kedokteran di [[Universitas Damaskus]] pada tahun 1988 dan memulai bekerja sebagai dokter di [[Angkatan Darat Suriah]]. Empat tahun kemudian, ia mengikuti studi pascasarjana di [[Rumah Sakit Mata Barat]] di London, yang mengkhususkan diri dalam [[oftalmologi]]. Pada tahun 1994, setelah kakak tertuanya [[Basil al-Assad|Basil]] meninggal dalam kecelakaan mobil, Basyar dipanggil kembali ke Suriah untuk mengambil alih peran Bassil sebagai [[pewaris tahta]]. Ia masuk akademi militer, mengambil bagian dalam [[pendudukan Suriah atas Lebanon]] pada tahun 1998. Pada tanggal 10 Juli 2000, Assad terpilih sebagai Presiden, menggantikan ayahnya, yang meninggal di kantor sebulan sebelumnya. Dalam [[Pemilihan Presiden Suriah 2000|pemilihan 2000]] dan berikutnya [[Pemilihan Presiden Suriah 2007|2007]], ia mendapat 99,7% dan 97,6% dukungan, berturut-turut dalam referendum pada kepemimpinannya.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/27/AR2007052701117.html |work=The Washington Post|title=Syrians Vote For Assad in Uncontested Referendum|agency= Associated Press |date=28 Mei 2007 |accessdate=13 Maret 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6700021.stm |publisher=BBC News|title=Syria's Assad wins another term|date=29 Mei 2007 |accessdate= 13 Maret 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/may/28/syria.ianblack|title = Democracy Damascus style: Assad the only choice in referendum |work = The Guardian |date=28 Mei 2007}}</ref>

Pada 16 Juli 2014, Assad dilantik untuk jangka waktu tujuh tahun lagi setelah mendapat 88,7% hasil suara dalam [[Pemilihan Presiden Suriah 2014|pemilihan presiden pertama yang diperebutkan dalam sejarah Ba'ats Suriah]].<ref name=reuterscontested>{{cite news|title= Confident Assad launches new term in stronger position |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-assad-idUSKBN0FL0NN20140717|agency=Reuters|date=16 Juli 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/04/28/us-syria-crisis-assad-idUSBREA3R0LH20140428?irpc=932 |title=Assad seeks re-election as Syrian civil war rages |agency=Reuters |first1=Dominic |last1=Evans |date=28 April 2014 |accessdate=13 Maret 2015 |archive-date=2015-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018150440/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/04/28/us-syria-crisis-assad-idUSBREA3R0LH20140428?irpc=932 |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-27419552 |title=UK's William Hague attacks Assad's Syria elections plan |publisher=BBC News|date=15 Mei 2014 |accessdate=13 Maret 2015}}</ref> Pemilihan itu dikritik oleh media sebagai "dikontrol ketat" dan tanpa [[pemantau independen|pemantau pemilu independen]], sementara delegasi internasional yang terdiri dari para pejabat lebih dari 30 negara (termasuk [[Bolivia]], [[Brazil]], [[Kuba]], [[Ekuador]], [[India]], [[Iran]], [[Irak]], [[Nikaragua]], [[Rusia]], [[Afrika Selatan]] dan [[Venezuela]]) mengeluarkan pernyataan yang menyatakan bahwa pemilihan itu "bebas, adil dan transparan".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/ap/article-2648552/Syrias-Assad-wins-presidential-vote-landslide.html|title=Syria's Assad wins presidential vote in landslide|website=Daily Mail |date=4 Juni 2014 |accessdate=17 Desember 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/middle-east/Foreign-delegation-in-Syria-slams-West-endorses-elections/articleshow/36069541.cms |title=Foreign delegation in Syria slams West, endorses elections |work=The Times of India |date=4 Juni 2014|accessdate=8 Juni 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/10970476/Bashar-al-Assad-sworn-in-for-a-third-term-as-Syrian-president.html|title=Bashar al-Assad sworn in for a third term as Syrian president|website=The Daily Telegraph|date=16 Juli 2014|accessdate=17 Desember 2016}}</ref> Pemerintah Assad menggambarkan dirinya sebagai sekuler,{{sfn|Bronner|2007|p=63}} sementara beberapa ahli menyatakan bahwa pemerintah memanfaatkan ketegangan aliran agama di negara itu dan bergantung pada minoritas [[Alawiyah]] untuk tetap berkuasa.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/Middle%20East%20North%20Africa/Iraq%20Syria%20Lebanon/Syria/151-flight-of-icarus-the-pyd-s-precarious-rise-in-syria.pdf|title=Flight of Icarus? The PYD's Precarious Rise in Syria|publisher=International Crisis Group|date=8 Mei 2014|accessdate=4 Oktober 2014|format=PDF|page=23|quote=Rezim ini bertujuan untuk memaksa orang untuk berlindung di identitas sektarian dan komunitarian mereka; untuk membagi masing-masing komunitas menjadi cabang-cabang yang bersaing, membagi mereka yang mendukungnya dari mereka yang menentangnya.|archive-date=2016-02-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220181554/http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/Middle%20East%20North%20Africa/Iraq%20Syria%20Lebanon/Syria/151-flight-of-icarus-the-pyd-s-precarious-rise-in-syria.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="NPR_APRIL_2015">{{cite web |url= http://www.npr.org/blogs/parallels/2015/04/18/400360836/syrias-minorities-caught-between-sword-of-isis-and-wrath-of-assad |title= Syria's Minorities: Caught Between Sword Of ISIS And Wrath of Assad |publisher= NPR |last= Meuse |first= Alison |date= 18 April 2015 |accessdate= 19 April 2015 |quote= Karim Bitar, seorang analis Timur Tengah di Paris berpikir tank IRIS [...] mengatakan [...] "Minoritas sering digunakan sebagai perisai oleh rezim otoriter, yang mencoba untuk menggambarkan diri mereka sebagai pelindung dan sebagai benteng melawan Islam radikal."}}</ref>

Setelah dilihat oleh masyarakat internasional sebagai pembaharu potensial, [[Amerika Serikat]], [[Uni Eropa]], dan sebagian dari [[Liga Arab]] menyerukan pengunduran diri Assad dari kursi kepresidenan setelah ia diduga memerintahkan tindakan keras dan pengepungan militer terhadap para demonstran [[Musim Semi Arab]], yang menyebabkan [[Perang Sipil Suriah]].<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/afp/article-2990998/Syrias-Assad-tightens-grip-four-years-war.html |title= Syria's Assad tightens grip after four years of war |work= Daily Mail |agency=Agence France-Presse|date=12 April 2015 |accessdate= 12 Maret 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Bassem Mroue|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/04/18/bashar-assad-resignation-syria-protest_n_850657.html|title=Bashar Assad Resignation Called For By Syria Sit-In Activists|work=[[The Huffington Post]] |agency= Associated Press|accessdate=14 Maret 2015|date=18 April 2011|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110512045222/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/04/18/bashar-assad-resignation-syria-protest_n_850657.html|archivedate=12 Mei 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/07/22/world/meast/syria-unrest |title=Arab League to offer 'safe exit' if Assad resigns |publisher=CNN |date= 23 Juli 2012|accessdate= 13 Maret 2015}}</ref> Selama Perang Sipil Suriah, penyelidikan oleh [[Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]] melaporkan menemukan bukti yang terlibat Assad dalam [[kejahatan perang]] dan [[kejahatan kemanusiaan|kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-25189834 |title=UN implicates Bashar al-Assad in Syria war crimes |publisher=BBC News |date=2 Desember 2013 |accessdate=13 Maret 2015}}</ref> Pada bulan Juni 2014, Assad termasuk dalam daftar 20 sampel kejahatan perang dakwaan dari pejabat pemerintah dan pemberontak yang diserahkan ke [[Mahkamah Pidana Internasional]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN0EL25020140610?irpc=932 |title=Assad tops list of Syria war crimes suspects handed to ICC: former prosecutor |first1= Stephanie |last1= Nebehay |agency=Reuters |date=10 Juni 2014 |accessdate=13 Maret 2015}}</ref><!-- Pada bulan November 2014, jaksa dari [[Pengadilan Khusus untuk Libanon]] mengumumkan bahwa bukti akan diajukan terhadap Assad mengenai kematian [[Rafik Hariri]].<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Special-Lebanon-Court-permits-prosecutor-to-bring-evidence-against-Assad-in-Hariri-case-381986 |title= Special Lebanon Court permits prosecutor to bring evidence against Assad in Hariri case
|work= The Jerusalem Post |first1= Yonah |last1=Jermey Bob |date=16 November 2013 |accessdate= 17 November 2014}}</ref>-->


== Kehidupan pribadi ==
== Kehidupan pribadi ==
Assad yang mahir dalam [[bahasa Inggris]] dan [[bahasa Perancis]] menjalani studi di sekolah elit Franco-Arab al-Hurriyet di [[Damaskus]] (ibu kota Suriah) juga belajar ilmu kedokteran di [[Universitas Damaskus]] unuk Fakultas Kedokteran. Lulus menjadi seorang dokter, spesialisasi dalam [[oftalmologi]] (mata) di pendidikan rumah sakit [[London]]. Ia menikah dengan Asma' al-Akhras, seorang Suriah [[Sunni]] Muslim yang tinggal di [[Inggris]] sejak kelahirannya maupun masa dewasanya.
Assad yang mahir dalam [[bahasa Inggris]] dan [[bahasa Prancis]] menjalani studi di sekolah elit Franco-Arab al-Hurriyet di [[Damaskus]] (ibu kota Suriah) juga belajar ilmu kedokteran di [[Universitas Damaskus]] untuk Fakultas Kedokteran. Lulus menjadi seorang dokter, spesialisasi dalam [[oftalmologi]] (mata) di pendidikan rumah sakit [[London]]. Ia menikah dengan Asma' al-Akhras, seorang Suriah yang tinggal di [[Inggris]] sejak kelahirannya maupun masa dewasanya.


<!-- Keluarga al-Assad adalah anggota [[muslim]] [[Alawite]] group minoritas dan anggota group have been prominent in the governmental hierarchy and army since 1963 when Baath first seized power. Their origins are to be found in the [[Latakia]] region of north-west Syria. Bashar's family is originally from [[Qardaha]], just east of Latakia.
<!-- Keluarga al-Assad adalah anggota [[muslim]] group minoritas dan anggota group have been prominent in the governmental hierarchy and army since 1963 when Baath first seized power. Their origins are to be found in the [[Latakia]] region of north-west Syria. Bashar's family is originally from [[Qardaha]], just east of Latakia.


Initially Bashar had few political aspirations. Hafez al-Assad had been grooming Bashar's older brother, [[Basil al-Assad]] to be the future president. However, Basil's premature death in an automobile accident in 1994 suddenly made Bashar his father's new [[heir apparent]]. When the elder Assad died in 2000, Bashar was duly elected President unopposed with apparent massive popular support, after Syria's Majlis Al Shaa'b (Parliament) swiftly voted to lower the minimum age for candidates from 40 to 34.
Initially Bashar had few political aspirations. Hafez al-Assad had been grooming Bashar's older brother, [[Basil al-Assad]] to be the future president. However, Basil's premature death in an automobile accident in 1994 suddenly made Bashar his father's new [[heir apparent]]. When the elder Assad died in 2000, Bashar was duly elected President unopposed with apparent massive popular support, after Syria's Majlis Al Shaa'b (Parliament) swiftly voted to lower the minimum age for candidates from 40 to 34.


Upon claiming the presidency, Bashar al-Assad promised economic and political reforms to Syria, but he has so far delivered little change in the status quo. The [[Baath Party]] remains in control of the parliament and is constitutionally the "leading party" of the state. Bashar al-Assad, however, was not strongly involved previously in the running of the party. Until he became President, Bashar's only formal political role was as the head of the Syrian Computer Society, which was mainly in charge of introducing the [[Internet]] to Syria.
Upon claiming the presidency, Bashar al-Assad promised economic and political reforms to Syria, but he has so far delivered little change in the status quo. The [[Baath Party]] remains in control of the parliament and is constitutionally the "leading party" of the state. Bashar al-Assad, however, was not strongly involved previously in the running of the party. Until he became President, Bashar's only formal political role was as the head of the Syrian Computer Society, which was mainly in charge of introducing the [[Internet]] to Syria.


Immediately after he took power, a reform movement made cautious advances during the so-called [[Damascus Spring]], and Assad seemed to accept this, as he shut down the notorious [[Mezze prison]] and released hundreds of [[political prisoner]]s. The Damascus Spring however ground to an abrupt halt as security crackdowns commenced again within a year, and although Bashar rules with a softer touch than the all-out [[totalitarianism]] of his father, political freedoms are still extremely curtailed. The security apparatus has eased its grip on society, but remains solidly in control, and while a small dissident movement has by now firmly established itself, it is still both powerless and pressured by the regime. Sporadic protests are occurring among the [[Kurds]] in north-eastern Syria, long discriminated against by the [[Arab nationalist]] Baathist government.
Immediately after he took power, a reform movement made cautious advances during the so-called [[Damaskus Spring]], and Assad seemed to accept this, as he shut down the notorious [[Mezze prison]] and released hundreds of [[political prisoner]]s. The Damaskus Spring however ground to an abrupt halt as security crackdowns commenced again within a year, and although Bashar rules with a softer touch than the all-out [[totalitarianism]] of his father, political freedoms are still extremely curtailed. The security apparatus has eased its grip on society, but remains solidly in control, and while a small dissident movement has by now firmly established itself, it is still both powerless and pressured by the regime. Sporadic protests are occurring among the [[Kurds]] in north-eastern Syria, long discriminated against by the [[Arab nationalist]] Baathist government.


Economic liberalization has also been very limited, with industry still heavily state-controlled and [[political corruption|corruption]] rife throughout the state apparatus. Mild economic sanctions (the [[Syria Accountability Act]]) applied by the [[USA]] further complicate the situation. Of major importance are the negotiations for a [[free trade]] [[Association Agreement]] with the [[European Union]], but progress is slow.
Economic liberalization has also been very limited, with industry still heavily state-controlled and [[political corruption|corruption]] rife throughout the state apparatus. Mild economic sanctions (the [[Syria Accountability Act]]) applied by the [[USA]] further complicate the situation. Of major importance are the negotiations for a [[free trade]] [[Association Agreement]] with the [[European Union]], but progress is slow.


The military plays an omnipresent role in Syrian politics - Hafez al-Assad headed both the military and the air forces, and it was a [[The Corrective Revolution|military coup]] which brought him to power in 1970. Bashar entered the military academy at [[Homs]], north of Damascus, following the death of Basil, and was propelled through the ranks to become a colonel in January 1999.
The military plays an omnipresent role in Syrian politics - Hafez al-Assad headed both the military and the air forces, and it was a [[The Corrective Revolution|military coup]] which brought him to power in 1970. Bashar entered the military academy at [[Homs]], north of Damaskus, following the death of Basil, and was propelled through the ranks to become a colonel in January 1999.


== Foreign relations ==
== Foreign relations ==
[[Image:Syria.BasharAlAssad.02.jpg|thumbnail|300px|Billboard with portrait of Assad and the text ''We bend to no one but God'' on the [[Damascus#The_walls_and_gates_of_Damascus|old city wall of Damascus]] 2006]]
[[Berkas:Syria.BasharAlAssad.02.jpg|thumbnail|300px|Billboard with portrait of Assad and the text ''We bend to no one but God'' on the [[Damaskus#The_walls_and_gates_of_Damascus|old city wall of Damaskus]] 2006]]
Despite tense relations with [[Israel]], Assad has repeatedly called for a resumption of talks on the issue of the [[Golan Heights]], occupied by Israel since 1967. However, the [[United States]] and Israel continue to accuse Assad of supporting militant anti-Israeli groups, classified as terrorist groups by US State Department, including [[Hizbullah]], [[Hamas]] and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad|Islamic Jihad]].
Despite tense relations with [[Israel]], Assad has repeatedly called for a resumption of talks on the issue of the [[Golan Heights]], occupied by Israel since 1967. However, the [[United States]] and Israel continue to accuse Assad of supporting militant anti-Israeli groups, classified as terrorist groups by US State Department, including [[Hizbullah]], [[Hamas]] and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad|Islamic Jihad]].


In May 2001, Assad caused an uproar over his Damascus speech welcoming the visit of [[Pope John Paul II]], in which he criticized [[Israel]] and Jews, saying: "They tried to kill the principles of all religions with the same mentality in which they betrayed Jesus Christ and the same way they tried to betray and kill the Prophet [[Muhammad]]." [http://www.adl.org/presrele/islme_62/3825_62.asp]
In May 2001, Assad caused an uproar over his Damaskus speech welcoming the visit of [[Pope John Paul II]], in which he criticized [[Israel]] and Jews, saying: "They tried to kill the principles of all religions with the same mentality in which they betrayed Jesus Christ and the same way they tried to betray and kill the Prophet [[Muhammad]]." [http://www.adl.org/presrele/islme_62/3825_62.asp]


Assad opposed the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]], despite a long standing animosity between the Syrian and [[Iraq]]i regimes, using Syria's position holding one of the rotating seats on the [[United Nations]] [[Security Council]]. This precipitated, alongside the assassination of former Lebanese Prime Minister Hariri, and the supposed harbouring of anti-Israeli terrorists, a crisis in relations with the [[United States]].
Assad opposed the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]], despite a long standing animosity between the Syrian and [[Iraq]]i regimes, using Syria's position holding one of the rotating seats on the [[United Nations]] [[Security Council]]. This precipitated, alongside the assassination of former Lebanese Prime Minister Hariri, and the supposed harbouring of anti-Israeli terrorists, a crisis in relations with the [[United States]].
Baris 71: Baris 104:
* '''[[Doctor (title)|Dr.]] Bushra al-Assad, sister'''. [[Pharmacist]]. Said to be a strong influence on both Hafez and Bashar, sometimes called the "brain" of Syrian politics. Married to [[Gen.]] [[Assef Shawqat]].
* '''[[Doctor (title)|Dr.]] Bushra al-Assad, sister'''. [[Pharmacist]]. Said to be a strong influence on both Hafez and Bashar, sometimes called the "brain" of Syrian politics. Married to [[Gen.]] [[Assef Shawqat]].
* '''[[Gen.]] Adnan Makhlouf, cousin of Anisah'''. Commands the Republican Guard.
* '''[[Gen.]] Adnan Makhlouf, cousin of Anisah'''. Commands the Republican Guard.
* '''Adnan al-Assad, cousin of Hafez'''. Leader of "Struggle companies" militia in [[Damascus]].
* '''Adnan al-Assad, cousin of Hafez'''. Leader of "Struggle companies" militia in [[Damaskus]].
* '''Muhammad al-Assad, cousin of Hafez'''. Another leader of the "Struggle companies".
* '''Muhammad al-Assad, cousin of Hafez'''. Another leader of the "Struggle companies".
* '''[[Gen.]] [[Assef Shawqat]], brother-in-law'''. Husband of Bushra. Present head of military intelligence, close associate of Bashar.
* '''[[Gen.]] [[Assef Shawqat]], brother-in-law'''. Husband of Bushra. Present head of military intelligence, close associate of Bashar.
-->
-->
==Lihat juga==
*[[Daftar pemimpin negara]]


==Bacaan lanjut==
== Lihat pula ==
* [[Daftar pemimpin negara]]
*''Bashar Al-Assad (Major World Leaders)'' oleh Susan Muaddi Darraj, (Juni 2005, Chelsea House Publications) ISBN 0-7910-8262-8 untuk pemuda
* [[Partai Baath]]
*''Syria Under Bashar Al-Asad: Modernisation and the Limits of Change (Adelphi Papers)'' oleh Volker Perthes, (2004, Oxford University Press) ISBN 0-19-856750-2

*''Bashar's First Year: From Ophthalmology to a National Vision (Research Memorandum)'' by Yossi Baidatz, (2001, [[Washington Institute for Near East Policy]]) ISBN B0006RVLNM
== Rujukan ==
*''Syria: Revolution From Above'' by Raymond Hinnebusch (Routledge; edisi 1, Agustus 2002) ISBN 0-415-28568-2>
{{reflist}}

== Bacaan lanjut ==
* {{Cite book|last=Abboud|first=Samer |title=Syria (Hot Spots in Global Politics) |url=https://archive.org/details/syria0000abbo|publisher=Polity |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-7456-9797-0}}
* {{cite book |last= Belhadj|first= Souhaïl |date= 2013|title= La Syrie de Bashar Al-Asad : Anatomie d'un régime autoritaire |trans-title= Bashar's Syria: Anatomy of an Authoritarian Regime |url= |language= French |location= |publisher= Belin |isbn= 978-2-7011-6467-0}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Hinnebusch |first1=Raymond |title=Syria: Revolution From Above |url=https://archive.org/details/syriarevolutionf0000hinn |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2002 |isbn=978-0415285681}}
* {{Cite book|last1= Perthes|first1=Volker |title=Syria Under Bashar Al-Asad: Modernisation and the Limits of Change |url= https://archive.org/details/syriaunderbashar0000pert|publisher=Routledge |year=2005 |isbn=978-0198567509}}
* {{Cite book|last=Tabler|first=Andrew |title=In the Lion's Den: An Eyewitness Account of Washington's Battle with Syria |url=https://archive.org/details/inlionsdeneyewit00tabl|publisher=Zephyr Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-1569768433 |ref=harv}}

; Laporan
* {{Cite report |author=Yossi Baidatz |date=August 2001 |title=Bashar's First Year: From Ophthalmology to a National Vision |url=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/pubs/PolicyFocus41.pdf |publisher=Washington Institute for Near East Policy |docket= |asin=B0006RVLNM |accessdate=12 March 2015 |archive-date=2016-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225095843/http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/pubs/PolicyFocus41.pdf |dead-url=yes }}
* {{Cite report |author=Annette Büchs |date=March 2009 |title=The Resilience of Authoritarian Rule in Syria under Hafez and Bashar Al-Asad |url=http://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/system/files/publications/wp97_buechs.pdf |publisher=German Institute of Global and Area Studies |docket=97 |accessdate=12 March 2015 |archive-date=2017-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009210705/https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/system/files/publications/wp97_buechs.pdf |dead-url=yes }}


== Pranala luar ==
== Pranala luar ==
{{Commons category}}
{{wikiquote}}
{{Wikiquote}}
*[http://www.sana.org/index06b62031e0f3a610a08b7e1b64984fe0.html sITUS Presiden BasYar al-Assad di Syrian Arab News Agency]
* {{Official website|sana.sy/en/}}
*[http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/CFBB0AFA-B1D6-457B-B611-E56C3B88585C.htm Aljazeera.net - President Bashar al-Asad: Profile]
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20110811101337/http://www.sana.sy/eng/article/123.htm Biography]
*[http://lexicorient.com/e.o/assad_bashar.htm Profile on the Encyclopedia of the Orient]
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20110529042116/http://sana.sy/section.html?&req=shownews&topicid=13&newlang=eng Decrees]
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20110529042110/http://sana.sy/section.html?&req=shownews&topicid=11&newlang=eng Speeches]
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20110529041500/http://sana.sy/section.html?&req=shownews&topicid=12&newlang=eng Interviews]
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20110529042829/http://sana.sy/section.html?&req=shownews&topicid=10&newlang=eng Press releases]
* {{C-SPAN|basharalassad}}
* {{Worldcat id|lccn-no2003-21487}}
* {{Guardian topic}}
* {{NYTtopic|people/a/hafez_al_assad}}
; Artikel
* {{cite web|url=http://www.meforum.org/meib/articles/0304_s2.htm|first=Ziad K.|last=Abdelnour|title=Syria's Proxy Forces in Iraq|publisher=[[Al-Hayat]]|date=12 April 2003}}
* {{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2579331.stm|author=Staff writer(s)|title=Profile: Syria's Bashar al-Assad|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=10 Maret 2005}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.meforum.org/article/730|first=William|last=Harris|title=Bashar al-Assad's Lebanon Gamble|publisher=[[Middle East Quarterly]]|date=Musim Panas 2005}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/9085/syrias_leaders.html|first=Esther|last=Pan|title=Syria's Leaders|publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]]|date=10 Maret 2006|access-date=2016-12-16|archive-date=2006-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060719135235/http://www.cfr.org/publication/9085/syrias_leaders.html|dead-url=yes}}
* {{cite web|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703833204576114712441122894.html|author=Staff writer(s)|title=Interview With Syrian President Bashar al-Assad|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=31 Januari 2011}}
* {{cite web|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2007/07/200852518514154964.html|author=Staff writer(s)|title=Profile: Bashar al-Assad|publisher=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=25 Maret 2011}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E9gyTXO_xIg|first=Charlie|last=Rose|title=Interview with Bashar Hafez al-Assad|publisher=[[PBS]]|date=9 September 2013}}


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{{Presiden Suriah}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Assad, Bashar al-}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Assad, Bashar al-}}
[[Kategori:Kelahiran 1965]]
[[Kategori:Tokoh dari Damaskus]]
[[Kategori:Pemimpin partai politik]]
[[kategori:Orang hidup]]
[[Kategori:Presiden Suriah]]
[[Kategori:Presiden Suriah]]
[[Kategori:Alumni Universitas Damaskus]]

[[ar:بشار الأسد]]
[[bg:Башар ал-Асад]]
[[da:Bashar al-Assad]]
[[de:Baschar al-Assad]]
[[el:Μπασάρ αλ Άσαντ]]
[[en:Bashar al-Assad]]
[[eo:Baŝar al-Asad]]
[[es:Bashar al Assad]]
[[et:Bashār al-Asad]]
[[fi:Baššar al-Asad]]
[[fr:Bachar el-Assad]]
[[ga:Bashar al-Assad]]
[[gl:Bashar al-Assad]]
[[he:בשאר אל-אסד]]
[[it:Bashar al-Asad]]
[[ja:バッシャール・アル＝アサド]]
[[ku:Beşar Esad]]
[[nl:Bashar al-Assad]]
[[nn:Bashar al-Assad]]
[[no:Bashar al-Assad]]
[[pl:Baszar al-Assad]]
[[pt:Bashar al-Assad]]
[[ru:Асад, Башар]]
[[sl:Bašar al Asad]]
[[sv:Bashar al-Assad]]
[[tr:Beşşar Esad]]
[[zh:巴沙尔·阿萨德]]

Revisi terkini sejak 10 Agustus 2024 16.08

Ini adalah nama Arab, nama keluarganya adalah al-Assad.
Bashar al-Assad
بشار الأسد
Bashar Pada 2022
Presiden Suriah ke-19
Mulai menjabat
17 Juli 2000
Perdana MenteriMuhammad Mushthafa Miru
Muhammad Naji al-Uthari
Adil Safar
Riyadh Farid Hijab
Umar Ibrahim Ghalawanji
Wa'il Nadir al-Halqi
Imad Khamis
Wakil PresidenAbdul Halim Khaddam
Zuhair Masyarqah
Faruq asy-Syara'
Najah al-Aththar
Sebelum
Pendahulu
Abdul Halim Khaddam (Penjabat)
Pengganti
Petahana
Sebelum
Sekretaris Jenderal Komando Regional Partai Ba'ath Sosialis Arab – Kawasan Suriah
Mulai menjabat
24 Juni 2000
PemimpinAbdullah al-Ahmar
[[Wakil Sekretaris Jenderal Komando Regional Partai Ba'ath Sosialis Arab – Kawasan Suriah|Wakil]]Sulaiman Qaddah
Muhammad Sa'id Bukhaitan
Hilal Hilal
Sebelum
Pengganti
Petahana
Sebelum
Informasi pribadi
Lahir
Basyar Hafizh al-Assad

11 September 1965 (umur 58)
Suriah Damaskus, Suriah
Partai politikPartai Ba'ats Suriah
Afiliasi politik
lainnya		Front Progressif Nasional
Suami/istriAsma al-Assad
​
​
(m. 2000)​
Anak3
Alma materUniversitas Damaskus
AgamaIslam Alawi
Karier militer
Pihak Suriah
Dinas/cabangAngkatan Bersenjata Suriah
Masa dinas1988–Sekarang
Pangkat Marsekal
SatuanPengawal Republikan (Sebelum 2000)
KomandoAngkatan Bersenjata Suriah
Pertempuran/perangPerang Saudara Suriah
IMDB: nm1519747 Edit nilai pada Wikidata
Sunting kotak info
Sunting kotak info • L • B
Bantuan penggunaan templat ini

Dr. Basyar Hafizh al-Assad (bahasa Arab: بشار حافظ الأسد Baššār Ḥāfiẓ al-ʾAsad, pelafalan Syam: [baʃˈʃaːr ˈħaːfezˤ elˈʔasad]; pelafalan Inggrisⓘ; lahir 11 September 1965) adalah Presiden Suriah saat ini, memegang kekuasaan sejak 17 Juli 2000. Ia juga Panglima Tertinggi Angkatan Bersenjata Suriah, Sekretaris Jenderal Partai Arab Sosialis Ba'ats yang berkuasa dan Sekretaris Wilayah cabang partai di Suriah. Dia adalah putra Hafizh al-Assad, yang merupakan Presiden Suriah 1971–2000.

Lahir dan besar di Damaskus, Assad lulus dari sekolah kedokteran di Universitas Damaskus pada tahun 1988 dan memulai bekerja sebagai dokter di Angkatan Darat Suriah. Empat tahun kemudian, ia mengikuti studi pascasarjana di Rumah Sakit Mata Barat di London, yang mengkhususkan diri dalam oftalmologi. Pada tahun 1994, setelah kakak tertuanya Basil meninggal dalam kecelakaan mobil, Basyar dipanggil kembali ke Suriah untuk mengambil alih peran Bassil sebagai pewaris tahta. Ia masuk akademi militer, mengambil bagian dalam pendudukan Suriah atas Lebanon pada tahun 1998. Pada tanggal 10 Juli 2000, Assad terpilih sebagai Presiden, menggantikan ayahnya, yang meninggal di kantor sebulan sebelumnya. Dalam pemilihan 2000 dan berikutnya 2007, ia mendapat 99,7% dan 97,6% dukungan, berturut-turut dalam referendum pada kepemimpinannya.[1][2][3]

Pada 16 Juli 2014, Assad dilantik untuk jangka waktu tujuh tahun lagi setelah mendapat 88,7% hasil suara dalam pemilihan presiden pertama yang diperebutkan dalam sejarah Ba'ats Suriah.[4][5][6] Pemilihan itu dikritik oleh media sebagai "dikontrol ketat" dan tanpa pemantau pemilu independen, sementara delegasi internasional yang terdiri dari para pejabat lebih dari 30 negara (termasuk Bolivia, Brazil, Kuba, Ekuador, India, Iran, Irak, Nikaragua, Rusia, Afrika Selatan dan Venezuela) mengeluarkan pernyataan yang menyatakan bahwa pemilihan itu "bebas, adil dan transparan".[7][8][9] Pemerintah Assad menggambarkan dirinya sebagai sekuler,[10] sementara beberapa ahli menyatakan bahwa pemerintah memanfaatkan ketegangan aliran agama di negara itu dan bergantung pada minoritas Alawiyah untuk tetap berkuasa.[11][12]

Setelah dilihat oleh masyarakat internasional sebagai pembaharu potensial, Amerika Serikat, Uni Eropa, dan sebagian dari Liga Arab menyerukan pengunduran diri Assad dari kursi kepresidenan setelah ia diduga memerintahkan tindakan keras dan pengepungan militer terhadap para demonstran Musim Semi Arab, yang menyebabkan Perang Sipil Suriah.[13][14][15] Selama Perang Sipil Suriah, penyelidikan oleh Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa melaporkan menemukan bukti yang terlibat Assad dalam kejahatan perang dan kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan.[16] Pada bulan Juni 2014, Assad termasuk dalam daftar 20 sampel kejahatan perang dakwaan dari pejabat pemerintah dan pemberontak yang diserahkan ke Mahkamah Pidana Internasional.[17]

Kehidupan pribadi

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Assad yang mahir dalam bahasa Inggris dan bahasa Prancis menjalani studi di sekolah elit Franco-Arab al-Hurriyet di Damaskus (ibu kota Suriah) juga belajar ilmu kedokteran di Universitas Damaskus untuk Fakultas Kedokteran. Lulus menjadi seorang dokter, spesialisasi dalam oftalmologi (mata) di pendidikan rumah sakit London. Ia menikah dengan Asma' al-Akhras, seorang Suriah yang tinggal di Inggris sejak kelahirannya maupun masa dewasanya.


Lihat pula

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Rujukan

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  1. ^ "Syrians Vote For Assad in Uncontested Referendum". The Washington Post. Associated Press. 28 Mei 2007. Diakses tanggal 13 Maret 2015. 
  2. ^ "Syria's Assad wins another term". BBC News. 29 Mei 2007. Diakses tanggal 13 Maret 2015. 
  3. ^ "Democracy Damascus style: Assad the only choice in referendum". The Guardian. 28 Mei 2007. 
  4. ^ "Confident Assad launches new term in stronger position". Reuters. 16 Juli 2014. 
  5. ^ Evans, Dominic (28 April 2014). "Assad seeks re-election as Syrian civil war rages". Reuters. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2015-10-18. Diakses tanggal 13 Maret 2015. 
  6. ^ "UK's William Hague attacks Assad's Syria elections plan". BBC News. 15 Mei 2014. Diakses tanggal 13 Maret 2015. 
  7. ^ "Syria's Assad wins presidential vote in landslide". Daily Mail. 4 Juni 2014. Diakses tanggal 17 Desember 2016. 
  8. ^ "Foreign delegation in Syria slams West, endorses elections". The Times of India. 4 Juni 2014. Diakses tanggal 8 Juni 2014. 
  9. ^ "Bashar al-Assad sworn in for a third term as Syrian president". The Daily Telegraph. 16 Juli 2014. Diakses tanggal 17 Desember 2016. 
  10. ^ Bronner 2007, hlm. 63.
  11. ^ "Flight of Icarus? The PYD's Precarious Rise in Syria" (PDF). International Crisis Group. 8 Mei 2014. hlm. 23. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2016-02-20. Diakses tanggal 4 Oktober 2014. Rezim ini bertujuan untuk memaksa orang untuk berlindung di identitas sektarian dan komunitarian mereka; untuk membagi masing-masing komunitas menjadi cabang-cabang yang bersaing, membagi mereka yang mendukungnya dari mereka yang menentangnya. 
  12. ^ Meuse, Alison (18 April 2015). "Syria's Minorities: Caught Between Sword Of ISIS And Wrath of Assad". NPR. Diakses tanggal 19 April 2015. Karim Bitar, seorang analis Timur Tengah di Paris berpikir tank IRIS [...] mengatakan [...] "Minoritas sering digunakan sebagai perisai oleh rezim otoriter, yang mencoba untuk menggambarkan diri mereka sebagai pelindung dan sebagai benteng melawan Islam radikal." 
  13. ^ "Syria's Assad tightens grip after four years of war". Daily Mail. Agence France-Presse. 12 April 2015. Diakses tanggal 12 Maret 2015. 
  14. ^ Bassem Mroue (18 April 2011). "Bashar Assad Resignation Called For By Syria Sit-In Activists". The Huffington Post. Associated Press. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 12 Mei 2011. Diakses tanggal 14 Maret 2015. 
  15. ^ "Arab League to offer 'safe exit' if Assad resigns". CNN. 23 Juli 2012. Diakses tanggal 13 Maret 2015. 
  16. ^ "UN implicates Bashar al-Assad in Syria war crimes". BBC News. 2 Desember 2013. Diakses tanggal 13 Maret 2015. 
  17. ^ Nebehay, Stephanie (10 Juni 2014). "Assad tops list of Syria war crimes suspects handed to ICC: former prosecutor". Reuters. Diakses tanggal 13 Maret 2015. 

Bacaan lanjut

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Laporan

Pranala luar

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Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Bashar al-Assad.
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Artikel
Jabatan politik
Didahului oleh:
Abdul Halim Khaddam
Penjabat 		Presiden Suriah
2000–sekarang 		Petahana
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