Lompat ke isi

John Maynard Keynes: Perbedaan antara revisi

Sunting pranala
Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas
Jelajahi riwayat secara interaktif
← Revisi sebelumnya
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
VisualTeks wiki
Amirobot (bicara | kontrib)
Bot
11.784 suntingan
k r2.7.1) (bot Menambah: az:Con Meynard Keyns
Kanzcech (bicara | kontrib)
1.193 suntingan
menambahkan bagian kehidupan
 
(29 revisi perantara oleh 13 pengguna tidak ditampilkan)
Baris 1: Baris 1:
{{redirect|Keynes}}
{{Infobox Person
|name = John Maynard Keynes
{{Distinguish|John Neville Keynes}}
{{Infobox economist
|residence =
<!--| honorific-prefix = [[The Right Honourable]]
|other_names =
| honorific-suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CB|FBA}}-->
|image = John Maynard Keynes.jpg
| name = John Maynard Keynes
|imagesize = 225px
| school_tradition = [[Ekonomi Keynesian]]
|caption = John Maynard Keynes
| image = Keynes 1933.jpg
|birth_name =
| image_size = 250px
|birth_date = {{birth date|1883|6|5}}
| caption = Keynes tahun 1933
|birth_place = {{flagicon|Britania Raya}} [[Cambridge, Cambridgeshire]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|1946|4|21|1883|6|5}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|1883|6|5|df=yes}}
|death_place = [[East Sussex]], [[Inggris]]
| birth_place = [[Cambridge]], [[Cambridgeshire]], Inggris
| death_date = {{death date and age|1946|4|21|1883|6|5|df=yes}}
|death_cause =
| death_place = Tilton, dekat [[Firle]], [[Sussex]], Inggris
|known =
| alma_mater = <!--use alma mater only for higher education-->{{unbulleted list |[[King's College, Cambridge]]}}
|occupation = [[Ekonomi|Ekonom]]
| institution = [[King's College, Cambridge]]
|title = Baron Keynes pertama
| field = {{nowrap|{{hlist |[[Ekonomi politik]] |[[Peluang]]}}}}
|salary =
| influences = [[Adam Smith]], [[Thomas Malthus]], [[Alfred Marshall]], [[Arthur Pigou]], [[Nicholas Johannsen]], [[Knut Wicksell]], [[Piero Sraffa]], [[John Neville Keynes]], [[Bertrand Russell]]<ref>{{cite book|title=The Return to Keynes|year=2010|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674053540|page=146|editor1=Bradley W. Bateman |editor2=Toshiaki Hirai |editor3=Maria Cristina Marcuzzo }}</ref>
|term =
| influenced = [[John Kenneth Galbraith]], [[Paul Samuelson]], [[John Hicks]], [[Nicholas Kaldor]], [[Joan Robinson]], [[Hyman Minsky]], [[Amartya Sen]], [[Abba Lerner]], [[Franco Modigliani]], [[James Tobin]] [[Robert Solow]], [[Ha Joon Chang]], [[Joseph Stiglitz]], [[Steve Keen]], [[Paul Krugman]], [[Robert Shiller]], [[George Akerlof]], [[Brad DeLong]], [[Thomas Piketty]], [[Yanis Varoufakis]], [[Robert Reich]], [[Zhou Xiaochuan]], [[Wolfgang Stützel]], [[Mariana Mazzucato]], [[Robin Hahnel]], [[Axel Leijonhufvud]], [[Manmohan Singh]], [[Ekonomi Keynesian Baru]], [[Ekonomi pasca-Keynesian]]
|predecessor =
| contributions = {{unbulleted list |[[Ekonomi makro]] |[[Ekonomi Keynesian]] |[[Preferensi likuiditas]] |[[Pengganda belanja]] |[[Model AD–AS]]|[[Belanja defisit]]}}
|successor =
|party =
| awards =
| signature = <!--file name only-->
|boards =
|religion =
|spouse = [[Lydia Lopokova]]
|partner =
|children =
|relations =
|website =
|footnotes =
|employer =
|height =
|weight =
}}
}}
'''John Maynard Keynes''' [ˈkeɪns], '''1st Baron Keynes of Tilton''' ({{lahirmati|{{City-state|Cambridge|Cambridgeshire}}, [[Britania Raya]]|5|6|1883|[[East Sussex]], [[Inggris]]|21|4|1946}}) adalah seorang ahli [[ekonomi]] [[Inggris]]. Ide-idenya yang radikal mempunyai dampak luas pada ilmu ekonomi modern. Ia terutama menjadi terkenal dengan karyanya; ''[[The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money]]'' ([[1936]]) yang merupakan reaksi terhadap Depresi Besar [[Amerika Serikat]] pada tahun [[1930-an]].


'''John Maynard Keynes, Baron Keynes ke-1''',<ref>{{cite web |last=Jenkins |first=Nicholas |title=John Maynard Keynes 1st Baron Keynes (I7810) |work=W. H. Auden – 'Family Ghosts' |publisher=Stanford University |url=http://www.stanford.edu/group/auden/cgi-bin/auden/individual.php?pid=I7810&ged=auden-bicknell.ged |doi= |accessdate=18 October 2011 |archive-date=2013-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131026171629/http://www.stanford.edu/group/auden/cgi-bin/auden/individual.php?pid=I7810&ged=auden-bicknell.ged |dead-url=yes }}</ref> [[Order of the Bath|CB]], [[Fellow of the British Academy|FBA]] ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|eɪ|n|z}} {{respell|KEYNZ|'}}; 5 Juni 1883 – 21 April 1946), adalah ekonom Inggris yang gagasannya mengubah teori dan praktik [[ekonomi makro]] serta kebijakan ekonomi dunia. Ia melanjutkan dan memperbaiki teori sebelumnya yang menjelaskan penyebab terjadinya [[siklus bisnis]]. Ia diakui sebagai salah satu ekonom paling berpengaruh abad ke-20 dan pendiri ekonomi makro modern.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/pdf/prof_johnmaynardkeynes.pdf |title= book extract from ''The Commanding Heights'' |accessdate=13 November 2008 |author1=Daniel Yergin |author2=Joseph Stanislaw |lastauthoramp=yes |format=PDF |publisher=Public Broadcasting Service}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/7682887.stm |title=How to kick-start a faltering economy the Keynes way |accessdate=13 November 2008 |publisher=BBC | date=22 October 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Cohn |first=Steven Mark |title=Reintroducing Macroeconomics: A Critical Approach |url=https://archive.org/details/reintroducingmac0000stev |page=[https://archive.org/details/reintroducingmac0000stev/page/111 111] |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |year=2006 |isbn=0-7656-1450-2}}</ref><ref>Davis, William L, Bob Figgins, David Hedengren, and Daniel B. Klein. "Economic Professors' Favorite Economic Thinkers, Journals, and Blogs," ''Econ Journal Watch 8(2): 126–146'', May 2011.[http://econjwatch.org/articles/economics-professors-favorite-economic-thinkers-journals-and-blogs-along-with-party-and-policy-views]</ref> Pemikiran-pemikirannya menjadi dasar [[mazhab ekonomi]] [[ekonomi Keynesian|Keynesian]] dan semua turunannya.
Dalam karyanya Keynes menulis bahwa Pemerintah kadangkala harus menstimulasi pertumbuhan ekonomi, terutama pada saat [[konjungtur]] lemah.


Pada tahun 1930-an, Keynes memimpin [[Revolusi Keynesian|revolusi pemikiran ekonomi]] yang menantang gagasan [[ekonomi neoklasik]] bahwa [[pasar bebas]], dalam jangka pendek hingga menengah, akan mengisi seluruh lapangan pekerjaan asalkan tuntutan upah pekerja tetap fleksibel. Ia berpendapat bahwa [[permintaan agregat]] menentukan tingkat seluruh aktivitas ekonomi dan kurangnya permintaan agregat akan memicu [[pengangguran]] tingkat tinggi yang bertahan lama. Menurut ekonomi Keynesian, [[intervensionisme ekonomi|campur tangan pemerintah]] diperlukan untuk menstabilkan "kempis kembangnya" [[siklus bisnis|siklus aktivitas ekonomi]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Time Value of Money<!--&nbsp;--> |url=http://www.investinganswers.com/education/economics/john-maynard-keynes-man-who-transformed-economic-world-621 |title=How John Maynard Keynes Changed the World of Economics |publisher=InvestingAnswers |accessdate=2 October 2013 |archive-date=2015-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221090737/http://www.investinganswers.com/education/economics/john-maynard-keynes-man-who-transformed-economic-world-621 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Keynes mendukung penerapan [[kebijakan fiskal]] dan [[kebijakan moneter|moneter]] untuk mencegah dampak buruk [[resesi]] dan [[depresi (ekonomi)|depresi]] ekonomi.
Pemikiran dan filsafatnya biasa disebut dengan istilah [[Keynesianisme]].


Setelah [[Perang Dunia II]], sejumlah ekonom Barat ternama menerima saran kebijakan Keynes. Dua puluh tahun setelah Keynes meninggal dunia tahun 1946, hampir semua negara [[kapitalisme|kapitalis]] di dunia menerapkan kebijakan Keynes. Pengaruh Keynes memudar pada tahun 1970-an, salah satunya karena [[stagflasi]] parah yang menghambat ekonomi [[Inggris-Amerika]] sepanjang dasawarsa tersebut serta "kenaifan teori [[ekonomi Keynesian|Keynesian]]"<ref name=pbsinterview>{{cite web | title = Milton Friedman | work = Commanding Heights | publisher = [[PBS]] | date = October 1, 2000 | url = http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitext/int_miltonfriedman.html#7 | accessdate =September 19, 2011 }}</ref> yang dilontarkan oleh [[Milton Friedman]], ekonom yang memprediksi krisis tersebut.<ref>Nobel prize winner Paul Krugman stated that, "In 1968 in one of the decisive intellectual achievements of postwar economics, Friedman not only showed why the apparent tradeoff embodied in the idea of the Phillips curve was wrong; he also predicted the emergence of combined inflation and high unemployment&nbsp;... dubbed ‘stagflation.” Paul Krugman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=GcmvijkDrEcC&pg=PA43&lpg=PA43&dq=friedman+stagflation+krugman+decisive&source=bl&ots=S6Xzh9k7Ed&sig=fhh8I_YV3OWf8qlVl5n3QYxcU4E&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result ''Peddling Prosperity: Economic Sense and Nonsense in an Age of Diminished Expectations'' (1995) p 43 online]</ref> Ia bersama ekonom lainnya meragukan kemampuan pemerintah untuk mengatur siklus bisnis secara positif menggunakan [[kebijakan fiskal]].<ref>{{cite news |title=To Set the Economy Right |date=27 August 1979 |accessdate=13 November 2008 |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,920558,00.html |work=Time magazine |archive-date=2012-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104040226/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,920558,00.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Meski beberapa pihak menyebut bahwa [[monetarisme|teori moneter]] Friedman memengaruhi tanggapan Federal Reserve terhadap [[krisis keuangan 2007–08|krisis keuangan global 2007–08]],<ref>Edward Nelson, "Friedman’s Monetary Economics in Practice," [http://www.federalreserve.gov/PubS/feds/2011/201126/201126pap.pdf Finance and Economics Discussion Series, Divisions of Research & Statistics and Monetary Affairs, Federal Reserve Board, April 13, 2011]. Nelson stated, "in important respects, the overall monetary and financial policy response to the crisis can be viewed as Friedman’s monetary economics in practice." and "Friedman’s recommendations for responding to a financial crisis largely lined up with the principal financial and monetary policy measures taken since 2007." Nelson, "Review," in ''Journal of Economic Literature'' (Dec, 2012) 50#4 pp 1106-1109</ref> ada pula yang menyebut bahwa kebijakan ekonomi pemerintah yang diambil pada tahun itu bagian dari [[kemunculan kembali Keynesianisme 2008–09|kemunculan kembali Keynesianisme modern]].<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/c4cf37f4-d611-11dd-a9cc-000077b07658.html |title= The undeniable shift to Keynes |work= Financial Times |author= Chris Giles in London, Ralph Atkins in Frankfurt and Krishna Guha in Washington |accessdate= 23 January 2009 |archive-date= 2009-05-27 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090527144547/https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/c4cf37f4-d611-11dd-a9cc-000077b07658.html |dead-url= yes }}</ref>
== Kehidupan awal dan pendidikan ==
John Maynard Keynes lahir di Cambridge dari keluarga kelas menengah. Ayahnya John Neville Keynes, adalah ekonom dan dosen di [[Universitas Cambridge]].


Majalah [[Time (majalah)|''Time'']] memasukkan Keynes ke daftar [[Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century|Most Important People of the Century]] pada tahun 1999. Menurut ''Time'', "gagasannya yang radikal, yaitu pemerintah harus membelanjakan uang yang tidak dimilikinya, mungkin berhasil mencegah runtuhnya kapitalisme."<ref name=":0">{{cite news|author=Reich|first=Robert B.|authorlink=|date=29 March 1999|title=The Time 100: John Maynard Keynes|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,990614,00.html|work=Time|publisher=[[Time (magazine)]]|accessdate=18 June 2009}}</ref> ''[[The Economist]]'' menjuluki Kenyes "ekonom abad ke-20 paling terkenal di Britania Raya."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/news/britain/21577382-chancellor-likely-ignore-imfs-advice-toothless-truth-tellers |title=The IMF in Britain: Toothless truth tellers |publisher=Economist.com |date=11 May 2013 |accessdate=2 October 2013}}</ref> Selain menjadi ekonom, Keynes juga merupakan pegawai negeri, direktur [[Bank of England]], dan anggota perkumpulan intelek [[Bloomsbury Group]].<ref name="The Bloomsbury Group">{{cite web|url=http://therem.net/bloom.htm |title=The Bloomsbury Group |publisher=Therem.net |date=22 August 2007 |accessdate=26 May 2012}}</ref>
== Kutipan ==

* ''"In the long run, we are all dead"''
== Kehidupan ==
* "Pada jangka panjang, kita semua telah mati"
John Maynard Keynes lahir di [[Cambridge, Cambridgeshire|Cambridge]], [[Britania Raya]] pada 5 Juni 1883 dari keluarga kelas menengah atas yang cukup terpandang. Ayahnya adalah John Neville Keynes, seorang ekonom Cambridge yang cukup populer. Sementara ibunya adalah Florence Ada Keynes, yang di kemudian hari menjadi wali kota Cambridge. John kecil tidak menunjukkan ketertarikan di dunia akademik atau politik dan malah bercita-cita menjalankan kereta api. Cita-cita tersebut tak terwujud dan ia pun memilih untuk mengambil ujian pegawai negeri. Ia mendapat nilai terendah untuk ekonomi.<ref name=":0" />
* [http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/economics/keynes/general-theory/index.htm J.M Keynes,The General Theory of Employment,Interest and Money, 1936]

== Karya ==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* 1913 ''[https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/49166 Indian Currency and Finance]''
* 1914 ''Ludwig von Mises's Theorie des Geldes'' (EJ)
* 1915 ''The Economics of War in Germany'' (EJ)
* 1919 ''[[The Economic Consequences of the Peace]]''
* 1921 ''[[A Treatise on Probability]]''
* 1922 ''The Inflation of Currency as a Method of Taxation'' (MGCRE)
* 1922 ''[https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/46037 Revision of the Treaty]''
* 1923 ''A Tract on Monetary Reform''
* 1925 ''Am I a Liberal?'' (N&A)
* 1926 ''The End of Laissez-Faire''
* 1926 ''Laissez-Faire and Communism''
* 1930 ''[[A Treatise on Money]]''
* 1930 ''Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren''
* 1931 ''The End of the Gold Standard'' (Sunday Express)
* 1931 ''Essays in Persuasion''
* 1931 ''The Great Slump of 1930''
* 1933 ''The Means to Prosperity''
* 1933 ''An Open Letter to President Roosevelt'' (New York Times)
* 1933 ''Essays in Biography''
* 1936 ''[[The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money]]''
* 1940 ''[[How to Pay for the War|How to Pay for the War: A radical plan for the Chancellor of the Exchequer]]''
* 1949 ''Two Memoirs''. Ed. by David Garnett (On [[Carl Melchior]] and [[G. E. Moore]].)
{{div col end}}

== Lihat pula ==
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Jiwa liar (Keynes)]]
* [[Permintaan efektif]]
* [[Liberalisme tertanam]]
* [[Sistem keuangan global]]
* [[Nicholas Johannsen]]
* [[Konsensus pascaperang]]
* [[Mazhab Stockholm (ekonomi)|Mazhab Stockholm]]
* [[Keluarga Keynes]]
* [[Ekonomi Keynesian]]
{{div col end}}

== Catatan kaki ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Referensi ==
{{Refbegin|Schuker, Stephen A., "American 'Reparations' to Germany, 1919-33." Princeton Studies in International Finance, No. 61 (1988).
Schuker, Stephen A., "J.M. Keynes and the Personal Politics of Reparations," Diplomacy & Statecraft (25/3-4), 2014.}}
* [[Roger Backhouse (economist)|Backhouse, Roger E.]] and Bateman, Bradley W.. ''Capitalist Revolutionary: John Maynard Keynes''. 2011
* Barnett, Vincent. ''John Maynard Keynes''. London: Routledge, 2013. ISBN 978-0-415-56769-5.
* Beaudreau, Bernard C.. ''The Economic Consequences of Mr. Keynes: How the Second Industrial Revolution Passed Great Britain By''. iUniverse, 2006, ISBN 0-595-41661-6
* Clark, Barry. ''Political Economy: A Comparative Approach''. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1998, ISBN 0-275-96370-5
* Clarke, Peter. ''Keynes: The Twentieth Century's Most Influential Economist''. Bloomsbury, 2009, ISBN 978-1-4088-0385-1
* Clarke, Peter. ''Keynes: The Rise, Fall and Return of the 20th Century's Most Influential Economist'', Bloomsbury Press, 2009
* [[Paul Davidson (economist)|Davidson, Paul]]. ''John Maynard Keynes (Great Thinkers in Economics)''. Palgrave Macmillan, 2007, ISBN 1-4039-9623-7
* Harrod, R. F.. ''[[The Life of John Maynard Keynes]]''. Macmillan, 1951, ISBN 1-125-39598-2
* [[Donald Markwell|Markwell, Donald]]. ''John Maynard Keynes and International Relations: Economic Paths to War and Peace''. Oxford University Press, 2006, ISBN 0-19-829236-8, ISBN 978-0-19-829236-4
* [[Donald Markwell|Markwell, Donald]]. ''Keynes and Australia''. [[Reserve Bank of Australia]], 2000.<ref>http://www.rba.gov.au/publications/rdp/2000/pdf/rdp2000-04.pdf</ref>
* [[Milo Keynes|Keynes, Milo]] (editor). ''Essays on John Maynard Keynes''. Cambridge University Press, 1975, ISBN 0-521-20534-4
* Moggridge, Donald Edward. ''Keynes''. Macmillan, 1980, ISBN 0-333-29524-2
* [[Don Patinkin|Patinkin, Don]]. "Keynes, John Maynard", ''The [[New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics]]''. v. 2, 1987, pp.&nbsp;19–41. Macmillan ISBN 0-333-37235-2 (US Edition: ISBN 0-935859-10-1)
* [[Robert Skidelsky|Skidelsky, Robert]]. ''John Maynard Keynes: Hopes Betrayed 1883–1920''. Papermac, 1992, ISBN 0-333-57379-X (US Edition: ISBN 0-14-023554-X)
* Skidelsky, Robert. ''John Maynard Keynes: The Economist as Saviour 1920–1937''. Papermac, 1994, ISBN 0-333-58499-6 (US Edition: ISBN 0-14-023806-9)
* Skidelsky, Robert. ''John Maynard Keynes: Fighting for Britain 1937–1946'' (published in the United States as ''Fighting for Freedom''). Papermac, 2001, ISBN 0-333-77971-1 (US Edition: ISBN 0-14-200167-8)
* Skidelsky, Robert. ''[[Keynes: The Return of the Master]]''. PublicAffairs, 2009, ISBN 1-58648-897-X
* [[Nicholas Wapshott|Wapshott, Nicholas]]. ''Keynes Hayek: The Clash That Defined Modern Economics''. 2011
* [[Alan Wolfe|Wolfe, Alan]]. ''The Future of Liberalism''. New York: Random House, Inc., 2009, ISBN 0-307-38625-2
* [[Daniel Yergin|Yergin, Daniel]] with [[Joseph Stanislaw|Stanislaw, Joseph]]. ''[[The Commanding Heights: The Battle for the World Economy]]''. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998, ISBN 0-684-82975-4
{{Refend}}

== Bacaan lanjutan ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book | author= Bateman, Bradley| year=2010 | title= The return to Keynes | url= https://archive.org/details/returntokeynes0000unse| publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] | isbn=0-674-03538-0 }}
* {{citation | last=Blaug | first=Mark | place=University of Exeter | title=Recent Biographies of Keynes | journal=Journal of Economic Literature | volume=32 | issue=3 | date=September 1994 | pages=1204–1215 | publisher=American Economic Association | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/2728608}}
* {{cite book |title=[[The Economics of John Maynard Keynes: The Theory of Monetary Economy]] |last=Dillard |first=Dudley |year=1948 |publisher=Prentice-Hall, Inc |isbn=978-1-4191-2894-3 |page=384}}
* {{cite book|last=Keynes|first=John Maynard|year=1998|title=The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes|edition=30 Volume Hardback|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|location=[[Cambridge]] |isbn=978-0-521-30766-6}}
* [[Donald Markwell|Markwell, Donald]]. ''Keynes and Australia.'' Reserve Bank of Australia, 2000.
* {{cite book |author1=Pecchi, Lorenzo |author2=Gustavo Piga |lastauthoramp=yes | year=2010 | title= Revisiting Keynes | publisher=[[MIT Press]] | isbn=0-262-51511-3 }}
* {{cite book | last=Skidelsky | first=Robert| title=Keynes: A Very Short Introduction | url=https://archive.org/details/keynesveryshorti0000skid | year=2010 | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | location=[[Oxford]] | isbn=978-0-19-959164-0}}
* {{cite book |title=John Maynard Keynes |author=Syll, Lars Pålsson | publisher=SNS Förlag | year=2007 | ISBN= 9789185695270 | page=95}}
* [[Peter Temin|Temin, Peter]] & [[David Vines]]. ''Keynes: Useful Economics for the World Economy''. MIT Press, 2014.
{{Refend}}


== Pranala luar ==
== Pranala luar ==
* {{gutenberg author|id=John_Maynard_Keynes|name=John Maynard Keynes}}
{{Sister project links|John Maynard Keynes|wikt=no|author=yes|v=no|n=no|b=no}}
* [http://economicsociology.org/2015/03/01/who-is-an-economist-here-is-keynes-answer Keynes' little known but abundant definition of an economist] (1924)
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q1YA-RG5qG0 Professor Robert Skildesky explains Keynes theories video]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DEBiziiVrNo Professor Robert Skidelsky on economist Keynes video]
* {{Gutenberg author |id=Keynes,+John+Maynard | name=John Maynard Keynes}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=John Maynard Keynes}}
* {{Librivox author |id=9726}}
* {{NRA|P16231}}
* {{NRA|P16231}}
* [http://socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/keynes/peace.htm John Maynard Keynes, ''The Economic Consequences of the Peace''] (1919)
* [http://socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/keynes/peace.htm Keynes, ''The Economic Consequences of the Peace''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060207173710/http://socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/keynes/peace.htm |date=2006-02-07 }} (1919)
* [http://csf.colorado.edu/pkt/pktauthors/Berglund.Per/Laissez/Laissez.htm John Maynard Keynes, ''The end of laissez-faire''] (1926)
* [http://www.panarchy.org/keynes/laissezfaire.1926.html Keynes, ''The end of laissez-faire''] (1926)
* [http://newdeal.feri.org/misc/keynes2.htm John Maynard Keynes, ''An Open Letter to President Roosevelt''] (1933)
* [http://www.panarchy.org/keynes/possibilities.html Keynes, ''Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren''] (1930)
* [http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/economics/keynes/general-theory/ John Maynard Keynes, ''The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money''] (1936)
* [http://www.panarchy.org/keynes/depression.html Keynes, ''The raising of prices''] (1933)
* [http://www.maynardkeynes.org/keynes-career-timeline.html Keynes's Career and Biographical Timeline]
* [http://www.panarchy.org/keynes/national.1933.html Keynes, ''National Self-Sufficiency''] (1933)
* [http://newdeal.feri.org/misc/keynes2.htm Keynes, ''An Open Letter to President Roosevelt''] (1933)
* [http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/keynes.htm Bio, bibliography, and links]
* [http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/economics/keynes/general-theory/ Keynes, ''The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money''] (1936)
* [http://www.uncg.edu/bae/people/caldwell/teaching/eco555/JOHN.pdf Short bio with birth location]
* [http://www.booknotes.org/Watch/169138-1/Robert+Skidelsky.aspx ''Booknotes'' interview with Robert Skidelsky on ''John Maynard Keynes: Fighting for Freedom, 1937–1946'', 28 April 2002.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818014707/http://www.booknotes.org/Watch/169138-1/Robert+Skidelsky.aspx |date=2016-08-18 }}
* [http://www.liberalhistory.org.uk/item_single.php?item_id=31&item=biography Biography of Keynes by David Gowland]
* {{Cite book |title=John Maynard Keynes (1883–1946) |url=http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/bios/Keynes.html |work=[[The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics]] |edition=2nd |series=[[Library of Economics and Liberty]] |publisher=[[Liberty Fund]] |year=2008 }}
* [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/books/article-1017464/Beauty-Brain.html Beauty and the Brain] article on Keynes and Lydia
* [http://www.newsweek.com/id/185844 Who's This Fella Keynes, Anyway] Newsweek "Cheat Sheet" article by Matthew Philips
* [http://www.etoncollege.com Eton College Keynes (Economics) Society]
* [http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/essays/keynes/keynesrev.htm The Keynesian Revolution]
* [http://secularstagnation.com Essays on John Maynard Keynes and Robert Lekachman ] by Reuben L. Norman Jr., Ph.D. ( 1998–2007 )
* [http://www.southerndomains.com/SouthernBanks/p2.htm Smith, Marx, Kondratieff and Keynes: Their Intellectual Life Spans, the Convergence of their Theories based upon the Long Wave Hypothesis and the Internet''] by Reuben L. Norman Jr., Ph.D. ( 6 June 1998 )
* [http://www.rba.gov.au/PublicationsAndResearch/RDP/RDP2000-04.html Keynes and Australia] by [[Donald Markwell]] , Reserve Bank of Australia (2000)
* [http://www.trinity.unimelb.edu.au/publications/trinity_papers/paper33 Keynes and Internatonal Economic and Political Relations] by Donald Markwell, Trinity College, University of Melbourne (2009)
* [[Richard Posner]], [http://www.tnr.com/article/how-i-became-keynesian How I Became a Keynesian], [[The New Republic]], 23 September 2009
* [[Roy Hattersley]], [http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2009/sep/05/roy-hattersley-keynes-books Economic return], [[The Guardian|guardian]], 5 September 2009
* [http://www.salon.com/books/feature/2009/09/24/keynes/print.html John Maynard Keynes: Don't Call it a Comeback] by ''[[Salon Magazine]]''
{{lifetime|1883|1946|Keynes, John Maynard}}
{{Inggris-bio-stub}}


{{S-start}}
[[Kategori:Ekonom Inggris]]
{{S-reg|uk}}
[[Kategori:Keluarga Keynes]]
{{S-new|creation}}
{{S-ttl|title=Baron Keynes| years=1942–1946}}
{{s-non | reason = Hilang }}
{{S-end}}


{{Link FA|be-x-old}}
{{John Maynard Keynes}}
{{Link FA|fr}}
{{Keynesian}}
{{Ekonomi makro}}
{{Mazhab pemikiran ekonomi}}
{{Presiden Econometric Society}}


{{Authority control}}
[[an:John Maynard Keynes]]

[[ar:جون مينارد كينز]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Keynes, John Maynard}}
[[arz:كينز]]
[[ast:John Maynard Keynes]]
[[Kategori:John Maynard Keynes| ]]
[[Kategori:Kelahiran 1883]]
[[az:Con Meynard Keyns]]
[[Kategori:Kematian 1946]]
[[bat-smg:John Maynard Keynes]]
[[Kategori:Penulis Britania Raya abad ke-20]]
[[be:Джон Мейнард Кейнс]]
[[Kategori:Ekonom abad ke-20]]
[[be-x-old:Джон Мэйнард Кейнс]]
[[Kategori:Akademisi Universitas Cambridge]]
[[bg:Джон Мейнард Кейнс]]
[[Kategori:Alumni King's College, Cambridge]]
[[bn:জন মেনার্ড কেইনস]]
[[br:John Maynard Keynes]]
[[Kategori:Baron Britania Raya]]
[[Kategori:Bibliofilia]]
[[bs:John Maynard Keynes]]
[[Kategori:Laki-laki biseksual]]
[[ca:John Maynard Keynes]]
[[Kategori:Penulis biseksual]]
[[co:John Maynard Keynes]]
[[Kategori:Bloomsbury Group]]
[[cs:John Maynard Keynes]]
[[Kategori:Delegasi Konferensi Bretton Woods]]
[[cy:John Maynard Keynes]]
[[Kategori:Zionis Britania Raya]]
[[da:John Maynard Keynes]]
[[Kategori:Cambridge University Moral Sciences Club]]
[[de:John Maynard Keynes]]
[[Kategori:Companions of the Order of the Bath]]
[[el:Τζων Κέυνς]]
[[Kategori:Ateis Inggris]]
[[en:John Maynard Keynes]]
[[Kategori:Kolektor seni Inggris]]
[[eo:John Maynard Keynes]]
[[Kategori:Ekonom Inggris]]
[[es:John Maynard Keynes]]
[[Kategori:Eugenikawan Inggris]]
[[et:John Maynard Keynes]]
[[Kategori:Petani Inggris]]
[[eu:John Maynard Keynes]]
[[Kategori:Filantropis Inggris]]
[[fa:جان مینارد کینز]]
[[Kategori:Filsuf Inggris]]
[[fi:John Maynard Keynes]]
[[Kategori:Pedagang saham Inggris]]
[[fr:John Maynard Keynes]]
[[Kategori:Anggota British Academy]]
[[fy:John Maynard Keynes]]
[[Kategori:Anggota King's College, Cambridge]]
[[gd:John Maynard Keynes]]
[[gl:John Maynard Keynes]]
[[Kategori:Keluarga Keynes|John Maynard]]
[[Kategori:Ekonomi Keynesian]]
[[he:ג'ון מיינרד קיינס]]
[[Kategori:Keynesian| ]]
[[hi:जॉन मेनार्ड कीन्स]]
[[Kategori:Politikus LGBT dari Inggris]]
[[hif:John Maynard Keynes]]
[[Kategori:Ilmuwan LGBT dari Britania Raya]]
[[hr:John Maynard Keynes]]
[[Kategori:Penulis LGBT dari Inggris]]
[[hu:John Maynard Keynes]]
[[Kategori:Politikus Partai Liberal (Britania Raya)]]
[[io:John Maynard Keynes]]
[[Kategori:Tokoh lulusan Eton College]]
[[is:John Maynard Keynes]]
[[Kategori:Tokoh lulusan St Faith's School]]
[[it:John Maynard Keynes]]
[[Kategori:Tokoh dari Cambridge]]
[[ja:ジョン・メイナード・ケインズ]]
[[Kategori:Presiden Cambridge Union Society]]
[[jv:John Maynard Keynes]]
[[Kategori:Teoriwan peluang]]
[[ka:ჯონ მეინარდ კეინსი]]
[[Kategori:Chatham House]]
[[kk:Джон Мейнард Кейнс]]
[[ko:존 메이너드 케인스]]
[[la:Ioannes Meginhardus Keynes]]
[[lb:John Maynard Keynes]]
[[lo:ຈອນ ເມນາດ ເຄນ]]
[[lt:John Maynard Keynes]]
[[lv:Džons Meinards Keinss]]
[[mk:Џон Мејнард Кејнс]]
[[ml:ജോൺ മെയ്‌നാഡ് കെയ്ൻസ്]]
[[mn:Жон Мейнард Кейнс]]
[[mr:जॉन मेनार्ड केन्स]]
[[ms:John Maynard Keynes]]
[[nl:John Maynard Keynes]]
[[nn:John Maynard Keynes]]
[[no:John Maynard Keynes]]
[[oc:John Maynard Keynes]]
[[pl:John Maynard Keynes]]
[[pms:John Maynard Keynes]]
[[pnb:جان مینارڈ کینز]]
[[pt:John Maynard Keynes]]
[[ro:John Maynard Keynes]]
[[ru:Кейнс, Джон Мейнард]]
[[rue:Джон Мейнард Кейнс]]
[[sah:Дьон Мейнард Кейнс]]
[[scn:John Maynard Keynes]]
[[sco:John Maynard Keynes]]
[[sh:John Maynard Keynes]]
[[simple:John Maynard Keynes]]
[[sk:John Maynard Keynes]]
[[sl:John Maynard Keynes]]
[[sr:Џон Мејнард Кејнс]]
[[sv:John Maynard Keynes]]
[[sw:John Maynard Keynes]]
[[ta:ஜான் மேனார்ட் கெயின்ஸ்]]
[[te:జాన్ మేనార్డ్ కీన్స్]]
[[th:จอห์น เมย์นาร์ด เคนส์]]
[[tl:John Maynard Keynes]]
[[tr:John Maynard Keynes]]
[[uk:Джон Мейнард Кейнс]]
[[vi:John Maynard Keynes]]
[[vo:John Maynard Keynes]]
[[wa:John Maynard Keynes]]
[[war:John Maynard Keynes]]
[[yo:John Maynard Keynes]]
[[zh:约翰·梅纳德·凯恩斯]]
[[zh-min-nan:John Maynard Keynes]]

Revisi terkini sejak 17 Februari 2024 10.09

"Keynes" beralih ke halaman ini. Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Keynes (disambiguasi).
Artikel ini bukan mengenai John Neville Keynes.

John Maynard Keynes
Keynes tahun 1933
Lahir(1883-06-05)5 Juni 1883
Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, Inggris
Meninggal21 April 1946(1946-04-21) (umur 62)
Tilton, dekat Firle, Sussex, Inggris
InstitusiKing's College, Cambridge
Bidang
MazhabEkonomi Keynesian
Alma mater
DipengaruhiAdam Smith, Thomas Malthus, Alfred Marshall, Arthur Pigou, Nicholas Johannsen, Knut Wicksell, Piero Sraffa, John Neville Keynes, Bertrand Russell[1]
Kontribusi
IMSLP: Category:Keynes,_John_Maynard Find a Grave: 13917737 Project Gutenberg: 6280 Edit nilai pada Wikidata

John Maynard Keynes, Baron Keynes ke-1,[2] CB, FBA (/ˈkeɪnz/ KEYNZ; 5 Juni 1883 – 21 April 1946), adalah ekonom Inggris yang gagasannya mengubah teori dan praktik ekonomi makro serta kebijakan ekonomi dunia. Ia melanjutkan dan memperbaiki teori sebelumnya yang menjelaskan penyebab terjadinya siklus bisnis. Ia diakui sebagai salah satu ekonom paling berpengaruh abad ke-20 dan pendiri ekonomi makro modern.[3][4][5][6] Pemikiran-pemikirannya menjadi dasar mazhab ekonomi Keynesian dan semua turunannya.

Pada tahun 1930-an, Keynes memimpin revolusi pemikiran ekonomi yang menantang gagasan ekonomi neoklasik bahwa pasar bebas, dalam jangka pendek hingga menengah, akan mengisi seluruh lapangan pekerjaan asalkan tuntutan upah pekerja tetap fleksibel. Ia berpendapat bahwa permintaan agregat menentukan tingkat seluruh aktivitas ekonomi dan kurangnya permintaan agregat akan memicu pengangguran tingkat tinggi yang bertahan lama. Menurut ekonomi Keynesian, campur tangan pemerintah diperlukan untuk menstabilkan "kempis kembangnya" siklus aktivitas ekonomi.[7] Keynes mendukung penerapan kebijakan fiskal dan moneter untuk mencegah dampak buruk resesi dan depresi ekonomi.

Setelah Perang Dunia II, sejumlah ekonom Barat ternama menerima saran kebijakan Keynes. Dua puluh tahun setelah Keynes meninggal dunia tahun 1946, hampir semua negara kapitalis di dunia menerapkan kebijakan Keynes. Pengaruh Keynes memudar pada tahun 1970-an, salah satunya karena stagflasi parah yang menghambat ekonomi Inggris-Amerika sepanjang dasawarsa tersebut serta "kenaifan teori Keynesian"[8] yang dilontarkan oleh Milton Friedman, ekonom yang memprediksi krisis tersebut.[9] Ia bersama ekonom lainnya meragukan kemampuan pemerintah untuk mengatur siklus bisnis secara positif menggunakan kebijakan fiskal.[10] Meski beberapa pihak menyebut bahwa teori moneter Friedman memengaruhi tanggapan Federal Reserve terhadap krisis keuangan global 2007–08,[11] ada pula yang menyebut bahwa kebijakan ekonomi pemerintah yang diambil pada tahun itu bagian dari kemunculan kembali Keynesianisme modern.[12]

Majalah Time memasukkan Keynes ke daftar Most Important People of the Century pada tahun 1999. Menurut Time, "gagasannya yang radikal, yaitu pemerintah harus membelanjakan uang yang tidak dimilikinya, mungkin berhasil mencegah runtuhnya kapitalisme."[13] The Economist menjuluki Kenyes "ekonom abad ke-20 paling terkenal di Britania Raya."[14] Selain menjadi ekonom, Keynes juga merupakan pegawai negeri, direktur Bank of England, dan anggota perkumpulan intelek Bloomsbury Group.[15]

Kehidupan

[sunting | sunting sumber]

John Maynard Keynes lahir di Cambridge, Britania Raya pada 5 Juni 1883 dari keluarga kelas menengah atas yang cukup terpandang. Ayahnya adalah John Neville Keynes, seorang ekonom Cambridge yang cukup populer. Sementara ibunya adalah Florence Ada Keynes, yang di kemudian hari menjadi wali kota Cambridge. John kecil tidak menunjukkan ketertarikan di dunia akademik atau politik dan malah bercita-cita menjalankan kereta api. Cita-cita tersebut tak terwujud dan ia pun memilih untuk mengambil ujian pegawai negeri. Ia mendapat nilai terendah untuk ekonomi.[13]

Karya

[sunting | sunting sumber]

Lihat pula

[sunting | sunting sumber]

Catatan kaki

[sunting | sunting sumber]
  1. ^ Bradley W. Bateman; Toshiaki Hirai; Maria Cristina Marcuzzo, ed. (2010). The Return to Keynes. Harvard University Press. hlm. 146. ISBN 9780674053540. 
  2. ^ Jenkins, Nicholas. "John Maynard Keynes 1st Baron Keynes (I7810)". W. H. Auden – 'Family Ghosts'. Stanford University. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-10-26. Diakses tanggal 18 October 2011. 
  3. ^ Daniel Yergin & Joseph Stanislaw. "book extract from The Commanding Heights" (PDF). Public Broadcasting Service. Diakses tanggal 13 November 2008. 
  4. ^ "How to kick-start a faltering economy the Keynes way". BBC. 22 October 2008. Diakses tanggal 13 November 2008. 
  5. ^ Cohn, Steven Mark (2006). Reintroducing Macroeconomics: A Critical Approach. M.E. Sharpe. hlm. 111. ISBN 0-7656-1450-2. 
  6. ^ Davis, William L, Bob Figgins, David Hedengren, and Daniel B. Klein. "Economic Professors' Favorite Economic Thinkers, Journals, and Blogs," Econ Journal Watch 8(2): 126–146, May 2011.[1]
  7. ^ Time Value of Money. "How John Maynard Keynes Changed the World of Economics". InvestingAnswers. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2015-02-21. Diakses tanggal 2 October 2013. 
  8. ^ "Milton Friedman". Commanding Heights. PBS. October 1, 2000. Diakses tanggal September 19, 2011. 
  9. ^ Nobel prize winner Paul Krugman stated that, "In 1968 in one of the decisive intellectual achievements of postwar economics, Friedman not only showed why the apparent tradeoff embodied in the idea of the Phillips curve was wrong; he also predicted the emergence of combined inflation and high unemployment ... dubbed ‘stagflation.” Paul Krugman, Peddling Prosperity: Economic Sense and Nonsense in an Age of Diminished Expectations (1995) p 43 online
  10. ^ "To Set the Economy Right". Time magazine. 27 August 1979. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-11-04. Diakses tanggal 13 November 2008. 
  11. ^ Edward Nelson, "Friedman’s Monetary Economics in Practice," Finance and Economics Discussion Series, Divisions of Research & Statistics and Monetary Affairs, Federal Reserve Board, April 13, 2011. Nelson stated, "in important respects, the overall monetary and financial policy response to the crisis can be viewed as Friedman’s monetary economics in practice." and "Friedman’s recommendations for responding to a financial crisis largely lined up with the principal financial and monetary policy measures taken since 2007." Nelson, "Review," in Journal of Economic Literature (Dec, 2012) 50#4 pp 1106-1109
  12. ^ Chris Giles in London, Ralph Atkins in Frankfurt and Krishna Guha in Washington. "The undeniable shift to Keynes". Financial Times. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2009-05-27. Diakses tanggal 23 January 2009. 
  13. ^ a b Reich, Robert B. (29 March 1999). "The Time 100: John Maynard Keynes". Time. Time (magazine). Diakses tanggal 18 June 2009. 
  14. ^ "The IMF in Britain: Toothless truth tellers". Economist.com. 11 May 2013. Diakses tanggal 2 October 2013. 
  15. ^ "The Bloomsbury Group". Therem.net. 22 August 2007. Diakses tanggal 26 May 2012. 

Referensi

[sunting | sunting sumber]

Bacaan lanjutan

[sunting | sunting sumber]

Pranala luar

[sunting | sunting sumber]
Cari tahu mengenai John Maynard Keynes pada proyek-proyek Wikimedia lainnya:
Gambar dan media dari Commons
Kutipan dari Wikiquote
Teks sumber dari Wikisource
Gelar kebangsawanan
Ciptaan baru Baron Keynes
1942–1946 		Hilang
  1. ^ http://www.rba.gov.au/publications/rdp/2000/pdf/rdp2000-04.pdf
Diperoleh dari "https://wiki-indonesia.club/w/index.php?title=John_Maynard_Keynes&oldid=25320318"