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[[Berkas:Scooter_Libby.jpg|thumb|Lewis "Scooter" Libby]]
[[Berkas:Scooter_Libby.jpg|jmpl|Lewis "Scooter" Libby]]
'''I.<!--- Note, 'Irving' vs 'Irve' vs 'Irv' is disputed. See footnote below and archived talk page. Also, we have no reliable evidence that his birth name was 'Liebowitz' or a reliable source for the surname dispute itself-- see archived talk on that, too. ---> Lewis "Scooter" Libby Jr.''' ({{lahirmati|[[New Haven, Connecticut|New Haven]], [[Connecticut]], [[Amerika Serikat]]|22|8|1950}}) adalah seorang [[pengacara]] [[Amerika Serikat|Amerika]] dan mantan pembantu utama [[Wakil Presiden Amerika Serikat]] [[Dick Cheney]]. Libby adalah Kepala Staf Cheney dan Asisten Wakil Presiden untuk Urusan Keamanan Nasional dari 2001 hingga 2005. Kehadirannya yang terus-menerus di belakang layar dalam pemerintahan Bush membuat ia dijuluki sebagai "Dick Cheney-nya Dick Cheney."<ref>{{cite news|author=Stephen Smith|title = Libby: Lawyer, Adviser, Author|publisher = [[CBS News]]| date = 28 Oktober 2005|url = http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/10/27/politics/main989970.shtml|accessdate = 11 Oktober 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title = Lewis ‘Scooter’ Libby, a quiet force: Vice president's former top aide is called ‘Dick Cheney's Dick Cheney’|publisher = [[MSNBC]]|date=28 Oktober 2005|url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/9827156/|accessdate = 11 Oktober 2006}}</ref>
'''I.<!--- Note, 'Irving' vs 'Irve' vs 'Irv' is disputed. See footnote below and archived talk page. Also, we have no reliable evidence that his birth name was 'Liebowitz' or a reliable source for the surname dispute itself-- see archived talk on that, too. ---> Lewis "Scooter" Libby Jr.''' ({{lahirmati|[[New Haven, Connecticut|New Haven]], [[Connecticut]], [[Amerika Serikat]]|22|8|1950}}) adalah seorang [[pengacara]] [[Amerika Serikat|Amerika]] dan mantan pembantu utama [[Wakil Presiden Amerika Serikat]] [[Dick Cheney]]. Libby adalah Kepala Staf Cheney dan Asisten Wakil Presiden untuk Urusan Keamanan Nasional dari 2001 hingga 2005. Kehadirannya yang terus-menerus di belakang layar dalam pemerintahan Bush membuat ia dijuluki sebagai "Dick Cheney-nya Dick Cheney."<ref>{{cite news|author=Stephen Smith|title = Libby: Lawyer, Adviser, Author|publisher = [[CBS News]]|date = 28 Oktober 2005|url = http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/10/27/politics/main989970.shtml|accessdate = 11 Oktober 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title = Lewis ‘Scooter’ Libby, a quiet force: Vice president's former top aide is called ‘Dick Cheney's Dick Cheney’|publisher = [[MSNBC]]|date=28 Oktober 2005|url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/9827156/|accessdate = 11 Oktober 2006}}</ref>


Pada pemerintahan [[George H. W. Bush]], Libby bertugas di [[Departemen Pertahanan Amerika Serikat|Departemen Pertahanan]] sebagai wakil utama di bawah sekretaris (Strategi dan Sumber-sumber), dan belakangan dikukuhkan oleh Senat sebagai wakil untuk kebijakan di bawah menteri pertahanan . <ref name="stdept-profile">[http://web.archive.org/web/20050211141618/http://www.fpc.state.gov/8488.htm U.S. Department of State Biography (Februari 2005)] melalui archive.org.</ref> Libby dianggap sebagai tokoh utama dalam gerakan [[neo-konservatisme|neo-konservatif]]. <ref name="dickerson">Dickerson, John (3 Oktober 2005). [http://www.slate.com/id/2128530 Who Is Scooter Libby?] ''Slate''</ref><ref name="petras">Petras, James (3 November 2005). [http://www.counterpunch.org/petras11032005.html Israel and the Neocons: the Libby affair]. ''[[CounterPunch]]''</ref><ref name="raimondo">Raimondo, Justin (16 Desember 2005). [http://www.antiwar.com/justin/?articleid=8240 Scooter Libby, Neocon Martyr.] ''AntiWar.com''</ref>
Pada pemerintahan [[George H. W. Bush]], Libby bertugas di [[Departemen Pertahanan Amerika Serikat|Departemen Pertahanan]] sebagai wakil utama di bawah sekretaris (Strategi dan Sumber-sumber), dan belakangan dikukuhkan oleh Senat sebagai wakil untuk kebijakan di bawah menteri pertahanan .<ref name="stdept-profile">[https://web.archive.org/web/20050211141618/http://www.fpc.state.gov/8488.htm U.S. Department of State Biography (Februari 2005)] melalui archive.org.</ref> Libby dianggap sebagai tokoh utama dalam gerakan [[neo-konservatisme|neo-konservatif]].<ref name="dickerson">Dickerson, John (3 Oktober 2005). [http://www.slate.com/id/2128530 Who Is Scooter Libby?] ''Slate''</ref><ref name="petras">Petras, James (3 November 2005). [http://www.counterpunch.org/petras11032005.html Israel and the Neocons: the Libby affair] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206125512/http://www.counterpunch.org/petras11032005.html |date=2007-02-06 }}. ''[[CounterPunch]]''</ref><ref name="raimondo">Raimondo, Justin (16 Desember 2005). [http://www.antiwar.com/justin/?articleid=8240 Scooter Libby, Neocon Martyr.] ''AntiWar.com''</ref>


Pada 28 Oktober 2005, Libby melepaskan jabatannya di pemerintah, beberapa jam setelah dikenai [[tuduhan]] oleh [[Departemen Kehakiman Amerika Serikat|Kantor Penasihat Khusus Departemen Kehakiman Amerika Serikat]] sebagai bagian dari investigasi juri agung tentang kebocoran [[CIA]] tentang bagaimana [[Valerie Plame]] dibongkar penyamarannya sebagai pegawai [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]. <ref name="indictment">{{cite web | url=http://www.usdoj.gov/usao/iln/osc/documents/libby_indictment_28102005.pdf | title=Indictment in ''United States v. I. Lewis Libby'' | work=U.S. Department of Justice Office of Special Counsel | accessdate=November 29 | accessyear=2005}} ([[s:USDOJ OSC Federal indictment of Lewis Libby|full text]] also available via [[Wikisource]])</ref> Pada Januari 2006 Libby bergabung dengan [[Hudson Institute]] sebagai penasihat senior, dengan fokus pada "masalah-masalah yang terkait dengan [[Perang melawan Terorisme|Perang melawan Teror]] dan masa depan Asia." <ref name="hudson">–––. [http://releases.usnewswire.com/GetRelease.asp?id=58926 Hudson Institute press release]. ''USNewsWire.com'' [[6 Januari]] [[2006]].</ref> Peradilan Libby atas [[affair Plame]] dimulai pada 16 Januari 2007.
Pada 28 Oktober 2005, Libby melepaskan jabatannya di pemerintah, beberapa jam setelah dikenai [[tuduhan]] oleh [[Departemen Kehakiman Amerika Serikat|Kantor Penasihat Khusus Departemen Kehakiman Amerika Serikat]] sebagai bagian dari investigasi juri agung tentang kebocoran [[CIA]] tentang bagaimana [[Valerie Plame]] dibongkar penyamarannya sebagai pegawai [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]].<ref name="indictment">{{cite web |url=http://www.usdoj.gov/usao/iln/osc/documents/libby_indictment_28102005.pdf |title=Indictment in ''United States v. I. Lewis Libby'' |work=U.S. Department of Justice Office of Special Counsel |accessdate=November 29 |accessyear=2005}} ([[s:USDOJ OSC Federal indictment of Lewis Libby|full text]] also available via [[Wikisource]])</ref> Pada Januari 2006 Libby bergabung dengan [[Hudson Institute]] sebagai penasihat senior, dengan fokus pada "masalah-masalah yang terkait dengan [[Perang melawan Terorisme|Perang melawan Teror]] dan masa depan Asia." <ref name="hudson">–––. [http://releases.usnewswire.com/GetRelease.asp?id=58926 Hudson Institute press release]. ''USNewsWire.com'' [[6 Januari]] [[2006]].</ref> Peradilan Libby atas [[affair Plame]] dimulai pada 16 Januari 2007.


== Masa kecil dan keluarga ==
== Masa kecil dan keluarga ==
Libby dilahirkan di [[New Haven, Connecticut]] <ref name="pesca">Pesca, Mike (19 Oktober 2005). [http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4965501 Guarding the 'I' in I. Lewis 'Scooter' Libby.] [[National Public Radio|NPR]]</ref> dalam sebuah keluarga Yahudi <ref>{{cite web|title = Jews in the Bush Administration|publisher = [[Jewish Virtual Library]]|url = http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/US-Israel/bushjews.html|accessdate = 11 Oktober 2006}}</ref><ref name="jerusalempost">Kampeas, Ron (6 November 2005). [http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1131043733253&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull Did Libby's Jewishness impact the CIA leak scandal?] ''[[Jerusalem Post]]''</ref> dan dibesarkan di [[Florida]]. Ayahnya adalah seorang [[bankir investasi]] yang sukses. Berbagai sumber melaporkan bahwa nama sebenarnya adalah [[Irving]] (atau bentuk singkatnya Irve atau Irv) <ref name="firstnamenote">Mike Pesca of [[National Public Radio|NPR]] (lihat catatan di atas) melaporkan: "''[[Time (majalah)|Time]]'' dan situs Wikipedia menyebutkan "Irving," ''[[USA Today]]'' dan ''[[New York Times]]'' menyebutkan "Irv" tanpa huruf E. Tak ada yang mencatat singkatan "Jr.," meskipun ayah Libby juga Irving, yang dieja "Irve" dalam dua rujukan yang ditemukan untuknya dalam basis data Lexis-Nexis."</ref> dan Libby telah memberikan keterangan yang berbeda-beda tentang asal-usul nama julukannya. <ref name="nickname">Libby telah memberikan berbagai penjelasan tentang bagaimana ia memperoleh nama julukannya. Pada beberapa kesempatan, Libby mengklaim bahwa nama julukannya, "Scooter", diperoleh ketika masih kecil ia disamakan dengan "the Scooter" [[Phil Rizzuto]], sementara pada kesempatan lain ia mengklaim bahaw nama itu diberikan kepadanya oleh ayahnya yang, ketika melihat ia bergerak cepat melintasi ranjang bayinya, menggambarkannya seperti sebuah " [[skuter]]."</ref> Setelah lulus dari [[Sekolah Eaglebrook]] dan [[Phillips Academy|Andover]], sekolah berasrama yang eksklusif di [[New England]], Libby lulus dari [[Universitas Yale]] pada 1972. Profesornya adalah [[Paul Wolfowitz]] yang merupakan mentornya dan menghasilkan pengaruh politik yang mendalam padanya. <ref name="walsh">Walsh, Kenneth T. {{cite web | url=http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/051031/31libby.htm | title=A Rough Road For 'Scooter'? | work=[[U.S. News & World Report]]}} [[31 Oktober 2005]]. Diakses [[23 September]] [[2006]].</ref> Libby memperoleh gelarnya, [[Juris Doctor]] (J.D.), dari [[Sekolah Hukum Columbia]] pada 1975.
Libby dilahirkan di [[New Haven, Connecticut]] <ref name="pesca">Pesca, Mike (19 Oktober 2005). [http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4965501 Guarding the 'I' in I. Lewis 'Scooter' Libby.] [[National Public Radio|NPR]]</ref> dalam sebuah keluarga Yahudi <ref>{{cite web|title = Jews in the Bush Administration|publisher = [[Jewish Virtual Library]]|url = http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/US-Israel/bushjews.html|accessdate = 11 Oktober 2006}}</ref><ref name="jerusalempost">Kampeas, Ron (6 November 2005). [http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1131043733253&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull Did Libby's Jewishness impact the CIA leak scandal?]{{Pranala mati|date=Mei 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ''[[Jerusalem Post]]''</ref> dan dibesarkan di [[Florida]]. Ayahnya adalah seorang [[bankir investasi]] yang sukses. Berbagai sumber melaporkan bahwa nama sebenarnya adalah [[Irving]] (atau bentuk singkatnya Irve atau Irv) <ref name="firstnamenote">Mike Pesca of [[National Public Radio|NPR]] (lihat catatan di atas) melaporkan: "''[[Time (majalah)|Time]]'' dan situs Wikipedia menyebutkan "Irving," ''[[USA Today]]'' dan ''[[New York Times]]'' menyebutkan "Irv" tanpa huruf E. Tak ada yang mencatat singkatan "Jr.," meskipun ayah Libby juga Irving, yang dieja "Irve" dalam dua rujukan yang ditemukan untuknya dalam basis data Lexis-Nexis."</ref> dan Libby telah memberikan keterangan yang berbeda-beda tentang asal usul nama julukannya.<ref name="nickname">Libby telah memberikan berbagai penjelasan tentang bagaimana ia memperoleh nama julukannya. Pada beberapa kesempatan, Libby mengklaim bahwa nama julukannya, "Scooter", diperoleh ketika masih kecil ia disamakan dengan "the Scooter" [[Phil Rizzuto]], sementara pada kesempatan lain ia mengklaim bahaw nama itu diberikan kepadanya oleh ayahnya yang, ketika melihat ia bergerak cepat melintasi ranjang bayinya, menggambarkannya seperti sebuah " [[skuter]]."</ref> Setelah lulus dari [[Sekolah Eaglebrook]] dan [[Phillips Academy|Andover]], sekolah berasrama yang eksklusif di [[New England]], Libby lulus dari [[Universitas Yale]] pada 1972. Profesornya adalah [[Paul Wolfowitz]] yang merupakan mentornya dan menghasilkan pengaruh politik yang mendalam padanya.<ref name="walsh">Walsh, Kenneth T. {{cite web |url=http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/051031/31libby.htm |title=A Rough Road For 'Scooter'? |work=[[U.S. News & World Report]]}} [[31 Oktober 2005]]. Diakses [[23 September]] [[2006]].</ref> Libby memperoleh gelarnya, [[Juris Doctor]] (J.D.), dari [[Sekolah Hukum Columbia]] pada 1975.


Libby menikah dengan [[Harriet Grant]], seorang mantan pengacara staf untuk [[Komisi Senat AS di bidang Kehakiman|Komisi Senat untuk Keyakiman]] yang saat itu diketuai oleh [[Senat Amerika Serikat|Senator]] [[Partai Demokrat (Amerika Serikat)|Demokrat]] [[Joe Biden]]. Libby dan Grant tinggal di [[McLean, Virginia]] dan mempunyai dua orang anak. <ref name="wapo-leibovich">Leibovich, Mark (23 Oktober 2005). [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/22/AR2005102201439.html In the Spotlight And on the Spot: Scooter Libby, Backstage No More.] ''[[Washington Post]]''</ref> Saudara perempuan Libby, Sandra Libby, menikah dengan [[John Rendon]], pemimpin [[Rendon Group]], sebuah perusahaan [[hubungan masyarakat]] Washington yang bertanggung jawab atas pembentukan [[Kongres Nasional Irak]].
Libby menikah dengan [[Harriet Grant]], seorang mantan pengacara staf untuk [[Komisi Senat AS di bidang Kehakiman|Komisi Senat untuk Keyakiman]] yang saat itu diketuai oleh [[Senat Amerika Serikat|Senator]] [[Partai Demokrat (Amerika Serikat)|Demokrat]] [[Joe Biden]]. Libby dan Grant tinggal di [[McLean, Virginia]] dan mempunyai dua orang anak.<ref name="wapo-leibovich">Leibovich, Mark (23 Oktober 2005). [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/22/AR2005102201439.html In the Spotlight And on the Spot: Scooter Libby, Backstage No More.] ''[[Washington Post]]''</ref> Saudara perempuan Libby, Sandra Libby, menikah dengan [[John Rendon]], pemimpin [[Rendon Group]], sebuah perusahaan [[hubungan masyarakat]] Washington yang bertanggung jawab atas pembentukan [[Kongres Nasional Irak]].


== Karier awal ==
== Karier awal ==
Baris 17: Baris 17:
Libby mula-mula masuk dalam dinas pemerintahan di [[Departemen Luar Negeri Amerika Serikat]] pada 1981, sebagai anggota dari Staf Perencanaan Kebijakan di Kantor Sekretaris departemen tersebut. Dari 1982 hingga 1985 ia menjabat di departemen itu sebagai direktur proyek-proyek khusus di Biro Urusan Asia Timur dan Pasifik. Pada pemerintahan [[George H. W. Bush]], Libby bertugas di [[Departemen Pertahanan Amerika Serikat]] sebagai wakil utama di bawah sekretaris (Strategi dan Sumber-sumber), dan belakangan dikukuhkan oleh Senat AS sebagai sekretaris di bawah Menteri Pertahanan untuk Kebijakan. Libby adalah salah satu pengarang rancangan "[[Doktrin Wolfowitz|Pedoman Perencanaan Pertahanan]]" bersama [[Paul Wolfowitz]] untuk [[Menteri Pertahanan Amerika Serikat|Menteri Pertahanan]] Dick Cheney pada 1992.
Libby mula-mula masuk dalam dinas pemerintahan di [[Departemen Luar Negeri Amerika Serikat]] pada 1981, sebagai anggota dari Staf Perencanaan Kebijakan di Kantor Sekretaris departemen tersebut. Dari 1982 hingga 1985 ia menjabat di departemen itu sebagai direktur proyek-proyek khusus di Biro Urusan Asia Timur dan Pasifik. Pada pemerintahan [[George H. W. Bush]], Libby bertugas di [[Departemen Pertahanan Amerika Serikat]] sebagai wakil utama di bawah sekretaris (Strategi dan Sumber-sumber), dan belakangan dikukuhkan oleh Senat AS sebagai sekretaris di bawah Menteri Pertahanan untuk Kebijakan. Libby adalah salah satu pengarang rancangan "[[Doktrin Wolfowitz|Pedoman Perencanaan Pertahanan]]" bersama [[Paul Wolfowitz]] untuk [[Menteri Pertahanan Amerika Serikat|Menteri Pertahanan]] Dick Cheney pada 1992.


<!--Libby authored a 1996 novel titled ''[[The Apprentice (book)|The Apprentice]]'', about a group of travelers stranded in northern [[Japan]] in the winter of 1903 during a [[smallpox]] epidemic. <ref name="apprentice">{{cite book| title = The Apprentice | author = Lewis Libby | year = 2001 | id = ISBN 1-55597-245-4}}</ref> <ref name="larryking">[http://www.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0202/16/lklw.00.html Larry King interview.] [[CNN]], aired February 16, 2002</ref> Beginning in 2001, Libby was nicknamed "Germ-Boy" at the White House, for insisting on universal [[smallpox]] [[vaccination]]. <ref name="germboy">Scahill, Jeremy (November 9, 2005). [http://www.thenation.com/doc/20051128/scahill Germ Boys and Yes Men.] ''[[The Nation]]''</ref>
<!--Libby authored a 1996 novel titled ''[[The Apprentice (book)|The Apprentice]]'', about a group of travelers stranded in northern [[Japan]] in the winter of 1903 during a [[smallpox]] epidemic.<ref name="apprentice">{{cite book|title = The Apprentice |author = Lewis Libby |year = 2001 |id = ISBN 1-55597-245-4}}</ref><ref name="larryking">[http://www.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0202/16/lklw.00.html Larry King interview.] [[CNN]], aired February 16, 2002</ref> Beginning in 2001, Libby was nicknamed "Germ-Boy" at the White House, for insisting on universal [[smallpox]] [[vaccination]].<ref name="germboy">Scahill, Jeremy (November 9, 2005). [http://www.thenation.com/doc/20051128/scahill Germ Boys and Yes Men.] ''[[The Nation]]''</ref>


Libby has also, at various times in his career, held positions with the [[American Bar Association]], been on the advisory board of the [[RAND|RAND Corporation's]] Center for Russia and Eurasia, and been a legal advisor to the [[United States House of Representatives]]. He has consulted for the [[defense contractor]] [[Northrop Grumman]]. He has also been active in the [[Defense Policy Board]] of the [[Pentagon]] while it was chaired by [[Richard Perle]]. <ref name="wrmea">Curtiss, Richard S. (September 2004). [http://www.wrmea.com/archives/Sept_2004/0409018.html I. Lewis (“Scooter”) Libby: The Nexus of Washington’s Neocon Network.] ''Washington Report on Middle East Affairs''</ref> Libby was a founding member of the [[Project for the New American Century]]. He joined Wolfowitz, [[William Kristol]], [[Robert Kagan]], and others in writing its 2000 report titled, "Rebuilding America's Defenses: Strategy, Forces, and Resources for a New Century." <ref name="pnac">Project for the New American Century (September 2000). [http://www.newamericancentury.org/RebuildingAmericasDefenses.pdf Rebuilding America's Defenses: Strategy, Forces, and Resources for a New Century.]</ref>
Libby has also, at various times in his career, held positions with the [[American Bar Association]], been on the advisory board of the [[RAND|RAND Corporation's]] Center for Russia and Eurasia, and been a legal advisor to the [[United States House of Representatives]]. He has consulted for the [[defense contractor]] [[Northrop Grumman]]. He has also been active in the [[Defense Policy Board]] of the [[Pentagon]] while it was chaired by [[Richard Perle]].<ref name="wrmea">Curtiss, Richard S. (September 2004). [http://www.wrmea.com/archives/Sept_2004/0409018.html I. Lewis (“Scooter”) Libby: The Nexus of Washington’s Neocon Network.] ''Washington Report on Middle East Affairs''</ref> Libby was a founding member of the [[Project for the New American Century]]. He joined Wolfowitz, [[William Kristol]], [[Robert Kagan]], and others in writing its 2000 report titled, "Rebuilding America's Defenses: Strategy, Forces, and Resources for a New Century." <ref name="pnac">Project for the New American Century (September 2000). [http://www.newamericancentury.org/RebuildingAmericasDefenses.pdf Rebuilding America's Defenses: Strategy, Forces, and Resources for a New Century.]</ref>


In his work as a private lawyer, Libby's most famous client was billionaire commodities trader [[Marc Rich]], a former [[white collar]] [[fugitive]]. <ref name="lyman">Lyman, John (October 28, 2005). [http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2005/10/b109719.html Who is Scooter Libby?] Center for American Progress</ref> Libby represented Rich from 1985 until 2000, during which time Libby's firm received more than $2 million from Rich for representing him. Rich was [[pardon]]ed by President [[Bill Clinton]] in January 2001, during the last hours of the Clinton administration, which drew heavy criticism from [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]]. At a Congressional hearing to review Clinton's pardons, Libby denied that Rich had violated any [[tax law]]s. <ref name="cnn-rich">CNN (March 2, 2001). [http://archives.cnn.com/2001/ALLPOLITICS/03/02/clinton.library/ GOP lawyer: Facts 'misconstrued' in Rich case.]</ref>
In his work as a private lawyer, Libby's most famous client was billionaire commodities trader [[Marc Rich]], a former [[white collar]] [[fugitive]].<ref name="lyman">Lyman, John (October 28, 2005). [http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2005/10/b109719.html Who is Scooter Libby?] Center for American Progress</ref> Libby represented Rich from 1985 until 2000, during which time Libby's firm received more than $2 million from Rich for representing him. Rich was [[pardon]]ed by President [[Bill Clinton]] in January 2001, during the last hours of the Clinton administration, which drew heavy criticism from [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]]. At a Congressional hearing to review Clinton's pardons, Libby denied that Rich had violated any [[tax law]]s.<ref name="cnn-rich">CNN (March 2, 2001). [http://archives.cnn.com/2001/ALLPOLITICS/03/02/clinton.library/ GOP lawyer: Facts 'misconstrued' in Rich case.]</ref>


==The Plame affair, Libby, and Judith Miller==
==The Plame affair, Libby, and Judith Miller==
Baris 30: Baris 30:
''[[The American Prospect]]'' revealed in August 2005 that Libby testified that he met with [[Judith Miller (journalist)|Judith Miller]] on July 8, 2003, and discussed Wilson's wife with her at that time. It was later learned Miller's notes indicated the name "Flame" rather than Plame.
''[[The American Prospect]]'' revealed in August 2005 that Libby testified that he met with [[Judith Miller (journalist)|Judith Miller]] on July 8, 2003, and discussed Wilson's wife with her at that time. It was later learned Miller's notes indicated the name "Flame" rather than Plame.


Miller was jailed on July 7, 2005, for contempt of court after refusing to testify to the grand jury about this meeting despite a signed blanket waiver from Libby allowing journalists to discuss their conversations. Miller has argued that Libby's waiver to all journalists could have been coerced and that she would only testify if given an individual waiver, which Miller received after serving most of her sentence.
Miller was jailed on July 7, 2005, for contempt of court after refusing to testify to the grand jury about this meeting despite a signed blanket waiver from Libby allowing journalists to discuss their conversations. Miller has argued that Libby's waiver to all journalists could have been coerced and that she would only testify if given an individual waiver, which Miller received after serving most of her sentence.


The waiver was offered "voluntarily and personally" by Libby, accompanied by a letter which has been the subject of much speculation.
The waiver was offered "voluntarily and personally" by Libby, accompanied by a letter which has been the subject of much speculation.
Baris 37: Baris 37:
. . . .<br />
. . . .<br />
You went to jail in the summer. It is fall now. You will have stories to cover – Iraqi elections and suicide bombers, biological threats, bird flu and the Iranian nuclear program. Out West, where you vacation, the aspens will already be turning. They turn in clusters, because their roots connect them. Come back to work—-and life. Until then, you will remain in my thoughts and prayers.<br /><br />
You went to jail in the summer. It is fall now. You will have stories to cover – Iraqi elections and suicide bombers, biological threats, bird flu and the Iranian nuclear program. Out West, where you vacation, the aspens will already be turning. They turn in clusters, because their roots connect them. Come back to work—-and life. Until then, you will remain in my thoughts and prayers.<br /><br />
With admiration, Scooter Libby." <ref name="libby-miller">Libby, Lewis (September 15, 2005). [http://www.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/national/nat_MILLER_051001.pdf Letter from Libby to Judith Miller.] ''[[The New York Times]]''</ref></blockquote>
With admiration, Scooter Libby." <ref name="libby-miller">Libby, Lewis (September 15, 2005). [http://www.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/national/nat_MILLER_051001.pdf Letter from Libby to Judith Miller.] ''[[The New York Times]]''</ref></blockquote>


Miller was released on September 29, 2005 after agreeing to testify. She appeared in front of the grand jury on September 30, but was not relieved of contempt until after testifying again on October 12. For her second grand jury appearance, Miller produced a notebook from a previously-undisclosed meeting with Libby on June 23, 2003, several weeks before Wilson's [[The New York Times|''New York Times'']] editorial was published. According to Miller's notes from that earlier meeting, Libby disclosed that Joseph Wilson's wife was a CIA employee involved in her husband's trip to Niger. Miller's notebook from her July 8, 2003 meeting with Libby contains the name "Valerie Flame." <ref name="nyt-flame">Miller, Judith (October 16, 2005). [http://select.nytimes.com/search/restricted/article?res=F00F10F63F5B0C758DDDA90994DD404482 A PERSONAL ACCOUNT; My Four Hours Testifying in the Federal Grand Jury Room.] ''[[New York Times]]''</ref>
Miller was released on September 29, 2005 after agreeing to testify. She appeared in front of the grand jury on September 30, but was not relieved of contempt until after testifying again on October 12. For her second grand jury appearance, Miller produced a notebook from a previously-undisclosed meeting with Libby on June 23, 2003, several weeks before Wilson's [[The New York Times|''New York Times'']] editorial was published. According to Miller's notes from that earlier meeting, Libby disclosed that Joseph Wilson's wife was a CIA employee involved in her husband's trip to Niger. Miller's notebook from her July 8, 2003 meeting with Libby contains the name "Valerie Flame." <ref name="nyt-flame">Miller, Judith (October 16, 2005). [http://select.nytimes.com/search/restricted/article?res=F00F10F63F5B0C758DDDA90994DD404482 A PERSONAL ACCOUNT; My Four Hours Testifying in the Federal Grand Jury Room.] ''[[New York Times]]''</ref>


On August 29, 2006 [[Neil A. Lewis]] of ''The New York Times'' reported that Deputy Secretary of State Department [[Richard Armitage]] was the "initial and primary source" for columnist [[Robert Novak]]'s July 14, 2003 article, which named Valerie Plame as a CIA "operative".[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/30/washington/30armitage.html] On August 30th 2006, CNN reported that Armitage had been confirmed "by sources" as disclosing Mrs. Wilson's CIA role in a "casual conversation" with [[Robert Novak]]. <ref name="cnnsource">King, John and Brian Todd (August 30, 2006). [http://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/08/30/leak.armitage/index.html Sources: State Department official source of Plame leak.] CNN</ref> <ref name="corn">Corn, David (February 06, 2006). [http://www.thenation.com/blogs/capitalgames?bid=3&pid=57174 Will Scooter Libby Graymail the CIA?] ''[[The Nation]]''</ref>
On August 29, 2006 [[Neil A. Lewis]] of ''The New York Times'' reported that Deputy Secretary of State Department [[Richard Armitage]] was the "initial and primary source" for columnist [[Robert Novak]]'s July 14, 2003 article, which named Valerie Plame as a CIA "operative".[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/30/washington/30armitage.html] On August 30th 2006, CNN reported that Armitage had been confirmed "by sources" as disclosing Mrs. Wilson's CIA role in a "casual conversation" with [[Robert Novak]].<ref name="cnnsource">King, John and Brian Todd (August 30, 2006). [http://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/08/30/leak.armitage/index.html Sources: State Department official source of Plame leak.] CNN</ref><ref name="corn">Corn, David (February 06, 2006). [http://www.thenation.com/blogs/capitalgames?bid=3&pid=57174 Will Scooter Libby Graymail the CIA?] ''[[The Nation]]''</ref>


White House counsel [[Alberto Gonzales]] was informed that Armitage was involved on October 2, 2003, but asked not to be told details. Patrick Fitzgerald began his grand jury investigation knowing Armitage was the leaker (as did Attorney General [[John Ashcroft]] before turning over the investigation). According to lawyers close to Libby, "the information about Mr. Armitage’s role may help Mr. Libby convince a jury that his actions were relatively inconsequential".[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/02/washington/02leak.html?ex=1314849600&en=8b288bdc831f97db&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss]
White House counsel [[Alberto Gonzales]] was informed that Armitage was involved on October 2, 2003, but asked not to be told details. Patrick Fitzgerald began his grand jury investigation knowing Armitage was the leaker (as did Attorney General [[John Ashcroft]] before turning over the investigation). According to lawyers close to Libby, "the information about Mr. Armitage’s role may help Mr. Libby convince a jury that his actions were relatively inconsequential".[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/02/washington/02leak.html?ex=1314849600&en=8b288bdc831f97db&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss]
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Neither Libby nor any other [[George W. Bush administration|Bush Administration]] officials have to date been charged with the crime of revealing the identity of a CIA agent, the original focus of the investigation. Rather, all charges to date are for allegedly lying to investigators and to the grand jury and for [[obstruction of justice]] - all of which are [[felony]] charges. Supporters have pointed to the lack of indictments on the underlying matter as vindication that no laws relating to the "outing" of a CIA agent were broken. Detractors point out that prosecutor [[Patrick Fitzgerald]] made clear in a press conference that he believes that the actions of Libby in lying to federal investigators and the grand jury have hindered his investigation into the matter, using the analogy of someone having kicked sand in the umpire's eyes - making it difficult to see what happened.
Neither Libby nor any other [[George W. Bush administration|Bush Administration]] officials have to date been charged with the crime of revealing the identity of a CIA agent, the original focus of the investigation. Rather, all charges to date are for allegedly lying to investigators and to the grand jury and for [[obstruction of justice]] - all of which are [[felony]] charges. Supporters have pointed to the lack of indictments on the underlying matter as vindication that no laws relating to the "outing" of a CIA agent were broken. Detractors point out that prosecutor [[Patrick Fitzgerald]] made clear in a press conference that he believes that the actions of Libby in lying to federal investigators and the grand jury have hindered his investigation into the matter, using the analogy of someone having kicked sand in the umpire's eyes - making it difficult to see what happened.


Libby allegedly told investigators that he first heard of Plame's CIA employment as a rumor from journalist [[Tim Russert]] <ref name="feldman">Feldman, Clarice (January 30, 2006). [http://www.americanthinker.com/2006/01/libbys_defense_goes_after_anti.html Libby's Defense Goes after Antique Media Reporters.] ''American Thinker''</ref>; or, alternatively, that he mistakenly thought Russert was his first source because he had forgotten a single prior notification; that he did not know whether this rumor was true; and that he told other reporters he did not know whether it was true. The indictments charge that these statements were false in that Libby had numerous conversations about Plame's CIA employment prior to speaking to Russert; Russert did not tell Libby about Plame's CIA employment; Libby knew for a certainty that Plame was employed by the CIA; and Libby told reporters that Plame worked for the CIA without any disclaimer that he did not know whether this was true or not. <ref name="msnbc-russert">[[MSNBC]] interview of Tim Russert. {{cite web | url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/5961048/ | title=RUSSERT ON POLITICS: GOP has serious national security fissure: Dems can stand on sidelines, watch Republicans fight}} Accessed [[September 23]], [[2006]].</ref> The 'false statements' charges stem from making these claims to the FBI, the 'perjury' charges from repeating them to the grand jury, and the 'obstruction' charge from the view that Libby made these statements in an effort to prevent the investigation from uncovering the truth.-->
Libby allegedly told investigators that he first heard of Plame's CIA employment as a rumor from journalist [[Tim Russert]] <ref name="feldman">Feldman, Clarice (January 30, 2006). [http://www.americanthinker.com/2006/01/libbys_defense_goes_after_anti.html Libby's Defense Goes after Antique Media Reporters.] ''American Thinker''</ref>; or, alternatively, that he mistakenly thought Russert was his first source because he had forgotten a single prior notification; that he did not know whether this rumor was true; and that he told other reporters he did not know whether it was true. The indictments charge that these statements were false in that Libby had numerous conversations about Plame's CIA employment prior to speaking to Russert; Russert did not tell Libby about Plame's CIA employment; Libby knew for a certainty that Plame was employed by the CIA; and Libby told reporters that Plame worked for the CIA without any disclaimer that he did not know whether this was true or not.<ref name="msnbc-russert">[[MSNBC]] interview of Tim Russert. {{cite web |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/5961048/ |title=RUSSERT ON POLITICS: GOP has serious national security fissure: Dems can stand on sidelines, watch Republicans fight}} Accessed [[September 23]], [[2006]].</ref> The 'false statements' charges stem from making these claims to the FBI, the 'perjury' charges from repeating them to the grand jury, and the 'obstruction' charge from the view that Libby made these statements in an effort to prevent the investigation from uncovering the truth.-->


Libby, yang diinterogasi oleh FBI pada musim gugur 2003, dan memberikan kesaksian di depan sebuah dewan juri agung Federal pada 5 Maret, 2004 dan kembali pada 24 Maret 2004, menyatakan bahwa ia sama sekali tidak bersalah atas tuduhan-tuduhan itu dan bahwa ia akan dibebaskan. Ia tidak mengomentari secara terbuka tentang kontradiksi-kontradiksi yang jelas antara kesaksiannya dan kesaksian orang-orang lain.
Libby, yang diinterogasi oleh FBI pada musim gugur 2003, dan memberikan kesaksian di depan sebuah dewan juri agung Federal pada 5 Maret, 2004 dan kembali pada 24 Maret 2004, menyatakan bahwa ia sama sekali tidak bersalah atas tuduhan-tuduhan itu dan bahwa ia akan dibebaskan. Ia tidak mengomentari secara terbuka tentang kontradiksi-kontradiksi yang jelas antara kesaksiannya dan kesaksian orang-orang lain.


Libby mempertahankan pengacaranya, [[Ted Wells]], dari kantor pengacara [[Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison]] untuk mewakilinya dalam kasus ini. Wells terkenal karena berhasil membela [[Mike Espy]], [[Menteri Pertanian Amerika Serikat|Menteri Pertanian]] Clinton dalam menghadapi 30 tuduhan, dan ikut serta dalam pembelaan yang cemerlang untuk [[Menteri Tenaga Kerja Amerika Serikat|Menteri Tenaga Kerja]] [[Raymond Donovan]]. Setelah menyangkal rencananya untuk memohon agar kasusnya dibatalkan, dilaporkan bahwa Libby akan memberikan kesaksian pada pengadilannya, <ref name="merritt">Merritt, Jeralyn. [http://talkleft.com/new_archives/015796.html Libby to Testify at His Trial]. ''Talk Left'' [[23 September]] [[2006]]</ref> yang dimulai pada 16 Januari 2007.
Libby mempertahankan pengacaranya, [[Ted Wells]], dari kantor pengacara [[Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison]] untuk mewakilinya dalam kasus ini. Wells terkenal karena berhasil membela [[Mike Espy]], [[Menteri Pertanian Amerika Serikat|Menteri Pertanian]] Clinton dalam menghadapi 30 tuduhan, dan ikut serta dalam pembelaan yang cemerlang untuk [[Menteri Tenaga Kerja Amerika Serikat|Menteri Tenaga Kerja]] [[Raymond Donovan]]. Setelah menyangkal rencananya untuk memohon agar kasusnya dibatalkan, dilaporkan bahwa Libby akan memberikan kesaksian pada pengadilannya,<ref name="merritt">Merritt, Jeralyn. [http://talkleft.com/new_archives/015796.html Libby to Testify at His Trial]. ''Talk Left'' [[23 September]] [[2006]]</ref> yang dimulai pada 16 Januari 2007.


== Rujukan ==
== Rujukan ==
Baris 73: Baris 73:


== Pranala luar ==
== Pranala luar ==

* {{en}} [http://www.scooterlibby.com/ Libby Legal Defense Trust] - Situs pribadi Lewis Libby
* {{en}} [http://www.scooterlibby.com/ Libby Legal Defense Trust] - Situs pribadi Lewis Libby
* {{en}} [http://www.nndb.com/people/416/000045281 Lewis Libby] lewat [[NNDB]]
* {{en}} [http://www.nndb.com/people/416/000045281 Lewis Libby] lewat [[NNDB]]
* {{en}} [http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=I._Lewis_Scooter_Libby I. Lewis "Scooter" Libby] melalui [[SourceWatch]]
* {{en}} [http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=I._Lewis_Scooter_Libby I. Lewis "Scooter" Libby] melalui [[SourceWatch]]
* {{en}} [http://rightweb.irc-online.org/profile/1271 I. Lewis "Scooter" Libby] dan [http://rightweb.irc-online.org/charts/fpteam.php Bush Foreign Policy Team] melalui RightWeb
* {{en}} [http://rightweb.irc-online.org/profile/1271 I. Lewis "Scooter" Libby] dan [http://rightweb.irc-online.org/charts/fpteam.php Bush Foreign Policy Team] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070109192557/http://rightweb.irc-online.org/charts/fpteam.php |date=2007-01-09 }} melalui RightWeb
* {{en}} [http://www.cooperativeresearch.org/entity.jsp?entity=lewis_(_scooter_)_libby ProBerkas: Lewis ("Scooter") Libby] melalui Center for Cooperative Research
* {{en}} [http://www.cooperativeresearch.org/entity.jsp?entity=lewis_(_scooter_)_libby ProBerkas: Lewis ("Scooter") Libby] melalui Center for Cooperative Research
* {{en}} [http://www.dailykos.com/tag/Scooter%20Libby Scooter Libby] melalui [[Daily Kos]]
* {{en}} [http://www.dailykos.com/tag/Scooter%20Libby Scooter Libby] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061216105024/http://www.dailykos.com/tag/Scooter%20Libby |date=2006-12-16 }} melalui [[Daily Kos]]


{{start box}}
{{start box}}
{{succession box | before=[[Charles Burson]] | title=Kepala Staf Wakil Presiden Amerika Serikat | years=[[2001]]–[[2005]] | after=[[David Addington]]}}
{{succession box |before=[[Charles Burson]] |title=Kepala Staf Wakil Presiden Amerika Serikat |years=[[2001]]–[[2005]] |after=[[David Addington]]}}
{{succession box | before=[[Leon Fuerth]] | title=Asisten Wakil Presiden untuk Urusan Keamanan Nasional | years=[[2001]]–[[2005]] | after=[[John P. Hannah]]}}
{{succession box |before=[[Leon Fuerth]] |title=Asisten Wakil Presiden untuk Urusan Keamanan Nasional |years=[[2001]]–[[2005]] |after=[[John P. Hannah]]}}
{{end box}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Libby, Lewis}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Libby, Lewis}}

[[Kategori:Yahudi-Amerika]]
[[Kategori:Yahudi-Amerika]]
[[Kategori:Affair Plame]]
[[Kategori:Affair Plame]]
[[Kategori:Tokoh neo-konservatif]]
[[Kategori:Tokoh neo-konservatif]]

[[ar:لويس ليبي]]
[[bg:Луис Либи]]
[[de:Lewis Libby]]
[[en:Scooter Libby]]
[[fi:Lewis Libby]]
[[fr:Lewis Libby]]
[[io:Lewis Libby]]
[[ja:ルイス・リビー]]
[[nl:Lewis Libby]]
[[no:Lewis Libby]]
[[pl:Lewis Libby]]
[[pt:Lewis Libby]]
[[ru:Либби, Льюис]]
[[sh:Scooter Libby]]
[[sv:Lewis Libby]]
[[yi:לואיס ליבי]]
[[zh:路易斯·利比]]

Revisi terkini sejak 27 September 2022 03.32

Lewis "Scooter" Libby

I. Lewis "Scooter" Libby Jr. (lahir 22 Agustus 1950) adalah seorang pengacara Amerika dan mantan pembantu utama Wakil Presiden Amerika Serikat Dick Cheney. Libby adalah Kepala Staf Cheney dan Asisten Wakil Presiden untuk Urusan Keamanan Nasional dari 2001 hingga 2005. Kehadirannya yang terus-menerus di belakang layar dalam pemerintahan Bush membuat ia dijuluki sebagai "Dick Cheney-nya Dick Cheney."[1][2]

Pada pemerintahan George H. W. Bush, Libby bertugas di Departemen Pertahanan sebagai wakil utama di bawah sekretaris (Strategi dan Sumber-sumber), dan belakangan dikukuhkan oleh Senat sebagai wakil untuk kebijakan di bawah menteri pertahanan .[3] Libby dianggap sebagai tokoh utama dalam gerakan neo-konservatif.[4][5][6]

Pada 28 Oktober 2005, Libby melepaskan jabatannya di pemerintah, beberapa jam setelah dikenai tuduhan oleh Kantor Penasihat Khusus Departemen Kehakiman Amerika Serikat sebagai bagian dari investigasi juri agung tentang kebocoran CIA tentang bagaimana Valerie Plame dibongkar penyamarannya sebagai pegawai CIA.[7] Pada Januari 2006 Libby bergabung dengan Hudson Institute sebagai penasihat senior, dengan fokus pada "masalah-masalah yang terkait dengan Perang melawan Teror dan masa depan Asia." [8] Peradilan Libby atas affair Plame dimulai pada 16 Januari 2007.

Masa kecil dan keluarga

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Libby dilahirkan di New Haven, Connecticut [9] dalam sebuah keluarga Yahudi [10][11] dan dibesarkan di Florida. Ayahnya adalah seorang bankir investasi yang sukses. Berbagai sumber melaporkan bahwa nama sebenarnya adalah Irving (atau bentuk singkatnya Irve atau Irv) [12] dan Libby telah memberikan keterangan yang berbeda-beda tentang asal usul nama julukannya.[13] Setelah lulus dari Sekolah Eaglebrook dan Andover, sekolah berasrama yang eksklusif di New England, Libby lulus dari Universitas Yale pada 1972. Profesornya adalah Paul Wolfowitz yang merupakan mentornya dan menghasilkan pengaruh politik yang mendalam padanya.[14] Libby memperoleh gelarnya, Juris Doctor (J.D.), dari Sekolah Hukum Columbia pada 1975.

Libby menikah dengan Harriet Grant, seorang mantan pengacara staf untuk Komisi Senat untuk Keyakiman yang saat itu diketuai oleh Senator Demokrat Joe Biden. Libby dan Grant tinggal di McLean, Virginia dan mempunyai dua orang anak.[15] Saudara perempuan Libby, Sandra Libby, menikah dengan John Rendon, pemimpin Rendon Group, sebuah perusahaan hubungan masyarakat Washington yang bertanggung jawab atas pembentukan Kongres Nasional Irak.

Karier awal

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Setelah lulus dari Columbia, Libby diterima untuk berpraktik di pengadilan Negara Bagian Pennsylvania pada 27 Oktober 1976, dan ia berpraktik di Philadelphia. Ia mendapatkan izin untuk berpraktik di Pengadilan District of Columbia pada 19 Mei 1978.

Libby mula-mula masuk dalam dinas pemerintahan di Departemen Luar Negeri Amerika Serikat pada 1981, sebagai anggota dari Staf Perencanaan Kebijakan di Kantor Sekretaris departemen tersebut. Dari 1982 hingga 1985 ia menjabat di departemen itu sebagai direktur proyek-proyek khusus di Biro Urusan Asia Timur dan Pasifik. Pada pemerintahan George H. W. Bush, Libby bertugas di Departemen Pertahanan Amerika Serikat sebagai wakil utama di bawah sekretaris (Strategi dan Sumber-sumber), dan belakangan dikukuhkan oleh Senat AS sebagai sekretaris di bawah Menteri Pertahanan untuk Kebijakan. Libby adalah salah satu pengarang rancangan "Pedoman Perencanaan Pertahanan" bersama Paul Wolfowitz untuk Menteri Pertahanan Dick Cheney pada 1992.


Libby, yang diinterogasi oleh FBI pada musim gugur 2003, dan memberikan kesaksian di depan sebuah dewan juri agung Federal pada 5 Maret, 2004 dan kembali pada 24 Maret 2004, menyatakan bahwa ia sama sekali tidak bersalah atas tuduhan-tuduhan itu dan bahwa ia akan dibebaskan. Ia tidak mengomentari secara terbuka tentang kontradiksi-kontradiksi yang jelas antara kesaksiannya dan kesaksian orang-orang lain.

Libby mempertahankan pengacaranya, Ted Wells, dari kantor pengacara Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison untuk mewakilinya dalam kasus ini. Wells terkenal karena berhasil membela Mike Espy, Menteri Pertanian Clinton dalam menghadapi 30 tuduhan, dan ikut serta dalam pembelaan yang cemerlang untuk Menteri Tenaga Kerja Raymond Donovan. Setelah menyangkal rencananya untuk memohon agar kasusnya dibatalkan, dilaporkan bahwa Libby akan memberikan kesaksian pada pengadilannya,[16] yang dimulai pada 16 Januari 2007.

Rujukan

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Wikisumber memiliki naskah asli yang berkaitan dengan artikel ini:
Wikinews bahasa Inggris memberitakan: Lewis "Scooter" Libby indicted on five charges
Wikisumber memiliki naskah asli yang berkaitan dengan artikel ini:
  1. ^ Stephen Smith (28 Oktober 2005). "Libby: Lawyer, Adviser, Author". CBS News. Diakses tanggal 11 Oktober 2006. 
  2. ^ "Lewis 'Scooter' Libby, a quiet force: Vice president's former top aide is called 'Dick Cheney's Dick Cheney'". MSNBC. 28 Oktober 2005. Diakses tanggal 11 Oktober 2006. 
  3. ^ U.S. Department of State Biography (Februari 2005) melalui archive.org.
  4. ^ Dickerson, John (3 Oktober 2005). Who Is Scooter Libby? Slate
  5. ^ Petras, James (3 November 2005). Israel and the Neocons: the Libby affair Diarsipkan 2007-02-06 di Wayback Machine.. CounterPunch
  6. ^ Raimondo, Justin (16 Desember 2005). Scooter Libby, Neocon Martyr. AntiWar.com
  7. ^ "Indictment in United States v. I. Lewis Libby" (PDF). U.S. Department of Justice Office of Special Counsel. Diakses tanggal November 29.  (full text also available via Wikisource)
  8. ^ –––. Hudson Institute press release. USNewsWire.com 6 Januari 2006.
  9. ^ Pesca, Mike (19 Oktober 2005). Guarding the 'I' in I. Lewis 'Scooter' Libby. NPR
  10. ^ "Jews in the Bush Administration". Jewish Virtual Library. Diakses tanggal 11 Oktober 2006. 
  11. ^ Kampeas, Ron (6 November 2005). Did Libby's Jewishness impact the CIA leak scandal?[pranala nonaktif permanen] Jerusalem Post
  12. ^ Mike Pesca of NPR (lihat catatan di atas) melaporkan: "Time dan situs Wikipedia menyebutkan "Irving," USA Today dan New York Times menyebutkan "Irv" tanpa huruf E. Tak ada yang mencatat singkatan "Jr.," meskipun ayah Libby juga Irving, yang dieja "Irve" dalam dua rujukan yang ditemukan untuknya dalam basis data Lexis-Nexis."
  13. ^ Libby telah memberikan berbagai penjelasan tentang bagaimana ia memperoleh nama julukannya. Pada beberapa kesempatan, Libby mengklaim bahwa nama julukannya, "Scooter", diperoleh ketika masih kecil ia disamakan dengan "the Scooter" Phil Rizzuto, sementara pada kesempatan lain ia mengklaim bahaw nama itu diberikan kepadanya oleh ayahnya yang, ketika melihat ia bergerak cepat melintasi ranjang bayinya, menggambarkannya seperti sebuah " skuter."
  14. ^ Walsh, Kenneth T. "A Rough Road For 'Scooter'?". U.S. News & World Report.  31 Oktober 2005. Diakses 23 September 2006.
  15. ^ Leibovich, Mark (23 Oktober 2005). In the Spotlight And on the Spot: Scooter Libby, Backstage No More. Washington Post
  16. ^ Merritt, Jeralyn. Libby to Testify at His Trial. Talk Left 23 September 2006

Pranala luar

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Didahului oleh:
Charles Burson 		Kepala Staf Wakil Presiden Amerika Serikat
2001–2005 		Diteruskan oleh:
David Addington
Didahului oleh:
Leon Fuerth 		Asisten Wakil Presiden untuk Urusan Keamanan Nasional
2001–2005 		Diteruskan oleh:
John P. Hannah
Diperoleh dari "https://wiki-indonesia.club/w/index.php?title=Scooter_Libby&oldid=21719950"