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{{Infobox military conflict
{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict = Palagan Tiongkok Burma India
|conflict = Palagan Tiongkok Burma India
|image = [[Berkas:China Burma India Seal.svg|center|150px]]
|image = [[Berkas:China Burma India Seal.svg|pus|150px]]
|caption = Lencana Palagan CBI
|caption = Lencana Palagan CBI
: {{Flag|Republik Tiongkok}}
: {{Flag|Republik Tiongkok}}
Baris 11: Baris 11:
}}
}}


'''Palagan Tiongkok Burma India''' ('''CBI''') adalah sebutan [[Angkatan Bersenjata Amerika Serikat|militer Amerika Serikat]] selama [[Perang Dunia II]] untuk [[palagan]] '''[[Perang Tiongkok-Jepang Kedua|Tiongkok]]''' dan '''[[Palagan Asia Tenggara dalam Perang Dunia II|Asia Tenggara]]''' atau '''India-Burma''' (IBT). Komando operasional pasukan [[Blok Sekutu dalam Perang Dunia II|Sekutu]] (termasuk pasukan Amerika Serikat) dalam CBI secara resmi merupakan tanggung jawab [[Komandan Tertinggi Sekutu|Komandan Tertinggi]] untuk Asia Tenggara atau Tiongkok. Namun, pasukan Amerika Serikat dalam praktik biasanya diawasi oleh Jenderal [[Joseph Stilwell]], Wakil Komandan Sekutu di Tiongkok; istilah "CBI" penting dalam hal logistik, materi, dan personel; umumnya digunakan di Amerika Serikat untuk palagan-palagan ini.
'''Palagan Tiongkok Burma India''' ('''CBI''') adalah sebutan [[Angkatan Bersenjata Amerika Serikat|militer Amerika Serikat]] selama [[Perang Dunia II]] untuk [[palagan]] '''[[Perang Tiongkok-Jepang Kedua|Tiongkok]]''' dan '''[[Palagan Asia Tenggara dalam Perang Dunia II|Asia Tenggara]]''' atau '''India-Burma''' (IBT). Komando operasional pasukan [[Blok Sekutu dalam Perang Dunia II|Sekutu]] (termasuk pasukan Amerika Serikat) dalam CBI secara resmi merupakan tanggung jawab [[Komandan Tertinggi Sekutu|Komandan Tertinggi]] untuk Asia Tenggara atau Tiongkok. Namun, pasukan Amerika Serikat dalam praktik biasanya diawasi oleh Jenderal [[Joseph Stilwell]], Wakil Komandan Sekutu di Tiongkok; istilah "CBI" penting dalam hal logistik, materi, dan personel; umumnya digunakan di Amerika Serikat untuk palagan-palagan ini.


Unit-unit Sekutu yang terkenal di CBI termasuk [[Pasukan Ekspedisi Tiongkok]], [[Harimau Terbang]],<ref>{{cite web |last = Rossi |first = J.R. |url = http://www.flyingtigersavg.22web.org/tiger1.htm |title= The Flying Tigers – American Volunteer Group – Chinese Air Force |year=1998 |work=AVG}}</ref> unit transportasi dan pesawat pengebom yang menerbangi ''[[The Hump]]'', [[Sayap Operasi Khusus ke-1]], para insinyur yang membangun [[Jalan Raya Ledo]], [[Merrill's Marauders|Unit Gabungan ke-5307 (Sementara)]], populer dikenal sebagai ''Merrill's Marauders'', dan Brigade 5332d, Sementara atau 'Satuan Tugas Mars', yang mengemban misi ''Marauders''.
Unit-unit Sekutu yang terkenal di CBI termasuk [[Pasukan Ekspedisi Tiongkok]], [[Harimau Terbang]],<ref>{{cite web |last = Rossi |first = J.R. |url = http://www.flyingtigersavg.22web.org/tiger1.htm |title= The Flying Tigers – American Volunteer Group – Chinese Air Force |year=1998 |work=AVG}}</ref> unit transportasi dan pesawat pengebom yang menerbangi ''[[The Hump]]'', [[Sayap Operasi Khusus ke-1]], para insinyur yang membangun [[Jalan Raya Ledo]], [[Merrill's Marauders|Unit Gabungan ke-5307 (Sementara)]], populer dikenal sebagai ''Merrill's Marauders'', dan Brigade 5332d, Sementara atau 'Satuan Tugas Mars', yang mengemban misi ''Marauders''.


== Strategi Amerika Serikat untuk Tiongkok ==
== Strategi Amerika Serikat untuk Tiongkok ==
Pada tahun 1941 Amerika Serikat membuat serangkaian keputusan untuk mendukung Tiongkok dalam perangnya melawan Jepang. Pasokan ''[[Lend-Lease]]'' diberikan setelah Presiden [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] mengumumkan pertahanan Tiongkok vital bagi pertahanan Amerika Serikat. Selama musim panas, ketika Jepang bergerak ke selatan hingga Indo-China Perancis, Amerika Serikat, Britania, dan Belanda melancarkan embargo minyak terhadap Jepang, memutus 90% dari pasokannya. Jepang memutus pasokan Sekutu ke Tiongkok yang telah datang melalui Burma. Tiongkok hanya bisa dipasok dengan terbang di atas pegunungan Himalaya ("The Hump") dari India,<ref>Bliss K. Thorne, ''The Hump: The Great Military Airlift of World War II'' (1965)</ref> atau merebut wilayah di Burma dan membangun sebuah jalan baru—[[Jalan Raya Ledo]].<ref>Michael Schaller, ''The U.S. Crusade in China, 1938–1945'' (1982)</ref><ref>Barbara W. Tuchman, ''Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 1911–45'' (1971) ch 10</ref>
Pada tahun 1941 Amerika Serikat membuat serangkaian keputusan untuk mendukung Tiongkok dalam perangnya melawan Jepang. Pasokan ''[[Lend-Lease]]'' diberikan setelah Presiden [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] mengumumkan pertahanan Tiongkok vital bagi pertahanan Amerika Serikat. Selama musim panas, ketika Jepang bergerak ke selatan hingga Indo-China Prancis, Amerika Serikat, Britania, dan Belanda melancarkan embargo minyak terhadap Jepang, memutus 90% dari pasokannya. Jepang memutus pasokan Sekutu ke Tiongkok yang telah datang melalui Burma. Tiongkok hanya bisa dipasok dengan terbang di atas pegunungan Himalaya ("The Hump") dari India,<ref>Bliss K. Thorne, ''The Hump: The Great Military Airlift of World War II'' (1965)</ref> atau merebut wilayah di Burma dan membangun sebuah jalan baru—[[Jalan Raya Ledo]].<ref>Michael Schaller, ''The U.S. Crusade in China, 1938–1945'' (1982)</ref><ref>Barbara W. Tuchman, ''Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 1911–45'' (1971) ch 10</ref>


== Burma ==
== Burma ==
[[Berkas:Merrill and Stilwell meet near Naubum Burma.jpg|thumb|Merrill dan Stilwell bertemu dekat Naubum Burma]]
[[Berkas:Merrill and Stilwell meet near Naubum Burma.jpg|jmpl|Merrill dan Stilwell bertemu dekat Naubum Burma]]
Pada tahun 1941 dan 1942, Jepang terlalu berlebihan. Pangkalan angkatan lautnya tidak dapat mempertahankan penaklukannya, dan basis industrinya tidak dapat menopang angkatan lautnya. Untuk memutus Tiongkok dari bantuan Sekutu, Jepang menuju Burma, merebut Rangoon pada 8 Maret 1942, memutus urat nadi kehidupan Jalan Burma ke Tiongkok. Bergerak ke utara Jepang merebut Tounggoo, Burma, lalu merebut Lashio di Burma atas pada 29 April. Britania, terutama khawatir dengan India, melihat Burma sebagai palagan utama aksi melawan Jepang dan ingin pasukan Tiongkok bertempur di sana.<ref name="Donovan Webster 2003">Donovan Webster, ''The Burma Road: The Epic Story of the China-Burma-India Theater in World War II'' (2003)</ref>
Pada tahun 1941 dan 1942, Jepang terlalu berlebihan. Pangkalan angkatan lautnya tidak dapat mempertahankan penaklukannya, dan basis industrinya tidak dapat menopang angkatan lautnya. Untuk memutus Tiongkok dari bantuan Sekutu, Jepang menuju Burma, merebut Rangoon pada 8 Maret 1942, memutus urat nadi kehidupan Jalan Burma ke Tiongkok. Bergerak ke utara Jepang merebut Tounggoo, Burma, lalu merebut Lashio di Burma atas pada 29 April. Britania, terutama khawatir dengan India, melihat Burma sebagai palagan utama aksi melawan Jepang dan ingin pasukan Tiongkok bertempur di sana.<ref name="Donovan Webster 2003">Donovan Webster, ''The Burma Road: The Epic Story of the China-Burma-India Theater in World War II'' (2003)</ref>


== Lihat juga ==
== Lihat juga ==
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=== Sumber ===
=== Sumber ===
; Sumber utama
; Sumber utama
* {{citation |first=Maurice |last=Matloff |url = http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/sp1943-44/index.htm |title=Strategic planning for coalition warfare 1943–1944 |publisher = [[United States Army Center of Military History]] |year=1990 |lccn=53-61477 |origyear=1959}}
* {{citation |first=Maurice |last=Matloff |url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/sp1943-44/index.htm |title=Strategic planning for coalition warfare 1943–1944 |publisher=[[United States Army Center of Military History]] |year=1990 |lccn=53-61477 |origyear=1959 |accessdate=2018-11-24 |archive-date=2010-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615174827/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/sp1943-44/index.htm |dead-url=yes }}
* {{citation |last=Slim |first=William |authorlink=William Slim |year=1956 |title = Defeat into Victory |location=London |publisher=Cassell }} a first hand account by the British commander.
* {{citation |last=Slim |first=William |authorlink=William Slim |year=1956 |title = Defeat into Victory |location=London |publisher=Cassell }} a first hand account by the British commander.


Baris 44: Baris 44:
* {{zh icon}}[http://vip.book.sina.com.cn/book/chapter_100738_63681.html 寻找少校梅姆瑞]
* {{zh icon}}[http://vip.book.sina.com.cn/book/chapter_100738_63681.html 寻找少校梅姆瑞]


== Bacaan lebih lanjut==
== Bacaan lebih lanjut ==
* Bidwell, Shelford. ''The Chindit War: Stilwell, Wingate, and the Campaign in Burma, 1944''. (1979)<!--publisher & place?-->
* Bidwell, Shelford. ''The Chindit War: Stilwell, Wingate, and the Campaign in Burma, 1944''. (1979)<!--publisher & place?-->
* Forbes, Andrew and Henley, David (2011). ''China's Ancient Tea Horse Road''. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. {{ASIN|B005DQV7Q2}}
* Forbes, Andrew and Henley, David (2011). ''China's Ancient Tea Horse Road''. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. {{ASIN|B005DQV7Q2}}
* Hogan, David W. ''India-Burma'' (1999) Official US Army history pamphlet. [http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-C-India/index.html Ibiblio.org online edition]
* Hogan, David W. ''India-Burma'' (1999) Official US Army history pamphlet. [http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-C-India/index.html Ibiblio.org online edition]
* Kraus, Theresa L. '' China Offensive'' (1999) Brief official US Army history; 24 pp [http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-C-ChinaO/index.html Ibiblio.org online edition]
* Kraus, Theresa L. '' China Offensive'' (1999) Brief official US Army history; 24 pp [http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-C-ChinaO/index.html Ibiblio.org online edition]
* Latimer, Jon. ''Burma: The Forgotten War''. London: John Murray, 2004.
* Latimer, Jon. ''Burma: The Forgotten War''. London: John Murray, 2004.
* Morley, James, ed. ''The Fateful Choice: Japan's Advance into Southeast Asia, 1939–1941''. (1980).<!--publisher & place?-->
* Morley, James, ed. ''The Fateful Choice: Japan's Advance into Southeast Asia, 1939–1941''. (1980).<!--publisher & place?-->
* Lewin, Ronald. ''The Chief: Field Marshal Lord Wavell, Commander-in-Chief and Viceroy, 1939–1947''. (1980).<!--publisher & place?-->
* Lewin, Ronald. ''The Chief: Field Marshal Lord Wavell, Commander-in-Chief and Viceroy, 1939–1947''. (1980).<!--publisher & place?-->
* MacGarrigle, George L. ''Central Burma'' (1999) Official US Army history pamphlet. [http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-C-Burma45/index.html Ibiblio.org online edition]
* MacGarrigle, George L. ''Central Burma'' (1999) Official US Army history pamphlet. [http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-C-Burma45/index.html Ibiblio.org online edition]
* Newell, Clayton R. ''Burma, 1942'' (1999) Official US Army history pamphlet. [http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-C-Burma/index.html Ibiblio.org online edition]
* Newell, Clayton R. ''Burma, 1942'' (1999) Official US Army history pamphlet. [http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-C-Burma/index.html Ibiblio.org online edition]
* [[William R. Peers|Peers, William R.]] and [[Dean Brelis]]. ''[[Behind the Burma Road|Behind the Burma Road: The Story of America’s Most Successful Guerrilla Force]]''. Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1963.
* [[William R. Peers|Peers, William R.]] and [[Dean Brelis]]. ''[[Behind the Burma Road|Behind the Burma Road: The Story of America’s Most Successful Guerrilla Force]]''. Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1963.
* Romanus, Charles F. and Riley Sunderland. ''Stilwell's Mission to China'' (1953) [http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-CBI-Mission/index.html Ibiblio.org online edition]; ''Stilwell's Command Problems'' (1956) [https://web.archive.org/web/20100706101820/http://ibiblio.net/hyperwar/USA/USA-CBI-Command/index.html Ibiblio.org online edition]; and ''Time Runs Out in CBI'' (1958) [https://web.archive.org/web/20080724111516/http://www.ibiblio.net/hyperwar/USA/USA-CBI-Time/index.html Ibiblio.org online edition]. Official U.S. Army history
* Romanus, Charles F. and Riley Sunderland. ''Stilwell's Mission to China'' (1953) [http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-CBI-Mission/index.html Ibiblio.org online edition]; ''Stilwell's Command Problems'' (1956) [https://web.archive.org/web/20100706101820/http://ibiblio.net/hyperwar/USA/USA-CBI-Command/index.html Ibiblio.org online edition]; and ''Time Runs Out in CBI'' (1958) [https://web.archive.org/web/20080724111516/http://www.ibiblio.net/hyperwar/USA/USA-CBI-Time/index.html Ibiblio.org online edition]. Official U.S. Army history
* Sherry, Mark D. '' China Defensive,'' (1999) Official US Army history pamphlet [http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-C-ChinaD/index.html Ibiblio.org online edition]
* Sherry, Mark D. '' China Defensive,'' (1999) Official US Army history pamphlet [http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-C-ChinaD/index.html Ibiblio.org online edition]
* Tuchman, Barbara. ''Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 1911–45''. (1972)<!--publisher & place?--> (The British edition is titled ''Against the Wind: Stilwell and the American Experience in China 1911–45,'') [https://www.amazon.com/Stilwell-American-Experience-China-1911-45/dp/0802138527/ excerpt and text search]
* Tuchman, Barbara. ''Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 1911–45''. (1972)<!--publisher & place?--> (The British edition is titled ''Against the Wind: Stilwell and the American Experience in China 1911–45,'') [https://www.amazon.com/Stilwell-American-Experience-China-1911-45/dp/0802138527/ excerpt and text search]
* Webster, Donovan. ''The Burma Road: The Epic Story of the China-Burma-India Theater in World War II''. (2003)<!--publisher & place?-->
* Webster, Donovan. ''The Burma Road: The Epic Story of the China-Burma-India Theater in World War II''. (2003)<!--publisher & place?-->
* Yu, Maochun. ''The Dragon's War: Allied Operations and the Fate of China, 1937–1947''. (2006).<!--publisher & place?-->
* Yu, Maochun. ''The Dragon's War: Allied Operations and the Fate of China, 1937–1947''. (2006).<!--publisher & place?-->


===Historiografi===
=== Historiografi ===
* Lee, Lloyd, ed. ''World War II in Asia and the Pacific and the War's aftermath, with General Themes: A Handbook of Literature and Research''. (1998)<!--publisher & place?--> [https://www.questia.com/library/book/world-war-ii-in-asia-and-the-pacific-and-the-wars-aftermath-with-general-themes-a-handbook-of-literature-and-research-by-loyd-e-lee.jsp online edition]
* Lee, Lloyd, ed. ''World War II in Asia and the Pacific and the War's aftermath, with General Themes: A Handbook of Literature and Research''. (1998)<!--publisher & place?--> [https://www.questia.com/library/book/world-war-ii-in-asia-and-the-pacific-and-the-wars-aftermath-with-general-themes-a-handbook-of-literature-and-research-by-loyd-e-lee.jsp online edition]
* Resor, Eugene. ''The China-Burma-India Campaign, 1931–1945: Historiography and Annotated Bibliography'' (1998)<!--publisher & place?--> [https://www.questia.com/library/120080325/the-china-burma-india-campaign-1931-1945-historiography online]
* Resor, Eugene. ''The China-Burma-India Campaign, 1931–1945: Historiography and Annotated Bibliography'' (1998)<!--publisher & place?--> [https://www.questia.com/library/120080325/the-china-burma-india-campaign-1931-1945-historiography online]


Baris 72: Baris 72:
* [http://www.cbi-history.com CBI Order of Battle] Unit Lineages and History
* [http://www.cbi-history.com CBI Order of Battle] Unit Lineages and History
* [https://www.archives.gov/research_room/federal_records_guide/print_friendly.html?page=ww2_theaters_of_war_rg332_content.html&title=NARA%20%7C%20Research%20Room%20%7C%20Guide%20to%20Records%20of%20U.S.%20theaters%20of%20War%2C%20World%20War%20II#332.3 Records of U.S. Theaters of War, World War II:332.3.2 Records of Headquarters U.S. Army Forces, China-Burma-India (HQ USAF CBI)]
* [https://www.archives.gov/research_room/federal_records_guide/print_friendly.html?page=ww2_theaters_of_war_rg332_content.html&title=NARA%20%7C%20Research%20Room%20%7C%20Guide%20to%20Records%20of%20U.S.%20theaters%20of%20War%2C%20World%20War%20II#332.3 Records of U.S. Theaters of War, World War II:332.3.2 Records of Headquarters U.S. Army Forces, China-Burma-India (HQ USAF CBI)]
* [http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/11-9/CBI.htmThe China-Burma-India Theater] by the [[United States Army Center of Military History]]
* [http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/11-9/CBI.htmThe China-Burma-India Theater]{{Pranala mati|date=November 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} by the [[United States Army Center of Military History]]
* [http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/burma42/burma42.htm Burma 1942] a publication of the [[United States Army Center of Military History]]
* [http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/burma42/burma42.htm Burma 1942] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828045431/http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/burma42/burma42.htm |date=2011-08-28 }} a publication of the [[United States Army Center of Military History]]
* [http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/centburma/centburma.htm Central Burma 29 January – 15 July 1945] a publication of the [[United States Army Center of Military History]]
* [http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/centburma/centburma.htm Central Burma 29 January – 15 July 1945] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708140801/http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/centburma/centburma.htm |date=2011-07-08 }} a publication of the [[United States Army Center of Military History]]
* [http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/indiaburma/indiaburma.htm India-Burma 2 April 1942-28 January 1945] a publication of the [[United States Army Center of Military History]]
* [http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/indiaburma/indiaburma.htm India-Burma 2 April 1942-28 January 1945] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719212652/http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/indiaburma/indiaburma.htm |date=2011-07-19 }} a publication of the [[United States Army Center of Military History]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041015212334/http://history.amedd.army.mil/booksdocs/wwii/CrisisFleeting/frameindex.html Office of the US Surgeon General: Office of Medical History(USOMH): Index: Original Reports on Military Medicine in India and Burma]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041015212334/http://history.amedd.army.mil/booksdocs/wwii/CrisisFleeting/frameindex.html Office of the US Surgeon General: Office of Medical History(USOMH): Index: Original Reports on Military Medicine in India and Burma]
* [http://www.cbi-theater.com/dad/links.html list of links to CBI pages]
* [http://www.cbi-theater.com/dad/links.html list of links to CBI pages]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040624212907/http://www.nimitz-museum.org/cbiprimer.htm Forgotten Warriors: China-Burma-India]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040624212907/http://www.nimitz-museum.org/cbiprimer.htm Forgotten Warriors: China-Burma-India]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090720142132/http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/WW2Timeline/detachment101.html OSS Detachment 101 in Burma], [https://web.archive.org/web/20010724174025/http://www.oss-101.com/history.html OSS-101 ]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090720142132/http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/WW2Timeline/detachment101.html OSS Detachment 101 in Burma], [https://web.archive.org/web/20010724174025/http://www.oss-101.com/history.html OSS-101 ]
* [http://www.warbirdforum.com/annals.htm Annals of the Flying Tigers]
* [http://www.warbirdforum.com/annals.htm Annals of the Flying Tigers]{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.historyanimated.com/BurmaPage.html Animated History of The Burma Campaign]
* [http://www.historyanimated.com/BurmaPage.html Animated History of The Burma Campaign] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204180911/http://www.historyanimated.com/BurmaPage.html |date=2012-02-04 }}
* [http://www.nightfighter.info/ Night Fighter by J R Smith]
* [http://www.nightfighter.info/ Night Fighter by J R Smith] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060821214710/http://www.nightfighter.info/ |date=2006-08-21 }}


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Revisi terkini sejak 21 November 2022 05.15

Palagan Tiongkok Burma India
Bagian dari Perang Dunia II dan Perang Pasifik

Lencana Palagan CBI
 Republik Tiongkok
 Amerika Serikat

(Pasukan India Britania juga turut serta)

 Kemaharajaan Britania
LokasiRepublik Tiongkok, Burma, India

Palagan Tiongkok Burma India (CBI) adalah sebutan militer Amerika Serikat selama Perang Dunia II untuk palagan Tiongkok dan Asia Tenggara atau India-Burma (IBT). Komando operasional pasukan Sekutu (termasuk pasukan Amerika Serikat) dalam CBI secara resmi merupakan tanggung jawab Komandan Tertinggi untuk Asia Tenggara atau Tiongkok. Namun, pasukan Amerika Serikat dalam praktik biasanya diawasi oleh Jenderal Joseph Stilwell, Wakil Komandan Sekutu di Tiongkok; istilah "CBI" penting dalam hal logistik, materi, dan personel; umumnya digunakan di Amerika Serikat untuk palagan-palagan ini.

Unit-unit Sekutu yang terkenal di CBI termasuk Pasukan Ekspedisi Tiongkok, Harimau Terbang,[1] unit transportasi dan pesawat pengebom yang menerbangi The Hump, Sayap Operasi Khusus ke-1, para insinyur yang membangun Jalan Raya Ledo, Unit Gabungan ke-5307 (Sementara), populer dikenal sebagai Merrill's Marauders, dan Brigade 5332d, Sementara atau 'Satuan Tugas Mars', yang mengemban misi Marauders.

Strategi Amerika Serikat untuk Tiongkok

[sunting | sunting sumber]

Pada tahun 1941 Amerika Serikat membuat serangkaian keputusan untuk mendukung Tiongkok dalam perangnya melawan Jepang. Pasokan Lend-Lease diberikan setelah Presiden Franklin D. Roosevelt mengumumkan pertahanan Tiongkok vital bagi pertahanan Amerika Serikat. Selama musim panas, ketika Jepang bergerak ke selatan hingga Indo-China Prancis, Amerika Serikat, Britania, dan Belanda melancarkan embargo minyak terhadap Jepang, memutus 90% dari pasokannya. Jepang memutus pasokan Sekutu ke Tiongkok yang telah datang melalui Burma. Tiongkok hanya bisa dipasok dengan terbang di atas pegunungan Himalaya ("The Hump") dari India,[2] atau merebut wilayah di Burma dan membangun sebuah jalan baru—Jalan Raya Ledo.[3][4]

Burma

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Merrill dan Stilwell bertemu dekat Naubum Burma

Pada tahun 1941 dan 1942, Jepang terlalu berlebihan. Pangkalan angkatan lautnya tidak dapat mempertahankan penaklukannya, dan basis industrinya tidak dapat menopang angkatan lautnya. Untuk memutus Tiongkok dari bantuan Sekutu, Jepang menuju Burma, merebut Rangoon pada 8 Maret 1942, memutus urat nadi kehidupan Jalan Burma ke Tiongkok. Bergerak ke utara Jepang merebut Tounggoo, Burma, lalu merebut Lashio di Burma atas pada 29 April. Britania, terutama khawatir dengan India, melihat Burma sebagai palagan utama aksi melawan Jepang dan ingin pasukan Tiongkok bertempur di sana.[5]

Lihat juga

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Referensi

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Kutipan

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  1. ^ Rossi, J.R. (1998). "The Flying Tigers – American Volunteer Group – Chinese Air Force". AVG. 
  2. ^ Bliss K. Thorne, The Hump: The Great Military Airlift of World War II (1965)
  3. ^ Michael Schaller, The U.S. Crusade in China, 1938–1945 (1982)
  4. ^ Barbara W. Tuchman, Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 1911–45 (1971) ch 10
  5. ^ Donovan Webster, The Burma Road: The Epic Story of the China-Burma-India Theater in World War II (2003)

Sumber

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Sumber utama
Sumber tambahan

Bacaan lebih lanjut

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  • Bidwell, Shelford. The Chindit War: Stilwell, Wingate, and the Campaign in Burma, 1944. (1979)
  • Forbes, Andrew and Henley, David (2011). China's Ancient Tea Horse Road. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. ASIN B005DQV7Q2
  • Hogan, David W. India-Burma (1999) Official US Army history pamphlet. Ibiblio.org online edition
  • Kraus, Theresa L. China Offensive (1999) Brief official US Army history; 24 pp Ibiblio.org online edition
  • Latimer, Jon. Burma: The Forgotten War. London: John Murray, 2004.
  • Morley, James, ed. The Fateful Choice: Japan's Advance into Southeast Asia, 1939–1941. (1980).
  • Lewin, Ronald. The Chief: Field Marshal Lord Wavell, Commander-in-Chief and Viceroy, 1939–1947. (1980).
  • MacGarrigle, George L. Central Burma (1999) Official US Army history pamphlet. Ibiblio.org online edition
  • Newell, Clayton R. Burma, 1942 (1999) Official US Army history pamphlet. Ibiblio.org online edition
  • Peers, William R. and Dean Brelis. Behind the Burma Road: The Story of America’s Most Successful Guerrilla Force. Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1963.
  • Romanus, Charles F. and Riley Sunderland. Stilwell's Mission to China (1953) Ibiblio.org online edition; Stilwell's Command Problems (1956) Ibiblio.org online edition; and Time Runs Out in CBI (1958) Ibiblio.org online edition. Official U.S. Army history
  • Sherry, Mark D. China Defensive, (1999) Official US Army history pamphlet Ibiblio.org online edition
  • Tuchman, Barbara. Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 1911–45. (1972) (The British edition is titled Against the Wind: Stilwell and the American Experience in China 1911–45,) excerpt and text search
  • Webster, Donovan. The Burma Road: The Epic Story of the China-Burma-India Theater in World War II. (2003)
  • Yu, Maochun. The Dragon's War: Allied Operations and the Fate of China, 1937–1947. (2006).

Historiografi

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  • Lee, Lloyd, ed. World War II in Asia and the Pacific and the War's aftermath, with General Themes: A Handbook of Literature and Research. (1998) online edition
  • Resor, Eugene. The China-Burma-India Campaign, 1931–1945: Historiography and Annotated Bibliography (1998) online

Pranala luar

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Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai China Burma India Theater of World War II.
Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai China Expeditionary Force.
Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Chinese Army in India.
Foto
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