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{{Infobox ethnic group
[[Berkas:Map-Hispanic countries.png|300px|right|thumb|Dunia Hispanik]]
| group = Hispanik
'''Hispanik''' ([[bahasa Spanyol]]: '''Hispano''') adalah istilah yang berakar dari kata [[Spanyol]], [[orang]] Spanyol dan [[budaya Spanyol]]. Kata ini digunakan dengan cara yang sama seperti kata [[Anglo]] menunjukkan akar kata dari [[Inggris]] (England) dan orang Inggris. Dengan demikian, [[Perang Spanyol-Amerika]] dalam bahasa Spanyol dikenal sebagai ''Guerra Hispano-Estadounidense'', "Perjanjian Spanyol-Jerman" dikenal sebagai ''Tratado Hispano-Alemán'', dan "Spanyol Amerika" disebut ''Hispanoamérica''.
| native_name = {{lang-es| Hispanos}}
| flag = Flag of the Hispanic peoples.svg
| flag_caption = [[Bendera Manusia Hispanik|Bendera Hispanik]]
| regions = [[Amerika Hispanik]]{{·}}[[Amerika Serikat]]{{·}}[[Spanyol]]{{·}}[[Afrika Hispanik]]
| languages = Mayoritas [[Bahasa Spanyol|Spanyol]]
| religions = Mayoritas [[Katolik Roma]]
}}
'''Hispanik''' ({{lang-es|hispano}}) merujuk pada manusia, [[Budaya Spanyol|budaya]], atau negara yang ada kaitannya dengan [[Spanyol]], [[bahasa Spanyol]], atau lebih luas lagi dengan {{lang|es|[[Hispanidad]]}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Lopez |first1=Mark Hugo |last2=Krogstad |first2=Jens Manuel |last3=Passel |first3=Jeffrey S. |title=Who is Hispanic? |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2022/09/15/who-is-hispanic/ |access-date=2023-01-05 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hispanidad |url=https://www.filosofia.org/ave/002/b033.htm |access-date=2023-01-05 |website=www.filosofia.org}}</ref> Dalam beberapa konteks, [[Hispanik dan Latino Amerika Serikat|khususnya di Amerika Serikat]], "Hispanik" digunakan sebagai istilah [[Suku bangsa|etnik]] atau [[Meta-etnisitas|meta-etnik]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Lopez |first1=Mark Hugo |last2=Krogstad |first2=Jens Manuel |last3=Passel |first3=Jeffrey S. |title=Who is Hispanic? |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/09/05/who-is-hispanic/ |access-date=2023-10-15 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US |quote=In the eyes of the Census Bureau, Hispanics can be of any race, because “Hispanic” is an ethnicity and not a race.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Davis |first=Mike |date=1999-04-01 |title=Magical Urbanism: Latinos Reinvent the US Big City |url=https://newleftreview.org/issues/i234/articles/mike-davis-magical-urbanism-latinos-reinvent-the-us-big-city |journal=New Left Review |issue=I/234 |pages=3–43 |quote=... ‘Hispanic,’ with its emphasis on Spanish-language heritage as the foundation of meta-ethnicity...}}</ref>


Istilah ini umumnya diterapkan pada [[bangsa Spanyol]] dan populasi atau negara berbahasa Spanyol ([[Hispanofon]]) di [[Amerika Hispanik]] dan [[Afrika Hispanik]] ([[Guinea Khatulistiwa]] dan [[Sengketa wilayah|wilayah sengketa]] [[Sahara Barat]]), yang di zaman dahulu menjadi bagian dari [[Imperium Spanyol]] diakibatkan kolonisasi yang sebagian besar terjadi dari abad ke-16 hingga ke-20. Budaya negara-negara Hispanofon di luar Spanyol juga telah terpengaruh oleh [[Era pra-Kolumbus|budaya pra-Hispanik]] atau oleh pengaruh asing lainnya.
<!--As used in the [[United States]], Hispanic is one of several terms employed to categorize all persons whose ancestry hails either from the people of [[Spain]], any of the various [[Latin America#Demographics|peoples of Spanish-speaking Latin America]], or the original settlers of the traditionally Spanish-held [[Southwestern United States]]. The term is used as a broad form of classification in the U.S. census, local and federal employment, and numerous business market researches.


Terdapat juga pengaruh Spanyol di bekas [[Hindia Timur Spanyol]], yaitu [[Filipina]], [[Mariana]], dan bangsa lainnya. Namun, bahasa Spanyol bukanlah bahasa mayoritas di daerah tersebut sehingga penduduk daerah ini biasanya tidak dianggap sebagai Hispanik.
In [[Spain]], [[Hispanic America|Spanish-speaking Latin America]] and most countries outside the United States, Hispanic/Hispano is not commonly employed as an indicator of ancestry; however, this can be implied depending on the context. When used in this manner, in Spanish-speaking Latin America an ''Hispano'' is commonly regarded to be any person whose ancestry stems, in whole or in part, from the people of Spain — to the contrast of the non-Hispanic (ie. non-Spanish descended) population. In this sense, when speaking of a nation's Hispanic population, those who are implied are [[Spanish people|Spaniards]], ''[[Spanish Criollo peoples|criollos]]'', ''[[mestizo]]s'', and ''[[mulatto]]s'', to the exclusion of indigenous [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Amerindians]], unmixed descendants of black [[Africa]]n [[Slavery|slave]]s or other non-Spanish descended peoples who may reside in each respective country, regardless of whether they now use Spanish as their first and only language.


Budaya Hispanik adalah sekumpulan kebiasaan, tradisi, kepercayaan, dan perwujudan seni dalam musik, sastra, busana, arsitektur, hidangan, dan bidang kebudayaan lain yang umumnya dipraktikkan oleh manusia di wilayah-wilayah Hispanik, tetapi masing-masing bisa beragam dari satu negara atau wilayah ke wilayah lain. [[Bahasa Spanyol]] adalah elemen kebudayaan utama yang dimiliki oleh manusia Hispanik.
==The term "Hispanic"==
===Etymology===
[[Etymology|Etymologically]], the term Hispano/Hispanic is derived from [[Hispania]], the name given by the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] to the entire [[Iberian Peninsula]] — modern-day Spain and Portugal — during the period of the [[Roman Republic]]. Historically, however, Hispanic/Hispano has only ever applied to Spain and things related to her, while a derivation from or relation to Portugal and its people is denominated [[Lusitanic|Luso]]/[[Lusitanic]].


== Referensi ==
The usage of Hispanic as an ethnic indicator in the United States is believed to have come into mainstream prominence following its inclusion in a question in the 1980 [[United States Census Bureau|U.S. Census]], which asked people to voluntarily identify if they were of "Spanish/Hispanic origin or descent".
{{reflist}}


==Pranala luar==
===Synonyms and antonyms===
* {{en}} {{curlie|Society/Ethnicity/Hispanic_and_Latino|Hispanic and Latino}}
Often the term "Hispanic" is used synonymously with the word "[[Latino]]", and frequently with "[[Latin]]" as well. Even though the terms may sometimes overlap in meaning, they are not completely synonymous.


{{Authority control}}
Latin in this context refers to "Latin America," a term introduced by the French in the 1860s when they dreamed of building an empire based in Mexico. It was closely connected to the introduction of French positivism into Latin American intellectual circles. [http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv3-68] The French understood "Latin" to include themselves and exclude the "Anglo-Saxons" of the U.S. and the U.K.


[[Category:Hispanik dan Latino| ]]
"Hispanic", on the other hand, specifically refers to [[Spain]], and to the [[Spanish language|Spanish]]-speaking nations of [[the Americas]] as cultural and demographic extensions of Spain.
[[Category:Diaspora Spanyol]]

[[Category:Hispanidad]]
Meanwhile, Latinos are only those from the countries of [[Latin America]], whether [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], or [[Haitian Creole|Creole]]-speaking, though in the latter case, not so frequently and with some ambiguities.
[[Category:Tokoh Amerika Latin]]

[[Category:Amerika Latin]]
The confusion that arises is from the similarity between the words Latino and Latin, and between the concept of Hispanic and Latino. Latino is a shortened version of the noun ''Latinoamérica'' ([[Latin America]]). In the Spanish language "Latín" (Latin) is the name of the language of the [[Roman Empire|Romans]]. This means that "Latin" is not confined solely to Hispanics and/or Latinos, and has always included such people as the Italians, French, Romanians, Portuguese, etc.

Thus, of a group consisting of a [[Brazil]]ian, a [[Colombia]]n, a [[Mexico|Mexican]], a [[Spain|Spaniard]], and a [[Romania]]n; the Brazilian, Colombian, and Mexican would all be Latinos, but not the Spaniard or the Romanian, since neither Spain nor Romania are geographically situated in Latin America. Conversely, the Colombian, Mexican and Spaniard would all be Hispanics, but not the Brazilian or the Romanian, since Brazil was colonized by the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]], and neither Portugal nor Romania are extensions of Spain. Finally, all of the above nationalities would all be Latin, including the Romanian.

It should be noted that "Latino" is very rarely applied to [[French language|French]]-speaking [[Québec]] in [[Canada]], and almost never to [[Haiti]]. The categories of "Latino" and "Hispanic" are used primarily in the [[United States]] to socially differentiate people. As social categories they are not mutually exclusive and without ambiguities and cannot be seen as independent of social discrimination (socio-economic, ethnic or racial).

Aside from "Hispanic", "Latino", and "Latin", other terms are used for more specific subsets of the Hispanic population. These terms often relate to specific countries of origin, such as "[[Mexico|Mexican]]", "[[Mexican-American]]", "[[Cuban]]", "[[Puerto Rico|Puerto Rican]]" or "[[Dominican Republic|Dominican]]", etc. Other terms signify distinct cultural patterns among Hispanics which have emerged in what is now the United States, including "[[Chicano]]", "[[Tejano]]", "[[Nuyorican]]", etc.

==="Hispanic" as a U.S. ethnic label===
In the [[United States]], some people consider "Hispanic" to be too general as a label, while others consider it offensive, often preferring to use the term "Latino", which is viewed as a self-chosen label. The preference of "Latino" over "Hispanic" is partly because it more clearly indicates that those it is referring to are the people from Latin America (including Brazil) and not Spain. Different labels prevail in different regions, as well. In places like [[Arizona]] and [[California]], the [[Chicano]]s are proud of their personal association and their participation in the agricultural movement of the 1960s with [[César Chávez]], that brought attention to the needs of the farm workers. Usually younger Hispanics will not refer to themselves as such, however.

Previously Hispanics were commonly referred to as "Spanish-Americans", "Spanish-speaking Americans", and "Spanish-surnamed Americans". These terms, however, proved even more misleading or inaccurate since:
*Most U.S. Hispanics were not born in Spain, nor were most born to recent Spanish nationals;
*Although most U.S. Hispanics speak Spanish, not all do, and though most Spanish-speaking people are Hispanic, not all are (e.g., many U.S. Hispanics by the fourth generation no longer speak Spanish, while there are some non-Hispanics of the [[Southwestern United States]] that may be fluent in the language), and;
*Although most Hispanics have a Spanish surname, not all do, and while most Spanish-surnamed people are Hispanic, not all are (e.g., there are tens of millions of [[Hispanic culture in The Philippines#People|Spanish-surnamed Filipinos]], but very few, [[Ethnic groups of the Philippines|only about 3.5%]], would qualify as Hispanic by ancestry).



==Hispanics in the United States==
===Demographics===
[[Berkas:New_2000_hispanic_percent.gif|right|thumb|350px|Hispanics as a percentage of the U.S population ([[2000]])]]
Hispanics constitute the largest minority group in the United States. As of [[July 1]], [[2004]], Hispanics accounted for 14.1 % of the population, around 41.3 million people. Hispanic growth rate over the [[July 1]], [[2003]] to [[July 1]], [[2004]] period was of 3.6 % - higher than any other ethnic group in the United States, and in fact more than three times the rate of the nation's total population (at 1.0 %). The projected Hispanic population of the United States for [[July 1]], [[2050]], is of 102.6 million people. According to this projection, Hispanics will constitute 24% of the nation’s total population on that date. [http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/population/001720.html]

Of the nation's total Hispanic population, 49% lives in [[California]] or [[Texas]]. Not counting [[Puerto Rico]] — which is a territorial possession of the United States — [[New Mexico]] is the state with the highest proportion of Hispanics, where 43% is of Hispanic-origin. The proportion of Hispanics in the states of California and Texas exceed 35% each.

The Hispanic population of [[Los Angeles County]], California--numbering over 4.6 million--is the largest of any county in the nation. [http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/facts_for_features_special_editions/005338.html] Meanwhile, for the [[2000]] to [[2004]] period, [[Lee County, Florida]] had the fastest growth rate in Hispanic population of any other county in the United States. [http://www.news-press.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060309/NEWS01/603090396/1075]

Some 64% of the nation's Hispanic population are of Mexican or [[Mexican-American]] ancestry. Another approximately 10% are of Puerto Rican background, with about 3% each of Cuban, Salvadoran and Dominican origins. The remainder are of some other [[Central America]]n, [[South America]]n or other Hispanic or Latino origins.
[http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DatasetMainPageServlet?_program=ACS&_lang=en&_ts=134300672263]

The overwhelming majority of Hispanics of Mexican/Mexican-American origin are concentrated in the [[Southwestern United States]], primarily California, Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico. The majority of the Hispanic population in the [[Southeastern United States]], concentrated in Florida, are of Cuban origin. The Hispanic population in the [[Northeastern United States]], concentrated in New York and New Jersey, is composed mostly of Puerto Ricans, however, the Dominican population has risen considerably in the last decade, especially in proportion to that region's Hispanic population. The remainder of other Hispanics, composed of various [[Central America]]n and [[South America]]n origins, may be found throughout the country, though South Americans tend to concentrate on the [[East Coast of the United States]] (joining Puerto Ricans, Dominicans, and Cubans) and Central Americans on the [[West Coast of the United States]] (joining Mexicans/Mexican Americans).
There are few immigrants from Spain due to its economical growth, they do not regard themselves with the term Hispan as used in the United States.

===Political trends===
Hispanics differ on their political views. For example, many Cubans and Colombians tend to favor conservative political ideologies and support the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]], while Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, and Dominicans lean more towards the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]]; however, because the latter groups are far more numerous (Mexicans alone are nearly 60% of Hispanics), the Democratic Party is considered to be in a far stronger position among Hispanics overall. In the past two national election cycles, however, the Presidency of [[George W. Bush]] has had a significant impact on the political leanings of Hispanic Americans. As a former Governor of [[Texas]], President Bush has regarded the growing Hispanic community as a potential source of growth for the conservative and/or Republican movement--particularly because of the [[Catholic]] and more conservative social values that many Hispanic Americans share with the conservative element of the American political system. The U.S. Census indicates that the Hispanic population of the United States is the fastest growing minority in the country, and will hold considerable political clout within the next 50 years. Some political organizations associated with Hispanic Americans are [[League of United Latin American Citizens|LULAC]], the [[United Farm Workers]] and the [[Cuban American National Foundation]].

Bush has made for some gains with the Republican Party among Hispanics. For example, in the 1996 presidential election, 72% of Hispanics backed President Clinton, but in 2000, that Democratic total fell to 62%, and down further to 58% in 2004, with Democrat John Kerry winning Hispanics 58-40 over Bush.

It also breaks down interestingly by state. Hispanics in the West, especially in California, were much stronger for the Democratic Party than in Texas and Florida. California Latinos voted 63-32 for John Kerry in 2004, and both Arizona and New Mexico Latinos by a smaller 56-43 margin, but Texas Latinos were split nearly evenly, and Florida Latinos (mostly being Cubans) actually backed President Bush by a 56-44 margin.

===Cultural trends===
Popular culture varies widely from one Hispanic community to another, despite this, several features tend to unite Hispanics from diverse backgrounds. Many Hispanics, including U.S.-born second and third generation Hispanics, use the [[Spanish language]] to varying degrees. The most usual pattern is monolingual Spanish usage among new immigrants or older foreign born Hispanics, complete bilingualism among long settled immigrants and their children, and the use of [[Spanglish]] and colloquial Spanish within long established Hispanic communities by the third generation and beyond. In some families the children and grandchildren of immigrants speak mostly English with some Spanish words and phrases thrown in.

Also see: [[Association of Hispanic Arts]]

===Media===
[[Berkas:Univisionlogo.gif|thumb|right|[[Univision]], the United States' largest Spanish-language television network]]
The United States is home to thousands of [[Spanish language]] media outlets ranging in size from giant commercial broadcasting networks and major Hispanic-oriented [[periodical]]s with circulations numbering in the millions, to low-power AM [[radio]] stations with listeners numbering in the hundreds. There are hundreds of online media outlets targeting US Hispanic audiences, some of which are online versions of their printed counterparts and others online exclusively.

In the aspect of [[public television]], otherwise known as non-commercial television, there are organizations that advocate a greater degree of programming from a Hispanic-American perspective in public television. One of the most prominent of these groups is [[Latino Public Broadcasting]] which funds programs of educational and cultural significance to Hispanic-Americans. These LPB-funded projects are distributed to various public television stations throughout the United States.

Noteworthy Spanish-language media outlets include:
*[[Univision]] and [[Telemundo]], respectively the first and second largest [[List of Spanish-language television channels|Spanish-language television networks]] in the United States, each with affiliates in nearly every major U.S. market, including numerous affiliates internationally.
*[[El Nuevo Herald]], a Spanish-language daily newspaper serving the greater [[Miami, Florida]] market.
*[[Vida Latina]], a Spanish-language entertainment magazine distributed throughout the [[Southern United States]].

==Racial diversity==
[[Berkas:Hispanics.jpg|right|thumb|330px|Hispanic racial diversity. From left to right, top to bottom: <br/>[[Cameron Diaz|Cameron Díaz]], [[Alfonso Ribeiro]], [[Jennifer Lopez|Jennifer López]], [[Eva Longoria]], [[Carlos Ponce]], [[Justina Machado]], [[Selena|Selena Quintanilla]], [[Jay Hernandez|Jay Hernández]], [[Christina Milian]], [[Judy Reyes]], [[George Lopez|George López]], and [[Christina Aguilera]]]]
Even outside the broad US definition of Hispanic, the term encompasses a very racially diverse population. While in the United States, Hispanics are often treated as a group apart from [[white (people)|whites]], [[black (people)|blacks]] or other races, they actually include people who may identify with any or all of those racial groups.

In the mass media as well as popular culture, "Hispanic" is often incorrectly used to physically describe a subject's [[race]] or [[human physical appearance|appearance]]. In general, Hispanics are assumed to have traits such as dark hair and eyes, and tan or brown skin. Many others are viewed as physically intermediate between [[whites]] and [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Amerindians]] or [[Black (people)|blacks]].

Hispanics with mostly [[Caucasoid]] or [[Negroid]] features may not be recognized as such in spite of the ethnic and racial diversity of most Latin American populations. People of Spanish or Latin American ancestry who do not "look Hispanic" may have their ethnic status questioned or even challenged by others. Actors [[Cameron Diaz]] and [[Alfonso Ribeiro]], for example, are both Hispanic, even though they may be presumed not to be so because they do not fit the stereotype, the former being white and the latter black.

A great proportion of Hispanics identify as [[mestizo]] (mixed European and Amerindian), regardless of national origin. This is largely because most Hispanics are from Latin America, and much of Latin America is of mestizo descent. Mestizos constitute majority populations in most Latin American countries. Some "Hispanics" (based on the U.S. definition) may also be of unmixed [[Indigenous Peoples of the Americas|Native American]] ancestry, many of those from [[Bolivia]], [[Guatemala]], [[Peru]]—where they constitute a majority or plurality of the population—and a considerable proportion of those from [[Mexico]]. Many other Hispanics may be of unmixed European ancestry, primarily, besides [[Spaniards]], those from [[Argentina]] and [[Uruguay]].

Many "Hispanics" born in or with descent from the [[Dominican Republic]], [[Puerto Rico]], [[Cuba]], and [[Colombia]] may be of African descent; be it [[mulatto]] (mixed European and black African), [[zambo]] (mixed Amerindian and black African), [[Multiracial|triracial]] (specifically European, black African, and Amerindian) or unmixed black African.

In the case of many Argentines and Uruguayans labelled "Hispanic" by the U.S. definition, many may actually trace their ancestries to other European countries besides Spain. This is also true for others from other Hispanic countries, although at greatly reduced rates. Argentines and Uruguayans of full or partial Italian ancestry alone are said to account for at least one third of their countries' populations. Other ancestries include German, Irish, French, Polish. Nevertheless, even in the cases of Argentines and Uruguayan, most do posess some Spanish ancestry, as the waves of European immigrants to the two countries tended to quickly assimilate, intermarrying with the local population, the majority of whom were of Spanish descent (whether unmixed, [[mestizo]] or [[mulatto]]). Likewise, a percentage of "Hispanics" as defined by the U.S. may trace their ancestries from the Middle East, or East Asia. Examples of these would include [[Colombia]]n, [[Ecuador]]ian, and [[Mexico|Mexican]]-born Lebanese; [[Cuban]], [[Puerto Rico|Puerto Rican]] and [[Panama]]nian-born Chinese; [[Chile]]an and [[Paraguay]]an-born Germans; or [[Peru]]vian-born Japanese. When they migrate to the United States, the definition as most frequently advocated would consider them Hispanic. ''See also: [[Asian Latino]]''.

On occasion the demographics of certain nations may not mirror the demographics of their nationals in the United States. This is the case with [[Cuban American]]s. Most Cuban Americans are of relatively unmixed Spanish ancestry, despite Cuba being a mulatto/black majority country. The racial disparity between Cubans on the U.S. mainland and those on the island is caused largely by the fact that most of the emigrants who fled in the early days of communist Cuba belong to the upper and upper-middle classes; classes which have traditionally been predominantly lighter skinned in that country as in the rest of Latin America.

The presence of these mentioned races and race-mixes are not country-specific, since they can be found in every Latin American country, whether as larger of smaller proportions of their respective populations. Even in Spain, the European [[motherland]] of Hispanicity, there is a slowly growing population of mestizos and mulattos due to the reversal of the historic [[Old World]]-to-[[New World]] migration pattern.

==Religious diversity==
With regard to religious affiliation among Hispanics, [[Christianity]] — specifically [[Roman Catholicism]] — is usually the first religious tradition that springs to mind. Indeed, the Spaniards took the Roman Catholic faith to Latin America, and Roman Catholicism continues to be the largest, but not the only, religious denomination amongst most Hispanics. A significant number of Hispanics are also [[Protestant]], and several Protestant denominations (particularly [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical]] ones) have vigorously proselytized in Hispanic communities.

There are also Hispanic Jews, of which most are the descendants of [[Ashkenazi]] Jews who migrated from Europe (German Jews, Russian Jews, Polish Jews, etc.) to Latin America, particularly [[Argentina]], in the [[19th century]] and during and following [[World War II|WWII]], and from there to the United States. Some Hispanic Jews may also originate from the small communities of reconverted descendants of [[anusim]] — those whose Spanish and Portuguese [[Sephardi]] Jewish ancestors long ago hid their Jewish ancestry and beliefs in fear of persecution by the [[Spanish Inquisition]] and [[Portuguese Inquisition]] in the [[Iberian peninsula]] and Latin America. There are also the now Catholic-professing descendants of [[marrano]]s and the Hispano [[Crypto-Judaism|crypto-Jews]] believed to exist in the once Spanish-held [[Southwestern United States]] and scattered through Latin America. Additionally, there are Sephardic Jews who are descendants of those Jews who fled Spain to Turkey, Syria, and North Africa, some of who have now migrated to Latin American, holding on to some Spanish/Sephardic customs, such as the language [[Ladino]]. (See also [[History of the Jews in Latin America]] and [[List of Latin American Jews]].)

Among the Hispanic Catholics, most communities celebrate their homeland's patron [[saint]], dedicating a day for this purpose with festivals and religious services. Some Hispanics syncretize Roman Catholicism and African or Native American rituals and beliefs. Such is the case of [[Santería]] in [[Cuba]] and [[Puerto Rico]], which combines old African beliefs in the form of Roman Catholic saints and rituals; or Guadalupism (the devotion towards [[Our Lady of Guadalupe]]) among Mexican Roman Catholics. This latter hybridizes Catholic rites for the virgin [[Mary]] with those venerating the [[Aztec]] goddess [[Tonantzin]] (earth goddess, mother of the gods and protector of humanity) and has all her attributes also endowed to the Lady of Guadalupe, whose Catholic shrine stands on the same sacred Aztec site that had previously been dedicated to Tonatzín, on the hill of Tepeyac.

While a tiny minority, there is also a growing number of [[Hispanic Muslims]]. In Latin America, this may be the result of either locals intermarrying with recent Muslim immigrants or independent conversions to [[Islam]], {{citation needed}}.

==Music==
Folk and popular dance and music also varies greatly among Hispanics. While many people speak of "Latin" music as a single genre, Latin America is home to a wide variety of music. Hispanic Caribbean music tends to favor complex polyrhythms of African origin. [[Music of Mexico|Mexican music]] shows combined influences of mostly Spanish and Native American origin; although African influences are strong along Mexico's Caribbean coast, while traditional Northern Mexican music — [[norteño (music)|norteño]] and [[banda music|banda]] — is more influenced by country-and-western music and the [[polka]], brought by central European settlers to [[Mexico]]. The music of Mexican-Americans — such as [[Tex-Mex and Tejano|tejano]] music — has influences in rock and jazz music in addition to traditional Mexican music. Meanwhile, native Andean sounds and melodies are the backbone of Peruvian and Bolivian music, but also play a significant role in the popular music of most South American countries and are heavily incorporated into the folk music of Ecuador and Chile and the tunes of Colombia, and again in Chile where they play a fundamental role in the form of the greatly followed [[nueva canción]]. Latin pop, rock and ballad styles tend to appeal to the broader Hispanic population, and varieties of Cuban music are popular with many Hispanics of all backgrounds.

There is a huge variety of literature from the Hispanic countries and US Hispanics.

==Cuisine==
There is also no single stereotypical Hispanic cuisine. Traditional Mexican, Cuban and Puerto Rican, Spanish, Argentinian, and Peruvian cooking, for example, all vary greatly from each other, and take on new forms in the United States. While [[Mexican cuisine]] is the most familiar variety of "Hispanic food" in most of the United States, it is not representative of the cuisine of most other Hispanics.

The cuisine of Mexico can be heavily dependent on staples such as [[maize]], [[bean]]s, [[chile pepper]]s and is greatly indebted to the cuisine and diet of the Aztec and Maya. Cuba and Puerto Rico, on the other hand, may be dependent on starchy [[root vegetable]]s, [[plantain]] and [[rice]] and is influenced by the flavors of Africa. The cuisine of Spain often mirrors the cuisines of its [[Mediterranean]] neighbors, and in addition to the abundance of [[olive]]s, [[olive oil]], [[tomato]]es, [[seafood]] and meats, other foreign influences, such as the use of [[saffron]], were introduced during the [[spice trade]]. Meanwhile, Argentina relies almost exclusively on red meats, consuming almost everything derived from [[beef]], and is heavily influenced by [[Italian cuisine]]. In [[Peruvian Cuisine|Peruvian cuisine]] [[Guinea pig#Guinea pigs as food|guinea pigs]] are popular as a source of meat (derived from the diet of the [[Inca]]) and staples indigenous to the region, such as maize and the myriad of [[potato]] varieties, are the most utilized there. Rice also plays an important role in Peruvian cuisine.

This diversity in staples and cuisine is also evident in the differing regional cuisines within the national borders of the individual countries. Most groceries in heavily Hispanic areas carry a wide array of specialty Latin American products, in addition to the widely available brands of [[tortilla]]s and Mexican style [[salsa (sauce)|salsa]].

==Symbols==
===Flag===
[[Berkas:Hispanic.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Flag of Hispanic Heritage. Motto: Justicia, Paz, Unión y Fraternidad ("Justice, Peace, Union and Fraternity").]]

While relatively unknown, there is a flag representing the countries of [[Hispanic America]], its people, history and shared cultural legacy.

It was created in October of 1933 by Ángel Camblor, captain of the Uruguayan army. It was adopted by all the states of Latin America during ''La Conferencia Panamericana'' (The Pan-American Conference) held that same year in [[Montevideo]], [[Uruguay]].

The white background stands for peace, the [[Inti]] ([[sun god]] in [[Inca mythology]]) symbolizes the light shining on the American continent, and the three crosses represent [[Christopher Columbus]]' [[caravel]]s (the [[Niña]], [[Pinta]], and [[Santa María (ship)|Santa María]] ships used in his first voyage from [[Spain]] to the [[New World]] in 1492). The [[lilac]] color of the crosses evokes the [[Castilian]] banner.

=== Himne ===
:'''Himno de las Américas'''
:''(R. Sciamarella)''

:''Un canto de amistad, de buena vecindad,''
:''unidos nos tendrá eternamente.''
:''Por nuestra libertad, por nuestra lealtad''
:''debemos de vivir gloriosamente.''

:''Un símbolo de paz alumbrará el vivir''
:''de todo el Continente Americano.''
:''Fuerza de Optimismo, fuerza de la hermandad''
:''será este canto de buena vecindad.''

:''Argentina, Brasil y Bolivia,''
:''Colombia, Chile y Ecuador,''
:''Uruguay, Paraguay, Venezuela,''
:''Guatemala y El Salvador,''
:''Costa Rica, Haití y Nicaragua,''
:''Honduras y Panamá,''
:''Norteamérica, México y Perú,''
:''Cuba y Canadá:''

:''¡Son hermanos soberanos de la libertad!''
:''¡Son hermanos soberanos de la libertad!''

:'''Himne Benua Amerika'''
:''(terjemahan)''

:''A song of friendship, of good neighborhood,''
:''will unite us eternally.''
:''For our liberty, for our loyalty,''
:''we must live gloriously.''

:''A symbol of peace will illuminate the life''
:''of all the American Continent.''
:''A force of Optimism, a force of brotherhood''
:''shall be this song of good neighborhood.''

:''Argentina, Brazil and Bolivia,''
:''Colombia, Chile and Ecuador,''
:''Uruguay, Paraguay, and Venezuela,''
:''Guatemala and El Salvador,''
:''Costa Rica, Haiti and Nicaragua,''
:''Honduras and Panama,''
:''North America, Mexico and Peru,''
:''Cuba and Canada:''

:''They are sovereign brothers of freedom!''
:''They are sovereign brothers of freedom!''

In an alternate version, the countries are re-arranged, "''Canadá''" is removed (as the already mentioned "''Norteamérica''" implies both the [[United States]] and [[Canada]]), and "''Santo Domingo''" (i.e. [[Dominican Republic]]) is added instead.

:''Argentina, Brasil y Bolivia,''
:''Colombia, Chile y Ecuador,''
:''Uruguay, Venezuela y Honduras''
:''Guatemala y El Salvador,''
:''Costa Rica, Haití y Nicaragua,''
:''Cuba y Paraguay,''
:''Norteamérica, México y Perú,''
:''Santo Domingo y Panamá:''-->

== Rujukan ==
* [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=89008973 De la Garza, Rodolfo O., and Louis Desipio. ''Ethnic Ironies: Latino Politics in the 1992 Elections'' (1996)]

== Lihat pula ==
* [[Latino]]
* [[La Raza]]
* [[Ras tembaga]]
* [[Bahasa Spanyol di AS]]
* [[Budaya Hispanik di Filipina]]
* [[Daftar tokoh Hispanik]]
* [[Tokoh Hispanik Amerika terkenal]]
* [[Daftar kota AS dengan mayoritas penduduk Hispanik]]
* [[Lusitanic]]
* [[Islenos]]
* [[Bangsa Latin]]
* [[Lobi Kuba-Amerika]]
* [[Nasionalisme Latin]]

== Pranala luar ==
* [http://www.transpanish.biz/spanish_stats.htm Komunitas Hispanik di AS - Statistik dan fakta.]
* [http://www.americas.org/item_21011 ''The History of Immigration'']
* [http://www.ahorre.com/hispanicmarket.htm Pasar Hispanik AS pada 2010]
* [http://www.hispanicbusiness.com Majalah bisnis Hispanik]
* [http://home.att.net/~Alsosa/ Silsilah Hispanik]
* [http://www.hispanicheritageawards.org/ Hispanic Heritage Foundation] - yayasan dalam bidang ini
* [http://www.latinoarts.org/ Association of Hispanic Arts (AHA)] - Lembaga seni hispanik
* [http://www.hispanictips.com/ HispanicTips.com]
* [http://www.trustedtranslations.com/hispanic_market.asp Pasar Hispanik di AS]
* [http://www.mexica-movement.org Gerakan Mexica] Organisasi hak-hak dan pendidikan untuk kaum pribumi yang dengan agresif menantang penggunaan label Hispanik bagi orang-orang keturunan Meksiko dan Amerika Tengah.
* [http://www.rawstory.com/exclusives/tryferis/hispanic.htm Separated by a Common Language: The Strange Case of the White Hispanic] - Dipisahkan oleh bahasa yang sama: Kasus aneh kulit putih Hispanik
*[http://www.orcmagazine.com/Google_Your_Race/Hispanics.html Hispanics are known for...] - Hasil Google untuk "Hispanics".
* [http://www.icrsurvey.com/docs/White%20Paper%20Surveying%20Hispanics.doc Promises and pitfalls in surveying Hispanics]

[[Kategori:Kelompok etnis di Amerika Serikat]]

[[de:Hispanics]]
[[en:Hispanic]]
[[es:Hispano]]
[[he:היספנים]]
[[ja:ヒスパニック]]
[[ko:히스패닉]]
[[nl:Hispanics]]
[[pt:Hispânicos]]
[[sr:Хиспано]]
[[tr:Hispanik]]
[[zh:西班牙裔]]

Revisi terkini sejak 29 Juni 2024 12.43

Hispanik
bahasa Spanyol: Hispanos
Bendera Hispanik
Daerah dengan populasi signifikan
Amerika Hispanik · Amerika Serikat · Spanyol · Afrika Hispanik
Bahasa
Mayoritas Spanyol
Agama
Mayoritas Katolik Roma

Hispanik (bahasa Spanyol: hispano) merujuk pada manusia, budaya, atau negara yang ada kaitannya dengan Spanyol, bahasa Spanyol, atau lebih luas lagi dengan Hispanidad.[1][2] Dalam beberapa konteks, khususnya di Amerika Serikat, "Hispanik" digunakan sebagai istilah etnik atau meta-etnik.[3][4]

Istilah ini umumnya diterapkan pada bangsa Spanyol dan populasi atau negara berbahasa Spanyol (Hispanofon) di Amerika Hispanik dan Afrika Hispanik (Guinea Khatulistiwa dan wilayah sengketa Sahara Barat), yang di zaman dahulu menjadi bagian dari Imperium Spanyol diakibatkan kolonisasi yang sebagian besar terjadi dari abad ke-16 hingga ke-20. Budaya negara-negara Hispanofon di luar Spanyol juga telah terpengaruh oleh budaya pra-Hispanik atau oleh pengaruh asing lainnya.

Terdapat juga pengaruh Spanyol di bekas Hindia Timur Spanyol, yaitu Filipina, Mariana, dan bangsa lainnya. Namun, bahasa Spanyol bukanlah bahasa mayoritas di daerah tersebut sehingga penduduk daerah ini biasanya tidak dianggap sebagai Hispanik.

Budaya Hispanik adalah sekumpulan kebiasaan, tradisi, kepercayaan, dan perwujudan seni dalam musik, sastra, busana, arsitektur, hidangan, dan bidang kebudayaan lain yang umumnya dipraktikkan oleh manusia di wilayah-wilayah Hispanik, tetapi masing-masing bisa beragam dari satu negara atau wilayah ke wilayah lain. Bahasa Spanyol adalah elemen kebudayaan utama yang dimiliki oleh manusia Hispanik.

Referensi

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  1. ^ Lopez, Mark Hugo; Krogstad, Jens Manuel; Passel, Jeffrey S. "Who is Hispanic?". Pew Research Center (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2023-01-05. 
  2. ^ "Hispanidad". www.filosofia.org. Diakses tanggal 2023-01-05. 
  3. ^ Lopez, Mark Hugo; Krogstad, Jens Manuel; Passel, Jeffrey S. "Who is Hispanic?". Pew Research Center (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2023-10-15. In the eyes of the Census Bureau, Hispanics can be of any race, because “Hispanic” is an ethnicity and not a race. 
  4. ^ Davis, Mike (1999-04-01). "Magical Urbanism: Latinos Reinvent the US Big City". New Left Review (I/234): 3–43. ... ‘Hispanic,’ with its emphasis on Spanish-language heritage as the foundation of meta-ethnicity... 

Pranala luar

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