Harold Holt: Perbedaan antara revisi
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k bot Membuang: ko:해럴드 홀트 |
k →Legal career: clean up |
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{{Infobox |
{{Infobox officeholder |
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|honorific-prefix = |
| honorific-prefix = [[The Right Honourable]] |
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|name=Harold |
| name = Harold Holt |
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|honorific-suffix |
| honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=AUS|size=100%|sep=,|CH}} |
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| image = Harold Holt SEATO.jpg |
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|image=HaroldHoltPortrait1953.JPG |
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| order = ke-17 |
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|order=[[Perdana Menteri Australia]] ke-17<br />Pemilihan: [[Pemilihan Umum Australia, 1966|1966]] |
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| office = Perdana Menteri Australia |
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|term_start =26 Januari 1966 |
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| term_start = 26 Januari 1966 |
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|term_end =17 Desember 1967 |
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| term_end = 19 Desember 1967 |
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|predecessor =[[Robert Menzies]] |
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| monarch = [[Elizabeth II]] |
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|successor =[[John McEwen]] |
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| governor-general = [[Richard Casey, Baron Casey|Lord Casey]] |
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|birth_date ={{birth date|1908|8|5|df=y}} |
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| predecessor = [[Robert Menzies]] |
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|birth_place =[[Stanmore, New South Wales|Stanmore]], [[Sydney]], [[New South Wales]] |
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| successor = [[John McEwen]]{{Collapsed infobox section begin|Posisi Kepemimpinan Partai|titlestyle=background-color:#eee}} |
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|death_date ={{death date and age|1967|12|17|1908|8|5|df=y}} |
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| order1 = [[Partai Liberal Australia|Ketua Umum Partai Liberal]] |
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|death_place =[[Point Nepean, Victoria|Point Nepean]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] |
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| term_start1 = 20 Januari 1966 |
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|party=[[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal]] |
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| term_end1 = 19 Desember 1967 |
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|constituency = [[Divisi Higgins|Higgins]] ([[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]]) |
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| deputy1 = [[William McMahon]] |
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| predecessor1 = Robert Menzies |
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| successor1 = [[John Gorton]] |
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| order2 = [[Partai Liberal Australia|Wakil Ketua Umum Partai Liberal]] |
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| term_start2 = 26 September 1956 |
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| term_end2 = 20 Januari 1966 |
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| leader2 = Robert Menzies |
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| predecessor2 = [[Eric Harrison]] |
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| successor2 = William McMahon |
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| order3 = [[Ketua Dewan Perwakilan Australia|Ketua Dewan Perwakilan]] |
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| term_start3 = 26 September 1956 |
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| term_end3 = 26 Januari 1966 |
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| predecessor3 = [[Eric Harrison]] |
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| successor3 = [[David Fairbairn (politikus)|David Fairbairn]]{{Collapsed infobox section end}} {{Collapsed infobox section begin|Posisi kabinet|titlestyle=background-color:#eee}} |
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| order4 = [[Menteri Keuangan Australia]] |
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| primeminister4 = Robert Menzies |
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| term_start4 = 10 Desember 1958 |
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| term_end4 = 26 Januari 1966 |
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| predecessor4 = [[Arthur Fadden]] |
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| successor4 = William McMahon |
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| order5 = [[Menteri Tenaga Kerja (Australia)|Menteri Tenaga Kerja dan Layanan Nasional]] |
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| primeminister5 = Robert Menzies |
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| term_start5 = 19 Desember 1949 |
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| term_end5 = 10 Desember 1958 |
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| predecessor5 = [[Jack Holloway]] |
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| successor5 = William McMahon |
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| primeminister6 = Robert Menzies<br />Arthur Fadden |
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| term_start6 = 28 Oktober 1940 |
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| term_end6 = 7 Oktober 1941 |
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| predecessor6 = ''Posisi baru'' |
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| successor6 = [[Eddie Ward]] |
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| order7 = [[Menteri Imigrasi dan Perlindungan Perbatasan|Menteri Imigrasi]] |
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| primeminister7 = Robert Menzies |
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| term_start7 = 19 Desember 1949 |
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| term_end7 = 24 Oktober 1956 |
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| predecessor7 = [[Arthur Calwell]] |
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| successor7 = [[Athol Townley]] |
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| order8 = [[Menteri Perindustrian dan Ilmu Pengetahuan#Daftar menteri ilmu pengetahuan|Menteri yang bertanggung jawab atas Riset Ilmiah dan Industri]] |
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| primeminister8 = Robert Menzies |
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| term_start8 = 28 Oktober 1940 |
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| term_end8 = 28 Agustus 1941 |
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| predecessor8 = [[Herbert Collett]] |
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| successor8 = [[John Dedman]]{{Collapsed infobox section end}} {{Collapsed infobox section begin|Daerah pemilihan|titlestyle=background-color:#eee}} |
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| constituency_MP9 = [[Divisi Higgins|Higgins]] |
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| parliament9 = Australia |
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| term_start9 = 10 Desember 1949 |
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| term_end9 = 19 Desember 1967 |
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| predecessor9 = ''Divisi baru'' |
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| successor9 = [[John Gorton]] |
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| constituency_MP10 = [[Divisi Fawkner|Fawkner]] |
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| parliament10 = Australia |
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| term_start10 = 17 Agustus 1935 |
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| term_end10 = 10 Desember 1949 |
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| predecessor10 = [[George Maxwell (politikus Australia)|George Maxwell]] |
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| successor10 = [[Bill Bourke]]{{Collapsed infobox section end}} |
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| birth_name = Harold Edward Holt |
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| birth_date = {{birth date|1908|8|5|df=y}} |
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| birth_place = [[Stanmore, New South Wales]], Australia |
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| death_date = {{death date and age|1967|12|17|1908|8|5|df=y}} |
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| death_place = [[Pantai Cheviot]], [[Victoria, Australia|Victoria]], Australia |
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| death_cause = [[Hilangnya Harold Holt|Tenggelam (diperkirakan)]] |
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| party = [[Partai Persatuan Australia]] (hingga 1945)<br/>[[Partai Liberal Australia]] (setelah 1945) |
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| education = [[Sekolah Publik Randwick]]<br/>[[Nubba, New South Wales|Sekolah Negeri Nubba]]<br/>[[Abbotsholme College]]<br/>[[Wesley College Melbourne|Wesley College, Melbourne]] |
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| alma_mater = [[Universitas Melbourne]] |
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| spouse = {{marriage|[[Zara Bate|Zara Dickins Fell]]|1946}} |
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| children = 3 |
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| relations = [[Vera Pearce]] (bibi) |
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| profession = Pengacara, politikus |
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| signature = Harold Holt's signature.svg |
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| footnotes = <nowiki></nowiki> |
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| nickname = Gunner Holt |
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| allegiance = [[Persemakmuran Australia|Australia]] |
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| branch = [[Pasukan Kerajaab Austrakia Kedua|Pasukan Kerajaan Australia]] |
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| serviceyears = 1939–40 |
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| rank = [[Prajurit]] |
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| unit = Resimen Medan 2/4 |
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| battles = [[Perang Dunia II]] |
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}} |
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'''Harold |
'''Harold Edward Holt''', {{post-nominals|country=AUS|size=100%|sep=,|CH}} ({{lahirmati||5|8|1908||17|12|1967}}) adalah seorang politikus Australia yang menjabat sebagai [[Perdana Menteri Australia]] ke-17 dari tahun 1966 hingga [[hilangnya Harold Holt|diperkirakan ia meninggal dunia karena tenggelam]] pada 1967. Ia adalah pemimpin [[Partai Liberal Australia|Partai Liberal]] pada masa itu. |
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Holt, lahir di [[Sydney]], tinggal di [[Melbourne]] sejak 1920. Ia adalah perdana menteri Australia pertama yang lahir pada abad keduapuluh. Ia belajar hukum di [[Universitas Melbourne]] dan memiliki jasa praktik konsultan hukum sendiri. Pada usia 27 tahun, ia sudah menjadi anggota [[Dewan Perwakilan Australia]] dari dapil Fawkner, setelah memenangkan [[pemilu sela]] 1935. Ia adalah anak didik dari [[Robert Menzies]], pernah menjadi menteri pada pemerintahan [[Partai Persatuan Australia]] 1939. Ia memegang beberapa portofolio kecil pada pemerintahan tersebut hingga kabinet itu lengser pada tahun 1941. Masa jabatannya sempat terganggu oleh tugas singkatnya di [[Angkatan Darat Australia]], berakhir ketika ia dipanggil kembali ke kabinet setelah meninggalnya tiga menteri pada [[kecelakaan udara Canberra 1940]]. Ia bergabung dengan Partai Liberal pada saat dibentuk tahun 1945. |
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Ketika Partai Liberal berkuasa [[pemilihan umum federal Australia 1949|pada 1949]], Holt menjadi figur senior dalam [[Pemerintahan Menzies (1949–66)|pemerintahan yang baru]]. Sebagai [[Menteri Imigrasi (Australia)|Menteri Imigrasi]] (1949–56), ia memperluas [[Imigrasi pasca-perang ke Australia|skema imigrasi pasca-perang]] dan melonggarkan [[kebijakan Australia Putih]] untuk pertama kalinya. Ia juga berpengaruh sebagai [[Menteri Perburuhan dan Layanan Nasional]] (1949–1958), di mana ia menangani beberapa perselisihan hubungan industrial. Holt terpilih sebagai wakil pemimpin Partai Liberal pada tahun 1956, dan setelah [[pemilihan umum federal Australia 1958|pemilihan umum tahun 1958]], ia menggantikan [[Arthur Fadden]] sebagai Menteri Keuangan. Dia mengawasi penciptaan [[Reserve Bank of Australia]], tetapi disalahkan karena [[krisis kredit]] yang hampir menghabiskan biaya [[Koalisi (Australia)|Koalisi]] pada [[pemilihan umum federal Australia 1961|pemilihan umum 1961]]. Namun, ekonomi segera pulih dan Holt mempertahankan posisinya sebagai pewaris Menzies. |
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Holt became prime minister in January 1966, [[1966 Liberal Party of Australia leadership election|elected unopposed]] as Liberal leader following Menzies' retirement. He fought [[1966 Australian federal election|a general election]] later that year, winning a landslide victory. The [[Holt Government]] continued the dismantling of the White Australia policy, [[Australian referendum, 1967 (Aboriginals)|amended the constitution]] to give the federal government responsibility for [[Indigenous Australians|indigenous affairs]], and took Australia out of the [[sterling area]]. Holt promoted greater engagement with Asia and the Pacific, and made visits to a number of East Asian countries. His government expanded [[Australia in the Vietnam War|Australia's involvement]] in the [[Vietnam War]], and maintained close ties with the United States under President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]. While visiting the [[White House]], Holt proclaimed that he was "all the way with LBJ", a remark which was poorly received at home. |
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After just under two years in office, [[Disappearance of Harold Holt|Holt disappeared while swimming]] at [[Cheviot Beach]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], in rough conditions. He was [[Presumption of death|presumed dead]], although his body was never recovered; his disappearance spawned a number of conspiracy theories. Holt was the third Australian prime minister to die in office. He was succeeded by Country Party leader [[John McEwen]] on an interim basis and then by [[John Gorton]]. His death was commemorated in a number of ways, among them by the establishment of the [[Harold Holt Memorial Swimming Centre]]. |
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== Early life == |
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===Birth and family background=== |
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Holt was born on 5 August 1908 at his parents' home in [[Stanmore, New South Wales|Stanmore, Sydney, New South Wales]]. He was the first of two sons born to Olive May (née Williams; formerly Pearce){{Efn|Holt's mother was born Olive May Williams. His maternal grandmother had remarried after the death of her first husband, James Henry Williams, and her children took the name of their stepfather, Arthur Pearce.<ref name=frame4/>}} and Thomas James Holt; his younger brother Clifford was born in 1910. His parents had married seven months before his birth, in January 1908.<ref name=frame4>{{cite book|author=Frame, Tom| authorlink=Tom Frame (bishop)|title=The Life and Death of Harold Holt|publisher=Allen & Unwin / National Archives of Australia|year=2005|isbn=978-1-74114-672-1|page=4}}</ref> On his father's side, Holt was descended from James Holt, a cobbler from [[Birmingham]], England, who arrived in [[Colony of New South Wales|New South Wales]] in 1829.<ref>Frame (2005), p. 3.</ref> His paternal grandfather, Thomas Holt Sr., owned a large farming property in [[Nubba, New South Wales|Nubba]], and was twice elected mayor of nearby [[Wallendbeen]]. Holt's father trained as a schoolteacher in Sydney and when Harold was born, worked as a physical education teacher at the [[Cleveland Street Intensive English High School|Cleveland Street School]] in [[Surry Hills, New South Wales|Surry Hills]]. Holt's mother was born in [[Eudunda, South Australia]], and had Cornish, English, German, and Irish ancestry; her sister was the actress [[Vera Pearce]].<ref name=frame4/> His maternal grandmother Hannah Maria Berkholz was a [[Barossa German]] born in [[Angaston, South Australia]]; she was the daughter of Carl Berkholz, born in [[Potsdam]], [[Prussia]].<ref>[https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Berkholz-18 Hannah Maria Berkholz (1863 - 1928)]</ref><ref>[https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Berkholz-19 Carl Adolph Theodore Berkholz (1813 - 1892)]</ref> |
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===Education=== |
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In 1914, Holt's parents moved to [[Adelaide]], where his father became the licensee of a hotel in [[Payneham, South Australia|Payneham]]. He and his brother stayed behind in Sydney, living with an uncle and attending [[Randwick Public School]]. In late 1916, Holt was sent to live with grandparents in the country, where he briefly attended the Nubba State School. He returned to Sydney the following year, and for three years was enrolled at [[Abbotsholme College]], a private school in [[Killara]]; his parents separated around that time.<ref name=frame4/> In 1920, Holt began boarding at [[Wesley College, Melbourne]]. He was a popular and talented student, winning a scholarship in his final year and graduating second in his class. Holt generally spent school holidays with his relatives in Nubba or with schoolmates, rather than with his parents – his father had begun working as a talent agent, touring the country on the [[Tivoli circuit]], while his mother died in 1925. He was 16 at the time, and was unable to attend the funeral.<ref>Frame (2005), p. 5.</ref> |
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[[File:Young Harold Holt.jpg|thumb|right|Holt as a young man]] |
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In 1927, Holt began studying law at the [[University of Melbourne]], living at [[Queen's College (University of Melbourne)|Queen's College]] on a scholarship. He represented the university in [[cricket]] and [[Australian rules football|football]], and was also active in various student organisations, serving as president of the Law Students' Society and of the Queen's College social club. Holt won prizes for oratory and essay-writing, and was a member of the inter-university debating team. He graduated with a [[Bachelor of Laws]] degree in 1930. Holt's father – living in London – invited to him to continue his studies in England, but he declined the offer.<ref name=frame6>Frame (2005), p. 6.</ref> |
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===Legal career=== |
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Holt served his [[articled clerk|articles of clerkship]] with the firm of [[Theodore Fink|Fink]], [[Robert Best (Australian politician)|Best]], & Miller. He was admitted to the [[Victorian Bar]] in late 1932, and opened his own legal practice the following year. However, clients during the [[Great Depression|Depression]] were scarce and frequently underpaid, so Holt lived in a boardinghouse and often relied upon the hospitality of friends.<ref name=frame6/> Drawing on his family connections in show business, he eventually accepted an offer to become secretary of the Victorian Cinematograph Exhibitors' Association, a film industry lobby group. In this capacity he appeared several times before the [[Commonwealth Court of Conciliation and Arbitration]].<ref name = ADB>[http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/holt-harold-edward-10530 Australian Dictionary of Biography]. 1996</ref><ref name="frame9">Frame (2005), p. 9.</ref> This had a positive effect on his own practice, and he eventually took on two partners, first Jack Graham and later James Newman.<ref>Frame (2005), p. 13.</ref> The firm of Holt, Graham, & Newman was dissolved in 1963, following a financial dispute and subsequently reconstituted as Holt, Newman, & Holt, with Holt's son Sam as the new addition. Holt's involvement in the practice declined once he entered politics and ceased altogether in 1949, although he did not formally retire until assuming the prime ministership.<ref>Frame (2005), p. 306.</ref> |
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Revisi terkini sejak 29 November 2022 19.15
Harold Holt | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Perdana Menteri Australia ke-17 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Masa jabatan 26 Januari 1966 – 19 Desember 1967 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Penguasa monarki | Elizabeth II | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gubernur Jenderal | Lord Casey | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Informasi pribadi | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lahir | Harold Edward Holt 5 Agustus 1908 Stanmore, New South Wales, Australia | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Meninggal | 17 Desember 1967 (umur 59) Pantai Cheviot, Victoria, Australia | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sebab kematian | Tenggelam (diperkirakan) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Partai politik | Partai Persatuan Australia (hingga 1945) Partai Liberal Australia (setelah 1945) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Suami/istri | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hubungan | Vera Pearce (bibi) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Anak | 3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Pendidikan | Sekolah Publik Randwick Sekolah Negeri Nubba Abbotsholme College Wesley College, Melbourne | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Almamater | Universitas Melbourne | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Profesi | Pengacara, politikus | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tanda tangan |  | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Julukan | Gunner Holt | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Karier militer | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Pihak | Australia | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dinas/cabang | Pasukan Kerajaan Australia | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Masa dinas | 1939–40 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Pangkat | Prajurit | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Satuan | Resimen Medan 2/4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Pertempuran/perang | Perang Dunia II | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Harold Edward Holt, CH (5 Agustus 1908 – 17 Desember 1967) adalah seorang politikus Australia yang menjabat sebagai Perdana Menteri Australia ke-17 dari tahun 1966 hingga diperkirakan ia meninggal dunia karena tenggelam pada 1967. Ia adalah pemimpin Partai Liberal pada masa itu.
Holt, lahir di Sydney, tinggal di Melbourne sejak 1920. Ia adalah perdana menteri Australia pertama yang lahir pada abad keduapuluh. Ia belajar hukum di Universitas Melbourne dan memiliki jasa praktik konsultan hukum sendiri. Pada usia 27 tahun, ia sudah menjadi anggota Dewan Perwakilan Australia dari dapil Fawkner, setelah memenangkan pemilu sela 1935. Ia adalah anak didik dari Robert Menzies, pernah menjadi menteri pada pemerintahan Partai Persatuan Australia 1939. Ia memegang beberapa portofolio kecil pada pemerintahan tersebut hingga kabinet itu lengser pada tahun 1941. Masa jabatannya sempat terganggu oleh tugas singkatnya di Angkatan Darat Australia, berakhir ketika ia dipanggil kembali ke kabinet setelah meninggalnya tiga menteri pada kecelakaan udara Canberra 1940. Ia bergabung dengan Partai Liberal pada saat dibentuk tahun 1945.
Ketika Partai Liberal berkuasa pada 1949, Holt menjadi figur senior dalam pemerintahan yang baru. Sebagai Menteri Imigrasi (1949–56), ia memperluas skema imigrasi pasca-perang dan melonggarkan kebijakan Australia Putih untuk pertama kalinya. Ia juga berpengaruh sebagai Menteri Perburuhan dan Layanan Nasional (1949–1958), di mana ia menangani beberapa perselisihan hubungan industrial. Holt terpilih sebagai wakil pemimpin Partai Liberal pada tahun 1956, dan setelah pemilihan umum tahun 1958, ia menggantikan Arthur Fadden sebagai Menteri Keuangan. Dia mengawasi penciptaan Reserve Bank of Australia, tetapi disalahkan karena krisis kredit yang hampir menghabiskan biaya Koalisi pada pemilihan umum 1961. Namun, ekonomi segera pulih dan Holt mempertahankan posisinya sebagai pewaris Menzies.
| Didahului oleh Robert Menzies |
Perdana Menteri Australia 1966—1967 |
Dilanjutkan oleh John McEwen |
 | Artikel bertopik politikus ini adalah sebuah rintisan. Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya. |