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{{about|kehidupan Chelsea Manning|sidang pengadilan|Amerika Serikat v. Manning{{!}}United States v. Manning}}
{{about|kehidupan Chelsea Manning|sidang pengadilan|Amerika Serikat v. Manning{{!}}United States v. Manning}}
{{Infobox
{{Infobox person
⚫
| name = Chelsea Manning
| bodystyle =
| birth_name = Bradley Edward Manning
| image = Chelsea Manning on 18 May 2017.jpg
| alt=foto
⚫
| title = Chelsea Manning
⚫
| caption = Manning pada bulan Mei 2017
| titlestyle =
| birth_name = Bradley Edward Manning
| labelstyle =
| birth_date = {{nowrap|{{birth date and age|1987|12|17}}}}
| datastyle =
⚫
| birth_place =[[Crescent, Oklahoma]], Amerika Serikat
| above =
| nationality = Amerika Serikat
| above-style =
|module = {{Infobox military person|embed=yes
| image1 = [[File:Bradley Manning US Army.jpg|210px]]
|allegiance= {{flagu|Amerika Serikat|size=23px}}
⚫
| caption1 = Manning pada bulan April 2012
|branch={{army|United States|size=23px}}
----
|serviceyears= 2007–2017<ref>[http://www.nolo.com/legal-encyclopedia/discharge-upgrades-military-prisoners.html "If you have been convicted by a court-martial and are serving time in a military prison, you are still technically in the military."] www.nolo.com/legal-encyclopedia Hentet 18. Januari 2017.</ref>
| headerstyle =
|rank= [[Prajurit (pangkat)|Prajurit]] (E-1)<ref>Lewis, Paul. [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/21/bradley-manning-35-years-prison-wikileaks-sentence "Bradley Manning given 35-year prison term for passing files to WikiLeaks"], ''The Guardian'', 21 Agustus 2013.</ref>
| label2 = Lahir
<!-- Tolong yang tahu padanan bahasa Indonesianya untuk resimen dan satuan militer asing bisa terjemahkan lebih lanjut |unit= [[2nd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division (United States)|2nd Brigade Combat Team]], [[10th Mountain Division]] (former) -->
| data2 = {{birth date and age|1987|12|17}}<br />[[Crescent, Oklahoma|Crescent]], [[Oklahoma (negara bagian)|Oklahoma]], A.S.
⚫
|awards= [[Berkas:National Defense Service Medal ribbon.svg|tepi|23px]] [[National Defense Service Medal]]<br />[[Berkas:Global War on Terrorism Service Medal ribbon.svg|tepi|23px]] [[Global War on Terrorism Service Medal]]<br />[[Berkas:Army Service Ribbon.svg|tepi|23px]] [[Army Service Ribbon]]
| label3 = Tempat lahir
| data3 =
| label4 = Dinas/cabang
| data4 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the United States Army (1775).gif}} [[Angkatan Darat Amerika Serikat]]
| label5 = Masa dinas
| data5 = 2007–2013
| label6 = Pangkat
| data6 = [[Prajurit]]<ref name=Tate21Aug2013/>
| label7 =
| data7 =
| label8 = Tuduhan
| data8 = Melanggar [[Espionage Act of 1917|Espionage Act]], mencuri properti pemerintah, melanggar [[Computer Fraud and Abuse Act]], mengabaikan perintah (pasal berlapis)<ref name=verdict/>
| label9 = Masa hukuman
| data9 = 35 tahun, dikeluarkan tanpa hormat, pangkat dicabut<ref name=Tate21Aug2013/><!--FYI (from SME): sentence will be announced, then the case goes to legal review by the SJA for the GCMCA (General Court-Martial Convening Authority), then the GCMCA will take the final action. At that point Manning can appeal to the military appeallate courts. -->
| label10 = Penghargaan militer
⚫
| data10 = [[National Defense Service Medal]]<br />[[Iraq Campaign Medal]]<br />[[Global War on Terrorism Service Medal]]<br />[[Army Service Ribbon]]<br />[[Overseas Service Ribbon#Army|Overseas Service Ribbon]]
| label11 = Orang tua
| data11 = Brian Manning<br /> Susan Fox
}}
}}
|known_for = Membocorkan dokumen rahasia untuk [[Wikileaks]]
'''Chelsea E. Manning'''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.today.com/news/i-am-chelsea-read-mannings-full-statement-6C10974052|title='I am Chelsea': Read Manning's full statement|date=22 August 2013|publisher=today.com|quote=As I transition into this next phase of my life, I want everyone to know the real me. I am Chelsea Manning. I am a female. Given the way that I feel, and have felt since childhood, I want to begin hormone therapy as soon as possible. I hope that you will support me in this transition. I also request that, starting today, you refer to me by my new name and use the feminine pronoun (except in official mail to the confinement facility). I look forward to receiving letters from supporters and having the opportunity to write back.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.today.com/news/bradley-manning-i-want-live-woman-6C10974915|title=Bradley Manning: I want to live as a woman|date=22 August 2013|last=Stamp|first=Scott|publisher=today.com}}</ref> (terlahir '''Bradley Edward Manning''', 17 Desember 1987) adalah seorang tentara [[Amerika Serikat]] yang pada Juli 2013 dijatuhi pasal berlapis tentang pelanggaran tehadap [[Undang-undang Spionase Amerika Serikat]] dan lain-lain setelah membocorkan dokumen rahasia dalam jumlah besar ke publik. Ia divonis penjara 35 tahun dan dikeluarkan dari militer secara tidak hormat.<ref name=Tate21Aug2013>Tate, Julie. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/judge-to-sentence-bradley-manning-today/2013/08/20/85bee184-09d0-11e3-b87c-476db8ac34cd_story.html "Judge sentences Bradley Manning to 35 years"], ''The Washington Post'', 21 August 2013.</ref> Ia boleh mengajukan pembebasan bersyarat setelah menjalani sepertiga masa hukumannya dan bisa dibebaskan delapan tahun setelah vonisnya jika ia berkelakuan baik di penjara.<ref name=Sledge21Aug2013/>
| criminal_charge = [[Undang-Undang Spionase 1917|Spionase]], pencurian benda milik pemerintah, pelanggaran terhadap [[Undang-Undang Penipuan dan Penyalahgunaan Komputer|UU Penipuan dan Penyalahgunaan Komputer]], mengabaikan perintah<ref name="verdict" />
| criminal_penalty = 35 tahun [[Penjara militer di Amerika Serikat|penjara]] (dari [[grasi]] menjadi 7 tahun semenjak ditahan), penurunan pangkat menjadi [[Prajurit (pangkat)|prajurit]] (Prajurit E-1, PVT), penyitaan seluruh gaji dan tunjangan, pemberhentian dengan tidak hormat<ref name="Tate21Aug2013" />
| parents = {{Plainlist|
* Brian Manning
* Susan Fox
⚫
}}
| signature =Chelsea Manning signature.svg
|signature_alt = signature
| signature_size = 135
}}

'''Chelsea Elizabeth Manning'''<ref name=LegalNameChange>{{cite web |last = Londoño |first = Ernesto |title = Convicted leaker Bradley Manning changes legal name to Chelsea Elizabeth Manning |url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/convicted-leaker-bradley-manning-changes-legal-name-to-chelsea-elizabeth-manning/2014/04/23/e2a96546-cb1c-11e3-a75e-463587891b57_story.html |work = The Washington Post |accessdate = 27 April 2014 }}</ref> ({{lahirmati|[[Crescent, Oklahoma|Crescent]]|17|12|1987|nama=dengan nama '''Bradley Edward Manning'''}}) adalah seorang tentara [[Angkatan Darat Amerika Serikat|Angkatan Darat]] [[Amerika Serikat]] yang pada bulan Juli 2013 dijatuhi hukuman oleh pengadilan militer atas pelanggaran terhadap [[Undang-Undang Spionase 1917|UU Spionase]] serta pelanggaran lainnya setelah ia diketahui membocorkan sekitar 750.000 dokumen rahasia dan dokumen penting negara kepada [[WikiLeaks]].<ref name=Rollercoaster>{{cite web |last = Manning |first = Chelsea E |title = The years since I was jailed for releasing the 'war diaries' have been a rollercoaster |url = https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/may/27/anniversary-chelsea-manning-arrest-war-diaries |work = The Guardian |date = 27 Mei 2015 |accessdate = 28 Mei 2015 }}</ref> Pada bulan Agustus 2013, Manning divonis 35 tahun [[Penjara militer#Amerika Serikat|penjara]] dengan izin pengajuan [[pembebasan bersyarat]] pada tahun kedelapan serta diberhentikan dengan tidak hormat dari Angkatan Darat AS.<ref name="Tate21Aug2013">Tate, Julie. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/judge-to-sentence-bradley-manning-today/2013/08/20/85bee184-09d0-11e3-b87c-476db8ac34cd_story.html "Judge sentences Bradley Manning to 35 years"], ''The Washington Post'', 21 Agustus 2013.
* Pembebasan bersyarat setelah delapan tahun: Sledge, Matt. [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/08/21/bradley-manning-sentenced_n_3787492.html "Bradley Manning Sentenced To 35 Years In Prison For WikiLeaks Disclosures "],The Huffington Post, 21 Agustus 2013.</ref> Manning adalah seorang [[wanita trans]]gender. Satu hari setelah dijatuhi vonisnya, Manning berkata bahwa ia [[Disforia gender|merasa dirinya adalah perempuan]] semenjak kecil serta menyatakan keingininannya untuk dikenal sebagai Chlesea<ref>{{cite news |title = 21 Transgender People Who Influenced American Culture |url = http://time.com/130734/transgender-celebrities-actors-athletes-in-america/ |work = Time}}</ref> dan memulai [[terapi penyulihan hormon (laki-laki ke perempuan)|terapi penyulihan hormon]].<ref name="Manningstatement22Aug20132">Manning, Chelsea E. [http://www.today.com/news/i-am-chelsea-read-mannings-full-statement-6C10974052 "The Next Stage of My Life"], press release, 22 Agustus 2013: "As I transition into this next phase of my life, I want everyone to know the real me. I am Chelsea Manning. I am a female. Given the way that I feel, and have felt since childhood, I want to begin hormone therapy as soon as possible. ... I also request that, starting today, you refer to me by my new name and use the feminine pronoun (except in official mail to the confinement facility). ... Thank you, Chelsea E. Manning"
* Stamp, Scott. [http://www.today.com/news/bradley-manning-i-want-live-woman-6C10974915 "Bradley Manning: I want to live as a woman"], NBC ''Today'', 22 Agustus 2013.
* Blake, Aaron and Tate, Julie. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/bradley-manning-comes-out-as-transgendered-i-am-a-female/2013/08/22/0ae67750-0b25-11e3-8974-f97ab3b3c677_story.html "Bradley Manning comes out as transgender: 'I am a female'"], ''The Washington Post'', 22 Agustus 2013.
* Coombs, David. [http://www.armycourtmartialdefense.info/2013/08/additional-clarification-on-pvt.html "Additional Clarification on PVT Manning's Request"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831233828/http://www.armycourtmartialdefense.info/2013/08/additional-clarification-on-pvt.html |date=2013-08-31 }}, The Law Offices of David E. Coombs, 26 Agustus 2013: "... PVT Manning, who has experienced gender dysphoria and gone through a process of gender questioning and exploration for years, announced that she would like to begin to be known publicly by the name of Chelsea Elizabeth Manning ..."
* {{cite journal |title = The End of Hypocrisy: American Foreign Policy in the Age of Leaks |first1 = Henry |last1 = Farrell |first2 = Martha |last2 = Finnemore |url = http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/140155/henry-farrell-and-martha-finnemore/the-end-of-hypocrisy |date = November–Desember 2013 |accessdate = 26 Oktober 2013 |quote = Chelsea Manning, an army private then known as Bradley Manning, turned over hundreds of thousands of classified cables to the anti-secrecy group WikiLeaks |subscription = yes |journal = [[Foreign Affairs]] }}</ref> Sejak awal masa hidupnya serta selama kariernya di militer, Manning dikenal sebagai Bradley. Ia menerima diagnosis [[gangguan identitas gender]] saat ia masih bertugas di Angkatan Darat AS.<ref>{{cite web |title = 'I am Chelsea Manning' |first1 = Meredith |last1 = Clark |url = http://www.msnbc.com/melissa-harris-perry/i-am-chelsea-manning |date = 22 Agustus 2013 |accessdate = 28 Oktober 2013 |quote = Dr. David Moulton, the forensic psychologist assigned to review Manning's case, said that Manning was suffering from gender identity disorder, a diagnosis supported by a military sanity board. }}</ref>


Pada tahun 2009, Manning ditugaskan di satu unit angkatan darat dekat [[baghdad]]. Di sana ia memiliki akses ke pusat data yang digunakan pemerintah Amerika Serikat untuk mengirim informasi rahasia. Manning ditahan di Irak pada Mei 2010 setelah [[Adrian Lamo]], seorang peretas komputer, memberitahu [[FBI]] bahwa Manning (melalui obrolan Internet) mengaku telah mengunduh material dari pusat-pusat data tersebut dan meneruskannya ke [[WikiLeaks]]. Material yang diteruskan mencakup video [[serangan udara Baghdad 12 Juli 2007]] dan [[serangan udara Granai]] 2009 di Afghanistan; 250.000 [[bocoran kawat diplomatik Amerika Serikat|kawat diplomatik Amerika Serikat]]; dan 500.000 laporan angkatan darat yang kelak dikenal dengan nama [[bocoran dokumen Perang Irak|catatan Perang Irak]] dan [[bocoran dokumen Perang Afghanistan|catatan Perang Afghanistan]].<ref name=Leigh2011p194/> Sebagian besar material ini dirilis oleh WikiLeaks atau rekan medianya antara April dan November 2010.<ref name=Leigh2011p194>Leigh and Harding 2011, pp. 194ff, 211.
Pada tahun 2009, Manning ditugaskan di sebuah satuan angkatan darat di Irak sebagai [[analisis intelijen|penganalisis intelijen]] yang memungkinkannya untuk mengakses pusat data-data rahasia. Pada awal tahun 2010, ia membocorkan informasi rahasia ke WikiLeaks dan memberitahukannya kepada seorang teman Internetnya yaitu [[Adrian Lamo]]. Lamo kemudian melaporkannya kepada [[Badan Kontra Intelijen Angkatan Darat Amerika Serikat]] dan Manning ditahan pada bulan Mei. Material yang diteruskan mencakup video [[serangan udara Baghdad 12 Juli 2007]], [[serangan udara Granai 2009]] di Afganistan, 251.287 [[Pembocoran pesan diplomatik Amerika Serikat|pesan diplomatik AS]],<ref name="WikiLeaks11-28-2010">{{cite web |title = Secret US Embassy Cables |url = https://wikileaks.org/cablegate.html |publisher = WikiLeaks |date = 28 November 2010 |accessdate = 28 Mei 2015 }}</ref> dan 482.832 laporan angkatan darat yang kelak dikenal sebagai [[Pembocoran dokumen Perang Irak|Catatan Perang Irak]]<ref>{{cite news |title = Iraq War logs |url = https://wikileaks.org/irq/ |accessdate = 28 Mei 2015 |publisher = WikiLeaks |date = 22 Oktober 2010 }}</ref> dan [[Pembocoran dokumen Perang Afganistan|Catatan Perang Afganistan]].<ref>{{cite news |title = Afghan War diary |url = https://wikileaks.org/afg/ |accessdate = 28 Mei 2015 |publisher = WikiLeaks |date = 25 Juli 2010 }}</ref> Sebagian besar material ini dirilis oleh WikiLeaks atau rekan medianya antara April dan November 2010.<ref name="Leigh2011p194">Leigh dan Harding 2011, pp. 194ff, 211.
* Catatan Perang Irak dan Afghanistan: Nicks, 2012, p. 137.
* For Manning's referring to the documents, see [http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2010/06/leak/ Poulsen and Zetter, 6 June 2010].</ref>
* Pernyataan Manning soal dokumen tersebut [http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2010/06/leak/ Poulsen dan Zetter, 6 Juni 2010], [http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2011/07/manning-lamo-logs/ Hansen, 13 Juli 2011], and [https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B_zC44SBaZPoQmJUYURBUnBycUk Manning, 29 Januari 2013].</ref>


Manning langsung dituduh melakukan 22 pelanggaran, termasuk [[Uniform Code of Military Justice#Pasal hukuman|membantu musuh]], pelanggaran terberat di Amerika Serikat.<ref name=Nicks>[http://web.archive.org/web/20110429142813/http://thislandpress.com/09/23/2010/private-manning-and-the-making-of-wikileaks-2/ Nicks, 23 September 2010].
Manning didakwa atas 22 pelanggaran, termasuk [[Uniform Code of Military Justice|membantu musuh]] yang dapat membuatnya mendapatkan [[hukuman mati]].<ref name="Nicks">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110429142813/http://thislandpress.com/09/23/2010/private-manning-and-the-making-of-wikileaks-2/ Nicks, 23 September 2010].
* For the initial charges, see [http://www.cbsnews.com/htdocs/pdf/ManningPreferralofCharges.pdf?tag=contentMain;contentBody "Soldier faces criminal charges"], United States Division – Center, Media Release, 6 July 2010.
* Untuk dakwaan awal, lihat: [http://www.cbsnews.com/htdocs/pdf/ManningPreferralofCharges.pdf?tag=contentMain;contentBody "Soldier faces criminal charges"], United States Division&nbsp;– Center, Media Release, 6 Juli 2010.
* Also see [http://cryptome.org/manning-charge.pdf "Charge sheet"], ''Cryptome''; and [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/lifestyle/magazine/2011/manning/manning_charges.pdf "Charge sheet"], ''The Washington Post''.
* Lihat pula [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/lifestyle/magazine/2011/manning/manning_charges.pdf "Charge sheet"], ''The Washington Post''.
* For the additional charges, see Miklaszewski, Jim and Kube, Courtney. [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/41876046/ns/us_news-security/ "Manning faces new charges, possible death penalty"], MSNBC, 2 March 2011.</ref> Ia ditahan di [[Marine Corps Brig, Quantico]], Virginia, sejak Juli 2010 sampai April 2011 dengan status Prevention of Injury, yang mengharuskan penahanan soliter secara ''de facto'' dan pembatasan lain sehingga memunculkan kekhawatiran di dalam dan luar negeri, sebelum ditransfer ke [[Fort Leavenworth]], tempat ia bisa berinteraksi dengan tahanan lain.<ref name=APApril202011>For the letter from the legal scholars, see Ackerman, Bruce and Benkler, Yochai. [http://web.archive.org/web/20110405001633/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2011/apr/28/private-mannings-humiliation/ "Private Manning’s Humiliation"], ''The New York Review of Books'', retrieved 5 April 2011 (see a later correction here [http://web.archive.org/web/20110409205745/http://balkin.blogspot.com/2011/03/statement-on-private-mannings-detention.html]).
* Untuk dakwaan lainnya lihat Miklaszewski, J. dan Kube, C. [http://www.nbcnews.com/id/41876046/ns/us_news-security/ "Manning faces new charges, possible death penalty"], MSNBC, 2 Maret 2011.</ref> Ia ditahan di [[Marine Corps Brig, Quantico]], [[Virginia]] sejak Juli 2010 sampai April 2011 dengan status ''Prevention of Injury'', yang secara ''de facto'' mengharuskannya ditahan dalam sel soliter disertai dengan beberapa peraturan khusus lainnya yang memicu perhatian dari dalam AS dan luar negeri. Ia kemudian dipindahkan ke [[Fort Leavenworth]], [[Kansas]], tempat ia bisa berinteraksi dengan tahanan lain.<ref name="APApril202011">Untuk surat dari beberapa ahli hukum soal Manning, lihat Ackerman, B. dan Benkler, Y. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110405001633/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2011/apr/28/private-mannings-humiliation/ "Private Manning's Humiliation"], ''The New York Review of Books''. Diakses pada 5 April 2011 (lihat versi terkoreksinya di sini [https://web.archive.org/web/20110409205745/http://balkin.blogspot.com/2011/03/statement-on-private-mannings-detention.html]).
* For the jail transfer, see [http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2011/04/19/us/politics/AP-US-US-WikiLeaks-Army-Private.html "WikiLeaks Suspect Transferred to Fort Leavenworth"], Associated Press, 20 April 2011.</ref> She pleaded guilty in February 2013 to 10 of the charges.<ref name=CBS28Feb2013>[http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-201_162-57571812/bradley-manning-enters-guilty-pleas-in-wikileaks-case/ "Judge accepts Manning's guilty pleas in WikiLeaks case"], CBS News, February 28, 2013.</ref> [[United States v. Manning|Pengadilan untuk tuduhan lain]]nya dimulai tanggal 3 Juni 2013. Pada 30 Juli, ia dinyatakan bersalah atas 17 tuduhan pertama dan 4 tuduhan lain yang sudah diamandemen; ia dinyatakan tidak bersalah atas tuduhan membantu musuh.<ref name=verdict>Tate, Julie and Londono, Ernesto. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/judge-to-announce-verdict-in-bradley-manning-case-today/2013/07/29/e894a75c-f897-11e2-afc1-c850c6ee5af8_story.html "Bradley Manning found not guilty of aiding the enemy, convicted on other charges"], ''The Washington Post'', 30 July 2013.
* Untuk pemindahan penahanan, lihat [http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2011/04/19/us/politics/AP-US-US-WikiLeaks-Army-Private.html "WikiLeaks Suspect Transferred to Fort Leavenworth"], Associated Press, 20 April 2011.</ref> Ia mengaku bersalah atas 10 dakwaan kepada pengadilan pada bulan Februari 2013.<ref name="CBS28Feb2013">[http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-201_162-57571812/bradley-manning-enters-guilty-pleas-in-wikileaks-case/ "Judge accepts Manning's guilty pleas in WikiLeaks case"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029204719/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-201_162-57571812/bradley-manning-enters-guilty-pleas-in-wikileaks-case/ |date=2013-10-29 }}, CBS News, 28 Februari 2013.</ref> [[Amerika Serikat v. Manning|Pengadilan untuk dakwaan lainnya]] dimulai pada tanggal 3 Juni 2013 dan pada tanggal 30 Juli, Manning didakwa atas 17 dakwaan awal dan 4 dakwaan yang telah diubah namun ia tidak didakwa membantu musuh.<ref name="verdict">Tate, J. dan Londoño, E. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/judge-to-announce-verdict-in-bradley-manning-case-today/2013/07/29/e894a75c-f897-11e2-afc1-c850c6ee5af8_story.html "Bradley Manning found not guilty of aiding the enemy, convicted on other charges"], ''The Washington Post'', 30 Juli 2013.
* Londono, Ernesto; Rolfe, Rebecca; and Tate, Julie. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/special/national/manning-verdict/ "Verdict in Bradley Manning case"], ''The Washington Post'', 30 July 2013.
* Londoño, E.; Rolfe, R.; dan Tate, J. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/special/national/manning-verdict/ "Verdict in Bradley Manning case"], ''The Washington Post'', 30 Juli 2013.
*Savage, Charlie. [http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/31/us/bradley-manning-verdict.html "Manning Acquitted of Aiding the Enemy"], ''The New York Times'', 30 July 2013.
* Savage, C. [http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/31/us/bradley-manning-verdict.html "Manning Acquitted of Aiding the Enemy"], ''The New York Times'', 30 Juli 2013.
*Pilkington, Ed. [http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/30/bradley-manning-wikileaks-judge-verdict "Bradley Manning verdict: cleared of 'aiding the enemy' but guilty of other charges"], ''The Guardian'', 31 July 2013: "the soldier was found guilty in their entirety of 17 out of the 22 counts against him, and of an amended version of four others."</ref> Pada 21 Agustus, ia dijatuhi hukuman penjara selama 35 tahun dengan kredit 1.293 hari untuk penahanan sebelum pengadilan, termasuk kredit 112 hari untuk karantinanya di Quantico.<ref name=Tate21Aug2013/> Ia akan ditahan di [[Fort Leavenworth]] di [[Kansas]] di [[United States Disciplinary Barracks]].<ref>Hanna, John. [http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/manning-serve-sentence-famous-leavenworth-20023673 Manning to Serve Sentence at Famous Leavenworth], ''[[ABC News]]'', August 21, 2013.</ref>
* Pilkington, Ed. [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/30/bradley-manning-wikileaks-judge-verdict "Bradley Manning verdict: cleared of 'aiding the enemy' but guilty of other charges"], ''The Guardian'', 31 Juli 2013: "the soldier was found guilty in their entirety of 17 out of the 22 counts against him, and of an amended version of four others."</ref> Pengadilan menjatuhkan Manning hukuman 35 tahun penjara di [[United States Disciplinary Barracks]] di Fort Leavenworth.<ref name="Hanna21Aug2013">Hanna, J. [http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/manning-serve-sentence-famous-leavenworth-20023673 "Manning to Serve Sentence at Famous Leavenworth"], Associated Press, 21 Agustus 2013.</ref>


Reaksi terhadap pembocoran, penangkapan, dan pengadilan Manning beragam. [[Denver Nicks]], salah satu penulis biografi Manning, menulis bahwa material yang bocor tersebut, terutama kawat diplomatiknya, dipandang luas sebagai pencetus [[Musim Semi Arab]] pada Desember 2010, dan bahwa Manning dianggap sebagai [[Tank Man|Tiananmen Square Tank Man]] abad ke-21 dan pengkhianat yang tersakiti.<ref>For the comparisons, see Nicks 2012, p. 3, and for the Arab Spring, pp. 212–216.</ref> Sejumlah komentator membicarakan mengapa seorang prajurit AD yang tampaknya sangat tidak senang memiliki akses ke informasi rahasia, dan mengapa tindakan pengamanan gagal mencegah pengunduhan tanpa izin tersebut.<ref>For the "access to sensitive material" questions, see [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/11/29/AR2010112905985.html "The right response to WikiLeaks"], ''The Washington Post'', editorial, November 30, 2010.
Tindakan yang dilakukan Manning serta penangkapan sekaligus penahanannya menuai reaksi beragam. [[Denver Nicks]], salah satu penulis biografi Manning, menyebutkan bahwa dokumen yang ia bocorkan, terutama soal pesan-pesan diplomatik, dianggap luas sebagai pemicu terjadinya [[Musim Semi Arab]] yang bermula pada Desember 2010. Ia juga menyebutkan bahwa Manning dipandang sebagai ''[[Tank Man]]'' abad ke-21 juga sebagai seorang [[Pengkhianatan|pengkhianat]] yang selama ini telah memperoleh perlakuan buruk.<ref>Sebagai perbandingan, lihat Nicks, 2012, p. 3 dan pp. 212–216.</ref> [[Reporters Without Borders]] mengutuk durasi hukuman yang dijatuhkan kepada Manning dan menyatakan bahwa hal ini menunjukkan betapa rentannya seorang ''[[whistleblower]]'' terhadap hukuman pidana.<ref name="RWB">[http://en.rsf.org/united-states-lengthy-prison-term-for-bradley-21-08-2013,45087.html "Lengthy prison term for Bradley Manning"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821162440/http://en.rsf.org/united-states-lengthy-prison-term-for-bradley-21-08-2013,45087.html |date=2013-08-21 }}, Reporters Without Borders, 21 Agustus 2013.</ref>
*Also see [http://www.salon.com/2010/06/18/wikileaks_3/singleton/ Greenwald, 18 June 2010], and Nicks 2012, pp. 116–117: "Though he was a lowly private in the chain of command, the digitization of classified communications and the government's twenty-first century information-sharing initiatives conspired to him give unprecedented access to state secrets."</ref> [[Reporters Without Borders]] mengutuk hukuman yang diterima Manning dan menyatakan bahwa ini menunjukkan betapa rentannya para pembocor rahasia dan seberat apa hukuman Amerika Serikat terhadap "siapapun yang mengungkap informasi rahasia yang menyangkut pemerintah."<ref name=RWB>{{cite web|title=Lengthy prison term for Bradley Manning|url=http://en.rsf.org/united-states-lengthy-prison-term-for-bradley-21-08-2013,45087.html|work=21 August 2013|publisher=Reporters Without Borders|accessdate=22 August 2013}}</ref>


Presiden [[Barack Obama]] pada tanggal 17 Januari 2017 memberikan [[grasi]] terhadap Manning dengan mengganti hukumannya menjadi 7 tahun penjara dihitung sejak awal ia ditahan oleh pada Mei 2010. Manning dijadwalkan bebas pada 17 Mei 2017.<ref name="nyt-17jan2017">{{cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/17/us/politics/obama-commutes-bulk-of-chelsea-mannings-sentence.html | title=Obama Commutes Bulk of Chelsea Manning's Sentence | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=17 Januari 2017 | accessdate=17 Januari 2017 | last=Savage | first=Charlie}}</ref>
Manning mengalami [[gangguan identitas kelamin]] sejak kecil dan mengeluarkan pernyataan sehari setelah sidangnya bahwa ia mengaku sebagai perempuan, memilih nama Chelsea Manning, dan mengaku ingin menjalani [[terapi penggantian hormon (pria ke wanita)|terapi penggantian hormon]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.today.com/news/bradley-manning-i-want-live-woman-6C10974915|title=Bradley Manning: I want to live as a woman|date=August 22, 2013|last=Stamp|first=Scott|publisher=today.com}}</ref>


==Lihat pula==
== Lihat pula ==
{{colbegin}}
{{colbegin}}
* [[Informasi rahasia di Amerika Serikat]]
* [[Informasi rahasia di Amerika Serikat]]
Baris 63: Baris 63:
{{colend}}
{{colend}}


==Catatan==
== Catatan ==
* ''Catatan: Sumber yang dipakai berulang-ulang atau penting bagi artikel ini dipaparkan secara pendek di subbbagian ini, layaknya sebuah buku; untuk kutipan penuh sumber-sumber tersebut, lihat subbagian Referensi di bawah. Sumber lain dikutip penuh di subbagian ini.''
* ''Catatan: Sumber yang dipakai berulang-ulang atau penting bagi artikel ini dipaparkan secara pendek di subbbagian ini, layaknya sebuah buku; untuk kutipan penuh sumber-sumber tersebut, lihat subbagian Referensi di bawah. Sumber lain dikutip penuh di subbagian ini.''
{{reflist|30em}}
{{reflist|30em}}


==Referensi==
== Referensi ==
;Buku
;Buku
* Brooke, Heather. ''The Revolution Will Be Digitised''. William Heinemann, 2011.
* Brooke, Heather. ''The Revolution Will Be Digitised''. William Heinemann, 2011.
Baris 76: Baris 76:


;Artikel penting
;Artikel penting
* Caesar, Ed. [http://www.edcaesar.co.uk/article.php?article_id=53 "Bradley Manning: Wikileaker"], ''The Sunday Times'', 19 December 2010; [http://www.webcitation.org/66jxQ258B archived] from the original on 7 April 2012.
* Caesar, Ed. [http://www.edcaesar.co.uk/article.php?article_id=53 "Bradley Manning: Wikileaker"], ''The Sunday Times'', 19 December 2010; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514070751/http://www.edcaesar.co.uk/article.php?article_id=53 |date=2013-05-14 }} from the original on 7 April 2012.
* Fishman, Steve. [http://nymag.com/news/features/bradley-manning-2011-7/ "Bradley Manning’s Army of One"], ''New York Magazine'', 3 July 2011.
* Fishman, Steve. [http://nymag.com/news/features/bradley-manning-2011-7/ "Bradley Manning’s Army of One"], ''New York Magazine'', 3 July 2011.
* Greenwald, Glenn. [http://www.salon.com/2010/06/18/wikileaks_3/singleton/ "The strange and consequential case of Bradley Manning, Adrian Lamo and WikiLeaks"], ''Salon'', 18 June 2010.
* Greenwald, Glenn. [http://www.salon.com/2010/06/18/wikileaks_3/singleton/ "The strange and consequential case of Bradley Manning, Adrian Lamo and WikiLeaks"]{{Pranala mati|date=Januari 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Salon'', 18 June 2010.
* Last, Jonathan V. [http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/01/11/opinion/main7233405.shtml "The Left's Canonization of St. Bradley Manning"], CBS News, 11 January 2011.
* Last, Jonathan V. [http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/01/11/opinion/main7233405.shtml "The Left's Canonization of St. Bradley Manning"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515171830/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/01/11/opinion/main7233405.shtml |date=2013-05-15 }}, CBS News, 11 January 2011.
* Manning, Bradley. [https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=explorer&chrome=true&srcid=0B_zC44SBaZPoMzMyNWExZmUtZjEzMS00ZjM2LWE3OWMtM2I4NzY5NDNkMmFh&hl=en&authkey=CMKgiogG "Memorandum"], released by David Coombs, March 10, 2011; [http://www.webcitation.org/66jbWvdkx archived] from the original on 6 April 2012.
* Manning, Bradley. [https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=explorer&chrome=true&srcid=0B_zC44SBaZPoMzMyNWExZmUtZjEzMS00ZjM2LWE3OWMtM2I4NzY5NDNkMmFh&hl=en&authkey=CMKgiogG "Memorandum"], released by David Coombs, March 10, 2011; [https://www.webcitation.org/66jbWvdkx?url=https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B_zC44SBaZPoMzMyNWExZmUtZjEzMS00ZjM2LWE3OWMtM2I4NzY5NDNkMmFh/edit?hl=en archived] from the original on 6 April 2012.
* Nakashima, Ellen. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/magazine/who-is-wikileaks-suspect-bradley-manning/2011/04/16/AFMwBmrF_print.html "Bradley Manning is at the center of the WikiLeaks controversy. But who is he?"], ''The Washington Post'', 4 May 2011; [http://www.webcitation.org/66jxIfhcI archived] from the original on 7 April 2012.
* Nakashima, Ellen. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/magazine/who-is-wikileaks-suspect-bradley-manning/2011/04/16/AFMwBmrF_print.html "Bradley Manning is at the center of the WikiLeaks controversy. But who is he?"], ''The Washington Post'', 4 May 2011; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622072144/http://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/magazine/who-is-wikileaks-suspect-bradley-manning/2011/04/16/AFMwBmrF_print.html |date=2011-06-22 }} from the original on 7 April 2012.
* Nicks, Denver. [http://web.archive.org/web/20110429142813/http://thislandpress.com/09/23/2010/private-manning-and-the-making-of-wikileaks-2/ "Private Manning and the Making of Wikileaks"], ''This Land'', 23 September 2010.
* Nicks, Denver. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110429142813/http://thislandpress.com/09/23/2010/private-manning-and-the-making-of-wikileaks-2/ "Private Manning and the Making of Wikileaks"], ''This Land'', 23 September 2010.
* PBS ''Frontline''. [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/wikileaks/manning-facebook-page/ "Bradley Manning's Facebook Page"], March 2011; [http://www.webcitation.org/66jxXt3Fo archived] from the original on 7 April 2011.
* PBS ''Frontline''. [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/wikileaks/manning-facebook-page/ "Bradley Manning's Facebook Page"], March 2011; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427065524/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/wikileaks/manning-facebook-page/ |date=2012-04-27 }} from the original on 7 April 2011.
* Thompson, Ginger. [http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/09/us/09manning.html?_r=1&scp=23&sq=%22Bradley+Manning%22&st=nyt "Early Struggles of Soldier Charged in Leak Case"], ''The New York Times'', 8 August 2010.
* Thompson, Ginger. [http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/09/us/09manning.html?_r=1&scp=23&sq=%22Bradley+Manning%22&st=nyt "Early Struggles of Soldier Charged in Leak Case"], ''The New York Times'', 8 August 2010.
* Zetter, Kim. [http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2011/12/manning-assange-laptop/ "Jolt in WikiLeaks Case: Feds Found Manning-Assange Chat Logs on Laptop"], ''Wired'', 19 December 2011.
* Zetter, Kim. [http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2011/12/manning-assange-laptop/ "Jolt in WikiLeaks Case: Feds Found Manning-Assange Chat Logs on Laptop"], ''Wired'', 19 December 2011.
Baris 95: Baris 95:
* Poulsen, Kevin and Zetter, Kim. [http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2010/06/manning-detainment/ "Three Weeks After Arrest, Still No Charges in WikiLeaks Probe"], ''Wired'' magazine, 16 June 2010.
* Poulsen, Kevin and Zetter, Kim. [http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2010/06/manning-detainment/ "Three Weeks After Arrest, Still No Charges in WikiLeaks Probe"], ''Wired'' magazine, 16 June 2010.
* Xeni, Jardin. [http://www.boingboing.net/2010/06/19/wikileaks-a-somewhat.html "WikiLeaks: a somewhat less redacted version of the Lamo/Manning logs"], ''Boing Boing'', 19 June 2010.
* Xeni, Jardin. [http://www.boingboing.net/2010/06/19/wikileaks-a-somewhat.html "WikiLeaks: a somewhat less redacted version of the Lamo/Manning logs"], ''Boing Boing'', 19 June 2010.
* Greenwald, Glenn. [http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/2010/12/27/wired "The worsening journalistic disgrace at Wired"], ''Salon'', 27 December 2010.
* Greenwald, Glenn. [http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/2010/12/27/wired "The worsening journalistic disgrace at Wired"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902072022/http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/2010/12/27/wired |date=2011-09-02 }}, ''Salon'', 27 December 2010.
* Hansen, Evan and Poulsen, Kevin. [http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2010/12/greenwald/ "Putting the Record Straight on the Lamo-Manning Chat Logs"], ''Wired'' magazine, 28 December 2010.
* Hansen, Evan and Poulsen, Kevin. [http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2010/12/greenwald/ "Putting the Record Straight on the Lamo-Manning Chat Logs"], ''Wired'' magazine, 28 December 2010.
* Greenwald, Glenn. [http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/2010/12/29/wired_1 "Wired's refusal to release or comment on the Manning chat logs"], ''Salon'', 29 December 2010.
* Greenwald, Glenn. [http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/2010/12/29/wired_1 "Wired's refusal to release or comment on the Manning chat logs"], ''Salon'', 29 December 2010.
* ''Firedoglake''. [http://firedoglake.com/merged-manning-lamo-chat-logs/ "Manning/WikiLeaks timeline"], published as a complete version of the released excerpts, retrieved 14 March 2011; [http://www.webcitation.org/66UwxbG1l archived] from the original on 28 March 2012.
* ''Firedoglake''. [http://firedoglake.com/merged-manning-lamo-chat-logs/ "Manning/WikiLeaks timeline"], published as a complete version of the released excerpts, retrieved 14 March 2011; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327113416/http://firedoglake.com/merged-manning-lamo-chat-logs/ |date=2012-03-27 }} from the original on 28 March 2012.
* Hansen, Evan. [http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2011/07/manning-lamo-logs/ "Manning-Lamo Chat Logs Revealed"], ''Wired'' magazine, 13 July 2011; [http://www.webcitation.org/66UwrlbdR archived] from the original on 28 March 2012.
* Hansen, Evan. [http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2011/07/manning-lamo-logs/ "Manning-Lamo Chat Logs Revealed"], ''Wired'' magazine, 13 July 2011; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330045536/http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2011/07/manning-lamo-logs/ |date=2012-03-30 }} from the original on 28 March 2012.


;Audio/video
;Audio/video
Baris 107: Baris 107:
* Smith, Teresa et al. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/video/2011/may/27/bradley-manning-wikileaks-iraq-video "The madness of Bradley Manning?"], ''The Guardian'', 27 May 2011.
* Smith, Teresa et al. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/video/2011/may/27/bradley-manning-wikileaks-iraq-video "The madness of Bradley Manning?"], ''The Guardian'', 27 May 2011.


==Bacaan lanjutan==
== Bacaan lanjutan ==
{{Commons category|Bradley Manning|Chelsea Manning}}
{{Commons category|Bradley Manning|Chelsea Manning}}
;Artikel
;Artikel
Baris 114: Baris 114:
* ''The Guardian''. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/iraq-war-logs "Iraq: The War Logs"], retrieved 9 May 2012.
* ''The Guardian''. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/iraq-war-logs "Iraq: The War Logs"], retrieved 9 May 2012.
* ''The New York Times''. [http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/world/war-logs.html "The War Logs''], retrieved 9 May 2012.
* ''The New York Times''. [http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/world/war-logs.html "The War Logs''], retrieved 9 May 2012.
* ''Wired''. [http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/category/bradley-manning/ "Bradley Manning"], retrieved 8 May 2012.
* ''Wired''. [https://archive.today/20130209204150/www.wired.com/threatlevel/category/bradley-manning/ "Bradley Manning"], retrieved 8 May 2012.


;Buku
;Buku
Baris 122: Baris 122:


;Audio/video
;Audio/video
* Broom, Kyle. [http://preventionofinjury.com/ "Prevention of Injury (POI)"], a short dramatization of the account given by Manning in her letter to the army ([https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=explorer&chrome=true&srcid=0B_zC44SBaZPoMzMyNWExZmUtZjEzMS00ZjM2LWE3OWMtM2I4NzY5NDNkMmFh&hl=en&authkey=CMKgiogG Manning, 10 March 2011]); also see [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2009556/ ImDb], retrieved 8 April 2012.
* Broom, Kyle. [http://preventionofinjury.com/ "Prevention of Injury (POI)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515001800/http://preventionofinjury.com/ |date=2012-05-15 }}, a short dramatization of the account given by Manning in her letter to the army ([https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=explorer&chrome=true&srcid=0B_zC44SBaZPoMzMyNWExZmUtZjEzMS00ZjM2LWE3OWMtM2I4NzY5NDNkMmFh&hl=en&authkey=CMKgiogG Manning, 10 March 2011]); also see [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2009556/ ImDb], retrieved 8 April 2012.
* ''Democracy Now''. [http://www.democracynow.org/topics/bradley_manning Bradley Manning video archive], 2011–present.
* ''Democracy Now''. [http://www.democracynow.org/topics/bradley_manning Bradley Manning video archive] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822231014/http://www.democracynow.org/topics/bradley_manning |date=2013-08-22 }}, 2011–present.
*Gavin, Patrick. [http://www.politico.com/story/2013/06/celebrity-bradley-manning-video-93041.html "Celeb video: I am Bradley Manning"], ''Politico'', 19 June 2013.
* Gavin, Patrick. [http://www.politico.com/story/2013/06/celebrity-bradley-manning-video-93041.html "Celeb video: I am Bradley Manning"], ''Politico'', 19 June 2013.
* Gonzales, Juan and Goodman, Amy. [http://www.democracynow.org/2011/2/24/glenn_greenwald_on_the_assange_extradition "Glenn Greenwald on the Assange Extradition Ruling, the Jailing of Bradley Manning ..."], Democracy Now!, 24 February 2011.
* Gonzales, Juan and Goodman, Amy. [http://www.democracynow.org/2011/2/24/glenn_greenwald_on_the_assange_extradition "Glenn Greenwald on the Assange Extradition Ruling, the Jailing of Bradley Manning ..."], Democracy Now!, 24 February 2011.
* Miller, Michelle. [http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=7406736n "Private"], CBS News, 26 April 2012, interview with Denver Nicks, author of ''Private'' (2012), Manning's biography.
* Miller, Michelle. [http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=7406736n "Private"], CBS News, 26 April 2012, interview with Denver Nicks, author of ''Private'' (2012), Manning's biography.
* Nicks, Denver. [http://web.archive.org/web/20101026025758/http://thislandpress.com/09/22/2010/private-manning-speaks/ "Private Manning Speaks"], ''This Land'', 22 September 2010.
* Nicks, Denver. [https://web.archive.org/web/20101026025758/http://thislandpress.com/09/22/2010/private-manning-speaks/ "Private Manning Speaks"], ''This Land'', 22 September 2010.
* Price, Tim. ''The Radicalisation of Bradley Manning''. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2012 (play), directed by John McGrath, [http://nationaltheatrewales.org/whatson/performance/ntw18#theradicalisationofbradleymanning "The Radicalisation of Bradley Manning"], National Theatre Wales, 12–28 April 2012.
* Price, Tim. ''The Radicalisation of Bradley Manning''. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2012 (play), directed by John McGrath, [http://nationaltheatrewales.org/whatson/performance/ntw18#theradicalisationofbradleymanning "The Radicalisation of Bradley Manning"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604062051/http://nationaltheatrewales.org/whatson/performance/ntw18#theradicalisationofbradleymanning |date=2012-06-04 }}, National Theatre Wales, 12–28 April 2012.


;Dokumen hukum
;Dokumen hukum
* [http://www.scribd.com/collections/3376478/US-v-Bradley-Manning "U.S. v Bradley Manning"], scribd.com, retrieved 7 April 2012.
* [http://www.scribd.com/collections/3376478/US-v-Bradley-Manning "U.S. v Bradley Manning"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809061914/http://www.scribd.com/collections/3376478/US-v-Bradley-Manning |date=2013-08-09 }}, scribd.com, retrieved 7 April 2012.


==Pranala luar==
== Pranala luar ==
* {{IMDb name|id=4808915}}
* {{IMDb name|id=4808915}}
* [http://www.bradleymanning.org/ Bradley Manning Support Network]
* [http://www.bradleymanning.org/ Bradley Manning Support Network]
{{WikiLeaks}}
{{WikiLeaks}}
{{Authority control|VIAF=170370248}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Manning, Chelsea E.
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Manning, Bradley Edward
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American soldier arrested for leaking classified information
| DATE OF BIRTH = December 17, 1987
⚫
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Crescent, Oklahoma, United States
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
⚫
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Manning, Chelsea}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Manning, Chelsea}}
[[Category:Kelahiran 1987]]
[[Kategori:Kelahiran 1987]]
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[[Kategori:Ateis Amerika Serikat]]
[[Category:Orang hidup]]
[[Category:Ateis Amerika Serikat]]
[[Kategori:Kriminal Amerika Serikat]]
[[Category:Kriminal Amerika Serikat]]
[[Kategori:Pembocor rahasia Amerika Serikat]]
[[Kategori:Penulis transgender dan transseksual]]
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[[Category:Pembocor rahasia Amerika Serikat]]
[[Category:Tahanan Amerika Serikat]]
[[Kategori:Perwira militer LGBT Amerika Serikat]]
[[Kategori:Perwira militer transgender dan transseksual]]
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[[Category:Tentara Angkatan Darat Amerika Serikat]]
[[Kategori:Tahanan Amerika Serikat]]
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[[Category:WikiLeaks]]
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[[Kategori:Tentara Angkatan Darat Amerika Serikat]]
[[Kategori:Tokoh LGBT dari Amerika Serikat]]
[[Kategori:Wanita transgender dan transseksual]]
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[[Kategori:WikiLeaks]]

Revisi terkini sejak 24 Juni 2024 07.49

Halaman ini berisi artikel tentang kehidupan Chelsea Manning. Untuk sidang pengadilan, lihat United States v. Manning.

Chelsea Manning
foto
Manning pada bulan Mei 2017
LahirBradley Edward Manning
17 Desember 1987 (umur 36)
Crescent, Oklahoma, Amerika Serikat
KebangsaanAmerika Serikat
Dikenal atasMembocorkan dokumen rahasia untuk Wikileaks
Gugatan kejahatanSpionase, pencurian benda milik pemerintah, pelanggaran terhadap UU Penipuan dan Penyalahgunaan Komputer, mengabaikan perintah[1]
Hukuman kriminal35 tahun penjara (dari grasi menjadi 7 tahun semenjak ditahan), penurunan pangkat menjadi prajurit (Prajurit E-1, PVT), penyitaan seluruh gaji dan tunjangan, pemberhentian dengan tidak hormat[2]
Karier militer
Pengabdian Amerika Serikat
Dinas/cabang Angkatan Darat Amerika Serikat
Lama dinas2007–2017[3]
PangkatPrajurit (E-1)[4]
Penghargaan National Defense Service Medal
Global War on Terrorism Service Medal
Army Service Ribbon
Tanda tangan
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IMDB: nm4808915 X: xychelsea Instagram: xychelsea87 Youtube: UC70cZ7SNIQeFZxELWPFu1eg Musicbrainz: 0e841199-f0e1-4644-852a-d9bf42e890da Modifica els identificadors a Wikidata

Chelsea Elizabeth Manning[5] (lahir 17 Desember 1987) adalah seorang tentara Angkatan Darat Amerika Serikat yang pada bulan Juli 2013 dijatuhi hukuman oleh pengadilan militer atas pelanggaran terhadap UU Spionase serta pelanggaran lainnya setelah ia diketahui membocorkan sekitar 750.000 dokumen rahasia dan dokumen penting negara kepada WikiLeaks.[6] Pada bulan Agustus 2013, Manning divonis 35 tahun penjara dengan izin pengajuan pembebasan bersyarat pada tahun kedelapan serta diberhentikan dengan tidak hormat dari Angkatan Darat AS.[2] Manning adalah seorang wanita transgender. Satu hari setelah dijatuhi vonisnya, Manning berkata bahwa ia merasa dirinya adalah perempuan semenjak kecil serta menyatakan keingininannya untuk dikenal sebagai Chlesea[7] dan memulai terapi penyulihan hormon.[8] Sejak awal masa hidupnya serta selama kariernya di militer, Manning dikenal sebagai Bradley. Ia menerima diagnosis gangguan identitas gender saat ia masih bertugas di Angkatan Darat AS.[9]

Pada tahun 2009, Manning ditugaskan di sebuah satuan angkatan darat di Irak sebagai penganalisis intelijen yang memungkinkannya untuk mengakses pusat data-data rahasia. Pada awal tahun 2010, ia membocorkan informasi rahasia ke WikiLeaks dan memberitahukannya kepada seorang teman Internetnya yaitu Adrian Lamo. Lamo kemudian melaporkannya kepada Badan Kontra Intelijen Angkatan Darat Amerika Serikat dan Manning ditahan pada bulan Mei. Material yang diteruskan mencakup video serangan udara Baghdad 12 Juli 2007, serangan udara Granai 2009 di Afganistan, 251.287 pesan diplomatik AS,[10] dan 482.832 laporan angkatan darat yang kelak dikenal sebagai Catatan Perang Irak[11] dan Catatan Perang Afganistan.[12] Sebagian besar material ini dirilis oleh WikiLeaks atau rekan medianya antara April dan November 2010.[13]

Manning didakwa atas 22 pelanggaran, termasuk membantu musuh yang dapat membuatnya mendapatkan hukuman mati.[14] Ia ditahan di Marine Corps Brig, Quantico, Virginia sejak Juli 2010 sampai April 2011 dengan status Prevention of Injury, yang secara de facto mengharuskannya ditahan dalam sel soliter disertai dengan beberapa peraturan khusus lainnya yang memicu perhatian dari dalam AS dan luar negeri. Ia kemudian dipindahkan ke Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, tempat ia bisa berinteraksi dengan tahanan lain.[15] Ia mengaku bersalah atas 10 dakwaan kepada pengadilan pada bulan Februari 2013.[16] Pengadilan untuk dakwaan lainnya dimulai pada tanggal 3 Juni 2013 dan pada tanggal 30 Juli, Manning didakwa atas 17 dakwaan awal dan 4 dakwaan yang telah diubah namun ia tidak didakwa membantu musuh.[1] Pengadilan menjatuhkan Manning hukuman 35 tahun penjara di United States Disciplinary Barracks di Fort Leavenworth.[17]

Tindakan yang dilakukan Manning serta penangkapan sekaligus penahanannya menuai reaksi beragam. Denver Nicks, salah satu penulis biografi Manning, menyebutkan bahwa dokumen yang ia bocorkan, terutama soal pesan-pesan diplomatik, dianggap luas sebagai pemicu terjadinya Musim Semi Arab yang bermula pada Desember 2010. Ia juga menyebutkan bahwa Manning dipandang sebagai Tank Man abad ke-21 juga sebagai seorang pengkhianat yang selama ini telah memperoleh perlakuan buruk.[18] Reporters Without Borders mengutuk durasi hukuman yang dijatuhkan kepada Manning dan menyatakan bahwa hal ini menunjukkan betapa rentannya seorang whistleblower terhadap hukuman pidana.[19]

Presiden Barack Obama pada tanggal 17 Januari 2017 memberikan grasi terhadap Manning dengan mengganti hukumannya menjadi 7 tahun penjara dihitung sejak awal ia ditahan oleh pada Mei 2010. Manning dijadwalkan bebas pada 17 Mei 2017.[20]

Lihat pula

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Catatan

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  • Catatan: Sumber yang dipakai berulang-ulang atau penting bagi artikel ini dipaparkan secara pendek di subbbagian ini, layaknya sebuah buku; untuk kutipan penuh sumber-sumber tersebut, lihat subbagian Referensi di bawah. Sumber lain dikutip penuh di subbagian ini.
  1. ^ a b Tate, J. dan Londoño, E. "Bradley Manning found not guilty of aiding the enemy, convicted on other charges", The Washington Post, 30 Juli 2013.
  2. ^ a b Tate, Julie. "Judge sentences Bradley Manning to 35 years", The Washington Post, 21 Agustus 2013.
  3. ^ "If you have been convicted by a court-martial and are serving time in a military prison, you are still technically in the military." www.nolo.com/legal-encyclopedia Hentet 18. Januari 2017.
  4. ^ Lewis, Paul. "Bradley Manning given 35-year prison term for passing files to WikiLeaks", The Guardian, 21 Agustus 2013.
  5. ^ Londoño, Ernesto. "Convicted leaker Bradley Manning changes legal name to Chelsea Elizabeth Manning". The Washington Post. Diakses tanggal 27 April 2014. 
  6. ^ Manning, Chelsea E (27 Mei 2015). "The years since I was jailed for releasing the 'war diaries' have been a rollercoaster". The Guardian. Diakses tanggal 28 Mei 2015. 
  7. ^ "21 Transgender People Who Influenced American Culture". Time. 
  8. ^ Manning, Chelsea E. "The Next Stage of My Life", press release, 22 Agustus 2013: "As I transition into this next phase of my life, I want everyone to know the real me. I am Chelsea Manning. I am a female. Given the way that I feel, and have felt since childhood, I want to begin hormone therapy as soon as possible. ... I also request that, starting today, you refer to me by my new name and use the feminine pronoun (except in official mail to the confinement facility). ... Thank you, Chelsea E. Manning"
  9. ^ Clark, Meredith (22 Agustus 2013). "'I am Chelsea Manning'". Diakses tanggal 28 Oktober 2013. Dr. David Moulton, the forensic psychologist assigned to review Manning's case, said that Manning was suffering from gender identity disorder, a diagnosis supported by a military sanity board. 
  10. ^ "Secret US Embassy Cables". WikiLeaks. 28 November 2010. Diakses tanggal 28 Mei 2015. 
  11. ^ "Iraq War logs". WikiLeaks. 22 Oktober 2010. Diakses tanggal 28 Mei 2015. 
  12. ^ "Afghan War diary". WikiLeaks. 25 Juli 2010. Diakses tanggal 28 Mei 2015. 
  13. ^ Leigh dan Harding 2011, pp. 194ff, 211.
  14. ^ Nicks, 23 September 2010.
  15. ^ Untuk surat dari beberapa ahli hukum soal Manning, lihat Ackerman, B. dan Benkler, Y. "Private Manning's Humiliation", The New York Review of Books. Diakses pada 5 April 2011 (lihat versi terkoreksinya di sini [1]).
  16. ^ "Judge accepts Manning's guilty pleas in WikiLeaks case" Diarsipkan 2013-10-29 di Wayback Machine., CBS News, 28 Februari 2013.
  17. ^ Hanna, J. "Manning to Serve Sentence at Famous Leavenworth", Associated Press, 21 Agustus 2013.
  18. ^ Sebagai perbandingan, lihat Nicks, 2012, p. 3 dan pp. 212–216.
  19. ^ "Lengthy prison term for Bradley Manning" Diarsipkan 2013-08-21 di Wayback Machine., Reporters Without Borders, 21 Agustus 2013.
  20. ^ Savage, Charlie (17 Januari 2017). "Obama Commutes Bulk of Chelsea Manning's Sentence". The New York Times. Diakses tanggal 17 Januari 2017. 

Referensi

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Buku
  • Brooke, Heather. The Revolution Will Be Digitised. William Heinemann, 2011.
  • Domscheit-Berg, Daniel. Inside WikiLeaks. Doubleday, 2011.
  • Fowler, Andrew. The Most Dangerous Man in the World. Skyhorse Publishing, 2011.
  • Leigh, David and Harding, Luke. WikiLeaks: Inside Julian Assange's War on Secrecy. Guardian Books, 2011.
  • Nicks, Denver. Private: Bradley Manning, WikiLeaks, and the Biggest Exposure of Official Secrets in American History. Chicago Review Press, 2012.
Artikel penting
Artikel penting tentang catatan obrolan Lamo-Manning, sesuai urutan waktu terbit
Audio/video

Bacaan lanjutan

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Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Chelsea Manning.
Artikel
Buku
  • Assange, Julian and O'Hagan, Andrew. Julian Assange: The Unauthorised Autobiography. Canongate, 2011.
  • Madar, Chase. The Passion of Bradley Manning. OR Books, 2012.
  • Mitchell, Greg and Gosztola, Kevin. Truth and Consequences: The U.S. vs. Bradley Manning. Sinclair Books, 2012.
Audio/video
Dokumen hukum

Pranala luar

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