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* {{citation|title=Pardons & Punishments: Judges Reports on Criminals, 1783 to 1830: HO (Home Office) 47 Volumes 304 and 305, List and Index Society|publisher=The [British] National Archives}} |
* {{citation|title=Pardons & Punishments: Judges Reports on Criminals, 1783 to 1830: HO (Home Office) 47 Volumes 304 and 305, List and Index Society|publisher=The [British] National Archives}} |
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* {{cite book |last=Beattie |first=J. M. |title=Crime and the Courts in England 1660–1800 |year=1986 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=0-19-820058-7}}. |
* {{cite book |last=Beattie |first=J. M. |title=Crime and the Courts in England 1660–1800 |year=1986 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=0-19-820058-7}}. |
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* {{cite book |last=Beattie |first=J. M. |title=Policing and Punishment in London 1660–1750 |year=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=0-19-820867-7}}. |
* {{cite book |last=Beattie |first=J. M. |title=Policing and Punishment in London 1660–1750 |url=https://archive.org/details/policingpunishme0000beat |year=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=0-19-820867-7}}. |
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* {{cite book |last1=Ekirch |first1=A. Roger |title=Bound for America. The transportation of British convicts to the colonies, 1718–1775 |year=1987 |publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=0-19-820092-7|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/boundforamericat0000ekir}}. |
* {{cite book |last1=Ekirch |first1=A. Roger |title=Bound for America. The transportation of British convicts to the colonies, 1718–1775 |year=1987 |publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=0-19-820092-7|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/boundforamericat0000ekir}}. |
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* {{cite book |last1=Hitchcock |first1=Tim |last2=Shoemaker|first2=Robert |title=Tales From the Hanging Court |year=2006 |publisher=Bloomsbury |location=London |isbn=978-0-340-91375-8}}. |
* {{cite book |last1=Hitchcock |first1=Tim |last2=Shoemaker|first2=Robert |title=Tales From the Hanging Court |year=2006 |publisher=Bloomsbury |location=London |isbn=978-0-340-91375-8}}. |
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* {{cite web |title=Punishments at the Old Bailey |url=http://www.oldbaileyonline.org/static/Punishment.jsp#transportation |website=Old Bailey Proceedings Online |access-date=11 November 2015}} |
* {{cite web |title=Punishments at the Old Bailey |url=http://www.oldbaileyonline.org/static/Punishment.jsp#transportation |website=Old Bailey Proceedings Online |access-date=11 November 2015}} |
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* {{cite book |last=Robson |first=L. L. |title=The Convict Settlers of Australia |year=1965 |publisher=Melbourne University Press |location=Carlton, Victoria |isbn=0-522-83994-0}} |
* {{cite book |last=Robson |first=L. L. |title=The Convict Settlers of Australia |year=1965 |publisher=Melbourne University Press |location=Carlton, Victoria |isbn=0-522-83994-0}} |
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* {{cite book |last=Sharpe |first=J. A. |title=Crime in early modern England 1550–1750 |year=1999 |publisher=Longman |location=Harlow, Essex |isbn=978-0-582-23889-3}} |
* {{cite book |last=Sharpe |first=J. A. |title=Crime in early modern England 1550–1750 |url=https://archive.org/details/crimeinearlymode0000shar_q1a2 |year=1999 |publisher=Longman |location=Harlow, Essex |isbn=978-0-582-23889-3}} |
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* {{cite book |last=Shoemaker |first=Robert B. |title=Prosecution and Punishment. Petty crime and the law in London and rural Middlesex, c. 1660–1725 |year=1999 |publisher=Longman |location=Harlow, Essex |isbn=978-0-582-23889-3}} |
* {{cite book |last=Shoemaker |first=Robert B. |title=Prosecution and Punishment. Petty crime and the law in London and rural Middlesex, c. 1660–1725 |url=https://archive.org/details/crimeinearlymode0000shar_q1a2 |year=1999 |publisher=Longman |location=Harlow, Essex |isbn=978-0-582-23889-3}} |
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== Pranala luar == |
== Pranala luar == |
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Revisi terkini sejak 10 September 2024 14.38
Hukuman buang adalah pemindahan terpidana penjahat, atau orang lain yang dianggap tidak diinginkan, ke tempat yang jauh, seringkali ke koloni, untuk jangka waktu tertentu; kemudian, koloni hukuman yang didirikan secara khusus menjadi tujuan mereka. Meskipun para tahanan mungkin telah dibebaskan setelah hukuman dijalani, mereka umumnya tidak mempunyai sumber daya untuk kembali ke rumah.
Referensi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Pardons & Punishments: Judges Reports on Criminals, 1783 to 1830: HO (Home Office) 47 Volumes 304 and 305, List and Index Society, The [British] National Archives
- Beattie, J. M. (1986). Crime and the Courts in England 1660–1800. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-820058-7..
- Beattie, J. M. (2001). Policing and Punishment in London 1660–1750. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-820867-7..
- Ekirch, A. Roger (1987). Bound for America. The transportation of British convicts to the colonies, 1718–1775
. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-820092-7.. - Hitchcock, Tim; Shoemaker, Robert (2006). Tales From the Hanging Court. London: Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-0-340-91375-8..
- Maxwell-Stewart, Hamish (2010). "Convict Transportation from Britain and Ireland 1615–1870". History Compass. 8 (11): 1221–1242. doi:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2010.00722.x.
- "Punishments at the Old Bailey". Old Bailey Proceedings Online. Diakses tanggal 11 November 2015.
- Robson, L. L. (1965). The Convict Settlers of Australia. Carlton, Victoria: Melbourne University Press. ISBN 0-522-83994-0.
- Sharpe, J. A. (1999). Crime in early modern England 1550–1750. Harlow, Essex: Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-23889-3.
- Shoemaker, Robert B. (1999). Prosecution and Punishment. Petty crime and the law in London and rural Middlesex, c. 1660–1725. Harlow, Essex: Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-23889-3.
