Bantuan:IPA/Bahasa Mandarin: Perbedaan antara revisi
Tampilan
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
Tidak ada ringkasan suntingan Tag: Suntingan perangkat seluler Suntingan peramban seluler |
Tidak ada ringkasan suntingan Tag: Suntingan perangkat seluler Suntingan peramban seluler Suntingan seluler lanjutan |
||
(11 revisi perantara oleh 4 pengguna tidak ditampilkan) | |||
Baris 1: | Baris 1: | ||
{{IPA key|H:IPA-CMN}} |
|||
== Urutan [[bopomofo]] == |
|||
Tabel dibawah ini berisi informasi mengenai [[Fonem|fonem-fonem]] dalam [[bahasa Mandarin]] serta cara pelafalannya dalam [[Alfabet Fonetik Internasional|Alfabet Fonetik Internasional (IPA)]], yang akan digunakan pada artikel-artikel Wikipedia. |
|||
[[Berkas:Bopomofo.png|thumb|300px|]] |
|||
{{Bopomofo}} |
|||
;Konsonan |
|||
* bo po mo fo (dibaca: po bo mo fo; b dibaca p, p dibaca b) |
|||
* de te ne le (dibaca: te de ne le; d dibaca t, t dibaca d) |
|||
* ge ke he (dibaca: ke ge he; g dibaca k, k dibaca g) |
|||
* ji qi xi (dibaca: ci ji si; j dibaca c, q dibaca j, x dibaca s) |
|||
* zhi chi shi ri (dibaca: che jhe she re; zh dibaca ch, ch dibaca jh, huruf i di belakang zh/ch/sh/r dibaca e) |
|||
* zi ci si (dibaca: ce je se; z dibaca c, c dibaca j, huruf i di belakang z/c/s dibaca e) |
|||
;Vokal |
|||
* a o [[pepet|e]] é |
|||
* ai ei au ou |
|||
* an en ang eng |
|||
* i u ü<ref>terkadang ditulis dengan graf /v/ atau /yu/ apabila u umlaut (ü) tidak tersedia</ref> er |
|||
Beberapa perbedaan antara penulisan pinyin dengan pengejaan dalam bahasa Indonesia: |
|||
* -ou seringkali dibaca -o |
|||
* -ui dibaca -ué |
|||
* -un dibaca -uên, tetapi -ün ''tidak'' dibaca -üên, melainkan tetap -ün |
|||
* -ian dibaca -ién, kecuali jika dipisah tanda petik tunggal, mis: {{wikt|xian}} (/sién/) vs. [[Xi'an]] (/si an/) |
|||
Dua macam bunyi "i" |
|||
* Semua konsonan dapat diberi bunyi "i", kecuali "zh", "ch", "sh", "r", dan "z", "c", "s" |
|||
* "zh", "ch", "sh", "r", dan "z", "c", "s" ditulis dengan huruf "i": "zhi", "chi", "shi", "ri", dan "zi", "ci", "si", tetapi dibaca dengan suara "[[pepet|e]]" "/che/", "/jhe/", "/she/", "/re/", dan "/ce/", "/je/", "/se/" |
|||
* Bunyi "/ci/", "/ji/", "/si/" ditulis dengan "ji", "qi", "xi" |
|||
Untuk informasi lebih lanjut, lihat [[fonologi bahasa Tionghoa Standar]] |
|||
== Indeks pinyin Tionghoa == |
|||
{{utama|wikt:Indeks:Pinyin Tionghoa}} |
|||
Terdapat 430 kemungkinan grafem dalam pinyin Tionghoa, tanpa menggunakan marka nada (''tone marks''). |
|||
{{col|3}} |
|||
# a |
|||
## a |
|||
## ai |
|||
## an |
|||
## ang |
|||
## ao |
|||
# b |
|||
## ba - /pa/ |
|||
## bai - /pai/ |
|||
## ban - /pan/ |
|||
## bang - /pang/ |
|||
## bao - /pao/ |
|||
## bei - /pei/ |
|||
## ben - /pen/ |
|||
## beng - /peng/* |
|||
## bi - /pi/ |
|||
## bian - /pien/ |
|||
## biao - /piao/ |
|||
## bie - /pie/ |
|||
## bin - /pin/* |
|||
## bing - /ping/ |
|||
## bo - /po/ |
|||
## bu - /pu/ |
|||
# c |
|||
## ca - /ja/* |
|||
## cai - /jai/ |
|||
## can - /jan/ |
|||
## cang - /jang/ |
|||
## cao - /jao/ |
|||
## ce - /je/ |
|||
## cen - /jen/* |
|||
## ceng - /jeng/* |
|||
## cha - /jha/ |
|||
## chai - /jhai/ |
|||
## chan - /jhan/ |
|||
## chang - /jhang/ |
|||
## chao - /jhao/ |
|||
## che - /jhe/ |
|||
## chen - /jhen/ |
|||
## cheng - /jheng/ |
|||
## chi - /jhi/ |
|||
## chong - /jhong/ |
|||
## chou - /jho/ |
|||
## chu - /jhu/ |
|||
## chua - /jhua/* |
|||
## chuai - /jhuai/* |
|||
## chuan - /jhuan/ |
|||
## chuang - /jhuang/ |
|||
## chui - /jhui/ |
|||
## chun - /jhuen/ |
|||
## chuo - /jhuo/ |
|||
## ci - /ji/ |
|||
## cong - /jong/ |
|||
## cou - /jo/* |
|||
## cu - /ju/ |
|||
## cuan - /juan/ |
|||
## cui - /jui/ |
|||
## cun - /juen/ |
|||
## cuo - /juo/ |
|||
# d |
|||
## da - /ta/ |
|||
## dai - /tai/ |
|||
## dan - /tan/ |
|||
## dang - /tang/ |
|||
## dao - /tao/ |
|||
## de - /te/ |
|||
## dei - /tei/* |
|||
## den - /ten/* |
|||
## deng - /teng/ |
|||
## di - /ti/ |
|||
## dian - /tien/ |
|||
## diao - /tiao/ |
|||
## die - /tie/ |
|||
## ding - /ting/ |
|||
## diu - /tiu/ |
|||
## dong - /tong/ |
|||
## dou - /to/ |
|||
## du - /tu/ |
|||
## duan - /tuan/ |
|||
## dui - /tui/ |
|||
## dun - /tuen/ |
|||
## duo - /tuo/ |
|||
# e |
|||
## e |
|||
## en |
|||
## eng |
|||
## er |
|||
# f |
|||
## fa |
|||
## fan |
|||
## fang |
|||
## fei |
|||
## fen |
|||
## feng |
|||
## fo/fou |
|||
## fu |
|||
# g |
|||
## ga - /ka/* |
|||
## gai - /kai/ |
|||
## gan - /kan/ |
|||
## gang - /kang/ |
|||
## gao - /kao/ |
|||
## ge - /ke/ |
|||
## gei - /kei/ |
|||
## gen - /ken/ |
|||
## geng - /keng/ |
|||
## gong - /kong/ |
|||
## gou - /ko/ |
|||
## gu - /ku/ |
|||
## gua - /kua/ |
|||
## guai - /kuai/ |
|||
## guan - /kuan/ |
|||
## guang - /kuang |
|||
## gui - /kue/ |
|||
## gun - /kuen/ |
|||
## guo - /kuo/ |
|||
# h |
|||
## ha |
|||
## hai |
|||
## han |
|||
## hang |
|||
## hao |
|||
## he |
|||
## hei |
|||
## hen |
|||
## heng |
|||
## hm |
|||
## hong |
|||
## hou - /ho/ |
|||
## hu |
|||
## hua |
|||
## huai |
|||
## huan |
|||
## huang |
|||
## hui |
|||
## hun |
|||
## huo |
|||
# j |
|||
## ji |
|||
## jia |
|||
## jian |
|||
## jiang |
|||
## jiao |
|||
## jie |
|||
## jin |
|||
## jing |
|||
## jiong |
|||
## jiu |
|||
## ju |
|||
## juan |
|||
## jue |
|||
## jun |
|||
# k |
|||
## ka - /ga/* |
|||
## kai - /gai/ |
|||
## kan - /gan/ |
|||
## kang - /gang/ |
|||
## kao - /gao/ |
|||
## ke - /ge/ |
|||
## ken - /gen/ |
|||
## keng - /geng/* |
|||
## kong - /gong/ |
|||
## kou - /go/ |
|||
## ku - /gu/ |
|||
## kua - /gua/* |
|||
## kuai - /guai/ |
|||
## kuan - /guan/* |
|||
## kuang - /guang/ |
|||
## kui - /gue/ |
|||
## kun - /guen/ |
|||
## kuo - /guo/* |
|||
# l |
|||
## la |
|||
## lai |
|||
## lan |
|||
## lang |
|||
## lao |
|||
## le |
|||
## lei |
|||
## leng |
|||
## li |
|||
## lia* |
|||
## lian |
|||
## liang |
|||
## liao |
|||
## lie |
|||
## lin |
|||
## ling |
|||
## liu |
|||
## lo* |
|||
## long |
|||
## lou - /lo/ |
|||
## lu |
|||
## lü |
|||
## luan |
|||
## lüe* |
|||
## lun - /luen/ |
|||
## luo |
|||
# m |
|||
## m* |
|||
## ma |
|||
## mai |
|||
## man |
|||
## mang |
|||
## mao |
|||
## me |
|||
## mei |
|||
## men |
|||
## meng |
|||
## mi |
|||
## mian - /mien/ |
|||
## miao |
|||
## mie |
|||
## min |
|||
## ming |
|||
## miu* |
|||
## mo |
|||
## mou - /mo/ |
|||
## mu |
|||
# n |
|||
## na |
|||
## nai |
|||
## nan |
|||
## nang |
|||
## nao |
|||
## ne |
|||
## nei |
|||
## nen* |
|||
## neng |
|||
## ni |
|||
## nian - /nien/ |
|||
## niang |
|||
## niao |
|||
## nie* |
|||
## nin |
|||
## ning |
|||
## niu |
|||
## nong |
|||
## nou - /no/* |
|||
## nu |
|||
## nü |
|||
## nuan |
|||
## nüe* |
|||
## nuo |
|||
# o |
|||
## o/ou |
|||
# p |
|||
## pa - /ba/ |
|||
## pai - /bai/ |
|||
## pan - /ban/ |
|||
## pang - /bang/ |
|||
## pao - /bao/ |
|||
## pei - /bei/ |
|||
## pen - /ben/* |
|||
## peng - /beng/ |
|||
## pi - /bi/ |
|||
## pian - /bian/ |
|||
## piao - /biao/ |
|||
## pie - /bie/* |
|||
## pin - /bin/ |
|||
## ping - /bing/ |
|||
## po - /bo/ |
|||
## pou - /bo/ |
|||
## pu - /bu/ |
|||
# q |
|||
## qi - /ji/ |
|||
## qia - /jia/* |
|||
## qian - /jien/ |
|||
## qiang - /jiang/ |
|||
## qiao - /jiao/ |
|||
## qie - /jie/ |
|||
## qin - /jin/ |
|||
## qing - /jing/ |
|||
## qiong - /jiong/ |
|||
## qiu - /jiu/ |
|||
## qu - /jü/ |
|||
## quan - /jüen/ |
|||
## que - /jüe/ |
|||
## qun - /jün/ |
|||
# r |
|||
## ran |
|||
## rang |
|||
## rao |
|||
## re |
|||
## ren |
|||
## reng |
|||
## ri - /re/ |
|||
## rong |
|||
## rou - /ro/ |
|||
## ru |
|||
## ruan |
|||
## rui |
|||
## run - /ruen/* |
|||
## ruo |
|||
# s |
|||
## sa |
|||
## sai |
|||
## san |
|||
## sang |
|||
## sao |
|||
## se |
|||
## sen |
|||
## seng* |
|||
## sha |
|||
## shai* |
|||
## shan |
|||
## shang |
|||
## shao |
|||
## she |
|||
## shei* |
|||
## shen |
|||
## sheng |
|||
## shi |
|||
## shou - /sho/ |
|||
## shu |
|||
## shua* |
|||
## shuai |
|||
## shuan* |
|||
## shuang |
|||
## shui |
|||
## shun - /shuen/ |
|||
## shuo |
|||
## si - /se/ |
|||
## song |
|||
## sou - /so/ |
|||
## su |
|||
## suan |
|||
## sui |
|||
## sun - /suen/ |
|||
## suo |
|||
# t |
|||
## ta - /da/ |
|||
## tai - /dai/ |
|||
## tan - /dan/ |
|||
## tang - /dang/ |
|||
## tao - /dao/ |
|||
## te - /de/ |
|||
## teng - /deng/ |
|||
## ti - /di/ |
|||
## tian - /dien/ |
|||
## tiao - /diao/ |
|||
## tie - /die/ |
|||
## ting - /ding/ |
|||
## tong - /dong/ |
|||
## tou - /do/ |
|||
## tu - /du/ |
|||
## tuan - /duan/ |
|||
## tui - /dui/ |
|||
## tun - /duen/ |
|||
## tuo - /duo/ |
|||
# w |
|||
## wa |
|||
## wai |
|||
## wan |
|||
## wang |
|||
## wei |
|||
## wen |
|||
## weng - /ong/ |
|||
## wo |
|||
## wu - /u/ |
|||
# x |
|||
## xi - /si/ |
|||
## xia - /sia/ |
|||
## xian - /sien/ |
|||
## xiang - /siang/ |
|||
## xiao - /siao/ |
|||
## xie - /sie/ |
|||
## xin - /sin/ |
|||
## xing - /sing/ |
|||
## xiong - /siong/ |
|||
## xiu - /siu/ |
|||
## xu - /sü/ |
|||
## xuan - /süen/ |
|||
## xue - /süe/ |
|||
## xun - /sün/ |
|||
# y |
|||
## ya |
|||
## yai* |
|||
## yan - /yen/ |
|||
## yang |
|||
## yao |
|||
## ye |
|||
## yi - /i/ |
|||
## yin - /in/ |
|||
## ying - /ing/ |
|||
## yo* |
|||
## yong |
|||
## you - /yo/ |
|||
## yu - /ü/ |
|||
## yuan - /yuen/ |
|||
## yue - /ye/ |
|||
## yun - /yün/ |
|||
# z |
|||
## za - /ca/ |
|||
## zai - /cai/ |
|||
## zan - /can/ |
|||
## zang - /cang/ |
|||
## zao - /cao/ |
|||
## ze - /ce/ |
|||
## zei - /cei/* |
|||
## zen - /cen/ |
|||
## zeng - /ceng/ |
|||
## zha - /cha/ |
|||
## zhai - /chai/ |
|||
## zhan - /chan/ |
|||
## zhang - /chang/ |
|||
## zhao - /chao/ |
|||
## zhe - /che/ |
|||
## zhei - /chei/* |
|||
## zhen - /chen/ |
|||
## zheng - /cheng/ |
|||
## zhi - /chi/ |
|||
## zhong - /chong/ |
|||
## zhou - /chou/ |
|||
## zhu - /chu/ |
|||
## zhua - /chua/ |
|||
## zhuai - /chuai/* |
|||
## zhuan - /chuan/ |
|||
## zhuang - /chuang/ |
|||
## zhui - /chui/ |
|||
## zhun - /chun/ |
|||
## zhuo - /chuo/ |
|||
## zi - /ce/ |
|||
## zong - /cong/ |
|||
## zou - /cou/ |
|||
## zu - /cu/ |
|||
## zuan - /cuan/ |
|||
## zui - /cui/ |
|||
## zun - /cuen/ |
|||
## zuo - /cuo/ |
|||
{{end-col}} |
|||
<sup>*</sup>Jarang dipakai |
|||
{| style="background: none" |
|||
== Initials and finals == |
|||
|----- |
|||
[[Berkas:DifficultChineseSpeechSounds.svg|thumb|400px|"ci", "ji", "si", "che", "jhe", "she", "re", "ze", "je", "se".]] |
|||
| style="vertical-align:top;" | |
|||
Unlike European languages, clusters of letters – initials ({{lang-zh|s=声母|t=聲母|p=shēngmǔ}}) and finals ({{lang-zh|s=韵母|t=韻母|p=yùnmǔ}}) – and not consonant and vowel letters, form the fundamental elements in pinyin (and most other phonetic systems used to describe the Han language). Every Mandarin syllable can be spelled with exactly one initial followed by one final, except for the special syllable ''er'' or when a trailing ''-r'' is considered part of a syllable (see below). The latter case, though a common practice in some sub-dialects, is rarely used in official publications. One exception is the city [[Harbin]] ({{lang-zh|s=哈尔滨|t=哈爾濱|IPA=ha er pin}}), whose name comes from the [[Manchu language]]. |
|||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |
|||
! colspan="6" | [[Konsonan]] |
|||
Even though most initials contain a consonant, finals are not always simple vowels, especially in compound finals ({{lang-zh|s=复韵母|t=複韻母|p=fuyunmu}}), i.e., when a "medial" is placed in front of the final. For example, the medials {{IPA|[i]}} and {{IPA|[u]}} are pronounced with such tight openings at the beginning of a final that some native Chinese speakers (especially when singing) pronounce ''yī'' ({{lang-zh|s=衣|t=衣}}, clothes, officially pronounced {{IPA|/í/}}) as {{IPA|/jí/}} and ''wéi'' ({{lang-zh|s=围|t=圍}}, to enclose, officially pronounced {{IPA|/uěi/}}) as {{IPA|/wěi/}} or {{IPA|/wuěi/}}. Often these medials are treated as separate from the finals rather than as part of them; this convention is followed in the chart of finals below. |
|||
|- |
|||
! [[Help:IPA|IPA]] !! [[Hanyu Pinyin]]!! [[Wade–Giles]] !! [[Bopomofo]] !! Contoh dalam bahasa Mandarin !! Kemiripan bunyi dalam bahasa Indonesia |
|||
=== Initials === |
|||
|- |
|||
In each cell below, first the bold letters indicate pinyin, followed in brackets by the symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]]. |
|||
| <big>{{IPA link|ɕ}}</big>{{efn|name=palatal}} |
|||
{|class=wikitable |
|||
| x |
|||
!rowspan=2 colspan=2| !!colspan=2|[[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]!![[Labiodental consonant|Labiodental]] |
|||
| hs |
|||
!colspan=2|[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]!!colspan=2|[[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]] |
|||
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄒ}} |
|||
![[Alveolo-palatal consonant|Alveolo-palatal]]!![[Velar consonant|Velar]] |
|||
| {{audio|Mandarin Chinese-x-晓.wav|晓/曉/xiǎo|help=no}} |
|||
| style="text-align: left;" | mirip seperti pelafalan konsonan {{Angbr|s}} pada kata '''s'''angat, namun dilafalkan dengan bagian ujung lidah melipat ke bagian atas liidah. |
|||
|- |
|||
| <big>{{IPA link|f}}</big> |
|||
| colspan="2" | f |
|||
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄈ}} |
|||
| {{audio|Mandarin Chinese pronunciation-f-非.wav|非/fēi|help=no}} |
|||
| style="text-align: left;" | '''f'''irasat |
|||
|- |
|||
| <big>{{IPA link|j}}</big> |
|||
| colspan="2" | y-/-i- |
|||
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄧ}} |
|||
| {{audio|Mandarin Chinese pronunciation-y-牙.wav|牙/yá|help=no}} |
|||
| style="text-align: left;" | '''y'''ang |
|||
|- |
|||
| <big>{{IPA link|k}}</big> |
|||
| g |
|||
| k |
|||
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄍ}} |
|||
| {{audio|Mandarin Chinese-g-干.wav|干/gān|help=no}} |
|||
| style="text-align: left;" | '''k'''amu |
|||
|- |
|||
| <big>{{IPA|kʰ}}</big> |
|||
| k |
|||
| k' |
|||
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄎ}} |
|||
| {{audio|Mandarin Chinese-k-口-pronunciation.wav|口/kǒu|help=no}} |
|||
| style="text-align: left;" | mirip seperti pelafalan konsonan {{Angbr|k}} pada kata '''k'''awan, namun dilafalkan dengan [[Aspirasi (linguistik)|hembusan nafas yang kuat]] |
|||
|- |
|||
| <big>{{IPA link|l}}</big> |
|||
| colspan="2" | l |
|||
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄌ}} |
|||
| {{audio|Mandarin Chinese-l-来-pronunciation.wav|来/來/lái|help=no}} |
|||
| style="text-align: left;" | '''l'''aju |
|||
|- |
|||
| <big>{{IPA link|m}}</big> |
|||
| colspan="2" | m |
|||
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄇ}} |
|||
| {{audio|Mandarin Chinese pronunciation-m-明.wav|明/míng|help=no}} |
|||
| style="text-align: left;" | '''m'''asak |
|||
|- |
|||
| <big>{{IPA link|n}}</big> |
|||
| colspan=2| n |
|||
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄋ,ㄣ,ㄢ}} |
|||
| {{audio|Mandarin Chinese pronunciation-n-泥.wav|泥/ní|help=no}} |
|||
| style="text-align: left;" | '''n'''asi |
|||
|- |
|||
| <big>{{IPA link|ŋ}}</big> |
|||
| colspan="2" | -ng |
|||
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄥ,ㄤ}} |
|||
| {{audio|Mandarin Chinese pronunciation-j-江.wav|江/jiāng|help=no}} |
|||
| style="text-align: left;" | '''ng'''a'''ng'''a |
|||
|- |
|||
| <big>{{IPA link|p}}</big> |
|||
| b |
|||
| p |
|||
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄅ}} |
|||
| {{audio|Mandarin Chinese pronunciation-b-帮.wav|帮/幫/bāng|help=no}} |
|||
| style="text-align: left;" | '''p'''anas |
|||
|- |
|||
| <big>{{IPA|pʰ}}</big> |
|||
| p |
|||
| p' |
|||
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄆ}} |
|||
| {{audio|Mandarin Chinese pronunciation-p-滂.wav|滂/páng|help=no}} |
|||
| style="text-align: left;" | mirip seperti pelafalan konsonan {{Angbr|p}} pada kata '''p'''intar, namun dilafalkan dengan hembusan nafas yang kuat |
|||
|- |
|||
| <big>{{IPA link|ʐ}}{{efn|name=r sym|Konsonan {{IPA link|ʐ}} juga ditranskripsikan sebagai konsonan {{IPA link|ɻ}} pada beberapa literatur.}}</big> |
|||
| r- |
|||
| j |
|||
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄖ}} |
|||
| {{audio|Mandarin Chinese pronunciation-日.wav|日/rì|help=no}} |
|||
| style="text-align: left;" | mirip seperti pengucapan konsonan {{Angbr|z}} pada kata '''z'''aman, namun dilafalkan dengan bagian ujung lidah [[Konsonan retrofleks|ditarik ke belakang]] |
|||
|- |
|||
| <big>{{IPA link|s}}</big> |
|||
| colspan="2" | s |
|||
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄙ}} |
|||
| {{audio|Mandarin Chinese pronunciation-私.wav|私/sī|help=no}} |
|||
| style="text-align: left;" | '''s'''ana |
|||
|- |
|||
| <big>{{IPA link|ʂ}}</big> |
|||
| colspan="2" | sh |
|||
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄕ}} |
|||
| {{audio|Mandarin Chinese pronunciation-矢.wav|矢/shǐ|help=no}} |
|||
| style="text-align: left;" |mirip seperti pengucapan konsonan {{Angbr|s}} pada kata '''s'''aya, namun dilafalkan dengan bagian ujung lidah ditarik ke belakang |
|||
|- |
|||
| <big>{{IPA link|t}}</big> |
|||
| d |
|||
| t |
|||
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄉ}} |
|||
| {{audio|Mandarin Chinese pronunciation-d-端.wav|端/duān|help=no}} |
|||
| style="text-align: left;" | '''t'''ahu |
|||
|- |
|||
| <big>{{IPA|tʰ}}</big> |
|||
| t |
|||
| t' |
|||
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄊ}} |
|||
| {{audio|Mandarin Chinese pronunciation-t-透.wav|透/tòu|help=no}} |
|||
| style="text-align: left;" | mirip seperti pelafalan konsonan {{Angbr|t}} pada kata '''t'''awa, namun dilafalkan dengan hembusan nafas yang kuat |
|||
|- |
|||
| <big>{{IPA link|tɕ}}</big>{{efn|name=palatal|Dalam bahasa Mandarin, konsonan {{IPA|[ɕ, tɕ, tɕʰ]}} adalah konsonan yang selalu diikuti oleh fonem {{IPA|[i]}} {{IPA|[j]}}, {{IPA|[y]}}, serta {{IPA|[ɥ]}}.}} |
|||
| j |
|||
| ch |
|||
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄐ}} |
|||
| {{audio|Mandarin Chinese pronunciation-j-叫.wav|叫/jiào|help=no}} |
|||
| style="text-align: left;" | mirip seperti pelafalan konsonan {{Angbr|c}} pada kata '''c'''erdas, namun dilafalkan dengan posisi lidah agak dekat dengan [[Konsonan palatal|langit-langit mulut]] |
|||
|- |
|||
| <big>{{IPA|tɕʰ}}</big> |
|||
| q |
|||
| ch' |
|||
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄑ}} |
|||
| {{audio|Mandarin Chinese pronunciation-q-去.wav|去/qù|help=no}} |
|||
| style="text-align: left;" | pelafalannya mirip seperti yang sudah dijelaskan di atas, namun dilafalkan dengan hembusan nafas yang kuat |
|||
|- |
|||
| <big>{{IPA link|ts}}</big> |
|||
| z |
|||
| ts |
|||
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄗ}} |
|||
| {{audio|Mandarin Chinese pronunciation-z-子.wav|子/zǐ|help=no}} |
|||
| style="text-align: left;" | ske'''ts'''a |
|||
|- |
|||
| <big>{{IPA|tsʰ}}</big> |
|||
| c |
|||
| ts' |
|||
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄘ}} |
|||
| {{audio|Mandarin Chinese pronunciation-此.wav|此/cǐ|help=no}} |
|||
| style="text-align: left;" | mirip seperti pelafalan konsonan {{Angbr|ts}} pada kata '''ts'''unami, namun dilafalkan dengan hembusan nafas yang kuat |
|||
|- |
|||
| <big>{{IPA link|ʈʂ}}</big> |
|||
| zh |
|||
| ch |
|||
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄓ}} |
|||
| {{audio|Mandarin Chinese-zh-之.wav|{{Lang|zh|之/zhī}}|help=no}} |
|||
| style="text-align: left;" |mirip seperti pelafalan konsonan {{Angbr|c}} pada kata '''c'''ara, namun dilafalkan dengan bagian ujung lidah ditarik ke belakang |
|||
|- |
|||
|<big>{{IPA|ʈʂʰ}}</big> |
|||
| ch |
|||
| ch' |
|||
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄔ}} |
|||
| {{audio|Mandarin Chinese-ch-吃-pronunciation.wav|{{Lang|zh|吃/chī}}|help=no}} |
|||
| style="text-align: left;" |pelafalannya mirip seperti yang sudah dijelaskan di atas, namun dilafalkan dengan hembusan nafas yang kuat |
|||
|- |
|||
| <big>{{IPA link|w}}</big> |
|||
| colspan="2" | w-/-u- |
|||
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄨ}} |
|||
| {{audio|Mandarin Chinese pronunciation-w-我.wav|我/wǒ|help=no}} |
|||
| style="text-align: left;" | '''w'''anita |
|||
|- |
|||
| <big>{{IPA link|x}}</big> |
|||
| colspan="2" | h |
|||
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄏ}} |
|||
| {{audio|Mandarin Chinese pronunciation-h-火.wav|火/huǒ|help=no}} |
|||
| style="text-align: left;" |'''kh'''ianat |
|||
|- |
|||
| <big>{{IPA link|ɥ}}</big> |
|||
| yu{{efn|name=v|Digraf {{angbr|yu}} pada [[romanisasi]] Hanyu-Pinyin melambangkan nilai fonem [{{IPA link|ɥ}}] serta {{angbr|yü}}; dikarenakan dalam bahasa Mandarin, konsonan [{{IPA link|j}}] tidak akan diikuti oleh vokal [{{IPA link|u}}].}}-/-ü- |
|||
| yü-/-ü- |
|||
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄩ}} |
|||
| {{audio|Mandarin Chinese-ü-月-pronunciation.wav|月/yuè|help=no}} |
|||
| style="text-align: left;" | mirip seperti pelafalan konsonan {{Angbr|y}} pada kata '''y'''ang, namun dilafalkan dengan mulut serta bibir dibulatkan |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
![[Voicelessness|Voiceless]]!![[Voice (phonetics)|Voiced]]!![[Voicelessness|Voiceless]]!![[Voicelessness|Voiceless]] |
|||
![[Voice (phonetics)|Voiced]]!![[Voicelessness|Voiceless]]!![[Voice (phonetics)|Voiced]]!![[Voicelessness|Voiceless]] |
|||
![[Voicelessness|Voiceless]] |
|||
|-align=center |
|||
!colspan=2|[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]] |
|||
| ||style="background: #ccf;"|[[Bilabial nasal|'''<big>m</big>''' [m]]]|| || |
|||
|style="background: #cfc;"|[[Alveolar nasal|'''<big>n</big>''' [n]]]|| || || || |
|||
|-align=center |
|||
!rowspan=2|[[Plosive]]!![[Aspirated consonant|Unaspirated]] |
|||
|style="background: #ccf;"|[[Voiceless bilabial plosive|'''<big>b</big>''' [p]]]|| || |
|||
|style="background: #cfc;"|[[Voiceless alveolar plosive|'''<big>d</big>''' [t]]]|| || || || |
|||
|style="background: #fcc;"|[[Voiceless velar plosive|'''<big>g</big>''' [k]]] |
|||
|-align=center |
|||
![[Aspirated consonant|Aspirated]] |
|||
|style="background: #ccf;"|[[Voiceless bilabial plosive|'''<big>p</big>''' [pʰ]]]|| || |
|||
|style="background: #cfc;"|[[Voiceless alveolar plosive|'''<big>t</big>''' [tʰ]]]|| || || || |
|||
|style="background: #fcc;"|[[Voiceless velar plosive|'''<big>k</big>''' [kʰ]]] |
|||
|-align=center |
|||
!rowspan=2|[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]!![[Aspirated consonant|Unaspirated]] |
|||
| || || ||style="background: #ffc;"|[[Voiceless alveolar affricate|'''<big>z</big>''' [ts]]]|| |
|||
|style="background: #cff;"|[[Voiceless retroflex affricate|'''<big>zh</big>''' [ʈʂ]]]|| |
|||
|style="background: #fcf;"|[[Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate|'''<big>j</big>''' [tɕ]]]|| |
|||
|-align=center |
|||
![[Aspirated consonant|Aspirated]] |
|||
| || || ||style="background: #ffc;"|[[Voiceless alveolar affricate|'''<big>c</big>''' [tsʰ]]]|| |
|||
|style="background: #cff;"|[[Voiceless retroflex affricate|'''<big>ch</big>''' [ʈʂʰ]]]|| |
|||
|style="background: #fcf;"|[[Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate|'''<big>q</big>''' [tɕʰ]]]|| |
|||
|-align=center |
|||
!colspan=2|[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]] |
|||
| || ||style="background: #ccf;"|[[Voiceless labiodental fricative|'''<big>f</big>''' [f]]] |
|||
|style="background: #ffc;"|[[Voiceless alveolar sibilant|'''<big>s</big>''' [s]]]|| |
|||
|style="background: #cff;"|[[Voiceless retroflex sibilant|'''<big>sh</big>''' [ʂ]]] |
|||
|style="background: #cff;"|[[Voiced retroflex sibilant|'''<big>r</big>''' [ʐ~ɻ]<sup>1</sup>]] |
|||
|style="background: #fcf;"|[[Voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant|'''<big>x</big>''' [ɕ]]] |
|||
|style="background: #fcc;"|[[Voiceless velar fricative|'''<big>h</big>''' [x]]] |
|||
|-align=center |
|||
!colspan=2|[[Lateral consonant|Lateral]] |
|||
| || || || ||style="background: #cfc;"|[[Alveolar lateral approximant|'''<big>l</big>''' [l]]]|| || || || |
|||
|-align=center |
|||
!colspan=2|[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]] |
|||
|colspan=9|'''<big>y</big>''' [j/ɥ]<sup>2</sup> and '''<big>w</big>''' [w]<sup>2, 3</sup> |
|||
|} |
|} |
||
| style="vertical-align:top;" | |
|||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |
|||
<sup>1</sup> "r" may phonetically be {{IPA|[ʐ]}} (a [[voiced retroflex fricative]]) or {{IPA|[ɻ]}} (a [[retroflex approximant]]). This pronunciation varies among different speakers, and is not two different phonemes.<br> |
|||
! colspan="6" | [[Vokal]] |
|||
<sup>2</sup> the letters "w" and "y" are not included in the table of initials in the official pinyin system. They are an orthographic convention for the medials "i", "u" and "ü" when no initial is present. When "i", "u" or "ü" are finals and no initial is present, they are spelled "yi", "wu", and "yu", respectively.<br> |
|||
|- |
|||
<sup>3</sup> "y" is pronounced {{IPA|[ɥ]}} (a [[labial-palatal approximant]]) before "u". |
|||
! [[Help:IPA|IPA]] !! [[Hanyu Pinyin]]!! [[Wade–Giles]] !! [[Bopomofo]] !! Contoh dalam bahasa Mandarin !! Kemiripan bunyi dalam bahasa Indonesia |
|||
|- |
|||
The conventional order (excluding ''w'' and ''y''), derived from the zhuyin system, is: |
|||
| rowspan="2" | <big>{{IPA link|ä|a}}</big> |
|||
:{|cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" |
|||
| colspan="2" | a |
|||
|style="background: #ccf;"|'''<big>b p m f </big>''' |
|||
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄚ,ㄢ,ㄤ}} |
|||
|style="background: #cfc;"|'''<big> d t n l </big>''' |
|||
| {{Lang|zh|阿,安,盎}} |
|||
|style="background: #fcc;"|'''<big> g k h </big>''' |
|||
| rowspan=2 style="text-align: left;" | '''a'''sik |
|||
|style="background: #fcf;"|'''<big> j q x </big>''' |
|||
|- |
|||
|style="background: #cff;"|'''<big> zh ch sh r </big>''' |
|||
| '''e'''r |
|||
|style="background: #ffc;"|'''<big> z c s</big>''' |
|||
| '''ê'''rh |
|||
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄦ}} |
|||
| {{Lang|zh|二,兒(儿)}} |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="2" | <big>{{IPA link|ɛ}}~{{IPA link|æ}}</big> |
|||
| y'''a'''n/-i'''a'''n |
|||
| y'''e'''n/-i'''e'''n |
|||
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄧㄢ}} |
|||
| {{Lang|zh|言}} |
|||
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: left;" | t'''e'''h |
|||
|- |
|||
| colspan=2 | yu'''a'''n/-ü'''a'''n |
|||
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄩㄢ}} |
|||
| {{Lang|zh|元}} |
|||
|- |
|||
| <big>{{IPA link|e̞|e}}</big> |
|||
| y'''e'''/-i'''e''', yu'''e'''/-ü'''e''' |
|||
| eh |
|||
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄝ}} |
|||
| {{Lang|zh|也,月}} |
|||
| style="text-align: left;" | '''e'''nak |
|||
|- |
|||
| <big>{{IPA link|ə}}</big> |
|||
| '''e'''n,{{efn|name=short form}} '''e'''ng |
|||
| '''ê'''n, '''ê'''ng |
|||
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄣ,ㄥ}} |
|||
| {{Lang|zh|本,冷}} |
|||
| style="text-align: left;" | p'''e'''p'''e'''t, m'''e'''nang |
|||
|- |
|||
|<big>{{IPA link|ɚ}}</big> |
|||
| er |
|||
| êrh |
|||
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄦ}} |
|||
| {{Lang|zh|二,兒(儿)}} |
|||
| style="text-align: left;" | tidak ada; bunyi yang paling mirip adalah pelafalan kata ''h'''er''''' dalam [[bahasa Inggris Amerika]] |
|||
|- |
|||
| <big>{{IPA link|ɤ}}</big> |
|||
| e |
|||
| ê / o{{efn|name=eo|Dalam romanisasi Wade-Giles, vokal {{IPA link|ɤ}} dieja sebagai {{angbr|o}} pada konsonan {{angbr|k, k', h}} in Wade-Giles.}} |
|||
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄜ}} |
|||
| {{Lang|zh|厄}} |
|||
| style="text-align: left;" | mirip seperti pelafalan vokal {{Angbr|o}} pada kata '''o'''rang, namun dilafalkan tanpa [[Vokal takbulat setengah tertutup belakang|bibir dan mulut dibulatkan]] |
|||
|- |
|||
| <big>{{IPA link|i}}</big> |
|||
| colspan="2" | yi/-i |
|||
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄧ}} |
|||
| {{Lang|zh|李}} |
|||
| style="text-align: left;" | '''i'''kan |
|||
|- |
|||
| <big>{{IPA link|o̞|o}}</big> |
|||
| w'''o'''/-u'''o'''{{efn|name=py-o|Dalam romanisasi Hanyu-Pinyin, Vokal {{IPA link|o̞|o}} dieja sebagai {{angbr|o}} pada konsonan {{angbr|b, p, m, f}}.}}/-'''o'''u |
|||
| o{{efn|name=wg-o|{{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄨㄛ}} is spelled as ⟨o⟩, except for ⟨k, k', h, sh⟩ (as ⟨kuo, k'uo, huo, shuo⟩) in Wade-Giles.}} |
|||
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄛ}} |
|||
| {{Lang|zh|果}},{{Lang|zh|狗}} |
|||
| style="text-align: left;" | '''o'''tak |
|||
|- |
|||
| <big>{{IPA|ɻ̩}}</big> |
|||
| zh'''i''', ch'''i''', sh'''i''', r'''i''' |
|||
| ih |
|||
| rowspan=2 | {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄭ}}{{efn|name=rare sym|This symbol is rarely used and usually omitted during writing.}} |
|||
| {{Lang|zh|之,吃,師(师),日}} |
|||
| style="text-align: left;" | tidak ada; fonem {{IPA|/ɻ̩/}} merupakan bentuk silabis dari konsonan /{{IPAlink|ɻ}}/ |
|||
|- |
|||
| <big>{{IPA|ɹ̩}}</big> |
|||
| z'''i''', c'''i''', s'''i''' |
|||
| ŭ |
|||
| {{Lang|zh|子,次,私}} |
|||
| style="text-align: left;" | tidak ada; fonem {{IPA|/ɹ̩/}} merupakan bentuk silabis dari konsonan /{{IPAlink|ɹ}}/ |
|||
|- |
|||
| <big>{{IPA link|u}}</big> |
|||
| colspan="2" | wu/-u |
|||
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄨ}} |
|||
| {{Lang|zh|土}} |
|||
| style="text-align: left;" | '''u'''ntuk |
|||
|- |
|||
| <big>{{IPA link|ʊ}}</big> |
|||
| -'''o'''ng |
|||
| -'''u'''ng |
|||
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄨㄥ,ㄩㄥ}} |
|||
| {{Lang|zh|冬,用}} |
|||
| style="text-align: left;" | bur'''u'''h |
|||
|- |
|||
| <big>{{IPA link|y}}</big> |
|||
| yu/-ü{{efn|name=v}} |
|||
| yü/-ü |
|||
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄩ}} |
|||
| {{Lang|zh|雨}} |
|||
| style="text-align: left;" | mirip seperti pelafalan vokal {{Angbr|i}} pada kata '''i'''kut, namun dilafalkan dengan [[Vokal bulat tertutup depan|bibir dan mulut dibulatkan]] |
|||
|- |
|||
! colspan="6" | [[Diphthong]]s |
|||
|- |
|||
| <big>{{IPA|aɪ}}</big> |
|||
| colspan="2" | ai |
|||
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄞ}} |
|||
| {{Lang|zh|艾}} |
|||
| style="text-align: left;" | k'''ai'''l |
|||
|- |
|||
| <big>{{IPA|aʊ}}</big> |
|||
| colspan="2" | ao |
|||
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄠ}} |
|||
| {{Lang|zh|凹}} |
|||
| style="text-align: left;" | k'''au''' |
|||
|- |
|||
| <big>{{IPA|eɪ}}</big> |
|||
| colspan="2" | ei |
|||
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄟ}} |
|||
| {{Lang|zh|杯}} |
|||
| style="text-align: left;" | g'''ei'''ser |
|||
|- |
|||
| <big>{{IPA|oʊ}}</big> |
|||
| colspan="2" | ou{{efn|name=short form}} |
|||
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄡ}} |
|||
| {{Lang|zh|歐(欧)}} |
|||
| style="text-align: left;" | '''ow'''e |
|||
|} |
|} |
||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |
|||
! colspan="7" | [[Nada (linguistik)|Nada]] |
|||
=== Finals === |
|||
{{mandarin vowels}} |
|||
The following chart gives the combinations of medials and finals based on an analysis that assumes just two vowel nuclei, /a/ and /ə/;<ref name="Hashimoto">{{Cite book |
|||
|first=Mantaro |
|||
|last=Hashimoto |
|||
|editor-first=Roman |
|||
|editor-last=Jakobson |
|||
|editor-link=Roman Jacobson |
|||
|editor2-first=Shigeo |
|||
|editor2-last=Kawamoto |
|||
|contribution=Notes on Mandarin Phonology |
|||
|title=Studies in General and Oriental Linguistics |
|||
|pages=207–220 |
|||
|place=Tokyo |
|||
|publisher=TEC |
|||
|year=1970 |
|||
|postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}} |
|||
}}</ref> various allophones result depending on phonetic context. |
|||
In each cell below, the first line indicates IPA, the second indicates pinyin for a standalone (no-initial) form, and the third indicates pinyin for a combination with an initial. Other than finals modified by an ''-r'', which are omitted, the following is an exhaustive table of all possible finals.<sup>1</sup><ref>You can hear recordings of the [http://howtolearnchineseonline.com/mandarin-chinese-finals-vowels-pinyin Finals here]</ref> |
|||
The only syllable-final consonants in Standard Chinese are ''-n'' and ''-ng'', and ''-r'', which is attached as a grammatical suffix. A Chinese syllable ending with any other consonant either is from a non-Mandarin language (a southern Chinese language such as Cantonese, or a minority language of China), or indicates the use of a non-pinyin Romanization system (where final consonants may be used to indicate tones). |
|||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |
|||
|-bgcolor=#efefef |
|||
!rowspan=2|Final!!Nucleus |
|||
|colspan=5|{{IPA|/a/}}||colspan=5|{{IPA|/ə/}}||rowspan=2|∅ |
|||
|-bgcolor=#efefef |
|||
!Coda |
|||
|∅||{{IPA|/i/}}||{{IPA|/u/}}||{{IPA|/n/}}||{{IPA|/ŋ/}}||∅||{{IPA|/i/}}||{{IPA|/u/}}||{{IPA|/n/}}||{{IPA|/ŋ/}} |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! [[Help:IPA|IPA]] !! [[Hanyu Pinyin]]!! [[Wade–Giles]] !! [[Bopomofo]] !! Contoh dalam bahasa mandarin !! [[Angka nada]]!! Penjelasan |
|||
!rowspan=4|Medial |
|||
|∅||{{IPA|[ɑ]}}<br>a<br>-a||{{IPA|[aɪ̯]}}<br>ai<br>-ai||{{IPA|[ɑʊ̯]}}<br>ao<br>-ao |
|||
|{{IPA|[an]}}<br>an<br>-an||{{IPA|[ɑŋ]}}<br>ang<br>-ang |
|||
|{{IPA|[ɯ̯ʌ]}}<br>e<br>-e||{{IPA|[eɪ̯]}}<br>ei<br>-ei||{{IPA|[ɤʊ̯]}}<br>ou<br>-ou |
|||
|{{IPA|[ən]}}<br>en<br>-en||{{IPA|[əŋ]}}<br>eng<br>-eng||{{IPA|[ɨ]}}<br><br>-i |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| <big>{{IPA|[[Tone (linguistics)#Phonetic notation|á]]}}</big> |
|||
|{{IPA|/i/}}||{{IPA|[i̯ɑ]}}<br>ya<br>-ia|| ||{{IPA|[i̯ɑʊ̯]}}<br>yao<br>-iao |
|||
| ā |
|||
|{{IPA|[i̯ɛn]}}<br>yan<br>-ian||{{IPA|[i̯ɑŋ]}}<br>yang<br>-iang |
|||
| a<sup>1</sup> |
|||
|{{IPA|[i̯ɛ]}}<br>ye<br>-ie|| ||{{IPA|[i̯ɤʊ̯]}}<br>you<br>-iu |
|||
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄚ}} |
|||
|{{IPA|[in]}}<br>yin<br>-in||{{IPA|[iŋ]}}<br>ying<br>-ing||{{IPA|[i]}}<br>yi<br>-i |
|||
| {{audio|Mandarin Chinese-巴-pronunciation.wav|{{Lang|zh|巴/bā}}|help=no}} |
|||
| nada 1 |
|||
| style="text-align: left;" | nada datar tinggi {{IPA|[˥]}} |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| <big>{{IPA|[[Tone (linguistics)#Phonetic notation|ǎ]]}}</big> |
|||
|{{IPA|/u/}}||{{IPA|[u̯ɑ]}}<br>wa<br>-ua||{{IPA|[u̯aɪ̯]}}<br>wai<br>-uai|| |
|||
| á |
|||
|{{IPA|[u̯an]}}<br>wan<br>-uan||{{IPA|[u̯ɑŋ]}}<br>wang<br>-uang |
|||
| a<sup>2</sup> |
|||
|{{IPA|[u̯ɔ]}} <sup>3</sup><br>wo<br>-uo/-o||{{IPA|[u̯eɪ̯]}}<br>wei<br>-ui|| |
|||
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄚˊ}} |
|||
|{{IPA|[u̯ən]}}<br>wen<br>-un||{{IPA|[u̯əŋ], [ʊŋ]}} <sup>4</sup><br>weng<br>-ong||{{IPA|[u]}}<br>wu<br>-u |
|||
| {{audio|Mandarin Chinese-拔.wav|{{Lang|zh|拔/bá}}|help=no}} |
|||
| nada 2 |
|||
| style="text-align: left;" | nada tengah menaik {{IPA|[˧˥]}} |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| <big>{{IPA|[[Tone (linguistics)#Phonetic notation|à]]}}</big> |
|||
|{{IPA|/y/}}|| || || ||{{IPA|[y̯ɛn]}}<br>yuan<br>-üan <sup>2</sup>|| ||{{IPA|[y̯œ]}}<br>yue<br>-üe <sup>2</sup>|| || |
|||
| ǎ |
|||
|{{IPA|[yn]}}<br>yun<br>-ün <sup>2</sup>||{{IPA|[i̯ʊŋ]}}<br>yong<br>-iong||{{IPA|[y]}}<br>yu<br>-ü <sup>2</sup> |
|||
| a<sup>3</sup> |
|||
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄚˇ}} |
|||
| {{audio|Mandarin Chinese-third tone-把-pronunciation.wav|{{Lang|zh|把/bǎ}}|help=no}} |
|||
| nada 3 |
|||
| style="text-align: left;" | bervariasi: pada posisi tengah, dilafalkan sebagai nada datar rendah {{IPA|[˩]}}; pada posisi awal, dilafalkan sebagai nada tengah menurun {{IPA|[˧˩]}}; pada posisi akhir, dilafalkan sebagai nada rendah menaik {{IPA|[˩˧]}}; pada posisi ''isolasi''/sendirian, dilafalkan sebagai nada naik turun {{IPA|[˧˩˧]}}<!--This is a dipping tone only when it is spoken in isolation. In context, it is pronounced like a phonetic low tone.--> |
|||
|- |
|||
| <big>{{IPA|[[Tone (linguistics)#Phonetic notation|â]]}}</big> |
|||
| à |
|||
| a<sup>4</sup> |
|||
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄚˋ}} |
|||
| {{audio|Mandarin Chinese-爸-pronunciation.wav|{{Lang|zh|爸/bà}}|help=no}} |
|||
| nada 4 |
|||
| style="text-align: left;" | nada tinggi menurun {{IPA|[˥˩]}} |
|||
|- |
|||
| <big>{{IPA|[[Tone (linguistics)#Phonetic notation|a]]}}</big> |
|||
| a |
|||
| a<sup>0</sup> |
|||
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|˙<!--Placed before the symbol-->ㄚ}} |
|||
| {{audio|Mandarin Chinese-fourth tone-吧-pronunciation.wav|{{Lang|zh|吧/ba}}|help=no}} |
|||
| nada 0 atau 5<br>(tak bernada) |
|||
| style="text-align: left;" | bervariasi; pada nada lainnya (kecuali nada 4), dilafalkan sebagai nada datar tengah {{IPA|[˧]}}; namun pada nada 4, dilafalkan sebagai nada datar rendah {{IPA|[˩]}}<!--The syllable is phonemically toneless but, after a high tone, is phonetically mid.--> |
|||
|- |
|||
| colspan="7" | '''Catatan:''' [[Romanisasi]] Hanyu-Pinyin menggunakan diakritik yang sama seperti halnya diakritik yang digunakan oleh IPA, namun dengan nilai yang berbeda. |
|||
|} |
|} |
||
|} |
|||
== Catatan == |
|||
{{Notelist|30em}} |
|||
== Referensi == |
|||
<sup>1</sup> {{IPA|[ɑɻ]}} is written ''er''. For other finals formed by the suffix -r, pinyin does not use special orthography; one simply appends -r to the final that it is added to, without regard for any sound changes that may take place along the way. For information on sound changes related to final -r, please see [[Erhua#Rules]].<br /> |
|||
{{Refbegin}} |
|||
<sup>2</sup> "ü" is written as "u" after j, q, x, or y.<br /> |
|||
* {{cite book |given = San |surname = Duanmu |title = The Phonology of Standard Chinese |edition = 2nd |location = Oxford |publisher = Oxford University Press |year = 2007 }} |
|||
<sup>3</sup> "uo" is written as "o" after b, p, m, or f.<br /> |
|||
* {{cite journal |surname1 = Lee |given1 = Wai-Sum |surname2 = Zee |given2 = Eric |year = 2003 |title = Standard Chinese (Beijing) |journal = Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume = 33 |issue = 1 |pages = 109–112 |doi = 10.1017/S0025100303001208 |url = https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/050A393AF2D3C325E3C6796FE8CA99A3/S0025100303001208a.pdf/standard_chinese_beijing.pdf}} |
|||
<sup>4</sup> "weng" is pronounced {{IPA|[ʊŋ]}} (written as "ong") when it follows an initial. |
|||
* {{cite book |given = Yen-Hwei |surname = Lin |title = The Sounds of Chinese |location = Cambridge |publisher = Cambridge University Press |year = 2007 }} |
|||
{{Refend}} |
|||
== External links == |
|||
Technically, ''i, u, ü'' without a following vowel are finals, not medials, and therefore take the tone marks, but they are more concisely displayed as above. In addition, ''ê'' {{IPA|[ɛ]}} (欸, 誒) and syllabic nasals ''m'' (呒, 呣), ''n'' (嗯, 唔), ''ng'' (嗯, 𠮾) are used as [[interjection]]s. |
|||
* [http://project-modelino.com/chinese-phonetic-transcription-converter.php?site_language=english Chinese Phonetic Transcription Converter]—Free Online Tool to convert Chinese Text to Pinyin Phonetic Transcription |
|||
[[Kategori:Bantuan Alfabet Fonetis Internasional|Mandarin]] |
|||
= |
Revisi terkini sejak 2 April 2024 16.36
![]() | Halaman ini merupakan petunjuk pengucapan Alfabet Fonetik Internasional (AFI) untuk Bahasa Mandarin di Wikipedia. halaman ini menyediakan sekumpulan simbol fonetik yang digunakan untuk merepresentasikan bunyi Bahasa Mandarin di artikel Wikipedia. Integritas informasi harus dipertahankan di halaman ini; sehingga jika anda ingin mengubah simbol atau informasi apapun, anda harus membuat konsensus terlebih dahulu di halaman pembicaraan. Untuk bantuan dalam membaca simbol IPA, lihat Bantuan:IPA. Untuk penjelasan perbedaan [ ], / / dan ⟨ ⟩, Lihat IPA § Tanda kurung dan delimitasi transkripsi. |
Tabel dibawah ini berisi informasi mengenai fonem-fonem dalam bahasa Mandarin serta cara pelafalannya dalam Alfabet Fonetik Internasional (IPA), yang akan digunakan pada artikel-artikel Wikipedia.
Untuk informasi lebih lanjut, lihat fonologi bahasa Tionghoa Standar
|
|
Catatan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ a b Dalam bahasa Mandarin, konsonan [ɕ, tɕ, tɕʰ] adalah konsonan yang selalu diikuti oleh fonem [i] [j], [y], serta [ɥ].
- ^ Konsonan ʐ juga ditranskripsikan sebagai konsonan ɻ pada beberapa literatur.
- ^ a b Digraf ⟨yu⟩ pada romanisasi Hanyu-Pinyin melambangkan nilai fonem [ɥ] serta ⟨yü⟩; dikarenakan dalam bahasa Mandarin, konsonan [j] tidak akan diikuti oleh vokal [u].
- ^ a b Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag
<ref>
tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernamashort form
- ^ Dalam romanisasi Wade-Giles, vokal ɤ dieja sebagai ⟨o⟩ pada konsonan ⟨k, k', h⟩ in Wade-Giles.
- ^ Dalam romanisasi Hanyu-Pinyin, Vokal o dieja sebagai ⟨o⟩ pada konsonan ⟨b, p, m, f⟩.
- ^ ㄨㄛ is spelled as ⟨o⟩, except for ⟨k, k', h, sh⟩ (as ⟨kuo, k'uo, huo, shuo⟩) in Wade-Giles.
- ^ This symbol is rarely used and usually omitted during writing.
Referensi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Duanmu, San (2007). The Phonology of Standard Chinese (edisi ke-2nd). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Lee, Wai-Sum; Zee, Eric (2003). "Standard Chinese (Beijing)" (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 33 (1): 109–112. doi:10.1017/S0025100303001208.
- Lin, Yen-Hwei (2007). The Sounds of Chinese. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
External links
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Chinese Phonetic Transcription Converter—Free Online Tool to convert Chinese Text to Pinyin Phonetic Transcription