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'''Observatorium angkasa''' adalah segala alat yang berada di [[luar angkasa]] yang digunakan untuk mengamati planet, galaksi, dan benda planet lainnya.
[[Berkas:Spitzer, Hubble and XMM-Newton.jpg|jmpl|Observatorium [[angkasa]]: [[Hubble]], [[XMM-Newton]], dan [[Spitzer]]]]

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'''Observatorium angkasa''' adalah segala alat yang berada di [[luar angkasa]] yang digunakan untuk mengamati planet, [[galaksi]], dan benda [[planet]] lainnya.


== Perkenalan ==
== Perkenalan ==
[[Berkas:Hubble Space Telescope (27946391011).jpg|300px|jmpl]]
Beberapa observatorium telah diluncurkan ke orbit, dan kebanyakan telah memperluas pengetahuan kita tentang [[kosmos]]. Pengamatan [[astronomi]] dari [[Bumi]] dibatasi oleh pemfilteran dan gangguan [[radiasi elektromagnetik]] karena [[atmosfer]] [[Bumi]]. Oleh karena itu mengirim observatorium ke luar angkasa sangat diperlukan. Sebagaimana sebuah [[teleskop]] mengorbit Bumi di luar atmosfer dia tidak kena oleh [[twinkling]] (distorsi karena turbulensi panas udara) atau [[polusi cahaya]] dari sumber cahaya buatan di Bumi. Beberapa teleskop landas bumi (seperti [[Teleskop Keck I dan II]], [[Very Large Telescope]]) dapat menghilangkan efek turbulensi atmosfer dengan bantuan [[optik adaptif]]nya.
Beberapa observatorium telah diluncurkan ke orbit, dan kebanyakan telah memperluas pengetahuan kita tentang [[kosmos]]. Pengamatan [[astronomi]] dari [[Bumi]] dibatasi oleh pemfilteran dan gangguan [[radiasi elektromagnetik]] karena [[atmosfer]] [[Bumi]]. Oleh karena itu mengirim observatorium ke luar angkasa sangat diperlukan. Sebagaimana sebuah [[teleskop]] mengorbit Bumi di luar atmosfer dia tidak kena oleh [[twinkling]] (distorsi karena turbulensi panas udara) atau [[polusi cahaya]] dari sumber cahaya buatan di Bumi. Beberapa teleskop landas bumi (seperti [[Teleskop Keck I dan II]], [[Very Large Telescope]]) dapat menghilangkan efek turbulensi atmosfer dengan bantuan [[optik adaptif]]nya.


Astronomi berbasis-angkasa bahkan lebih penting untuk menjangkau frekuensi yang berada di luar [[jendela optik]] dan [[jendela radio]], kedua rentang panjang gelombang dari [[spektrum elektromagnetik]] yang tidak berkurang oleh atmosfer. Contohnya, Pengamatan [[sinar-X]] hampir tidak mungkin bila dilakukan dari Bumi, dan telah mencapai tempat yang penting dalam astronomi hanya karena satelit orbit yang dilengkapi dengan teleskop sinar-X seperti [[Observatorium Chandra]].
Astronomi berbasis-angkasa bahkan lebih penting untuk menjangkau frekuensi yang berada di luar [[jendela optik]] dan [[jendela radio]], kedua rentang panjang gelombang dari [[spektrum elektromagnetik]] yang tidak berkurang oleh atmosfer. Contohnya, Pengamatan [[sinar-X]] hampir tidak mungkin bila dilakukan dari Bumi, dan telah mencapai tempat yang penting dalam astronomi hanya karena satelit orbit yang dilengkapi dengan teleskop sinar-X seperti [[Observatorium Chandra]].



Observatorium angkasa umumnya dibagi menjadi dua kelas: misi memetakan seluruh langit, dan observatorium yang membuat pengamatan bagian tertentu dari langit.
Observatorium angkasa umumnya dibagi menjadi dua kelas: misi memetakan seluruh langit, dan observatorium yang membuat pengamatan bagian tertentu dari langit.
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* Teleskop Ruang Angkasa Hubble <!--, now known as [[Hubble Space Telescope]] (HST) is the optical Great Observatory. It was launched to great acclaim and soon after discovered to be flawed. Its main [[mirror]] contained imperfections in its grinding that resulted from a certain production limitation being accounted for twice. It has now been fitted with the equivalent of spectacles to compensate for this.-->
* Teleskop Ruang Angkasa Hubble <!--, now known as [[Hubble Space Telescope]] (HST) is the optical Great Observatory. It was launched to great acclaim and soon after discovered to be flawed. Its main [[mirror]] contained imperfections in its grinding that resulted from a certain production limitation being accounted for twice. It has now been fitted with the equivalent of spectacles to compensate for this.-->
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* Observatorium [[Gamma ray]] Compton <!--, since renamed to The [[Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory]], had to be disposed of after several years of productive life. Its [[gyroscope]]s began to fail and when it was down to its last gyroscope, the choice was to risk losing control or destroying the observatory. NASA de-orbited the bus-sized [[satellite]] into the [[Pacific Ocean]] in [[2000]].-->

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* Observatorium [[gamma ray|Gamma ray]] Compton <!--, since renamed to The [[Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory]], had to be disposed of after several years of productive life. Its [[gyroscope]]s began to fail and when it was down to its last gyroscope, the choice was to risk losing control or destroying the observatory. NASA de-orbited the bus-sized [[satellite]] into the [[Pacific Ocean]] in [[2000]].-->

* Observatorium [[Sinar-X Chandra]] <!--are also represented in the Great Observatories, with the [[Chandra X-ray Observatory]], renamed (from AXAF) in honor of the great Indian astrophysicist [[Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]]. This has been used to great effect to study distant [[galaxy|galaxies]] and is still operational.-->
* Observatorium [[Sinar-X Chandra]] <!--are also represented in the Great Observatories, with the [[Chandra X-ray Observatory]], renamed (from AXAF) in honor of the great Indian astrophysicist [[Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]]. This has been used to great effect to study distant [[galaxy|galaxies]] and is still operational.-->

* Teleskop Ruang Angkasa Spitzer <!--is the fourth observatory, originally called the Space Infrared Telescope Facility, SIRTF, launched on [[August 24]], [[2003]].-->
* Teleskop Ruang Angkasa Spitzer <!--is the fourth observatory, originally called the Space Infrared Telescope Facility, SIRTF, launched on [[August 24]], [[2003]].-->


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* [[IRAS]]<!--, which performed an all-sky survey in infrared, as well as discovering disks of dust and gas around many nearby [[star]]s, such as [[Fomalhaut]], [[Vega]] and [[Beta Pictoris]]. This ceased functioning in [[1982]] and has since re-entered the atmosphere.-->
* [[IRAS]]<!--, which performed an all-sky survey in infrared, as well as discovering disks of dust and gas around many nearby [[star]]s, such as [[Fomalhaut]], [[Vega]] and [[Beta Pictoris]]. This ceased functioning in [[1982]] and has since re-entered the atmosphere.-->

* ISO ([[Infrared Space Observatory]])<!--, an ESA ([[European Space Agency]]) mission, followed IRAS and carried out observations at infra-red wavelengths.-->
* ISO ([[Infrared Space Observatory]])<!--, an ESA ([[European Space Agency]]) mission, followed IRAS and carried out observations at infra-red wavelengths.-->

* IUE ([[International Ultraviolet Explorer]])<!--, an ESA/NASA/UK observatory that was launched in 1978 with a planned lifetime of 3 years. It was eventually switched off in 1996.-->
* IUE ([[International Ultraviolet Explorer]])<!--, an ESA/NASA/UK observatory that was launched in 1978 with a planned lifetime of 3 years. It was eventually switched off in 1996.-->

* [[Solar and Heliospheric Observatory|SOHO]] <!--is a solar observatory that is currently operational and used for the study of the [[Sun]]'s corona and magnetic environments. SOHO has revolutionised our knowledge of the Sun.-->
* [[Solar and Heliospheric Observatory|SOHO]] <!--is a solar observatory that is currently operational and used for the study of the [[Sun]]'s corona and magnetic environments. SOHO has revolutionised our knowledge of the Sun.-->

* [[SCISAT-1]] <!--is a Canadian satellite which observes Earth's upper atmosphere with an optical Fourier transform infrared [[spectrometer]].-->
* [[SCISAT-1]] <!--is a Canadian satellite which observes Earth's upper atmosphere with an optical Fourier transform infrared [[spectrometer]].-->

* [[Uhuru]]<!--, the first ([[1970]]) X-Ray space observatory.-->
* [[Uhuru]]<!--, the first ([[1970]]) X-Ray space observatory.-->

* [[HEAO]] (High Energy Astronomy Observatories) <!--[[1st_High_Energy_Astrophysics_Observatory|1]] and 2, subsequent ([[1978]]) X-Ray space observatories.-->
* [[HEAO]] (High Energy Astronomy Observatories) <!--[[1st_High_Energy_Astrophysics_Observatory|1]] and 2, subsequent ([[1978]]) X-Ray space observatories.-->

* [[Hipparcos]] <!--was a satellite for measuring stellar [[parallax]]. Despite significant operational problems, it revised the [[Cepheid variable star]] distance scale to great accuracy and has been invaluable for all branches of observational [[astronomy]] by furnishing scientists with extremely accurate "standard candles" for measuring distances.-->
* [[Hipparcos]] <!--was a satellite for measuring stellar [[parallax]]. Despite significant operational problems, it revised the [[Cepheid variable star]] distance scale to great accuracy and has been invaluable for all branches of observational [[astronomy]] by furnishing scientists with extremely accurate "standard candles" for measuring distances.-->
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* [[Microvariability and Oscillations of STars telescope|MOST]] <!--was launched in 2003 for the [[Canadian Space Agency]] and it is the smallest space telescope in the world, being the size of a small chest or a very large suitcase. It is expected to last five years.-->


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== Observatorium angkasa masa depan ==
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* [[Microvariability and Oscillations of STars telescope|MOST]] <!--was launched in 2003 for the [[Canadian Space Agency]] and it is the smallest space telescope in the world, being the size of a small chest or a very large suitcase. It is expected to last five years.-->

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== Observatorium angkasar masa depan ==


* [[Herschel Space Observatory]] <!--will be launched by the [[European Space Agency]] in [[2007]] to study the [[far infrared]] and [[submillimeter]] wavelengths.-->
* [[Herschel Space Observatory]] <!--will be launched by the [[European Space Agency]] in [[2007]] to study the [[far infrared]] and [[submillimeter]] wavelengths.-->

* [[James Webb Space Telescope]] <!--is intended to replace the [[Hubble Space Telescope]] and is planned for launch between [[2009]] and [[2011]].-->
* [[James Webb Space Telescope]] <!--is intended to replace the [[Hubble Space Telescope]] and is planned for launch between [[2009]] and [[2011]].-->


== Lihat juga ==
== Lihat pula ==
* [[Astrofisika]]
* [[Astrofisika]]
* [[Observatorium]]
* [[Observatorium]]
* [[Garis waktu satelit buatan dan probe angkasa]]
* [[Garis waktu satelit buatan dan probe angkasa]]
* [[Garis waktu teleskop, observatorium, dan teknologi observasi]]
* [[Garis waktu teleskop, observatorium, dan teknologi observasi]]
{{Observatorium angkasa}}



[[Kategori:Observatorium| ]]
[[Kategori:Observatorium| ]]
[[Kategori:Wahana antariksa nirawak]]

[[bs:Svemirski opservatorij]]
[[da:Astronomisatellitter]]
[[de:Weltraumteleskop]]
[[en:Space observatory]]
[[es:Observatorio espacial]]
[[fi:Avaruustutkimusasema]]
[[fr:Télescope spatial]]
[[he:טלסקופ חלל]]
[[hu:Csillagászati műhold]]
[[it:Telescopio spaziale]]
[[ja:宇宙望遠鏡]]
[[lb:Weltraumteleskop]]
[[lv:Orbitālā observatorija]]
[[nl:Ruimtetelescoop]]
[[no:Astronomisk satellitt]]
[[pt:Observatório espacial]]
[[zh:太空天文台]]

Revisi terkini sejak 23 Juni 2024 14.28

Observatorium angkasa: Hubble, XMM-Newton, dan Spitzer

Observatorium angkasa adalah segala alat yang berada di luar angkasa yang digunakan untuk mengamati planet, galaksi, dan benda planet lainnya.

Perkenalan

[sunting | sunting sumber]

Beberapa observatorium telah diluncurkan ke orbit, dan kebanyakan telah memperluas pengetahuan kita tentang kosmos. Pengamatan astronomi dari Bumi dibatasi oleh pemfilteran dan gangguan radiasi elektromagnetik karena atmosfer Bumi. Oleh karena itu mengirim observatorium ke luar angkasa sangat diperlukan. Sebagaimana sebuah teleskop mengorbit Bumi di luar atmosfer dia tidak kena oleh twinkling (distorsi karena turbulensi panas udara) atau polusi cahaya dari sumber cahaya buatan di Bumi. Beberapa teleskop landas bumi (seperti Teleskop Keck I dan II, Very Large Telescope) dapat menghilangkan efek turbulensi atmosfer dengan bantuan optik adaptifnya.

Astronomi berbasis-angkasa bahkan lebih penting untuk menjangkau frekuensi yang berada di luar jendela optik dan jendela radio, kedua rentang panjang gelombang dari spektrum elektromagnetik yang tidak berkurang oleh atmosfer. Contohnya, Pengamatan sinar-X hampir tidak mungkin bila dilakukan dari Bumi, dan telah mencapai tempat yang penting dalam astronomi hanya karena satelit orbit yang dilengkapi dengan teleskop sinar-X seperti Observatorium Chandra.

Observatorium angkasa umumnya dibagi menjadi dua kelas: misi memetakan seluruh langit, dan observatorium yang membuat pengamatan bagian tertentu dari langit.

Banyak observatorium angkasa telah menyelesaikan misinya, dan lainnya masih beroperasi. Satelit telah diluncurkan oleh NASA, ESA dan Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency.

Observatorium besar NASA

[sunting | sunting sumber]

Satelit yang dimiliki program "Observatorium Besar" NASA:

  • Teleskop Ruang Angkasa Hubble
  • Observatorium Gamma ray Compton
  • Observatorium Sinar-X Chandra
  • Teleskop Ruang Angkasa Spitzer

Observatorium angkasa terkenal lainnya

[sunting | sunting sumber]

Observatorium angkasa masa depan

[sunting | sunting sumber]

Lihat pula

[sunting | sunting sumber]
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