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{{infobox spesies}}
{{Taxobox
'''Ular karang''' adalah sebutan untuk berbagai jenis ular-ular berbisa berwarna cerah, yang semuanya diklasifikasikan sebagai bagian dari famili [[Elapidae]]. Ular karang tersebar di [[Benua Amerika]] dan [[Asia]]. Di [[Indonesia]], spesies ular yang juga disebut "ular karang" di antaranya adalah [[ular cabai]] (''Calliophis intestinalis'') dan [[ular cabai besar]] (''Calliophis bivirgatus'').
| name = Ular karang

| image = Micruroides euryxanthus.jpg
== Klasifikasi ==
| image_caption = [[Ular karang gurun Sonoran]], ''Micruroides euryxanthus''
=== Genus ''Calliophis'' (Gray, 1834) ===
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
[[Berkas:Blue Malayan Coral Snake from Singapore.jpg|jmpl|ka|240px|[[Ular cabai besar]] (''Calliophis bivirgatus'')]]
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
{{columns-list|colwidth=50em|
| subphylum = [[Vertebrata]]
* ''[[Calliophis beddomei]]'' <small>SMITH, 1943</small>
| classis = [[Reptilia]]
* ''[[Calliophis bibroni]]'' <small>(JAN, 1858)</small>
| ordo = [[Squamata]]
* ''[[Calliophis bilineata]]'' <small>(PETERS, 1881)</small>
| subordo = [[Serpentes]]
* ''[[Calliophis bivirgatus]]'' <small>(BOIE, 1827)</small> - [[Ular cabai besar]]
| familia = [[Elapidae]]
* ''[[Calliophis castoe]]'' <small>SMITH, OGALE, DEEPAK & GIRI, 2012</small>
| tribus = '''Calliophiini'''
* ''[[Calliophis gracilis]]'' <small>GRAY, 1834</small>
| synonyms = * Micrurini<br>
* ''[[Calliophis haematoetron]]'' <small>SMITH, MANAMENDRA-ARACHCHI & SOMAWEERA, 2008</small>
* Micruroini
* ''[[Calliophis intestinalis]]'' <small>(LAURENTI, 1768)</small> - [[Ular cabai]]
* Maticorini
* ''[[Calliophis maculiceps]]'' <small>(GÜNTHER, 1858)</small>
* Calliophiini
* ''[[Calliophis melanurus]]'' <small>(SHAW, 1802)</small>
* ''[[Calliophis nigrescens]]'' <small>(GÜNTHER, 1862)</small>
* ''[[Calliophis philippina]]'' <small>(GÜNTHER, 1864)</small>
* ''[[Calliophis salitan]]'' <small>BROWN, SMART, LEVITON & SMITH, 2018</small>
* ''[[Calliophis suluensis]]'' <small>(STEINDACHNER, 1891)</small>
}}
}}
'''Ular karang''' adalah kelompok ular berbisa yang berwarna cerah dari suku [[Elapidae]]. Ular-ular ini terdapat di [[Asia]] bagian selatan, timur, dan tenggara, dan [[Amerika]].


=== Genus ''Hemibungarus'' (Peters, 1862) ===
== Taksonomi ==
[[Berkas:Hemibungarus calligaster calligaster - ZooKeys-266-001-g095.jpg|jmpl|ka|240px|''[[Hemibungarus calligaster]]'']]
Hasil studi genetika menyimpulkan bahwa nenek moyang ular ini adalah marga dari Indo-Malaya. Menunjukkan bahwa kelompok ini berasal dari [[Asia]].<ref name = "Slowinski2000">{{cite journal
* ''[[Hemibungarus calligaster]]'' <small>(WIEGMANN, 1835)</small>
| title= Phylogenetic Relationships of Elapid Snakes Based on Cytochrome b mtDNA Sequences
* ''[[Hemibungarus gemianulis]]'' <small>(PETERS, 1872)</small>
| author = [[Joseph Bruno Slowinski|Slowinski, J. B.]] and [http://www.anu.edu.au/BoZo/keogh.html Keogh J. S.]
* ''[[Hemibungarus mcclungi]]'' <small>(TAYLOR, 1922)</small>
| journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
| volume = 15 | issue= 1 | pages= 157–164 |date=April 2000
| doi = 10.1006/mpev.1999.0725
| pmid= 10764543
}}</ref><ref name = "Slowinski2001">{{cite journal
| title= The Phylogenetic Relationships of Asian Coral Snakes (Elapidae: Calliophis and Maticora) Based on Morphological and Molecular Characters
| author = [[Joseph Bruno Slowinski|Slowinski, J. B.]], Boundy, J. and Lawson, R.
| journal = Herpetologica | volume = 57 | issue= 2 | pages= 233–245
|date=June 2001 | jstor= 3893186}}</ref>


=== Genus ''Micruroides'' (K.P. Schmidt, 1928) ===
== Pengenalan ==
[[Berkas:Micruroides 3.jpg|jmpl|ka|240px|[[Ular-karang Arizona]] (''Micruroides euryxanthus'')]]
Semua jenis ular ini berbisa dan memilik warna dominan merah atau cokelat pada tubuh atau bagian tubuhnya. Untuk kelompok dari [[Amerika]], warna merah adalah warna utama. Seluruhnya adalah ular penggali liang dan juga tinggal di celah-celah batu. Panjang tubuh biasanya antara 30 cm sampai 1 meter, pernah pula ditemukan yang panjangnya mencapai 1,5 meter.<ref>http://www.madprogrammer.com/snakes/CoralSnake/</ref>
* ''[[Micruroides euryxanthus]]'' <small>(KENNICOTT, 1860)</small> - [[Ular-karang Arizona]]


=== Genus ''Micrurus'' (Wagler, 1824) ===
=== Mimikri ===
[[Berkas:Micrurus fulviusHolbrookV3P10AA.jpg|jmpl|ka|240px|''[[Micrurus fulvius]]'' (ilustrasi)]]
Di [[Amerika Tengah]], [[Meksiko]], dan [[Amerika Serikat|AS]], banya jenis-jenis ular tidak berbisa yang memiliki warna serupa dengan [[Ular karang Amerika]]. Sehingga orang sering salah mengira bahwa ular-ular tersebut berbisa, tetapi sebenarnya tidak berbisa. Beberapa spesies ular di [[Amerika Utara]] yang warnanya menyerupai ular karang Amerika adalah:
[[Berkas:Micrurus tener.jpg|jmpl|ka|240px|[[Ular-karang Texas]] (''Micrurus tener'')]]
* ''Cemophora coccinea'' - Ular belang bata
{{columns-list|colwidth=50em|
* ''[[Chionactis palarostris]]''
* ''[[Micrurus albicinctus]]'' <small>AMARAL, 1925</small>
* ''[[Erythrolamprus aesculapii]]''
* ''[[Micrurus alleni]]'' <small>SCHMIDT, 1936</small>
* ''[[Erythrolamprus bizona]]''
* ''[[Micrurus altirostris]]'' <small>(COPE, 1860)</small>
* ''[[Erythrolamprus ocellatus]]'' terdapat di pulau [[Trinidad]] & Tobago, [[Amerika Selatan]]
* ''[[Micrurus ancoralis]]'' <small>JAN, 1872</small>
* ''Lampropeltis elapsoides'' - [[Ular raja merah]]
* ''[[Micrurus annellatus]]'' <small>PETERS, 1871</small>
* ''[[Lampropeltis pyromelana]]'' - Ular belang merah Arizona
* ''[[Micrurus averyi]]'' <small>SCHMIDT, 1939</small>
* ''Lampropeltis triangulum'' - [[Ular susu Amerika]]
* ''[[Micrurus baliocoryphus]]'' <small>(COPE, 1860)</small>
* ''[[Lampropeltis zonata]]''
* ''[[Micrurus bernadi]]'' <small>(COPE, 1887)</small>
* ''[[Oxyrhopus petolarius]]''
* ''[[Micrurus bocourti]]'' <small>(JAN, 1872)</small>
* ''[[Pliocercus elapoides]]''
* ''[[Micrurus bogerti]]'' <small>ROZE, 1967</small>
* {{en}}''[https://en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Rhinocheilus_lecontei_tessellatus Rhinocheilus lecontei tessellatus]''
* ''[[Micrurus boicora]]'' <small>BERNARDE, TURCI, ABEGG & FRANCO, 2018</small>
* ''[[Micrurus brasiliensis]]'' <small>ROZE, 1967</small>
* ''[[Micrurus browni]]'' <small>SCHMIDT & SMITH, 1943</small>
* ''[[Micrurus camilae]]'' <small>RENJIFO & LUNDBERG, 2003</small>
* ''[[Micrurus circinalis]]'' <small>(DUMÉRIL, BIBRON & DUMÉRIL, 1854)</small>
* ''[[Micrurus clarki]]'' <small>SCHMIDT, 1936</small>
* ''[[Micrurus collaris]]'' <small>(SCHLEGEL, 1837)</small>
* ''[[Micrurus corallinus]]'' <small>(MERREM, 1820)</small>
* ''[[Micrurus decoratus]]'' <small>(JAN, 1858)</small>
* ''[[Micrurus diana]]'' <small>ROZE, 1983</small>
* ''[[Micrurus diastema]]'' <small>(DUMÉRIL, BIBRON & DUMÉRIL, 1854)</small>
* ''[[Micrurus dissoleucus]]'' <small>COPE, 1860</small>
* ''[[Micrurus distans]]'' <small>KENNICOTT, 1860</small>
* ''[[Micrurus diutius]]'' <small>(BURGER, 1955)</small>
* ''[[Micrurus dumerilii]]'' <small>JAN, 1858</small>
* ''[[Micrurus elegans]]'' <small>JAN, 1858</small>
* ''[[Micrurus ephippifer]]'' <small>(COPE, 1886)</small>
* ''[[Micrurus filiformis]]'' <small>(GÜNTHER, 1859)</small>
* ''[[Micrurus frontalis]]'' <small>DUMÉRIL, BIBRON & DUMÉRIL, 1854</small>
* ''[[Micrurus fulvius]]'' <small>(LINNAEUS, 1766)</small> - Ular-karang timur
* ''[[Micrurus hemprichii]]'' <small>(JAN, 1858)</small>
* ''[[Micrurus hippocrepis]]'' <small>(PETERS, 1862)</small>
* ''[[Micrurus ibiboboca]]'' <small>(MERREM, 1820)</small>
* ''[[Micrurus isozonus]]'' <small>(COPE, 1860)</small>
* ''[[Micrurus langsdorffi]]'' <small>(WAGLER, 1824)</small>
* ''[[Micrurus laticollaris]]'' <small>PETERS, 1870</small>
* ''[[Micrurus latifasciatus]]'' <small>SCHMIDT, 1933</small>
* ''[[Micrurus lemniscatus]]'' <small>(LINNAEUS, 1758)</small>
* ''[[Micrurus limbatus]]'' <small>FRASER, 1964</small>
* ''[[Micrurus margaritiferus]]'' <small>ROZE, 1967</small>
* ''[[Micrurus medemi]]'' <small>ROZE, 1967</small>
* ''[[Micrurus meridensis]]'' <small>ROZE, 1989</small>
* ''[[Micrurus mertensi]]'' <small>SCHMIDT, 1936</small>
* ''[[Micrurus mipartitus]]'' <small>(DUMÉRIL, BIBRON & DUMÉRIL, 1854)</small>
* ''[[Micrurus mosquitensis]]'' <small>SCHMIDT, 1933</small>
* ''[[Micrurus multifasciatus]]'' <small>JAN, 1858</small>
* ''[[Micrurus multiscutatus]]'' <small>RENDAHL & VESTERGREN, 1940</small>
* ''[[Micrurus narduccii]]'' <small>(JAN, 1863)</small>
* ''[[Micrurus nattereri]]'' <small>SCHMIDT, 1952</small>
* ''[[Micrurus nebularis]]'' <small>ROZE, 1989</small>
* ''[[Micrurus nigrocinctus]]'' <small>(GIRARD, 1854)</small>
* ''[[Micrurus obscurus]]'' <small>(JAN, 1872)</small>
* ''[[Micrurus oligoanellatus]]'' <small>AYERBE & LÓPEZ, 2005</small>
* ''[[Micrurus ornatissimus]]'' <small>(JAN, 1858)</small>
* ''[[Micrurus pacaraimae]]'' <small>MORATO DE CARVALHO, 2002</small>
* ''[[Micrurus pachecogili]]'' <small>CAMPBELL, 2000</small>
* ''[[Micrurus paraensis]]'' <small>DA CUNHA & NASCIMENTO, 1973</small>
* ''[[Micrurus peruvianus]]'' <small>SCHMIDT, 1936</small>
* ''[[Micrurus petersi]]'' <small>ROZE, 1967</small>
* ''[[Micrurus potyguara]]'' <small>PIRES, DA SILVA Jr, FEITOSA, PRUDENTE, PREIRA-FILHO & ZAHER, 2014</small>
* ''[[Micrurus proximans]]'' <small>SMITH & CHRAPLIWY, 1958</small>
* ''[[Micrurus psyches]]'' <small>(DAUDIN, 1803)</small>
* ''[[Micrurus putumayensis]]'' <small>LANCINI, 1962</small>
* ''[[Micrurus pyrrhocryptus]]'' <small>(COPE, 1862)</small>
* ''[[Micrurus remotus]]'' <small>ROZE, 1987</small>
* ''[[Micrurus renjifoi]]'' <small>(LAMAR, 2003)</small>
* ''[[Micrurus ruatanus]]'' <small>(GÜNTHER, 1895)</small>
* ''[[Micrurus sangilensis]]'' <small>NICEFORO MARIA, 1942</small>
* ''[[Micrurus scutiventris]]'' <small>(COPE, 1869)</small>
* ''[[Micrurus serranus]]'' <small>HARVEY, APARICIO & GONZALEZ, 2003</small>
* ''[[Micrurus silviae]]'' <small>DI BERNARDO, BORGES-MARTINS & DA SILVA, 2007</small>
* ''[[Micrurus spixii]]'' <small>WAGLER, 1824</small>
* ''[[Micrurus spurrelli]]'' <small>(BOULENGER, 1914)</small>
* ''[[Micrurus steindachneri]]'' <small>(WERNER, 1901)</small>
* ''[[Micrurus stewarti]]'' <small>BARBOUR & AMARAL, 1928</small>
* ''[[Micrurus stuarti]]'' <small>ROZE, 1967</small>
* ''[[Micrurus surinamensis]]'' <small>(CUVIER, 1817)</small>
* ''[[Micrurus tener]]'' <small>BAIRD & GIRARD, 1853</small> - [[Ular-karang Texas]]
* ''[[Micrurus tikuna]]'' <small>FEITOSA, DA SILVA Jr, PIRES, ZAHER & PRUDENTE, 2015</small>
* ''[[Micrurus tschudii]]'' <small>JAN, 1858</small>
}}


=== Genus ''Sinomicrurus'' (Slowinski, Boundy & Lawson, 2001) ===
Biasanya cara yang digunakan oleh penduduk [[Amerika Serikat|AS]] adalah dengan menggunakan istilah-istilah dalam bahasa Inggris sebagai berikut:
[[Berkas:Sinomicrurus sauteri w0073.jpg|jmpl|ka|240px|''[[Sinomicrurus sauteri]]'']]
''
* ''[[Sinomicrurus hatori]]'' <small>(TAKAHASHI, 1930)</small>
* "Red and yellow, kill a fellow. Red and black, friend of Jack."
* ''[[Sinomicrurus houi]]'' <small>WANG, PENG & HUANG, 2018</small>
* "Red on yellow will kill a fellow, but red on black is a friend of Jack."
* ''[[Sinomicrurus japonicus]]'' <small>(GÜNTHER, 1868)</small>
* "Red on yellow, kill a fellow; Red on black, cut him some slack!"
* ''[[Sinomicrurus kelloggi]]'' <small>(POPE, 1928)</small>
* "Red on yellow, deadly fellow; Red on black, venom lack."
* ''[[Sinomicrurus macclellandi]]'' <small>(REINHARDT, 1844)</small>
* "Red and yellow will kill you fellow; Red and black is friend Jack."
* ''[[Sinomicrurus sauteri]]'' <small>(STEINDACHNER, 1913)</small>
* "Red on yellow, kill a fellow. Red on black, you're all right Jack."
* "Red next to black is a friend of Jack; red next to yellow will kill a fellow."
* "Red to yellow, kill a fellow. Red to black, venom lack."
* "If red touches black, you're okay Jack; if red touches yellow, you're a dead fellow."
* "Red next to black, you can pat him on the back; red next to yellow, he can kill a fellow."
* "Red next to black, venom I lack; red next to yellow, run away fellow."
* "Red and black, friend of Jack; red and yellow kill a fellow."
* "Red touches yellow, not a nice fellow; if red touches black, good friend of Jack."
* "Red touch yellow, you're a dead fellow; red touch black, you're okay Jack."
* "Red touch black, good for Jack; red touch yellow, kill a fellow."
* "Yellow and red, you are dead; black and white you're all right."
* "Red and black, death you lack; yellow and red, you are dead; black and white, say good night;"
* "Red touch yellow, kill a fellow; red touch black, venom lack."
* "Red and yellow, deadly fellow; red and black, friendly Jack."
* "Red next to yellow, a dangerous fellow."
* "Red and yellow = Stop and use caution. Just like a stop light."
* "Red and yellow, deadly fellow. Red and black, friend of Jack."
''

== Genus ==
Rumpun ini mencakup 4 genus, yakni:
* ''[[Calliophis]]'' - Ular karang Indo-Malaya
* ''Micruroides'' - [[Ular karang gurun Sonoran]]
* ''Micrurus'' - [[Ular karang Amerika]]
* ''Sinomicrurus'' - [[Ular karang Asia]]


== Referensi ==
== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}
----

== Bacaan lanjut ==
* [[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger, G.A.]] 1896. ''Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume III., Containing the Colubridæ (Opisthoglyphæ and Proteroglyphæ)...'' Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, Printers.) London. xiv + 727 pp. + Plates I.- XXV. (''Elaps'', 28 species, pp.&nbsp;411–433 + Plate XX.)
* [[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger, G.A.]] 1896. ''Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume III., Containing the Colubridæ (Opisthoglyphæ and Proteroglyphæ)...'' Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, Printers.) London. xiv + 727 pp. + Plates I.- XXV. (''Elaps'', 28 species, pp.&nbsp;411–433 + Plate XX.)
* [[Janis Roze|Roze, J.A.]] 1996. ''Coral Snakes of the Americas: Biology, Identification, and Venoms''. Krieger. Malabar, Florida. 340 pp. ISBN 978-0894648472.
* [[Janis Roze|Roze, J.A.]] 1996. ''Coral Snakes of the Americas: Biology, Identification, and Venoms''. Krieger. Malabar, Florida. 340 pp. {{ISBN|978-0894648472}}.
* Tanaka G. D., Furtado Md. F. D., Portaro F. C. V., Sant'Anna O. A. & Tambourgi D. V. (2010). "Diversity of ''Micrurus'' Snake Species Related to Their Venom Toxic Effects and the Prospective of Antivenom Neutralization". ''[[PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases]]'' '''4'''(3): e622. {{doi|10.1371/journal.pntd.0000622}}
* Tanaka G. D., Furtado Md. F. D., Portaro F. C. V., Sant'Anna O. A. & Tambourgi D. V. (2010). "Diversity of ''Micrurus'' Snake Species Related to Their Venom Toxic Effects and the Prospective of Antivenom Neutralization". ''[[PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases]]'' '''4'''(3): e622. {{doi|10.1371/journal.pntd.0000622}}
* {{es}} Universidad de Costa Rica (2009). ''[http://icp.ucr.ac.cr/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=15&Itemid=30&lang=es El envenenamiento por mordedura de serpiente en Centroamérica]'' ("Snakebite poisonings in Central America"). San José, Costa Rica: Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica.
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2011}}
----

* {{NRDB genus|genus=Calliophis}}
== Informasi lainnya ==
* {{NRDB genus|genus=Hemibungarus}}
* [http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/advanced_search?submit=Search&exact%5B0%5D=genus&genus=Micrurus ''Micrurus'' @ The Reptile Database]]
* {{NRDB species|genus=Micruroides|species=euryxanthus}}
* [http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/advanced_search?submit=Search&exact%5B0%5D=genus&genus=Calliophis ''Calliophis'' @ The Reptile Database]
* {{NRDB genus|genus=Micrurus}}
* [http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species.php?genus=Micruroides&species=euryxanthus&exact%5B0%5D=genus&exact%5B0%5D=species ''Micruroides euryxanthus'' @ Reptile Database]
* {{NRDB genus|genus=Sinomicrurus}}


[[Kategori:Ular berbisa]]
[[Kategori:Ular berbisa]]

Revisi terkini sejak 12 Februari 2023 02.20

Ular karang

Edit nilai pada Wikidata
Penyakitcoral snake envenomation (en) Terjemahkan Edit nilai pada Wikidata

Ular karang adalah sebutan untuk berbagai jenis ular-ular berbisa berwarna cerah, yang semuanya diklasifikasikan sebagai bagian dari famili Elapidae. Ular karang tersebar di Benua Amerika dan Asia. Di Indonesia, spesies ular yang juga disebut "ular karang" di antaranya adalah ular cabai (Calliophis intestinalis) dan ular cabai besar (Calliophis bivirgatus).

Klasifikasi

[sunting | sunting sumber]

Genus Calliophis (Gray, 1834)

[sunting | sunting sumber]
Ular cabai besar (Calliophis bivirgatus)

Genus Hemibungarus (Peters, 1862)

[sunting | sunting sumber]
Hemibungarus calligaster

Genus Micruroides (K.P. Schmidt, 1928)

[sunting | sunting sumber]
Ular-karang Arizona (Micruroides euryxanthus)

Genus Micrurus (Wagler, 1824)

[sunting | sunting sumber]
Micrurus fulvius (ilustrasi)
Ular-karang Texas (Micrurus tener)

Genus Sinomicrurus (Slowinski, Boundy & Lawson, 2001)

[sunting | sunting sumber]
Sinomicrurus sauteri

Referensi

[sunting | sunting sumber]
  • Boulenger, G.A. 1896. Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume III., Containing the Colubridæ (Opisthoglyphæ and Proteroglyphæ)... Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, Printers.) London. xiv + 727 pp. + Plates I.- XXV. (Elaps, 28 species, pp. 411–433 + Plate XX.)
  • Roze, J.A. 1996. Coral Snakes of the Americas: Biology, Identification, and Venoms. Krieger. Malabar, Florida. 340 pp. ISBN 978-0894648472.
  • Tanaka G. D., Furtado Md. F. D., Portaro F. C. V., Sant'Anna O. A. & Tambourgi D. V. (2010). "Diversity of Micrurus Snake Species Related to Their Venom Toxic Effects and the Prospective of Antivenom Neutralization". PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 4(3): e622. DOI:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000622
  • (Spanyol) Universidad de Costa Rica (2009). El envenenamiento por mordedura de serpiente en Centroamérica ("Snakebite poisonings in Central America"). San José, Costa Rica: Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica.
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