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{{Infobox Person
{{Infobox Person
| name = Margaret Higgins Sanger
|name = Margaret Higgins Sanger
| image_name = MargaretSanger-Underwood.LOC.jpg
|image = MargaretSanger-Underwood.LOC.jpg
|image_caption = Margaret Higgins Sanger (1922)
| date_of_birth = [[14 September]] [[1879]]
|date_of_birth = [[14 September]] [[1879]]
| place_of_birth = [[Corning, New York|Corning]], [[New York]]
| date_of_death = [[6 September]] [[1966]]
|place_of_birth = [[Corning, New York|Corning]], [[New York]]
| place_of_death = [[Tucson]], [[Arizona]]
|date_of_death = [[6 September]] [[1966]]
|place_of_death = [[Tucson]], [[Arizona]]
}}
}}
'''Margaret Higgins Sanger''' ([[14 September]] [[1879]] – [[6 September]] [[1966]]) adalah seorang aktivis [[Keluarga Berencana]] [[Amerika Serikat]], seorang penganjur aspek-aspek tertentu dari [[eugenika]], dan pendiri [[Liga Keluarga Berencana Amerika]] (yang akhirnya berganti nama menjadi [[Planned Parenthood]]). Sanger yang mulanya menghadapi tantangan keras terhadap gagasan-gagsannya, belakangan memperoleh dukungan publik dan pengadilan untuk pilihan perempuan untuk menentukan bagaimana dan kapan ia akan melahirkan anak-anaknya. Meskipun dukungannya terhadap eugenika kurang disambut, Margaret Sanger berperanan penting dalam membuka jalan kepada akses universal terhadap keluarga berencana.
'''Margaret Higgins Sanger''' ({{lahirmati||14|9|1879||6|9|1966}}) adalah seorang aktivis [[Keluarga Berencana]] [[Amerika Serikat]], seorang penganjur aspek-aspek tertentu dari [[eugenika]], dan pendiri [[Liga Keluarga Berencana Amerika]] (yang akhirnya berganti nama menjadi [[Planned Parenthood]]). Sanger yang mulanya menghadapi tantangan keras terhadap gagasan-gagasannya, belakangan memperoleh dukungan publik dan pengadilan untuk pilihan perempuan untuk menentukan bagaimana dan kapan ia akan melahirkan anak-anaknya. Meskipun dukungannya terhadap eugenika kurang disambut, Margaret Sanger berperan penting dalam membuka jalan kepada akses universal terhadap keluarga berencana.


== Latar belakang ==
== Latar belakang ==
Sanger dilahirkan di [[Corning, New York|Corning]], [[New York]]. Ibunya, Anne Purcell Higgins, adalah seorang pemeluk [[Katolik Roma]] yang saleh, yang mengalami 18 kehamilan (11 di antaranya lahir hidup)<ref>Steinem.</ref> yang akhirnya meninggal dunia karena [[tuberkulosis]] dan [[kanker mulut rahim]]. Sanger belajar di [[Claverack College]], sebuah sekolah dengan asrama di [[Hudson, New York|Hudson]] selama dua tahun. Saudara-saudara perempuannya membiayai uang sekolahnya, dan ketika mereka tidak sanggup lagi meneruskan bantuan ini, Sanger pulang ke rumah pada 1899. Ibunya meninggal dunia pada tahun yang sama, dan setelah itu Sanger mendaftarkan diri pada sebuah program pendidikan juru rawat di sebuah rumah sakit di [[White Plains, New York|White Plains]], sebuah daerah suburbia New York yang kaya. Pada 1902, ia menikah dengan William Sanger. Meskipun diserang tuberkulosis, tahun berikutnya ia melahirkan seorang anak lelaki, dan belakangan ia memperoleh seorang anak lelaki lagi dan kemudian seorang perempuan yang meninggal dunia sewaktu masih kecil. Kondisi Sanger yang buruk, pernikahan dan kehamilannya menghalanginya untuk menyelesaikan tahun ketiga pendidikannya sehingga ia tidak memperoleh sertifikat, meskipun suaminya meyakinkannya bahwa ia akan memeliharanya dan bahwa akan lebih baik bila ia mengasuh anak-anak mereka ketimbang mengembangkan kariernya.<ref name="chesler">Chesler.</ref>
Sanger dilahirkan di [[Corning, New York|Corning]], [[New York]]. Ibunya, Anne Purcell Higgins, adalah seorang pemeluk [[Katolik Roma]] yang taat, yang mengalami 18 kehamilan (11 di antaranya lahir hidup)<ref>Steinem.</ref> yang akhirnya meninggal dunia karena [[tuberkulosis]] dan [[kanker mulut rahim]]. Sanger belajar di [[Claverack College]], sebuah sekolah dengan asrama di [[Hudson, New York|Hudson]] selama dua tahun. Saudara-saudara perempuannya membiayai uang sekolahnya, dan ketika mereka tidak sanggup lagi meneruskan bantuan ini, Sanger pulang ke rumah pada 1899. Ibunya meninggal dunia pada tahun yang sama, dan setelah itu Sanger mendaftarkan diri pada sebuah program pendidikan juru rawat di sebuah rumah sakit di [[White Plains, New York|White Plains]], sebuah daerah suburbia New York yang kaya. Pada 1902, ia menikah dengan William Sanger. Meskipun diserang tuberkulosis, tahun berikutnya ia melahirkan seorang anak lelaki, dan belakangan ia memperoleh seorang anak lelaki lagi dan kemudian seorang perempuan yang meninggal dunia sewaktu masih kecil. Kondisi Sanger yang buruk, pernikahan dan kehamilannya menghalanginya untuk menyelesaikan tahun ketiga pendidikannya sehingga ia tidak memperoleh sertifikat, meskipun suaminya meyakinkannya bahwa ia akan memeliharanya dan bahwa akan lebih baik bila ia mengasuh anak-anak mereka ketimbang mengembangkan kariernya.<ref name="chesler">Chesler.</ref>


Pada 1912, setelah kebakaran hebat yang menghancurkan rumah baru mereka yang telah dirancang oleh suaminya, Sanger dan keluarganya pindah ke [[New York City]]. Di sana ia bekerja di daerah pemukiman kumuh di [[Lower East Side, Manhattan|East Side]] bagian dari [[Manhattan]]. Tahun yang sama, ia juga mulai menulis sebuah kolom untuk ''New York Call'' yang berjudul "Apa yang Harus Diketahui Setiap Gadis." Sanger membagi-bagikan pamflet, ''Pembatasan Keluarga'', kepada perempuan-perempuan miskin, dan berulang kali menanggung risiko menimbulkan skandal dan dipenjarakan karena melawan [[Hukum Comstock|Hukum Comstock tahun 1873]], yang menganggap pembagian informasi dan alat-alat kontrasepsi sebagai hal yang [[pornografi|porno]].
Pada 1912, setelah kebakaran hebat yang menghancurkan rumah baru mereka yang telah dirancang oleh suaminya, Sanger dan keluarganya pindah ke [[Kota New York]]. Di sana ia bekerja di daerah pemukiman kumuh di [[Lower East Side, Manhattan|East Side]] bagian dari [[Manhattan]]. Tahun yang sama, ia juga mulai menulis sebuah kolom untuk ''New York Call'' yang berjudul "Apa yang Harus Diketahui Setiap Gadis." Sanger membagi-bagikan pamflet, ''Pembatasan Keluarga'', kepada perempuan-perempuan miskin, dan berulang kali menanggung risiko menimbulkan skandal dan dipenjarakan karena melawan [[Hukum Comstock|Hukum Comstock tahun 1873]], yang menganggap pembagian informasi dan alat-alat kontrasepsi sebagai hal yang [[pornografi|porno]].


Margaret berpisah dengan suaminya William Sanger pada 1913. Pada 1914, Sanger meluncurkan ''The Woman Rebel'' (Perempuan Pemberontak), sebuah surat bulanan yang menganjurkan kontrasepsi (dan menciptakan istilah "pengendalian kelahiran") dan bahwa masing-masin perempuan menjadi "penguasa mutlak atas tubuhnya sendiri." Ia dituduh melanggar hukum pornografi pos pada bulan Agustus dan kemudian melarikan diri ke [[Eropa]] dengan nama samaran "Bertha Watson" untuk meloloskan diri dari hukuman. Di Eropa, ia menjalin hubungan dengan beberapa orang, termasuk pengarang fiksi ilmiah [[H. G. Wells]] dan psikolog seksual [[Havelock Ellis]]. Ia kembali ke AS pada Oktober 1915. Anak perempuannya yang bernama Peggy meninggal dunia pada 6 November.
Margaret berpisah dengan suaminya William Sanger pada 1913. Pada 1914, Sanger meluncurkan ''The Woman Rebel'' (Perempuan Pemberontak), sebuah surat bulanan yang menganjurkan kontrasepsi (dan menciptakan istilah "pengendalian kelahiran") dan bahwa masing-masing perempuan menjadi "penguasa mutlak atas tubuhnya sendiri." Ia dituduh melanggar hukum pornografi pos pada bulan Agustus dan kemudian melarikan diri ke [[Eropa]] dengan nama samaran "Bertha Watson" untuk meloloskan diri dari hukuman. Di Eropa, ia menjalin hubungan dengan beberapa orang, termasuk pengarang fiksi ilmiah [[H. G. Wells]] dan psikolog seksual [[Havelock Ellis]]. Ia kembali ke AS pada Oktober 1915. Anak perempuannya yang bernama Peggy meninggal dunia pada 6 November.


== Klinik KB ==
== Klinik KB ==
Pada [[16 Oktober]] [[1916]], Sanger membuka sebuah klinik keluarga berencana dan pengendalian kelahiran di 46 Amboy St. di lingkungan Brownsville dari [[Brooklyn]]. Ini adalah klinik pertama yang ada di Amerika Serikat. Sembilan hari kemudian, klinik ini diserbu polisi. Sanger dipenjarakan selama 30 hari. Bandingnya yang pertama ditolak, tetapi pengadilan banding negara bagian pada 1918 mengizinkan dokter untuk memberikan resep kontrasepsi.
Pada [[16 Oktober]] [[1916]], Sanger membuka sebuah klinik keluarga berencana dan pengendalian kelahiran di 46 Amboy St. di lingkungan Brownsville dari [[Brooklyn]]. Ini adalah klinik pertama yang ada di Amerika Serikat. Sembilan hari kemudian, klinik ini diserbu polisi. Sanger dipenjarakan selama 30 hari. Bandingnya yang pertama ditolak, tetapi pengadilan banding negara bagian pada 1918 mengizinkan dokter untuk memberikan resep kontrasepsi.


Pada 1916, Sanger menerbitkan ''What Every Girl Should Know'', yang belakangan didistribusikan secara luas sebagai salah satu dari "[[Little Blue Books]]" (Buku Biru Kecil) karya [[E. Haldeman-Julius]]. Buku ini tidak hanya memberikan informasi dasar tentang topik-topik seperti [[menstruasi]] tetapi juga mempromosikan pemahaman tentang seksualitas di kalangan remaja. Buku ini diikuti pada 1917 oleh ''What Every Mother Should Know'' (Apa yang Harus Diketahui Setiap Ibu). Sanger juga menerbitkan majalah bulanan, ''The Birth Control Review and Birth Control News'' dan menyumbangkan artikel-artikel tentang kesehatan untuk koran [[Partai Sosialis Amerika Serikat|Partai Sosialis]], ''The Call''.
Pada 1916, Sanger menerbitkan ''What Every Girl Should Know'', yang belakangan didistribusikan secara luas sebagai salah satu dari "[[Little Blue Books]]" (Buku Biru Kecil) karya [[E. Haldeman-Julius]]. Buku ini tidak hanya memberikan informasi dasar tentang topik-topik seperti [[menstruasi]] tetapi juga mempromosikan pemahaman tentang seksualitas di kalangan remaja. Buku ini diikuti pada 1917 oleh ''What Every Mother Should Know'' (Apa yang Harus Diketahui Setiap Ibu). Sanger juga menerbitkan majalah bulanan, ''The Birth Control Review and Birth Control News'' dan menyumbangkan artikel-artikel tentang kesehatan untuk koran [[Partai Sosialis Amerika Serikat|Partai Sosialis]], ''The Call''.


Sanger mendirikan ''American Birth Control League'' (ABCL - Liga Pengendalikan Kelahiran Amerika) pada 1921 besama [[Lothrop Stoddard]] dan [[C.C. Little]]. Pada 1922, ia pergi ke [[Jepang]] untuk bekerja dengan feminis Jepang [[Kato Shidzue]] untuk mempromosikan pengendalian kelahiran selama beberapa tahun. Ia kembali enam kali untuk tujuan ini. Pada tahun ini ia menikah dengan raja minyak, James Noah H. Slee.
Sanger mendirikan ''American Birth Control League'' (ABCL - Liga Pengendalikan Kelahiran Amerika) pada 1921 besama [[Lothrop Stoddard]] dan [[C.C. Little]]. Pada 1922, ia pergi ke [[Jepang]] untuk bekerja dengan feminis Jepang [[Kato Shidzue]] untuk mempromosikan pengendalian kelahiran selama beberapa tahun. Ia kembali enam kali untuk tujuan ini. Pada tahun ini ia menikah dengan raja minyak, James Noah H. Slee.

<!--In 1923, under the auspices of the ABCL, she established the Clinical Research Bureau. It was the first legal birth control clinic in the U.S. (renamed Margaret Sanger Research Bureau in her honor in 1940). It received crucial grants from [[John D. Rockefeller, Jr.]]'s Bureau of Social Hygiene from 1924 onwards, which were made anonymously to avoid public exposure of the Rockefeller name to her cause. The family also consistently supported her ongoing efforts in regard to population control.<small><ref>Crucial, anonymous Rockefeller grants to the Clinical Research Bureau and support for population control - see
John Ensor Harr, and Peter J. Johnson. ''The Rockefeller Century: Three Generations of America's Greatest Family''. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1988. (pp.191, 461-62)</ref></small>

Also in 1923, she formed the National Committee on Federal Legislation for Birth Control and served as its president until its dissolution in 1937 after birth control, under medical supervision, was legalized in many states. In 1927, Sanger helped organize the first [[World Population Conference]] in [[Geneva]].

Between 1921 and 1926, Sanger received over a million letters from mothers requesting information on birth control. From 1916 on, she lectured "in many places—halls, churches, women's clubs, homes, theaters" to "many types of audiences—cotton workers, churchmen, liberals, Socialists, scientists, clubmen, and fashionable, philanthropically minded women." In 1926, in what she called "one of the weirdest experiences I had in lecturing", Sanger even gave a lecture on birth control to the [[WKKK|women's auxiliary of the Ku Klux Klan]] in Silver Lake, [[New Jersey]], a group she found so ignorant she had to use only "the most elementary terms, as though I were trying to make children understand."<ref name=wkkk>{{cite book |author=Sanger, Margaret |year=1938 |title=Margaret Sanger, An Autobiography |location=New York |publisher=W. W. Norton |pages=pp. 361, 366-7}}</ref>

In 1928, Sanger resigned as the president of the ABCL. Two years later, she became president of the Birth Control International Information Center. In January 1932, she addressed the [[New History Society]], an organization founded by [[Mirza Ahmad Sohrab]] and [[Julia Lynch Olin|Julie Chanler]]; this address would later become the basis for an article entitled ''A Plan for Peace''.<ref name=pouzzner>Pouzzner.</ref> In 1937, Sanger became chairperson of the Birth Control Council of America and launched two publications, ''The Birth Control Review'' and ''The Birth Control News''. From 1939 to 1942, she was an honorary delegate of the Birth Control Federation of America. From 1952 to 1959, she served as president of the International Planned Parenthood Federation; at the time, the largest private international family planning organization.

During the 1960 presidential elections, Sanger was dismayed by candidate [[John F. Kennedy]]'s position on birth control (Kennedy did not believe birth control should be a matter of government policy). She threatened to leave the country if Kennedy were elected, but evidently reconsidered after Kennedy won the election.

In the early 1960s, Sanger promoted the use of the newly available [[birth control pill]]. She toured Europe, Africa, and Asia, lecturing and helping to establish clinics.

Sanger died in 1966 in [[Tucson, Arizona]] at age 86 which was eight days from her 87th birthday and only a few months after the landmark ''[[Griswold v. Connecticut]]'' decision, which legalized birth control for married couples in the U.S., the apex of her 50-year struggle.

Sanger's books include ''Woman and the New Race'' (1920), ''Happiness in Marriage'' (1926), ''My Fight For Birth Control'' (1931), and an autobiography (1938).

==Philosophy==
Although Sanger was greatly influenced by her father, her mother's death left her with a deep sense of dissatisfaction concerning her own and society's understanding of women's health and childbirth. She also criticized the censorship of her message about sexuality and contraceptives by the civil and religious authorities as an effort by men to keep women in submission. An atheist, Sanger attacked Christian leaders opposed to her message, accusing them of [[Obscurantism]] and insensitivity to women's concerns. Sanger was particularly critical of the lack of awareness of the dangers of and the scarcity of treatment opportunities for [[venereal disease]] among women. She claimed that these social ills were the result of the male establishment's intentionally keeping women in ignorance. Sanger also deplored the contemporary absence of regulations requiring registration of people diagnosed with venereal diseases (which she contrasted with mandatory registration of those with infectious diseases such as [[measles]]).

Sanger was also an avowed [[Socialism|socialist]], blaming the evils of contemporary [[capitalism]] for the unsatisfactory conditions of the young working-class women. Her very personal views on this issue are evident in the last pages of ''What Every Girl Should Know''.

===Psychology of sexuality===
While Sanger's understanding of and practical approach to human physiology were progressive for her times, her thoughts on the psychology of human sexuality place her squarely in the pre-[[Freud]]ian 19th century. Birth control, it would appear, was for her more a means to limit the undesirable side-effects of sex than a way of liberating men and women to enjoy it. In ''What Every Girl Should Know'', she wrote: "Every normal man and woman has the power to control and direct his sexual impulse. Men and woman who have it in control and constantly use their brain cells thinking deeply, are never sensual." Sexuality, for her, was a kind of weakness, and surmounting it indicated strength:

:Though sex cells are placed in a part of the anatomy for the essential purpose of easily expelling them into the female for the purpose of reproduction, there are other elements in the sexual fluid which are the essence of blood, nerve, brain, and muscle. When ALIH in to the building and strengthening of these, we find men or women of the greatest endurance greatest magnetic power. A girl can waste her creative powers by brooding over a love affair to the extent of exhausting her system, with the results not unlike the effects of masturbation and debauchery.

Her thoughts on human development were also laden with [[racism]] (though it should be noted that she held to the generally accepted standards of her day):

:It is said that a fish as large as a man has a brain no larger than the kernel of an almond. In all fish and reptiles where there is no great brain development, there is also no conscious sexual control. The lower down in the scale of human development we go the less sexual control we find. It is said that the aboriginal Australian, the lowest known species of the human family, just a step higher than the chimpanzee in brain development, has so little sexual control that police authority alone prevents him from obtaining sexual satisfaction on the streets.

Sanger, like most of the population of her time, also considered [[masturbation]] dangerous:
:In my experience as a trained nurse while attending persons afflicted with various and often revolting diseases, no matter what their ailments, I have never found any one so repulsive as the chronic masturbator. It would be difficult not to fill page upon page of heartrending confessions made by young girls, whose lives were blighted by this pernicious habit, always begun so innocently, for even after they have ceased the habit, they find themselves incapable of any relief in the natural act. [...] Perhaps the greatest physical danger to the chronic masturbator is the inability to perform the sexual act naturally.

For her, masturbation was not just a physical act, it was a mental state:
:In the boy or girl past puberty, we find one of the most dangerous forms of masturbation, i.e., mental masturbation, which consists of forming mental pictures, or thinking obscene or voluptuous pictures. This form is considered especially harmful to the brain, for the habit becomes so fixed that it is almost impossible to free the thoughts from lustful pictures.

=== Eugenics and euthanasia ===
Sanger was a proponent of [[eugenics]], a social philosophy claiming that human hereditary traits can be improved through social intervention. Methods of social intervention (targeted at those seen as "genetically unfit") advocated by eugenists have included selective breeding, sterilization, and euthanasia. In 1932, for example, Sanger argued for:

<blockquote>A stern and rigid policy of sterilization and segregation to that grade of population whose progeny is already tainted or whose inheritance is such that objectionable traits may be transmitted to offspring.<ref>Sanger, "A Plan For Peace", ''Birth Control Review,'' April 1932, p. 106</ref></blockquote>

With advances in biology and genetics, it has become clear that the policies Sanger advocated to prevent the disabled from reproducing would in practice be ineffective.{{citation needed}} However, in the early 20th century, the eugenics movement, in which Sanger was prominently involved, gained strong support in the United States.

Sanger promoted the idea of "race hygiene" – meaning the human race, not the idea of race as ethnicity – through "negative eugenics," though her writings do not indicate that she believed that any particular (ethnic) race as a whole was more eugenic or dysgenic than any other, and she condemned the anti-Semitic Nazi program as "sad & horrible."<ref name=pouzzner />

Of this, she said, "The campaign for birth control is not merely of eugenic value, but is practically identical with the final aims of eugenics."
<ref>Margaret Sanger. "The Eugenic Value of Birth Control Propaganda." Birth Control Review, October 1921, page 5</ref>

Sanger saw birth control as a means to prevent "dysgenic" children from being born into a disadvantaged life, and dismissed "positive eugenics" (which promoted greater fertility for the "fitter" upper classes) as impractical. Though many leaders in the eugenics movement were calling for active euthanasia of the "unfit," Sanger spoke out against such methods. Edwin Black writes:

<blockquote>In [William] Robinson's book, ''Eugenics, Marriage and Birth Control (Practical Eugenics),'' he advocated gassing the children of the unfit. In plain words, Robinson insisted: 'The best thing would be to gently chloroform these children or give them a dose of potassium cyanide.' Margaret Sanger was well aware that her fellow birth control advocates were promoting lethal chambers, but she herself rejected the idea completely. 'Nor do we believe,' wrote Sanger in ''Pivot of Civilization,'' 'that the community could or should send to the lethal chamber the defective progeny resulting from irresponsible and unintelligent breeding.'<ref name=black-251>Black (''The War Against the Weak''), 251.</ref></blockquote>

She maintained, however, that she advocated certain instances of coercion: "The undeniably feeble-minded should, indeed, not only be discouraged but prevented from propagating their kind."<ref>
Margaret Sanger, quoted in Charles Valenza. "Was Margaret Sanger a Racist?" Family Planning Perspectives, January-February 1985, page 44.</ref>

===Freedom of speech===
Sanger was an avid defender of free speech who was arrested at least eight times for expressing her views in a time when speaking publicly in favor of birth control was illegal. She stated in interviews that she had been influenced by the agnostic orator [[Robert G. Ingersoll]], who spoke in her hometown when she was 12 years old.<ref name="new yorker">"The Child Who Was Mother to a Woman" from ''The New Yorker'', April 11, 1925, page 11.</ref>

==Legacy==
Sanger remains a controversial figure. While she is widely credited as a leader of the modern birth control movement, and remains an iconic figure for the American [[reproductive rights]] movements, she also is reviled by some who condemn her as "an abortion advocate" (perhaps unfairly so: [[abortion]] was illegal during Sanger's lifetime and Planned Parenthood did not then support the procedure or lobby for its legalisation).Prolife groups have frequently targeted Sanger for her views, attributing her efforts to promote birth control to a desire to "purify" the human race through eugenics, and even to eliminate minority races by placing birth control clinics in minority neighborhoods.<ref>Marshall.</ref> For this reason, Sanger is often quoted selectively or out of context by detractors (a practice known as [[quote mining]]), and her history and involvement with socialism and eugenics have often been rationalized or even ignored by her defenders and biographers (a practice known as [[Spin (public relations)|spin doctoring]]). Despite the allegations of racism, Sanger's work with minorities earned the respect of civil rights leaders such as [[Martin Luther King Jr.]]<ref>Planned Parenthood Federation of America.</ref> In their biographical article about Margaret Sanger, [[Planned Parenthood]] notes:

<blockquote>In 1930, Sanger opened a family planning clinic in Harlem that sought to enlist support for contraceptive use and to bring the benefits of family planning to women who were denied access to their city's health and social services. Staffed by a black physician and black social worker, the clinic was endorsed by The Amsterdam News (the powerful local newspaper), the Abyssinian Baptist Church, the [[Urban League]], and the black community's elder statesman, [[W.E.B. DuBois]].<ref>Knowles.</ref></blockquote>

Although Sanger's views on abortion (like many of her opinions) changed throughout the course of her life{{fact}}, in her early years she was acutely aware of the problem of abortion, typically self-induced or with the aid of a [[midwife]]. Her opposition to abortion stemmed primarily from a concern for the dangers to the mother, and less so from legal concerns or the welfare of the unborn child.<ref>{{cite book|last=Streitmatter|first=Rodger|title=Voices of Revolution: The Dissident Press in America|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|date=2001|location=New York|pages=169|id=ISBN 0-231-12249-7}}</ref> She wrote in a 1916 edition of ''Family Limitation,'' "no one can doubt that there are times when an abortion is justifiable," though she framed this in the context of her birth control advocacy, adding that "abortions will become unnecessary when care is taken to prevent conception. (Care is) the only cure for abortions." Sanger consistently regarded birth control and abortion as the responsibility and burden first and foremost of women, and as matters of law, medicine and public policy second.<ref>Gray.</ref>

Sanger's 1938 autobiography notes her 1916 opposition to abortion as the taking of life: "To each group we explained what contraception was; that abortion was the wrong way—no matter how early it was performed it was taking life; that contraception was the better way, the safer way—it took a little time, a little trouble, but was well worth while in the long run, because life had not yet begun."<ref name=abortion>{{cite book |author=Sanger, Margaret |year=1938 |title=Margaret Sanger, An Autobiography |location=New York |publisher=W. W. Norton |pages=p. 217}}</ref> -->


== Catatan ==
== Catatan ==
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== Rujukan ==
== Referensi ==

*{{cite journal
* {{cite journal
| last = Black
| first = Edwin
|last = Black
| authorlink = Edwin Black
|first = Edwin
|authorlink = Edwin Black
| date = [[9 November]] [[2003]]
|date = [[9 November]] [[2003]]
| title = '''Eugenics and the Nazis - the California connection'''
|title = '''Eugenics and the Nazis - the California connection'''
| journal = San Francisco Chronicle
|journal = San Francisco Chronicle
| pages = D - 1
|pages = D - 1
| url = http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2003/11/09/ING9C2QSKB1.DTL
|url = http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2003/11/09/ING9C2QSKB1.DTL
}}
}}
*{{cite book
* {{cite book
| last = Black
|last = Black
| first = Edwin
|first = Edwin
| authorlink = Edwin Black
|authorlink = Edwin Black
| title = The War Against the Weak: Eugenics and America's Campaign to Create a Master Race
|title = The War Against the Weak: Eugenics and America's Campaign to Create a Master Race
|url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781568582580
| origyear = 2003
|origyear = 2003
| origmonth = September
| publisher = Four Walls Eight Windows
|origmonth = September
|publisher = Four Walls Eight Windows
| location = New York City, NY
|location = New York City, NY
| id = ISBN 1-56858-258-7
|id = ISBN 1-56858-258-7
}}
}}
*{{cite book
* {{cite book
| last = Chesler
|last = Chesler
| first = Ellen
|first = Ellen
| title = Woman of Valor: Margaret Sanger and the Birth Control Movement in America
|title = Woman of Valor: Margaret Sanger and the Birth Control Movement in America
|url = https://archive.org/details/womanofvalormar000ches
| origyear = 1992
| publisher = Simon & Schuster
|origyear = 1992
|publisher = Simon & Schuster
| location = New York City, NY
|location = New York City, NY
| id = ISBN 0-671-60088-5
|id = ISBN 0-671-60088-5
}}
}}
*{{cite book
* {{cite book
| last = Gray
|last = Gray
| first = Madeline
|first = Madeline
| title = Margaret Sanger: A Biography of the Champion of Birth Control
|title = Margaret Sanger: A Biography of the Champion of Birth Control
| origdate = 1979
|year = 1978
|url = https://archive.org/details/margaretsanger00made
| publisher = Richard Marek Publishers
|origdate = 1979
| location = New York City, NY
|publisher = Richard Marek Publishers
| id = ISBN 0-399-90019-5
|location = New York City, NY
| pages = 280
|id = ISBN 0-399-90019-5
|pages = [https://archive.org/details/margaretsanger00made/page/280 280]
}}
}}
*{{cite web
* {{cite web
| url=http://www.plannedparenthood.org/about/thisispp/sanger.html
|url=http://www.plannedparenthood.org/about/thisispp/sanger.html
| title=The Truth About Margaret Sanger
|title=The Truth About Margaret Sanger
| first=Jon
|first=Jon
| last=Knowles
|last=Knowles
| publisher=Katharine Dexter McCormick Library
|publisher=Katharine Dexter McCormick Library
| year=2004
|year=2004
|access-date=2007-02-05
|archive-date=2004-12-17
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041217083939/http://www.plannedparenthood.org/about/thisispp/sanger.html
|dead-url=yes
}}
}}
*{{cite book
* {{cite book
| author = Marshall, Robert G. dan Donovan, Chuck
|author = Marshall, Robert G. dan Donovan, Chuck
| title = Blessed Are the Barren: The Social Policy of Planned Parenthood
|title = Blessed Are the Barren: The Social Policy of Planned Parenthood
| url =
|url =
| year = 1991
|year = 1991
| month = Oktober
|month = Oktober
| publisher = Ignatius Press
|publisher = Ignatius Press
| location = San Francisco, CA
|location = San Francisco, CA
| id = ISBN 0-89870-353-0
|id = ISBN 0-89870-353-0
}}
}}
*{{cite book
* {{cite book
| author = Sanger, Margaret
|author = Sanger, Margaret
| title = An Autobiography
|title = An Autobiography
| url =
|url =
| year = 1938
|year = 1938
| month =
|month =
| publisher = Cooper Square Press
|publisher = Cooper Square Press
| location = New York, NY
|location = New York, NY
| id = ISBN 0-8154-1015-8
|id = ISBN 0-8154-1015-8
}}
}}


*{{cite web
* {{cite web
| url=http://www.plannedparenthood.org/pp2/portal/files/portal/medicalinfo/birthcontrol/pub-martin-luther-king.xml
|url=http://www.plannedparenthood.org/pp2/portal/files/portal/medicalinfo/birthcontrol/pub-martin-luther-king.xml
| title=Rev. Martin Luther King Jr.
|title=Rev. Martin Luther King Jr.
| author=Planned Parenthood Federation of America
|author=Planned Parenthood Federation of America
| year=2004
|year=2004
|access-date=2007-02-05
|archive-date=2006-07-02
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060702090937/http://www.plannedparenthood.org/pp2/portal/files/portal/medicalinfo/birthcontrol/pub-martin-luther-king.xml
|dead-url=yes
}}
}}
*{{cite web
* {{cite web
| last = Pouzzner
|last = Pouzzner
| first = Daniel
|first = Daniel
| year = Februari 2005
|year = Februari 2005
| url = http://www.mega.nu/ampp/eden/depopulation.html
|url = http://www.mega.nu/ampp/eden/depopulation.html
| title = Returning to Eden: Herding People, Culling the Herd
|title = Returning to Eden: Herding People, Culling the Herd
| work = The Architecture of Modern Political Power
|work = The Architecture of Modern Political Power
| accessdate = 13 Apr. 2006
|accessdate = 13 Apr. 2006
}}
}}
*{{cite journal
* {{cite journal
| first = Margaret
|first = Margaret
| last = Sanger
|last = Sanger
| year = 1932
|year = 1932
| month = April
|month = April
| title = '''A Plan For Peace'''
|title = '''A Plan For Peace'''
| journal = The Birth Control Review
|journal = The Birth Control Review
| pages = 106
|pages = 106
| url = http://www.lrainc.com/swtaboo/taboos/ms_apwp.html
|url = http://www.lrainc.com/swtaboo/taboos/ms_apwp.html
|access-date = 2007-02-05
}}
|archive-date = 2006-08-09
*{{cite web
| url=http://www.time.com/time/time100/leaders/profile/sanger.html
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060809190740/http://www.lrainc.com/swtaboo/taboos/ms_apwp.html
|dead-url = yes
| title=Time's 100 Most Important People of the Century: Margaret Sanger
}}
| work=Time Magazine
* {{cite web
| author=Steinem, Gloria
|url=http://www.time.com/time/time100/leaders/profile/sanger.html
| year=13 April 1998
|title=Time's 100 Most Important People of the Century: Margaret Sanger
|work=Time Magazine
|author=Steinem, Gloria
|year=13 April 1998
|access-date=2007-02-05
|archive-date=2009-04-20
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090420214353/http://www.time.com/time/time100/leaders/profile/sanger.html
|dead-url=yes
}}
}}


== Lihat pula ==
== Lihat pula ==

*[[Anthony Comstock]]
*[[C.C. Little]]
* [[Anthony Comstock]]
*[[Emma Goldman]]
* [[C.C. Little]]
*[[Ernst Rüdin]]
* [[Emma Goldman]]
*[[Havelock Ellis]]
* [[Ernst Rüdin]]
*[[H.G. Wells]]
* [[Havelock Ellis]]
*[[Keluarga Houghton]]
* [[H.G. Wells]]
*[[Lothrop Stoddard]]
* [[Keluarga Houghton]]
* [[Lothrop Stoddard]]
*[[Mary Dennett|Mary Ware Dennett]]
* [[Mary Dennett|Mary Ware Dennett]]


== Bacaan lebih lanjut ==
== Bacaan lebih lanjut ==
=== Karya-karya Margaret Sanger ===
=== Karya-karya Margaret Sanger ===

* {{en}} ''[http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=1689 The Pivot of Civilization]''
* {{en}} ''[http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=1689 The Pivot of Civilization]''
* {{en}} ''[http://pds.harvard.edu:8080/pdx/servlet/pds?id=2575249&n=2&s=4&res=3 Woman and the New Race sekitar 1920]''
* {{en}} ''[http://pds.harvard.edu:8080/pdx/servlet/pds?id=2575249&n=2&s=4&res=3 Woman and the New Race sekitar 1920] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313000804/http://pds.harvard.edu:8080/pdx/servlet/pds?id=2575249&n=2&s=4&res=3 |date=2007-03-13 }}''
* {{en}} ''[http://digital.lib.msu.edu/collections/index.cfm?TitleID=129 What Every Girl Should Know (ed. 1920)]'' (format GIF)
* {{en}} ''[http://digital.lib.msu.edu/collections/index.cfm?TitleID=129 What Every Girl Should Know (ed. 1920)]'' (format GIF)
* {{en}} ''[http://digital.lib.msu.edu/collections/index.cfm?TitleID=130 What Every Girl Should Know (ed. 1922)]'' (format GIF dan PDF)
* {{en}} ''[http://digital.lib.msu.edu/collections/index.cfm?TitleID=130 What Every Girl Should Know (ed. 1922)]'' (format GIF dan PDF)
* {{en}} [http://womenshistory.about.com/library/etext/bl_sanger_1924.htm "The Case for Birth Control"] (pertama kali terbit dalam ''Woman Citizen'', [[23 Februari]] [[1924]])
* {{en}} [http://womenshistory.about.com/library/etext/bl_sanger_1924.htm "The Case for Birth Control"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071216084316/http://womenshistory.about.com/library/etext/bl_sanger_1924.htm |date=2007-12-16 }} (pertama kali terbit dalam ''Woman Citizen'', [[23 Februari]] [[1924]])
* {{en}} [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/pill/filmmore/ps_letters.html Korespondensi] antara Sanger dengan [[Katharine McCormick]]
* {{en}} [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/pill/filmmore/ps_letters.html Korespondensi] antara Sanger dengan [[Katharine McCormick]]
* {{gutenberg author|id=Margaret_Sanger|name=Margaret Sanger}}
* {{gutenberg author|id=Margaret_Sanger|name=Margaret Sanger}}
*{{en}} [http://asteria.fivecolleges.edu/findaids/sophiasmith/mnsss43_main.html The Margaret Sanger Papers di Smith College]''
* {{en}} [http://asteria.fivecolleges.edu/findaids/sophiasmith/mnsss43_main.html The Margaret Sanger Papers di Smith College] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527041653/http://asteria.fivecolleges.edu/findaids/sophiasmith/mnsss43_main.html |date=2011-05-27 }}''


=== Karya-karya para penulis lain ===
=== Karya-karya para penulis lain ===

* {{en}} [http://www.time.com/time/time100/leaders/profile/sanger.html Profile on Time.com]
* {{en}} [http://www.time.com/time/time100/leaders/profile/sanger.html Profile on Time.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090420214353/http://www.time.com/time/time100/leaders/profile/sanger.html |date=2009-04-20 }}
* {{en}} [http://womenshistory.about.com/library/bio/blbio_margaret_sanger.htm Profile in Women's History section of About.com]
* {{en}} [http://womenshistory.about.com/library/bio/blbio_margaret_sanger.htm Profile in Women's History section of About.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070207094204/http://womenshistory.about.com/library/bio/blbio_margaret_sanger.htm |date=2007-02-07 }}
* {{en}} [http://www.nyu.edu/projects/sanger/ The Margaret Sanger Papers Project]
* {{en}} [http://www.nyu.edu/projects/sanger/ The Margaret Sanger Papers Project]
* {{en}} [http://www.blackgenocide.org/sanger.html Online excerpt] dari ''Blessed Are the Barren: The Social Policy of Planned Parenthood''
* {{en}} [http://www.blackgenocide.org/sanger.html Online excerpt] dari ''Blessed Are the Barren: The Social Policy of Planned Parenthood''
Baris 239: Baris 196:
[[Kategori:Anggota Partai Sosialis Amerika Serikat|Sanger, Margaret]]-->
[[Kategori:Anggota Partai Sosialis Amerika Serikat|Sanger, Margaret]]-->


[[Kategori:Kelahiran 1879|Sanger, Margaret]]
{{lifetime|1879|1966|Sanger, Margaret}}
[[Kategori:Kematian 1966|Sanger, Margaret]]
[[Kategori:Ateis Amerika Serikat|Sanger]]
[[Kategori:Feminis Amerika Serikat|Sanger, Margaret]]


[[de:Margaret Sanger]]
[[Kategori:Feminis Amerika Serikat|Sanger, Margaret]]
[[en:Margaret Sanger]]
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[[fr:Margaret Sanger]]
[[he:מרגרט סנגר]]
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[[pl:Margaret Sanger]]
[[pt:Margaret Sanger]]
[[sk:Margaret Sangerová]]
[[sv:Margaret Sanger]]

Revisi terkini sejak 8 Oktober 2023 09.53

Margaret Higgins Sanger
Margaret Higgins Sanger (1922)
IMDB: nm0762676 Find a Grave: 6544735 Modifica els identificadors a Wikidata

Margaret Higgins Sanger (14 September 1879 – 6 September 1966) adalah seorang aktivis Keluarga Berencana Amerika Serikat, seorang penganjur aspek-aspek tertentu dari eugenika, dan pendiri Liga Keluarga Berencana Amerika (yang akhirnya berganti nama menjadi Planned Parenthood). Sanger yang mulanya menghadapi tantangan keras terhadap gagasan-gagasannya, belakangan memperoleh dukungan publik dan pengadilan untuk pilihan perempuan untuk menentukan bagaimana dan kapan ia akan melahirkan anak-anaknya. Meskipun dukungannya terhadap eugenika kurang disambut, Margaret Sanger berperan penting dalam membuka jalan kepada akses universal terhadap keluarga berencana.

Latar belakang

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Sanger dilahirkan di Corning, New York. Ibunya, Anne Purcell Higgins, adalah seorang pemeluk Katolik Roma yang taat, yang mengalami 18 kehamilan (11 di antaranya lahir hidup)[1] yang akhirnya meninggal dunia karena tuberkulosis dan kanker mulut rahim. Sanger belajar di Claverack College, sebuah sekolah dengan asrama di Hudson selama dua tahun. Saudara-saudara perempuannya membiayai uang sekolahnya, dan ketika mereka tidak sanggup lagi meneruskan bantuan ini, Sanger pulang ke rumah pada 1899. Ibunya meninggal dunia pada tahun yang sama, dan setelah itu Sanger mendaftarkan diri pada sebuah program pendidikan juru rawat di sebuah rumah sakit di White Plains, sebuah daerah suburbia New York yang kaya. Pada 1902, ia menikah dengan William Sanger. Meskipun diserang tuberkulosis, tahun berikutnya ia melahirkan seorang anak lelaki, dan belakangan ia memperoleh seorang anak lelaki lagi dan kemudian seorang perempuan yang meninggal dunia sewaktu masih kecil. Kondisi Sanger yang buruk, pernikahan dan kehamilannya menghalanginya untuk menyelesaikan tahun ketiga pendidikannya sehingga ia tidak memperoleh sertifikat, meskipun suaminya meyakinkannya bahwa ia akan memeliharanya dan bahwa akan lebih baik bila ia mengasuh anak-anak mereka ketimbang mengembangkan kariernya.[2]

Pada 1912, setelah kebakaran hebat yang menghancurkan rumah baru mereka yang telah dirancang oleh suaminya, Sanger dan keluarganya pindah ke Kota New York. Di sana ia bekerja di daerah pemukiman kumuh di East Side bagian dari Manhattan. Tahun yang sama, ia juga mulai menulis sebuah kolom untuk New York Call yang berjudul "Apa yang Harus Diketahui Setiap Gadis." Sanger membagi-bagikan pamflet, Pembatasan Keluarga, kepada perempuan-perempuan miskin, dan berulang kali menanggung risiko menimbulkan skandal dan dipenjarakan karena melawan Hukum Comstock tahun 1873, yang menganggap pembagian informasi dan alat-alat kontrasepsi sebagai hal yang porno.

Margaret berpisah dengan suaminya William Sanger pada 1913. Pada 1914, Sanger meluncurkan The Woman Rebel (Perempuan Pemberontak), sebuah surat bulanan yang menganjurkan kontrasepsi (dan menciptakan istilah "pengendalian kelahiran") dan bahwa masing-masing perempuan menjadi "penguasa mutlak atas tubuhnya sendiri." Ia dituduh melanggar hukum pornografi pos pada bulan Agustus dan kemudian melarikan diri ke Eropa dengan nama samaran "Bertha Watson" untuk meloloskan diri dari hukuman. Di Eropa, ia menjalin hubungan dengan beberapa orang, termasuk pengarang fiksi ilmiah H. G. Wells dan psikolog seksual Havelock Ellis. Ia kembali ke AS pada Oktober 1915. Anak perempuannya yang bernama Peggy meninggal dunia pada 6 November.

Klinik KB

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Pada 16 Oktober 1916, Sanger membuka sebuah klinik keluarga berencana dan pengendalian kelahiran di 46 Amboy St. di lingkungan Brownsville dari Brooklyn. Ini adalah klinik pertama yang ada di Amerika Serikat. Sembilan hari kemudian, klinik ini diserbu polisi. Sanger dipenjarakan selama 30 hari. Bandingnya yang pertama ditolak, tetapi pengadilan banding negara bagian pada 1918 mengizinkan dokter untuk memberikan resep kontrasepsi.

Pada 1916, Sanger menerbitkan What Every Girl Should Know, yang belakangan didistribusikan secara luas sebagai salah satu dari "Little Blue Books" (Buku Biru Kecil) karya E. Haldeman-Julius. Buku ini tidak hanya memberikan informasi dasar tentang topik-topik seperti menstruasi tetapi juga mempromosikan pemahaman tentang seksualitas di kalangan remaja. Buku ini diikuti pada 1917 oleh What Every Mother Should Know (Apa yang Harus Diketahui Setiap Ibu). Sanger juga menerbitkan majalah bulanan, The Birth Control Review and Birth Control News dan menyumbangkan artikel-artikel tentang kesehatan untuk koran Partai Sosialis, The Call.

Sanger mendirikan American Birth Control League (ABCL - Liga Pengendalikan Kelahiran Amerika) pada 1921 besama Lothrop Stoddard dan C.C. Little. Pada 1922, ia pergi ke Jepang untuk bekerja dengan feminis Jepang Kato Shidzue untuk mempromosikan pengendalian kelahiran selama beberapa tahun. Ia kembali enam kali untuk tujuan ini. Pada tahun ini ia menikah dengan raja minyak, James Noah H. Slee.

Catatan

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  1. ^ Steinem.
  2. ^ Chesler.

Referensi

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Lihat pula

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Bacaan lebih lanjut

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Karya-karya Margaret Sanger

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Karya-karya para penulis lain

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Wikiquote memiliki koleksi kutipan yang berkaitan dengan: Margaret Higgins Sanger.
Diperoleh dari "https://wiki-indonesia.club/w/index.php?title=Margaret_Higgins_Sanger&oldid=24473657"