Lompat ke isi

Operasi Burung Kondor: Perbedaan antara revisi

Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas
Jelajahi riwayat secara interaktif
← Revisi sebelumnya
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
VisualTeks wiki
VolkovBot (bicara | kontrib)
126.267 suntingan
k bot Menambah: no:Operasjon Condor
InternetArchiveBot (bicara | kontrib)
Bot
689.159 suntingan
Reformat 1 URL (Wayback Medic 2.5)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) (GreenC bot
 
(37 revisi perantara oleh 19 pengguna tidak ditampilkan)
Baris 1: Baris 1:
{{Infobox operational plan
{{terjemah|Inggris}}
| name = Operasi Burung Condor
'''Operasi Burung Kondor''' ([[bahasa Spanyol]]:''Operación Cóndor'')
| partof = [[Perang Dingin]]
adalah kampanye [[pembunuhan politik]] dan pengumpulan intelijen yang dinamai [[kontra-terorisme]], yang dilakukan bersama oleh badan intelijen dan keamanan [[Argentina]], [[Bolivia]], [[Brazil]], [[Chili]], [[Paraguay]], dan [[Uruguay]] pada pertengahan 1970-an. Negara-negara lain yang ikut bekerja sama, dalam tingkat yang lebih besar atau kecil di antaranya [[Kolombia]], [[Peru]] dan [[Venezuela]] yang memberikan informasi intelijen, menanggapi permintaan dari badan-badan keamanan negara-negara [[Southern Cone]]. [[Amerika Serikat]] memberikan bantuan dengan "instalasi komunikasi di Zona [[Terusan Panama]] yang diakui melalui sebuah kawat yang dikeluarkan pada [[2000]] di bawah [[proyek deklasifikasi Chili]]. [[Kenneth Maxwell]] yang membahas buku [[Peter Kornbluh]] ''The Pinochet File: A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability'', dalam jurnal ''[[Foreign Affairs]]'' November/Desember 2003, menunjukkan pengaruh [[Henry Kissinger]] dalam Operasi Burung Kondor. Hampir sepuluh negara di benua Amerika ikut serta dalam kampanye brutal ini.
| image = Operation Condor participants.svg
| caption = Hijau: Anggota aktif utama{{efn|Argentina, Bolivia, Brasil, Chili, Paraguay dan Uruguay}}<br>Hijau muda: Anggota sporadis{{efn|Kolombia, Peru dan Venezuela}}<br>Biru: Kolaborator dan pemasok dana{{efn|Amerika Serikat}}
| date = 1968–1989
| scope =
| type = [[Operasi rahasia]]
| location = [[Amerika Selatan]]
| planned_by ={{flag|Argentina}}<br>{{flag|Bolivia}}<br>{{flag|Brasil|1968}}<br>{{flag|Chili}}<br>{{flag|Paraguay}}<br>{{flag|Uruguay}}<br>
Didukung oleh:<br>
{{flag|Amerika Serikat}}<ref name="Industrial Repression">{{cite book|last1=McSherry|first1=J. Patrice|author-link1= J. Patrice McSherry|editor1=Esparza, Marcia |editor2=Henry R. Huttenbach|editor3=Daniel Feierstein|title=State Violence and Genocide in Latin America: The Cold War Years (Critical Terrorism Studies)|chapter=Chapter 5: "Industrial repression" and Operation Condor in Latin America |pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=acGNAgAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA107#v=onepage 107], [https://books.google.com/books?id=acGNAgAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA111#v=onepage&q&f=false 111]|publisher=[[Routledge]]|language=en|year=2009|isbn=978-0415664578|chapter-url=https://www.routledge.com/State-Violence-and-Genocide-in-Latin-America-The-Cold-War-Years/Esparza-Huttenbach-Feierstein/p/book/9780415496377}}</ref><ref name="GregGrandin2011">[[Greg Grandin]] (2011). ''[http://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/L/bo11643711.html The Last Colonial Massacre: Latin America in the Cold War]''. [[University of Chicago Press]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=6FivSpNY2fkC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA75#v=onepage p. 75]. {{ISBN|9780226306902}}.</ref><ref name="p. 223">Walter L. Hixson (2009). ''[http://yalepress.yale.edu/book.asp?isbn=9780300119121 The Myth of American Diplomacy: National Identity and U.S. Foreign Policy]''. [[Yale University Press]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=DNId6HxkzQwC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA223#v=onepage p. 223]. {{ISBN|0300151314}}.</ref><br>
| commanded_by ={{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Jorge Rafael Videla]]<br>{{flagicon|Bolivia}} [[Hugo Banzer]]<br>{{flagicon|Brasil|1968}} [[Ernesto Geisel]]<br>{{flagicon|Brasil|1968}} [[Costa e Silva]]<br>{{flagicon|Chile}} [[Augusto Pinochet]]<br>{{flagicon|Paraguay}} [[Alfredo Stroessner]]<br>{{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[Aparicio Méndez]]
| target = Simpatisan Sayap Kiri{{efn|Termasuk [[Politik sayap kiri|sayap kiri]] [[peronisme]], [[Komunisme|kommunisme]] dan [[sosialisme]]}} dan oposisi pemerintahan [[junta militer]] dan [[Politik sayap kanan|sayap kanan]] di Amerika Selatan
| executed_by = Badan intelijen dari masing-masing negara anggota
| outcome = Berakhir ketika [[Tembok Berlin#Runtuhnya Tembok Berlin|Tembok Berlin runtuh]]
| casualties = * 60.000–80.000 simpatisan sayap kiri terbunuh<ref name="Ben Norton">{{cite web|url=http://bennorton.com/victims-of-operation-condor-by-country/|title=Victims of Operation Condor, by Country|author=Ben Norton|language=en|date=28 Mei 2015}}</ref>
* Lebih dari 400.000 orang menjadi tahanan politik<ref name="NATGEO">{{Cite web|url=http://ipod-ngsta.test.nationalgeographic.org/thisday/dec22/archives-terror-discovered/?utm_source=BibblioRCM_Row|title=Dec 22, 1992 CE: Archives of Terror Discovered|publisher=[[National Geographic]]|language=en|access-date=27 September 2020}}{{Pranala mati|date=Desember 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| fatalities =
| injuries =
}}


'''Operasi Burung Kondor''' ({{lang-es|link=no|Operación Cóndor}}, {{lang-pt|Operação Condor}}; dikenal juga sebagai ''Rencana Cóndor'') adalah kampanye represi politik dan teror negara yang dilakukan bersama oleh badan intelijen dan keamanan [[Argentina]], [[Bolivia]], [[Brasil]], [[Chili]], [[Paraguay]], dan [[Uruguay]] pada pertengahan 1970-an.
Menurut "[[arsip-arsip teror]]", yang ditemukan pada [[Desember 1992]] di [[Paraguay]], sekurang-kurangnya '''50.000 orang dibunuh, 30.000 "menghilang"''' (dikenal pula sebagai "''[[desaparecidos]]''") '''dan 400.000 dipenjarakan'''. "Arsip-arsip teror" ini juga memberikan bukti tentang kerja sama intelijen [[Kolombia]], [[Peru]] dan [[Venezuela]] ketika bantuan itu diminta oleh para peserta utama dalam Operasi Burung Kondor.
<!--
It has been given as another example of Italy's [[strategy of tension]] in the 1970's. The [[right-wing]] military governments of these countries, led by dictators such as [[Jorge Rafael Videla|Videla]], [[Augusto Pinochet|Pinochet]] and [[Alfredo Stroessner|Stroessner]] agreed to cooperate in sending teams into other countries, including [[France]], [[Portugal]], [[Spain]], [[Italy]] and the [[United States]] to locate, observe and assassinate political opponents.
The communication was made through an enormous quantity of [[telex]] messages.
They also exchanged [[torture]] techniques, like near drowning and playing the sound recordings of victims who were being tortured to their family. The infamous "death flights" were also widely used, in order to make the corpses, and therefore evidence, disappear. Chilean judge [[Juan Guzmán Tapia]] would eventually make [[jurisprudence]] concerning "permanent sequestration" crime: since the bodies of the victims still couldn't be found, he judged that the sequestration could be said "continued sequestration" therefore refusing to grant to the military the benefices of the statute of limitation. This helped to sue Chilean militaries who were benefiting from a 1978 autoamnesty decree.


Negara-negara lain yang ikut bekerja sama, dalam tingkat yang lebih besar ataupun kecil, di antaranya [[Kolombia]], [[Peru]] dan [[Venezuela]]. Mereka memberikan informasi intelijen dan menanggapi permintaan dari badan-badan keamanan di negara-negara [[Kerucut Selatan]]. [[Amerika Serikat]] memberikan bantuan dengan "instalasi komunikasi" di Zona [[Terusan Panama]] yang diakui melalui sebuah kawat yang dikeluarkan pada [[2000]] di bawah Proyek Deklasifikasi Chili. [[Kenneth Maxwell]] yang membahas buku [[Peter Kornbluh]] ''Berkas Pinochet: A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability'', dalam jurnal ''[[Foreign Affairs]]'' November/Desember 2003, menunjukkan pengaruh [[Henry Kissinger]] dalam Operasi Burung Kondor. Hampir sepuluh negara di benua Amerika ikut serta dalam kampanye brutal ini.
It has been alleged that Operation Condor was given at least tacit approval by the [[United States]], due to fear of [[Marxist]] revolution in the region. The targets were officially leftist [[guerrilla warfare|guerrillas]], but in fact included all kinds of political opponents, including family and others, as reported by the [[Valech Report|Valech Commission]]. It appears that [[Henry Kissinger]], [[US Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] in the [[Richard Nixon|Nixon]] administration, was closely involved diplomatically with the [[Southern Cone]] governments at the time and well-aware of the Condor plan. On [[March 6]], [[2001]], the ''[[New York Times]]'' reported the existence of a recently declassified State Department document revealing that the United States facilitated communications for Operation Condor. This [[1978]] cable released in [[2000]] under Chile declassification project showed that the [[South American]] [[intelligence (information gathering)|intelligence]] chiefs involved in Condor ''"keep in touch with one another through a U.S. communications installation in the [[Panama Canal]] Zone which covers all of Latin America". '' [[Robert White (ambassador)|Robert E. White]], the U.S. ambassador to [[Paraguay]], was concerned that the US connection to Condor might be revealed during the then ongoing investigation into the deaths of [[Orlando Letelier]] and his American colleague Ronni Moffitt.


Menurut "[[Arsip-arsip Teror]]", yang ditemukan pada Desember 1992 di [[Paraguay]], sekurang-kurangnya 50.000 orang dibunuh, 30.000 lainnya [[Penghilangan paksa|menghilang]] dan 400.000 dipenjarakan.<ref name="NATGEO"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Background on Chile|url=http://www.cja.org/article.php?list=type&type=196|publisher=Center for Justice and Accountability|language=en|access-date=18 Februari 2018}}</ref> Arsip tersebut juga memberikan bukti tentang kerja sama intelijen [[Kolombia]], [[Peru]] dan [[Venezuela]] ketika bantuan itu diminta oleh para anggota utama dalam Operasi Burung Kondor.<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3821/is_200610/ai_n17195860 | title=Predatory States. Operation Condor and Covert War in Latin America/When States Kill. Latin America, the U.S., and Technologies of Terror | access-date=24 Oktober 2007 | work=Journal of Third World Studies | first=Ruth | last=Stanley | year=2006 | archive-date=2011-06-16 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20110616065735/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3821/is_200610/ai_n17195860/ | dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=McSherry|first1=J. Patrice|author-link1= J. Patrice McSherry|editor1=Esparza, Marcia |editor2=Henry R. Huttenbach|editor3=Daniel Feierstein|title=State Violence and Genocide in Latin America: The Cold War Years (Critical Terrorism Studies)|chapter=Chapter 5: "Industrial repression" and Operation Condor in Latin America |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=acGNAgAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA108#v=onepage 108]|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2011|isbn=978-0415664578|chapter-url=https://www.routledge.com/State-Violence-and-Genocide-in-Latin-America-The-Cold-War-Years/Esparza-Huttenbach-Feierstein/p/book/9780415496377}}</ref>
==Countries involved==
In [[November 1975]], leaders of the secret police of Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay met together, with [[Manuel Contreras]], chief of the [[DINA]], in Santiago de Chile, creating the plan Condor. Uruguay was represented by colonel José Fons, and major José Nino Gavazzo according to reporter [[John Dinges]]. A "U.S. communications installation in the Panama Canal Zone which covers all of Latin America", "employed to co-ordinate intelligence information among the southern cone countries", was acknowledged by a cable released in [[2000]] under Chile declassification project. Brazil did not sign the agreement until [[June 1976]], refusing to engage in actions out of Latin America.

In [[June 1980]], Peru is known to have been collaborating with Argentinian agents of [[Batallón de Inteligencia 601|601 Intelligence Battalion]] in the kidnapping, torture and disappearance of a group of [[Montoneros]] living in exile in [[Lima]] [http://www.johndinges.com/condor/documents/Peru%20and%20Condor.htm].

The "[[terror archives]]" found in [[1992]] also revealed Colombia's, Peru's and Venezuela's greater or lesser degree of cooperation ([[Luis Posada Carriles]] was probably at the meeting that decided [[Orlando Letelier]]'s car bombing), even though they weren't at the secret [[November 1975]] meeting in [[Santiago]] de Chile.

In Brazil, president [[Fernando Henrique Cardoso]] ordered in [[2000]] the release of some military files concerning operation Condor [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/753436.stm].

==Activities==
===General Carlos Prats, 30th September, 1974===
General [[Carlos Prats]] and his wife were killed by the Chilean DINA on [[September]] 30th, [[1974]], by a [[car bombing]] in [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]], where they lived in exile. In Chile, the judge investigating this case, [[Alejandro Solis]], definitively relaxed [[Augusto Pinochet|Pinochet]] on this particular case, after the [[Chilean Supreme court]] rejected in [[January 2005]] a demand to lift the ex-dictator's immunity. The direction of DINA, including chief [[Manuel Contreras]], ex-chief of operation and retired general [[Raul Itturiaga Neuman]], his brother [[Roger Itturiaga]], and ex-brigadeers [[Pedro Espinoza Bravo]] and [[Jose Zara]], are accused in Chile of this assassination.

In Argentina, DINA's civil agent [[Enrique Arancibia Clavel]] was condemned a life-sentence in General Prat's case. In 2003, federal judge [[Maria Servini de Cubria]] asked Chile for the extradition of [[Mariana Callejas]], who was [[Michael Townley]]'s wife (himself a US expatriate and DINA agent), and [[Cristoph Willikie]], a retired colonel from the chilean army - all three of them are accused of this crime. But chilean judge Nibaldo Segura from appeal court has refused in July 2005, arguing that they were already been pursuited in Chile [http://www.cooperativa.cl/p4_noticias/antialone.html?page=http://www.cooperativa.cl/p4_noticias/site/artic/20050330/pags/20050330114755.html 2].

It has been claimed that Italian terrorist [[Stefano Delle Chiaie]] - also an operative of [[Gladio "stay-behind" secret NATO structure]] - was involved in the murder of General Carlos Prats. Along with fellow extremist [[Vincenzo Vinciguerra]], he testified in [[Rome]] in December [[1995]] before judge [[Maria Servini de Cubria]] that [[Enrique Arancibia Clavel]] (a former Chilean secret police agent prosecuted for [[crimes against humanity]] in [[2004]] [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/3596316.stm]) and Michael Townley were directly involved in this assassination.[http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2000/05/22/mun6.html].

===Bernardo Leighton, 5th October, 1975===
[[Bernardo Leighton]] and his wife were severely injured on [[October 5]], [[1976]] by gunshots while in exile in [[Rome]]. According to the [[National Security Archive]], Stefano Delle Chiaie met with Michael Townley and [[Virgilio Paz Romero]] in [[Madrid]], in [[1975]], to prepare, with the help of [[Francisco Franco|Franco]]'s secret police, the murder of Bernardo Leighton [http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB8/nsaebb8.htm National Security Archive].

===Orlando Letelier, 21th September, 1976===
Another target was [[Orlando Letelier]], a former minister of the Chilean [[Salvador Allende|Allende]] government who was assassinated by a [[car bomb]] explosion in [[Washington, D.C.]] on [[September 21]], [[1976]]. His assistant Ronni Moffit, a U.S. citizen, also died in the explosion. Michael Townley, General [[Manuel Contreras]], former head of the DINA; and Brigadier [[Pedro Espinoza Bravo]] also formerly of DINA were convicted for the murders. In 1978, Chile accepted to hand over Michael Townley to the USA, in order to reduce the tension about Orlando Letelier's murder. Michael Townley was then freed under witness protection programs. USA is still waiting for Manuel Contreras and Pedro Espinoza to be extradited.

In an op-ed published [[17 December]], [[2004]] in the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', Francisco Letelier, the son of Orlando Letelier, wrote that the assassination of his father was part of Operation Condor, described as "an intelligence-sharing network used by six South American dictators of that era to eliminate dissidents." Noting that Augusto Pinochet, who had just been placed under house arrest in Chile, has been accused of being a participant in Operation Condor, Francisco Letelier declared: "My father's murder was part of Condor."

Michael Townley has accused Pinochet of being responsible of Orlando Letelier's death. Townley confessed that he had hired five anti-castro Cubans exile to booby-trap Letelier's car. According to [[Jean-Guy Allard]], after consultations with the anti-[[Fidel Castro|castro]] Cuban organization [[Coordination of United Revolutionary Organizations|CORU]] leadership, including [[Luis Posada Carriles]] and [[Orlando Bosch]], those elected to carry out the murder were Cuban-Americans José Dionisio "Bloodbath" Suárez, Virgilio Paz Romero, Alvin Ross Díaz and brothers Guillermo and Ignacio Novo Sampoll [http://www.counterpunch.org/landau08202005.html][http://www.granma.cu/ingles/mar03/mier26/12posada.html]. According to the ''[[Miami Herald]]'', Luis Posada Carriles was at this meeting that decided on Letelier's death and also about the ''Cubana'' bombing.

====Operation Silencio & Eduardo Frei Montalva====

In [[1991]], a year before the "[[terror archives]]" were found in Paraguay, [[Eugenio Berrios]], a chemist who had worked with DINA agent [[Michael Townley]], was escorted from Chile to Uruguay by Operation Condor agents, in order to escape testifying before a Chilean court in the Letelier case. This is known as [[operation Silencio]], that started in [[April 1991]] in order to impede investigations by chilean judges, with the spiriting away of Arturo Sanhueza Ross, linked to the murder of [[Movement of the Revolutionary Left|MIR]] leader [[Jecar Neghme]]. In [[September 1991]], Carlos Herrera Jimenez, who killed trade-unionist [[Tucapel Jimenez]], flew away, before Berrios in [[October 1991]][http://www.lanacion.cl/prontus_noticias/site/artic/20050924/pags/20050924223646.html]. Berrios then used four different passports, Argentinian, Uruguayan, Paraguayan and Brasilian, lifting concerns about Operation Condor still being in place. In [[1995]], he was found dead in [[Montevideo]] (Uruguay), his murderers having tried to make the identification of his body impossible.

In [[January 2005]], Michael Townley, who now lives in the USA under witness protection program, acknowledged to agents of Interpol Chile links between DINA and the detention and torture center [[colonia Dignidad]] [http://www.cooperativa.cl/p4_noticias/antialone.html?page=http://www.cooperativa.cl/p4_noticias/site/artic/20050330/pags/20050330114755.html 1], which was founded in 1961 by [[Paul Schäfer]], a [[Ex-Nazi|nazi]] accused of child-abuse and torture, arrested in [[March 2005]] in Buenos Aires. Townley also revealed information about colonia Dignidad and the Army's Laboratory on Bacteriological War. This last laboratory would have replaced the old DINA's laboratoy on Via Naranja de lo Curro street, where Michael Townley worked with the chemical assassin Eugenio Berrios. The toxin that allegedly killed Christian-democrat [[Eduardo Frei Montalva]] may have been made in this new lab in Colonia Dignidad, according to the judge investigating the case.

===US Congressman Edward Koch===

In [[February 2004]], [[John Dinges]], a reporter, published ''"The Condor Years: How Pinochet and His Allies Brought Terrorism to Three Continents"'' (The New Press, 2004). In this book, he reveals how Uruguayan military officials threatened to assassinate US Congressman [[Edward Koch]] in mid-1976. In late [[July 1976]], the CIA station chief in Montevideo received information about it, but recommanded that the Agency take no action because the Uruguayan officers (among which colonel José Fons, who was at the November 1975 secret meeting in Santiago, Chile, and major José Nino Gavazzo, who headed a team of intelligence officers working in Argentina in 1976, where he was responsible for more than 100 Uruguayan's deaths) had been drinking when the threat was made. In an interview for the book, Koch said that [[George Herbert Walker Bush|George H.W. Bush]], CIA's director at the time, informed in [[October 1976]] - more than two months afterward, and after Orlando Letelier's murder - that ''his sponsorship of legislation to cut off US military assistance to Uruguay on human rights grounds had provoked secret police officials to "put a contract out for you"''. In mid [[October 1976]], Koch wrote to the Justice Departement asking for [[FBI]] protection. None was provided for him. In late 1976, colonel Fons and major Gavazzo were assigned to prominent diplomatic posts in Washington DC, but the State Department forced the Uruguayan government to withdraw their appointments, with the public explanation that "Fons and Gavazzo could be the objects of unpleasant publicity..." Koch only became aware of the connections between the threat on his life and operation Condor in [[2001]]. [http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB112/index.htm]

==Background and US involvement==

{{see|U.S. intervention in Chile}}

[[Richard Nixon]] and [[Henry Kissinger]] have been accused of involvement in Operation Condor. According to a cable released in 2000, the USA had a "communications installation in the [[Panama Canal]] Zone" which was used as coordination center by the different South American intelligence chiefs involved in Condor.

CIA documents show that the CIA had close contact with members of the Chilean secret police, DINA, and its chief [[Manuel Contreras]]. Some have alleged that the CIA's one-time payment to Contreras is proof that the U.S. approved of Operation Condor and military repression within Chile. The CIA's official documents state that at one time, some members of the intelligence community recommended making Contreras into a paid contact because of his closeness to [[junta]] Chairman General Pinochet; the plan was rejected based on Contreras' poor human rights track record, but the single payment was made due to miscommunication. [http://www.odci.gov/cia/reports/chile/index.html#10]

On [[March 6]], [[2001]], the ''[[New York Times]]'' reported the existence of a recently declassified State Department document revealing that the United States facilitated communications for Operation Condor.
The document, a [[1978]] cable from [[Robert White (ambassador)|Robert E. White]], the U.S. ambassador to Paraguay, was discovered by Professor [[J. Patrice McSherry]] of [[Long Island University]], who has published several articles on Operation Condor. She called the cable "another piece of increasingly weighty evidence suggesting that U.S. military and intelligence officials supported and collaborated with Condor as a secret partner or sponsor."

In the cable, Ambassador White relates a conversation with General [[Alejandro Fretes Davalos]], chief of staff of Paraguay's armed forces, who told him that the South American intelligence chiefs involved in Condor ''"keep in touch with one another through a U.S. communications installation in the [[Panama Canal]] Zone which covers all of Latin America". '' This installation is "employed to co-ordinate intelligence information among the southern cone countries". White, whose message was sent to [[Secretary of State]] [[Cyrus Vance]], was concerned that the US connection to Condor might be revealed during the then ongoing investigation into the deaths of Orlando Letelier and his American colleague Ronni Moffitt. "It would seem advisable," he suggests, "to review this arrangement to insure that its continuation is in US interest."

The document was found among 16,000 State, CIA, White House, Defense and Justice Department records released in November 2000 on the Pinochet dictatorship in Chile, and Washington's role in the [[Chilean coup of 1973|violent coup]] that brought his military regime to power. The release was the fourth and final batch of records released under the [[Clinton Administration]]'s special Chile Declassification Project.

==The terror archives==
On [[December 22]], [[1992]], a significant amount of information about Operation Condor came to light when [[José Fernandez]], a Paraguayan judge, visited a police station in the [[Lambaré]] suburb of [[Asunción]] to look for files on a former political prisoner. Instead he found what became known as the "[[terror archives]]", detailing the fates of thousands of Latin Americans secretly kidnapped, tortured and killed by the security services of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay. Some of these countries have since used portions of this archive to prosecute former military officers. The archives counted '''50,000 persons murdered, 30,000 "''desaparecidos''" and 400,000 incarcerated people'''. They also revealed the existence of a degree of intelligence cooperation from Colombia, Peru and Venezuela, even though personnel from these countries were not present at the secret November 1975 meeting in Santiago de Chile ([http://www.derechos.org/nizkor/doc/condor/calloni.html] [http://risal.collectifs.net/article.php3?id_article=1244]). The Venezuelan secret police (the [[DISIP]]) and in particular anti-Castro terrorist [[Luis Posada Carriles]] were indicated as participating in Operation Condor. ([http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30F14FC3C550C728CDDA00894DD404482 NYTimes] [http://query.nytimes.com/search/query?query=posada%20carriles&date_select=full&srchst=nyt ibid]). Luis Posada Carriles recently applied to become a U.S. citizen in order to avoid extradition to Venezuela, who wants him for his role on the [[Cubana Flight 455]] bombing. -->


== Lihat pula ==
== Lihat pula ==


* [[Perang Kotor|Perang Kotor (Argentina)]]
=== Badan-badan intelijen Amerika Selatan ===
* [[Perang Kotor (Meksiko)]]
* [[Pembunuhan massal anti-komunis]]
* [[Terorisme negara]]
* [[Perang Saudara Guatemala|Peran Amerika Serikat di Perang Saudara Guatemala]]
* [[Contras#U.S. military and financial assistance|Dukungan Amerika Serikat terhadap Contras]]
* [[Pembantaian di Indonesia 1965–1966#Keterlibatan Amerika Serikat|Keterlibatan Amerika Serikat pada pembantaian tertuduh simpatisan kumunis di Indonesia]]
* [[Pendudukan Indonesia di Timor Timur|Keterlibatan Amerika Serikat pada pendudukan Timor Leste]]
* [[Teori domino]]
* [[Doktrin Monroe]]
* [[Forgotten (film 2013)]]


=== Pusat penahanan dan penyiksaan ===
*[[DINA]]
* [[Stadion Nasional Julio Martínez Prádanos]]
*[[SIDE]]


== Catatan ==
=== Badan-badan intelijen dan teroris yang terlibat dalam Operasi Burung Kondor ===
{{Notelist}}


== Referensi ==
*[[Stefano Delle Chiaie]], teroris Italia, juga pelaksana lapangan untuk [[struktur klandestin NATO Gladio yang "tinggal di belakang"]]
{{Reflist}}
*[[Michael Townley]], warga AS, agen DINA yang terlibat dalam pembunuhan [[Orlando Letelier]] pada 1976 di Washington D.C.
* Jenderal [[Carlos Prats]], dibunuh di Buenos Aires pada 1974 (saat itu berada di AS dalam program perlindungan saksi)
* [[Luis Posada Carriles]], teroris Kuba anti-Castro yang ikut serta dalam Operasi Burung Kondor dan bekerja untuk [[DISIP]] Venezuela (sekarang berada di AS)

=== Para korban terkenal dari Operasi Burung Kondor ===

* [[Bernardo Leighton]], nyaris terbunuh di Roma pada 1975
* [[Eduardo Frei Montalva]], diduga diracuni pada awal 1980s-an menurut penelitian saat ini
* [[Henry Kissinger]] dan [[Richard Nixon]], yang memberikan fasilitas untuk Operasi Burung Kondor
* Anggota Kongres AS [[Edward Koch]], yang menyadari pada 2001 hubungan antara ancaman-ancaman terhadap nyawanya pada 1970-an dengan Operasi Burung Kondor

=== Arsip dan laporan ===

* [[National Security Archives]], sebuah LSM yan gmenerbitkan beberapa dokumen CIA yang diperoleh dalam [[Undang-undang Kebebasan Informasi]]
* "[[Arsip-arsip Teror]]", ditemukan pada 1992 di Paraguay, yang memungkinkan dibukanya kasus-kasus tuntutan terhadap bekas militer atau yang masih aktif, yang terlibat dalam Operasi Burung Kondor
* [[Laporan Rettig]]
* [[Laporan Valech]]

=== Pusat-pusat penahanan dan penyisaan ===

*[[Colonia Dignidad]], koloni Jerman Nazi dalam kegiatan hingga 2005, ditempatkan di bawah administrasi negara pada akhir 2005
*[[Esmeralda (BE-43)]]
*[[Estadio Nacional de Chile]]
*[[Villa Grimaldi]]

=== Operasi-operasi dan strategi lain yang terkait dengan Kondor ===

*[[Operasi Kolombo]], untuk itu Augusto Pinochet saat ini diadili
*[[Kafilah Maut]], dilaksanakan beberapa waktu setelah kudeta 1973
* "[[strategi ketegangan|estrategia della tensione]]", strategi kekerasan yang digunakan oleh pasukan-pasukan "[[yang tinggal di belakang]]" di Italia pada 1970-an, dengan maksud mendorong negara agar menyatakan [[keadaan pengecualian]].


== Bibliografi ==
== Bibliografi ==
*[[John Dinges]], ''"The Condor Years: How Pinochet and His Allies Brought Terrorism to Three Continents"'' (The New Press, 2004)
* [[John Dinges]], ''"The Condor Years: How Pinochet and His Allies Brought Terrorism to Three Continents"'' (The New Press, 2004)
*[[Peter Kornbluh]], ''The Pinochet File: A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountablity'' ([[New Press]]).
* [[Peter Kornbluh]], ''The Pinochet Berkas: A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountablity'' ([[New Press]]).


== Pranala luar ==
== Pranala luar ==
* Predatory States: Operation Condor and Covert War in Latin America, by J. Patrice McSherry (Rowman & Littlefield, 2005) http://www.rowmanlittlefield.com/Catalog/SingleBook.shtml?command=Search&db=^DB/CATALOG.db&eqSKUdata=0742536874
* Predatory States: Operation Condor and Covert War in Latin America, by J. Patrice McSherry (Rowman & Littlefield, 2005)
* [http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2004/03/14/RVGVQ5DN7N1.DTL Tahun-tahun Kondor - Bagaimana Pinochet dan sekutu-sekutunya menghadirkan terorisme ke tiga benua]
* [http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2004/03/14/RVGVQ5DN7N1.DTL Tahun-tahun Kondor - Bagaimana Pinochet dan sekutu-sekutunya menghadirkan terorisme ke tiga benua]
* [http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB112/ Ed Koch diancam pembunuhan pada 1976]
* [http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB112/ Ed Koch diancam pembunuhan pada 1976]
* [http://www.disinfopedia.org/wiki.phtml?title=Plan_Condor Plan Condor] dalam [[Disinfopedia]]
* [http://www.disinfopedia.org/wiki.phtml?title=Plan_Condor Plan Condor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041215225228/http://www.disinfopedia.org/wiki.phtml?title=Plan_Condor |date=2004-12-15 }} dalam [[Disinfopedia]]
* [http://www.amnistiainternacional.org/revista/rev73/articulo12.html Nacimiento del Operativo Cóndor], artikel bahasa Spanyol oleh Dr Martín Almada tentang bagaimana penelitian mengenai kasusnya menyebabkan ditemukannya arsip-arsip Lambaré.
* [http://www.amnistiainternacional.org/revista/rev73/articulo12.html Nacimiento del Operativo Cóndor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051220053923/http://www.amnistiainternacional.org/revista/rev73/articulo12.html |date=2005-12-20 }}, artikel bahasa Spanyol oleh Dr Martín Almada tentang bagaimana penelitian mengenai kasusnya menyebabkan ditemukannya arsip-arsip Lambaré.
* [http://www.johndinges.com John Dinges' home page] [[John Dinges]] adalah wartawan, penulis sejumlah buku tentang Operasi Burung Kondor. Ia pernah bekerja sebagai koresponden [[Washington Post]] di [[Amerika Selatan]].
* [http://www.johndinges.com John Dinges' home page] [[John Dinges]] adalah wartawan, penulis sejumlah buku tentang Operasi Burung Kondor. Ia pernah bekerja sebagai koresponden [[Washington Post]] di [[Amerika Selatan]].


[[Kategori:Anti-komunisme|Burung Kondor, Operasi]]
[[Kategori:Antikomunisme|Burung Kondor, Operasi]]
[[Kategori:Operasi CIA|Burung Kondor, Operasi]]
[[Kategori:Operasi CIA|Burung Kondor, Operasi]]
[[Kategori:Perang Dingin|Burung Kondor, Operasi]]
[[Kategori:Perang Dingin|Burung Kondor, Operasi]]
[[Kategori:Represi politik di Argentina]]
[[Kategori:Represi politik di Chili]]
[[Kategori:Sejarah Argentina|Burung Kondor, Operasi]]
[[Kategori:Sejarah Argentina|Burung Kondor, Operasi]]
[[Kategori:Sejarah Chili|Burung Kondor, Operasi]]
[[Kategori:Sejarah Chili|Burung Kondor, Operasi]]
[[Kategori:Sejarah Uruguay|Burung Kondor]]
[[Kategori:Sejarah Uruguay|Burung Kondor]]
[[Kategori:Sejarah Brazil|Burung Kondor]]
[[Kategori:Sejarah Brasil|Burung Kondor]]
[[Kategori:Sejarah Amerika Selatan|Burung Kondor, Operasi]]
[[Kategori:Sejarah Amerika Selatan|Burung Kondor, Operasi]]
[[Kategori:Sejarah hubungan luar negeri AS|Burung Kondor]]
[[Kategori:Sejarah hubungan luar negeri AS|Burung Kondor]]
Baris 131: Baris 76:
[[Kategori:Terorisme|Burung Kondor]]
[[Kategori:Terorisme|Burung Kondor]]
[[Kategori:Kontra-terorisme|Burung Kondor]]
[[Kategori:Kontra-terorisme|Burung Kondor]]
[[Kategori:Pelanggaran HAM|Burung Kondor]]
[[Kategori:Pelanggaran hak asasi manusia|Burung Kondor]]

[[ca:Operació Còndor]]
[[cs:Operace Condor]]
[[de:Operation Condor]]
[[en:Operation Condor]]
[[eo:Operaco Kondoro]]
[[es:Operación Cóndor]]
[[eu:Kondor Operazioa]]
[[fi:Operaatio Cóndor]]
[[fr:Opération Condor]]
[[gl:Operación Cóndor]]
[[he:מבצע קונדור]]
[[hr:Operacija Kondor]]
[[it:Operazione Condor]]
[[nl:Operatie Condor]]
[[nn:Operasjon Condor]]
[[no:Operasjon Condor]]
[[pl:Operacja Kondor]]
[[pt:Operação Condor]]
[[ru:Операция «Кондор»]]
[[sl:Operacija Kondor]]
[[sv:Operation Condor]]

Revisi terkini sejak 16 September 2023 11.10

Operasi Burung Condor
Bagian dari Perang Dingin
Hijau: Anggota aktif utama[a]
Hijau muda: Anggota sporadis[b]
Biru: Kolaborator dan pemasok dana[c]
JenisOperasi rahasia
LokasiAmerika Selatan
Perencana Argentina
 Bolivia
 Brasil
 Chili
 Paraguay
 Uruguay

Didukung oleh:

 Amerika Serikat[1][2][3]
PemimpinArgentina Jorge Rafael Videla
Bolivia Hugo Banzer
Brasil Ernesto Geisel
Brasil Costa e Silva
Chili Augusto Pinochet
Paraguay Alfredo Stroessner
Uruguay Aparicio Méndez
SasaranSimpatisan Sayap Kiri[d] dan oposisi pemerintahan junta militer dan sayap kanan di Amerika Selatan
Tanggal1968–1989
PelaksanaBadan intelijen dari masing-masing negara anggota
HasilBerakhir ketika Tembok Berlin runtuh
Korban
  • 60.000–80.000 simpatisan sayap kiri terbunuh[4]
  • Lebih dari 400.000 orang menjadi tahanan politik[5]

Operasi Burung Kondor (bahasa Spanyol: Operación Cóndor, bahasa Portugis: Operação Condor; dikenal juga sebagai Rencana Cóndor) adalah kampanye represi politik dan teror negara yang dilakukan bersama oleh badan intelijen dan keamanan Argentina, Bolivia, Brasil, Chili, Paraguay, dan Uruguay pada pertengahan 1970-an.

Negara-negara lain yang ikut bekerja sama, dalam tingkat yang lebih besar ataupun kecil, di antaranya Kolombia, Peru dan Venezuela. Mereka memberikan informasi intelijen dan menanggapi permintaan dari badan-badan keamanan di negara-negara Kerucut Selatan. Amerika Serikat memberikan bantuan dengan "instalasi komunikasi" di Zona Terusan Panama yang diakui melalui sebuah kawat yang dikeluarkan pada 2000 di bawah Proyek Deklasifikasi Chili. Kenneth Maxwell yang membahas buku Peter Kornbluh Berkas Pinochet: A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability, dalam jurnal Foreign Affairs November/Desember 2003, menunjukkan pengaruh Henry Kissinger dalam Operasi Burung Kondor. Hampir sepuluh negara di benua Amerika ikut serta dalam kampanye brutal ini.

Menurut "Arsip-arsip Teror", yang ditemukan pada Desember 1992 di Paraguay, sekurang-kurangnya 50.000 orang dibunuh, 30.000 lainnya menghilang dan 400.000 dipenjarakan.[5][6] Arsip tersebut juga memberikan bukti tentang kerja sama intelijen Kolombia, Peru dan Venezuela ketika bantuan itu diminta oleh para anggota utama dalam Operasi Burung Kondor.[7][8]

Lihat pula

[sunting | sunting sumber]

Pusat penahanan dan penyiksaan

[sunting | sunting sumber]

Catatan

[sunting | sunting sumber]
  1. ^ Argentina, Bolivia, Brasil, Chili, Paraguay dan Uruguay
  2. ^ Kolombia, Peru dan Venezuela
  3. ^ Amerika Serikat
  4. ^ Termasuk sayap kiri peronisme, kommunisme dan sosialisme

Referensi

[sunting | sunting sumber]
  1. ^ McSherry, J. Patrice (2009). "Chapter 5: "Industrial repression" and Operation Condor in Latin America". Dalam Esparza, Marcia; Henry R. Huttenbach; Daniel Feierstein. State Violence and Genocide in Latin America: The Cold War Years (Critical Terrorism Studies) (dalam bahasa Inggris). Routledge. hlm. 107, 111. ISBN 978-0415664578. 
  2. ^ Greg Grandin (2011). The Last Colonial Massacre: Latin America in the Cold War. University of Chicago Press. p. 75. ISBN 9780226306902.
  3. ^ Walter L. Hixson (2009). The Myth of American Diplomacy: National Identity and U.S. Foreign Policy. Yale University Press. p. 223. ISBN 0300151314.
  4. ^ Ben Norton (28 Mei 2015). "Victims of Operation Condor, by Country" (dalam bahasa Inggris). 
  5. ^ a b "Dec 22, 1992 CE: Archives of Terror Discovered" (dalam bahasa Inggris). National Geographic. Diakses tanggal 27 September 2020. [pranala nonaktif permanen]
  6. ^ "Background on Chile" (dalam bahasa Inggris). Center for Justice and Accountability. Diakses tanggal 18 Februari 2018. 
  7. ^ Stanley, Ruth (2006). "Predatory States. Operation Condor and Covert War in Latin America/When States Kill. Latin America, the U.S., and Technologies of Terror". Journal of Third World Studies. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-06-16. Diakses tanggal 24 Oktober 2007. 
  8. ^ McSherry, J. Patrice (2011). "Chapter 5: "Industrial repression" and Operation Condor in Latin America". Dalam Esparza, Marcia; Henry R. Huttenbach; Daniel Feierstein. State Violence and Genocide in Latin America: The Cold War Years (Critical Terrorism Studies). Routledge. hlm. 108. ISBN 978-0415664578. 

Bibliografi

[sunting | sunting sumber]
  • John Dinges, "The Condor Years: How Pinochet and His Allies Brought Terrorism to Three Continents" (The New Press, 2004)
  • Peter Kornbluh, The Pinochet Berkas: A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountablity (New Press).

Pranala luar

[sunting | sunting sumber]
Diperoleh dari "https://wiki-indonesia.club/w/index.php?title=Operasi_Burung_Kondor&oldid=24245897"