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* {{cite journal|last=Axtmann|first=Roland|title=The State of the State: The Model of the Modern State and Its Contemporary Transformations|year=2004|journal=International Political Science Review|volume=25|issue=3|pages=259–279|ref=harv |doi=10.1177/0192512104043016 }} {{subscription required}}
* {{cite journal|last=Axtmann|first=Roland|title=The State of the State: The Model of the Modern State and Its Contemporary Transformations|year=2004|journal=International Political Science Review|volume=25|issue=3|pages=259–279|ref=harv |doi=10.1177/0192512104043016 }} {{subscription required}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Barkey|first1=Karen|authorlink1=Karen Barkey|last2=Parikh|first2=Sunita|title=Comparative Perspectives on the State|year=1991|journal=Annual Review of Sociology|volume=17|pages=523–549|ref=harv |jstor=2083353|doi=10.1146/annurev.soc.17.1.523}} {{subscription required}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Barkey|first1=Karen|authorlink1=Karen Barkey|last2=Parikh|first2=Sunita|title=Comparative Perspectives on the State|year=1991|journal=Annual Review of Sociology|volume=17|pages=523–549|ref=harv |jstor=2083353|doi=10.1146/annurev.soc.17.1.523}} {{subscription required}}
* {{cite book|last1=Blanton|first1=Richard|authorlink1=Richard Blanton|last2=Fargher|first2=Lane|title=Collective Action in the Formation of Pre-Modern States|year=2008|publisher=Springer|location=New York|ref=harv |oclc=209984839}}
* {{cite book|last1=Blanton|first1=Richard|authorlink1=Richard Blanton|last2=Fargher|first2=Lane|title=Collective Action in the Formation of Pre-Modern States|url=https://archive.org/details/collectiveaction0000blan|year=2008|publisher=Springer|location=New York|ref=harv |oclc=209984839}}
* {{cite journal|last=Carneiro|first=Robert L.|authorlink=Robert L. Carneiro|year=1970|title=A Theory of the Origin of the State|url=|journal=Science|volume=169|issue=3947|pages=733–738|pmid=17820299|doi= 10.1126/science.169.3947.733|ref=harv |jstor=1729765}} {{subscription required}}
* {{cite journal|last=Carneiro|first=Robert L.|authorlink=Robert L. Carneiro|year=1970|title=A Theory of the Origin of the State|url=|journal=Science|volume=169|issue=3947|pages=733–738|pmid=17820299|doi= 10.1126/science.169.3947.733|ref=harv |jstor=1729765}} {{subscription required}}
* {{cite book|last1=Claessen|first1=Henri J.M.|authorlink1=Henri J. M. Claessen|last2=Skalnik|first2=Peter|title=The Early State|year=1978|publisher=Mouton Publishers|location=New York|editor1=Henri J.M. Claessen|editor2=Peter Skalnik|pages=3–29|chapter=The Early State: Theories and Hypotheses|ref=harv |isbn=9789027979049 |oclc=4781474}}
* {{cite book|last1=Claessen|first1=Henri J.M.|authorlink1=Henri J. M. Claessen|last2=Skalnik|first2=Peter|title=The Early State|year=1978|publisher=Mouton Publishers|location=New York|editor1=Henri J.M. Claessen|editor2=Peter Skalnik|pages=3–29|chapter=The Early State: Theories and Hypotheses|ref=harv |isbn=9789027979049 |oclc=4781474}}
Baris 19: Baris 19:
* {{cite book|last=Gross|first=Feliks|authorlink=Feliks Gross|title=Citizenship and Ethnicity: The Growth of Development of a Democratic Multiethnic Institution|year=1999|publisher=Greenwood Publishing|location=Westport, CT|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I6wM4X9UQ8QC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|ref=harv|isbn=9780313309328}}
* {{cite book|last=Gross|first=Feliks|authorlink=Feliks Gross|title=Citizenship and Ethnicity: The Growth of Development of a Democratic Multiethnic Institution|year=1999|publisher=Greenwood Publishing|location=Westport, CT|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I6wM4X9UQ8QC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|ref=harv|isbn=9780313309328}}
* {{cite book|last=Haas|first=Jonathan|title=The Transition to Statehood in the New World|editor1=Grant D. Jones|editor2=Robert R. Kautz|year=1981|chapter=Class Conflict and the State in the New World|pages=80–104|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Haas|first=Jonathan|title=The Transition to Statehood in the New World|editor1=Grant D. Jones|editor2=Robert R. Kautz|year=1981|chapter=Class Conflict and the State in the New World|pages=80–104|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Haas|first=Jonathan|title=The Evolution of the Prehistoric State|year=1982|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York|ref=harv |isbn=9780231053389 |oclc=8171126}}
* {{cite book|last=Haas|first=Jonathan|title=The Evolution of the Prehistoric State|url=https://archive.org/details/evolutionofprehi0000haas|year=1982|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York|ref=harv |isbn=9780231053389 |oclc=8171126}}
* {{cite journal|last=Herbst|first=Jeffrey|year=1990|title=War and the State in Africa|jstor=2538753|journal=International Security|volume=14|issue=4|pages=117–139|ref=harv|doi=10.2307/2538753}}
* {{cite journal|last=Herbst|first=Jeffrey|year=1990|title=War and the State in Africa|jstor=2538753|journal=International Security|volume=14|issue=4|pages=117–139|ref=harv|doi=10.2307/2538753}}
* {{cite journal|last=Kaldor|first=Nicholas|year=1963|title=Will underdeveloped countries learn to tax?|url=|journal=Foreign Affairs|volume=41|issue=2|pages=410|ref=harv|doi=10.2307/20029626|jstor=20029626}}
* {{cite journal|last=Kaldor|first=Nicholas|year=1963|title=Will underdeveloped countries learn to tax?|url=|journal=Foreign Affairs|volume=41|issue=2|pages=410|ref=harv|doi=10.2307/20029626|jstor=20029626}}
* {{cite book|last1=Krohn-Hansen|first1=Christian|last2=Nustad|first2=Knut G.|title=State Formation: Anthropological Perspectives|year=2005|publisher=Pluto Press|location=London|editor1=Christian Krohn-Hansen|editor2=Knut G. Nustad|pages=3–26|chapter=Introduction|chapter-url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/55543010/Krohm-Hansen-Nustad-Eds-State-Formation-Anthropological-Perspectives|ref=harv |oclc=815686763}}
* {{cite book|last1=Krohn-Hansen|first1=Christian|last2=Nustad|first2=Knut G.|title=State Formation: Anthropological Perspectives|year=2005|publisher=Pluto Press|location=London|editor1=Christian Krohn-Hansen|editor2=Knut G. Nustad|pages=3–26|chapter=Introduction|chapter-url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/55543010/Krohm-Hansen-Nustad-Eds-State-Formation-Anthropological-Perspectives|ref=harv|oclc=815686763|access-date=2019-04-23|archive-date=2013-05-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505140815/http://www.scribd.com/doc/55543010/Krohm-Hansen-Nustad-Eds-State-Formation-Anthropological-Perspectives|dead-url=yes}}
* {{cite book|last1=Marcus|first1=Joyce|authorlink1=Joyce Marcus|last2=Feinman|first2=Gary M.|authorlink2=Gary M. Feinman|title=Archaic States|year=1998|publisher=School of American Research Press|location=Santa Fe, New Mexico|editor1=Gary M. Feinman|editor2=Joyce Marcus|pages=3–13|chapter=Introduction|ref=harv |oclc=38120578}}
* {{cite book|last1=Marcus|first1=Joyce|authorlink1=Joyce Marcus|last2=Feinman|first2=Gary M.|authorlink2=Gary M. Feinman|title=Archaic States|url=https://archive.org/details/archaicstatessch00fein|year=1998|publisher=School of American Research Press|location=Santa Fe, New Mexico|editor1=Gary M. Feinman|editor2=Joyce Marcus|pages=[https://archive.org/details/archaicstatessch00fein/page/n6 3]–13|chapter=Introduction|ref=harv |oclc=38120578}}
* {{cite book|last1=Painter|first1=Joe|last2=Jeffrey|first2=Alex|title=Political Geography|date=2009|publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd.|location=London|isbn=978-1-4129-0138-3|pages=22–24|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Painter|first1=Joe|last2=Jeffrey|first2=Alex|title=Political Geography|date=2009|publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd.|location=London|isbn=978-1-4129-0138-3|pages=22–24|ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Sandeford|first1=David S.|title=Organizational complexity and demographic scale in primary state|journal=Royal Society Open Science|year=2018|volume=5|issue=5|pages=171137|url= http://rsos.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/5/5/171137|doi=10.1098/rsos.171137|pmid=29892345|pmc=5990841|ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Sandeford|first1=David S.|title=Organizational complexity and demographic scale in primary state|journal=Royal Society Open Science|year=2018|volume=5|issue=5|pages=171137|url= http://rsos.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/5/5/171137|doi=10.1098/rsos.171137|pmid=29892345|pmc=5990841|ref=harv}}
Baris 31: Baris 31:
* {{cite journal|last=Spruyt|first=Hendrik|title=The Origins, Development, and Possible Decline of the Modern State|journal=Annual Review of Political Science|year=2002|volume=5|pages=127–149|ref=harv |doi=10.1146/annurev.polisci.5.101501.145837}} {{subscription required}}
* {{cite journal|last=Spruyt|first=Hendrik|title=The Origins, Development, and Possible Decline of the Modern State|journal=Annual Review of Political Science|year=2002|volume=5|pages=127–149|ref=harv |doi=10.1146/annurev.polisci.5.101501.145837}} {{subscription required}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Thompson|first1=William R.|last2=Rasler|first2=Karen|title=War, the Military Revolution(s) Controversy, and Army Expansion : A Test of Two Explanations of Historical Influences on European State Making|year=1999|journal=Comparative Political Studies|volume=32|issue=1|pages=3–31|ref=harv |doi=10.1177/0010414099032001001}} {{subscription required}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Thompson|first1=William R.|last2=Rasler|first2=Karen|title=War, the Military Revolution(s) Controversy, and Army Expansion : A Test of Two Explanations of Historical Influences on European State Making|year=1999|journal=Comparative Political Studies|volume=32|issue=1|pages=3–31|ref=harv |doi=10.1177/0010414099032001001}} {{subscription required}}
* {{cite book|last=Tilly|first=Charles|authorlink=Charles Tilly|title=Bringing the State Back In|editor1=Peter Evans|editor2=Dietrich Rueschemeyer|editor3=Theda Skocpol|chapter=War Making and State Making as Organized Crime|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|year=1985|pages=169–191|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Tilly|first=Charles|authorlink=Charles Tilly|title=Bringing the State Back In|url=https://archive.org/details/bringingstatebac00evan|editor1=Peter Evans|editor2=Dietrich Rueschemeyer|editor3=Theda Skocpol|chapter=War Making and State Making as Organized Crime|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|year=1985|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bringingstatebac00evan/page/169 169]–191|ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Wimmer|first1=Andreas|last2=Feinstein|first2=Yuval|title=The Rise of the Nation-State across the World, 1816 to 2001|year=2010|journal=American Sociological Review|volume=75|issue=3|pages=764–790|ref=harv |doi=10.1177/0003122410382639|citeseerx=10.1.1.690.9400}} {{subscription required}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Wimmer|first1=Andreas|last2=Feinstein|first2=Yuval|title=The Rise of the Nation-State across the World, 1816 to 2001|year=2010|journal=American Sociological Review|volume=75|issue=3|pages=764–790|ref=harv |doi=10.1177/0003122410382639|citeseerx=10.1.1.690.9400}} {{subscription required}}
* {{cite journal|last=Wright|first=Henry T.|authorlink=Henry T. Wright|title=Recent Research on the Origin of the State|journal=Annual Review of Anthropology|year=1977|volume=6|pages=379–397|ref=harv |jstor=2949337|doi=10.1146/annurev.an.06.100177.002115}} {{subscription required}}
* {{cite journal|last=Wright|first=Henry T.|authorlink=Henry T. Wright|title=Recent Research on the Origin of the State|journal=Annual Review of Anthropology|year=1977|volume=6|pages=379–397|ref=harv |jstor=2949337|doi=10.1146/annurev.an.06.100177.002115}} {{subscription required}}
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* {{cite book|author=Nagl, Dominik |year=2013 |title=No Part of the Mother Country, but Distinct Dominions - Law, State Formation and Governance in England, Massachusetts und South Carolina, 1630-1769 |publisher=LIT |location=Berlin, Germany |isbn=978-3-643-11817-2}}[http://de.scribd.com/doc/204061491/Dominik-Nagl-No-Part-of-the-Mother-Country-but-Distinct-Dominions-Rechtstransfer-Staatsbildung-und-Governance-in-England-Massachusetts-und-South-C]
* {{cite book|author=Nagl, Dominik |year=2013 |title=No Part of the Mother Country, but Distinct Dominions - Law, State Formation and Governance in England, Massachusetts und South Carolina, 1630-1769 |publisher=LIT |location=Berlin, Germany |isbn=978-3-643-11817-2}}[http://de.scribd.com/doc/204061491/Dominik-Nagl-No-Part-of-the-Mother-Country-but-Distinct-Dominions-Rechtstransfer-Staatsbildung-und-Governance-in-England-Massachusetts-und-South-C]


[[Kategori:Ilmu Politik]]
[[Kategori:Ilmu politik]]
[[Kategori:Antropologi]]
[[Kategori:Antropologi]]

Revisi terkini sejak 12 Desember 2023 12.07

Pembentukan negara adalah proses perkembangan struktur pemerintahan terpusat dalam situasi di mana belum pernah ada yang demikian sebelumnya. Pembentukan negara telah lama menjadi bahan kajian dalam berbagai bidang ilmu sosial selama bertahun-tahun, sampai-sampai Jonathan Haas menulis bahwa "salah satu hobi favorit para ilmuwan sosial satu abad terakhir adalah berteori mengenai evolusi peradaban-peradaban besar dunia."[1] Kajian pembentukan negara umumnya dibagi ke dalam kajian mengenai negara permulaan (yang muncul di kalangan masyarakat tak bernegara) atau kajian mengenai negara modern (terutama dalam bentuk yang berkembang di Eropa sejak abad ke-16 hingga menyebar ke seluruh dunia). Diskusi akademis mengenai berbagai teori-teori pembentukan negara merupakan salah satu ciri utama dalam bidang ilmu Antropologi, Sosiologi, Ekonomi, dan Ilmu Politik.[2]

Sebuah negara adalah sistem dengan pemerintahan terpusat, kekuatan militer, layanan sipil, masyarakat yang bertatanan, dan literasi. Meskipun sebenarnya tidak ada konsensus mengenai ciri-ciri dari sebuah negara; banyak yang menggunakan definisi berbeda, biasanya dengan fokus utama pada salah satu karakteristik spesifik dari yag disebutkan di atas.[3] Sebuah negara dianggap memiliki ikatan teritorial dan berbeda dari suku atau unit lain yang tidak memiliki institusi terpusat.[4]

  1. ^ Haas 1982, hlm. 1.
  2. ^ Barkey & Parikh 1991, hlm. 523.
  3. ^ Haas 1982, hlm. 2-3.
  4. ^ Cohen 1978, hlm. 2-5.

Daftar pustaka

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Further reading

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  • Fox, John W. (2008) [1987]. Maya Postclassic state formation. Cambridge, UK and New York, USA: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-10195-0. OCLC 297146853. 
  • Kaspersen, Lars Bo and Jeppe Strandsbjerg (eds.) (2017). Does War Make States: Investigations into Charles Tilly's Historical Sociology New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Nagl, Dominik (2013). No Part of the Mother Country, but Distinct Dominions - Law, State Formation and Governance in England, Massachusetts und South Carolina, 1630-1769. Berlin, Germany: LIT. ISBN 978-3-643-11817-2. [1]