Gerbang Titus: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{About|the main arch of Titus on the Via Sacra|the one by the Circus Maximus|Arch of Titus (Circus Maximus)}} |
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[[Berkas:Rom, Titusbogen 2.jpg|jmpl|Gerbang Titus]] |
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'''Gerbang Titus''' ({{lang-en|Arch of Titus}}; {{lang-it|Arco di Tito}}) adalah suatu gerbang dengan pintu melengkung yang dibangun pada abad pertama Masehi untuk penghormatan,<ref>Sebenarnya bukan merupakan suatu gerbang perayaan kemenangan; Gerbang perayaan kemenangan Titus ([[ |
'''Gerbang Titus''' ({{lang-en|Arch of Titus}}; {{lang-it|Arco di Tito}}) adalah suatu gerbang dengan pintu melengkung yang dibangun pada abad pertama Masehi untuk penghormatan,<ref>Sebenarnya bukan merupakan suatu gerbang perayaan kemenangan; Gerbang perayaan kemenangan Titus ([[Arch of Titus (Circus Maximus)|triumphal arch of Titus]]) berada di [[Circus Maximus]].</ref> terletak di jalan bernama [[Via Sacra]], [[Roma]], tidak jauh di sebelah tenggara [[Forum Romawi]]. Dibangun pada tahun 82 M oleh [[Kaisar Romawi]] [[Domitian]] sesaat setelah kematian abangnya, [[Titus]], untuk memperingati kemenangan-kemenangan Titus, termasuk [[Pengepungan Yerusalem (70)|Pengepungan Yerusalem pada tahun 70 M.]] |
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The Arch of Titus has provided the general model for many of the [[triumphal arch]]es erected since the 16th century—perhaps most famously it is the inspiration for the 1806 [[Arc de Triomphe]] in [[Paris]], [[France]], completed in 1836. |
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==History==--> |
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[[File:TitusbogenFront.jpg|thumb|The Arch of Titus]] |
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[[File:Rom, Titusbogen, Triumphzug 3.jpg|thumb|Original [[relief]] from the Arch of Titus showing spoils from the [[Siege of Jerusalem (70)|siege of Jerusalem]].]] |
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Based on the style of sculptural details, [[Domitian]]'s favored architect [[Rabirius (architect)|Rabirius]], sometimes credited with the [[Colosseum]], may have executed the arch. Without contemporary documentation, however, attributions of Roman buildings on basis of style are considered shaky. {{cn|date=August 2014}} |
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Gerbang Titus telah menjadi model umum bagi banyak [[triumphal arch|gerbang kemenangan]] yang didirikan sejak abad ke-16—mungkin yang paling terkenal adalah sebagai ilham bagi [[Arc de Triomphe]] yang dibangun pada tahun 1806 di [[Paris]], [[Prancis]], dan diselesaikan pada tahun 1836. |
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== Sejarah == |
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[[Berkas:Arch of Titus (Roma).jpg|jmpl|Gerbang Titus]] |
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[[Berkas:Rom, Titusbogen, Triumphzug 3.jpg|jmpl|Ukiran asli pada Gerbang Titus yang menunjukkan jarahan-jarahan dari [[Pengepungan Yerusalem (70)|pengepungan Yerusalem]].]] |
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Berdasarkan gaya pemahatan, arsitek kesayangan [[Domitian]], [[Rabirius (architect)|Rabirius]], yang diyakini membangun [[Colosseum]], juga dipercaya membangun gerbang ini. Tanpa adanya dokumentasi pada zaman itu, sulit untuk memastikan kebenaran informasi pembangunan pada zaman Romawi hanya dari pengamatan gaya pembuatan. |
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The [[Frangipani family]] turned it into a fortified tower in the [[Middle Ages]].<ref name="LetsGo76">''[[Let's Go City Guide|A Let's Go City Guide: Rome]]'', p. 76, Vedran Lekić, 2004; ISBN 1-4050-3329-0.</ref> It was one of the first buildings sustaining a modern restoration, starting with [[Raffaele Stern]] in 1817 and continued by [[Valadier]] under [[Pius VII]] in 1821, with new capitals and with [[travertine]] [[masonry]], distinguishable from the original. The restoration was a model for the country side of [[Porta Pia]].<ref name="LetsGo76"/><ref name="Woodward">''The Buildings of Europe: Rome'', page 33, Christopher Woodward, 1995; ISBN 0-7190-4032-9.</ref> |
The [[Frangipani family]] turned it into a fortified tower in the [[Middle Ages]].<ref name="LetsGo76">''[[Let's Go City Guide|A Let's Go City Guide: Rome]]'', p. 76, Vedran Lekić, 2004; ISBN 1-4050-3329-0.</ref> It was one of the first buildings sustaining a modern restoration, starting with [[Raffaele Stern]] in 1817 and continued by [[Valadier]] under [[Pius VII]] in 1821, with new capitals and with [[travertine]] [[masonry]], distinguishable from the original. The restoration was a model for the country side of [[Porta Pia]].<ref name="LetsGo76"/><ref name="Woodward">''The Buildings of Europe: Rome'', page 33, Christopher Woodward, 1995; ISBN 0-7190-4032-9.</ref> |
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== Pemerian == |
== Pemerian == |
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Gerbang itu berukuran besar dengan kolom-kolom [[ |
Gerbang itu berukuran besar dengan kolom-kolom [[Fluting (architecture)|''fluted'']] maupun ''unfluted'', yang terakhir merupakan hasil restorasi dari abad ke-19.<ref name="Artus"/> [[Spandrel]] di bagian atas kiri dan kanan gerbang itu memuat personifikasi kemenangan sebagai perempuan-perempuan bersayap. Di antara spandrel-spandrel itu terdapat [[keystone (architecture)|''keystone'']], di mana berdiri seorang perempuan pada sisi timur dan seorang laki-laki pada sisi barat.<ref name="Artus"/> |
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[[File:Arch of Titus Detail.jpg|thumb|left|Detail of the central soffit [[coffer]]s]] |
<!--[[File:Arch of Titus Detail.jpg|thumb|left|Detail of the central soffit [[coffer]]s]]--> |
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[[ |
[[Soffit]] pada axial archway dihiasi penuh dengan ukiran-ukiran dari [[apotheosis]] Titus di tengah-tengah. Program sculptural juga meliputi dua panel ukiran yang berderet dalam jalur jalanan gerbang. Keduanya memperingati [[Roman triumph|perayaan kemenangan]] dari Titus dan ayahnya [[Vespasian]] pada musim panas tahun 71 M. |
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Panel selatan menggambarkan jarahan-jarahan yang diambil dari [[Bait Allah (Yerusalem)|Bait Suci di]] [[Yerusalem]]. "''Golden Candelabra''" atau [[Menorah]] menjadi fokus utama dan diukir dengan dalam. Barang-barang suci lain yang diarak dalam prosesi itu adalah "Terompet-terompet Emas" (''Gold Trumpets'') dan "Meja Persembahan Roti" (''Table of Shew bread'').<ref name="Artus">{{Cite book |
Panel selatan menggambarkan jarahan-jarahan yang diambil dari [[Bait Allah (Yerusalem)|Bait Suci di]] [[Yerusalem]]. "''Golden Candelabra''" atau [[Menorah]] menjadi fokus utama dan diukir dengan dalam. Barang-barang suci lain yang diarak dalam prosesi itu adalah "Terompet-terompet Emas" (''Gold Trumpets'') dan "Meja Persembahan Roti" (''Table of Shew bread'').<ref name="Artus">{{Cite book |
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|first = Paul |
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|year = 2006 |
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|title = Art and Architecture of the Roman Empire |
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|publisher = Bellona Books |
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|isbn = 978-0-9582693-1-5 |
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|pages = 45–48 |
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}}</ref> These spoils were likely originally colored gold, with the background in blue.<ref name="Artus"/> In 2012 the Arch of Titus Digital Restoration Project discovered remains of yellow ochre paint on the menorah relief.<ref>yu.edu/cis</ref> |
}}</ref> These spoils were likely originally colored gold, with the background in blue.<ref name="Artus"/> In 2012 the Arch of Titus Digital Restoration Project discovered remains of yellow ochre paint on the menorah relief.<ref>yu.edu/cis</ref> |
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The sculpture of the outer faces of the two great piers was lost when the Arch of Titus was incorporated in medieval defensive walls. The [[attic style|attic]] of the arch was originally crowned by more statuary, perhaps of a gilded chariot.<ref name="Artus"/> The main inscription used to be ornamented by letters made of perhaps [[silver]], [[gold]] or some other metal. |
The sculpture of the outer faces of the two great piers was lost when the Arch of Titus was incorporated in medieval defensive walls. The [[attic style|attic]] of the arch was originally crowned by more statuary, perhaps of a gilded chariot.<ref name="Artus"/> The main inscription used to be ornamented by letters made of perhaps [[silver]], [[gold]] or some other metal. |
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==Inskripsi == |
== Inskripsi == |
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[[ |
[[Berkas:Arch.of.Titus-Inscription.jpg|jmpl|Inskripsi pada Gerbang Titus]] |
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[[ |
[[Berkas:Canaletto (I) 054.jpg|jmpl|Gerbang Titus pada tahun 1744, sebelum direstorasi. Lukisan oleh [[Canaletto]].]] |
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Inskripsi dalam huruf [[ |
Inskripsi dalam huruf [[Roman square capitals]] Berbunyi: |
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<blockquote>SENATVS<br> |
<blockquote>SENATVS<br> |
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Pius the Seventh, Supreme Pontiff, <br> |
Pius the Seventh, Supreme Pontiff, <br> |
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by new works on the model of the ancient exemplar <br> |
by new works on the model of the ancient exemplar <br> |
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ordered it reinforced and preserved. |
ordered it reinforced and preserved.<br> |
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• In the 24th year of his sacred rulership. • </blockquote> |
• In the 24th year of his sacred rulership. • </blockquote> |
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== Nilai penting == |
== Nilai penting == |
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Gerbang itu memberikan gambaran artefak dari periode [[Bait Kedua|Bait Allah kedua]] pada abad pertama [[Masehi]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Shragai |
Gerbang itu memberikan gambaran artefak dari periode [[Bait Kedua|Bait Allah kedua]] pada abad pertama [[Masehi]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Shragai|first=Nadav|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/first-temple-artifacts-found-in-dirt-removed-from-temple-mount-1.202839|title=First Temple artifacts found in dirt removed from Temple Mount|publisher=Haaretz.com|date=2006-10-19|accessdate=2013-08-31|archive-date=2011-11-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102125754/http://www.haaretz.com/news/first-temple-artifacts-found-in-dirt-removed-from-temple-mount-1.202839|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>Bromiley, Geoffrey W., "The international standard Bible encyclopedia", pg. 98 "Usually associated with the ''báma'' are the cult objects known as ''massébá'' and ''séra''".</ref> |
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However, when the existence of modern State of Israel was formally declared, many Roman Jews gathered by the arch and in joyful celebration, walked backwards under the arch to symbolize beginning of the long-awaited redemption from the Roman Exile.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fangduffkahn.com/blog/2011/jul/25/roman-jews-and-the-arch-of-titus-0|title=Roman Jews and the Arch of Titus|publisher=Fangduffkahn.com|date=2011-07-25|accessdate=2013-08-31}}</ref> |
However, when the existence of modern State of Israel was formally declared, many Roman Jews gathered by the arch and in joyful celebration, walked backwards under the arch to symbolize beginning of the long-awaited redemption from the Roman Exile.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fangduffkahn.com/blog/2011/jul/25/roman-jews-and-the-arch-of-titus-0|title=Roman Jews and the Arch of Titus|publisher=Fangduffkahn.com|date=2011-07-25|accessdate=2013-08-31}}</ref> |
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[[Menorah]] yang terukir pada Gerbang itu menjadi model menorah yang digunakan untuk [[ |
[[Menorah]] yang terukir pada Gerbang itu menjadi model menorah yang digunakan untuk [[Lambang Israel|lambang/emblem negara Israel]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Mishory|first=Alec|url=http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/emblem.html|title=Israel National Symbols: The State Emblem|publisher=Jewish Virtual Library|accessdate=2014-07-30|archive-date=2022-05-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524032012/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/emblem.html|dead-url=no}}</ref> |
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== Pengaruh arsitektur == |
== Pengaruh arsitektur == |
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Bangunan-bangunan yang dibuat menurut atau diilhami oleh Gerbang Titus termasuk: |
Bangunan-bangunan yang dibuat menurut atau diilhami oleh Gerbang Titus termasuk: |
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* ''Facade'' pada [[Basilica di Sant'Andrea di Mantova]] (1462) oleh [[Leon Battista Alberti]] |
* ''Facade'' pada [[:En:Basilica di Sant'Andrea di Mantova|Basilica di Sant'Andrea di Mantova]] (1462) oleh [[:En:Leon Battista Alberti|Leon Battista Alberti]] |
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*[[Arc de Triomphe]] (1806), [[Paris]], [[ |
* [[Arc de Triomphe]] (1806), [[Paris]], [[Prancis]] |
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*[[National Memorial Arch]] (1910) pada [[Valley Forge National Historical Park]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[Amerika Serikat]] |
* [[:En:National Memorial Arch|National Memorial Arch]] (1910) pada [[Valley Forge National Historical Park]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[Amerika Serikat]] |
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* "The Soldier's and Sailor's arch" pada[[Grand Army Plaza]], di [[Brooklyn]], [[New York]], [[Amerika Serikat]] |
* "The Soldier's and Sailor's arch" pada [[:En:Grand Army Plaza|Grand Army Plaza]], di [[Brooklyn]], [[New York]], [[Amerika Serikat]] |
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* "The arch" pada [[Washington Square Park, New York]] |
* "The arch" pada [[Washington Square Park, New York]] |
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* [[India |
* [[Gerbang India (New Delhi)|Gerbang India]], [[New Delhi]], [[India]] (1931) |
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* [[Fusiliers' Arch]], [[Dublin]] (1907) |
* [[Fusiliers' Arch]], [[Dublin]] (1907) |
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==Lihat pula == |
== Lihat pula == |
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[[ |
[[Berkas:Titusbuen i Rom.jpg|jmpl|Gerbang Titus dilukis pada tahun 1839 oleh [[Constantin Hansen]].]] |
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{{external media | width = 210px | align = right | video1 =[http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/arch-of-titus.html Smarthistory - Arch of Titus]<ref name="smarth">{{cite web | title =Arch of Titus | work = | publisher =Smarthistory at Khan Academy | date = | url =http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/arch-of-titus.html | accessdate =December 19, 2012 }}</ref> }} |
{{external media | width = 210px | align = right | video1 =[http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/arch-of-titus.html Smarthistory - Arch of Titus]<ref name="smarth">{{cite web | title =Arch of Titus | work = | publisher =Smarthistory at Khan Academy | date = | url =http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/arch-of-titus.html | accessdate =December 19, 2012 | archive-date =2014-10-08 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20141008035153/http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/arch-of-titus.html | dead-url =no }}</ref> }} |
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==Referensi== |
== Referensi == |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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==Pranala luar == |
== Pranala luar == |
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{{commons |
{{commons}} |
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*[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/.Texts/PLATOP*/Arcus_Titi.html Samuel Ball Platner, ''A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome'':] Arch of Titus |
* [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/.Texts/PLATOP*/Arcus_Titi.html Samuel Ball Platner, ''A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome'':] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801105455/http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/PLATOP*/Arcus_Titi.html |date=2023-08-01 }} Arch of Titus |
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*[http://www.inrometoday.it/phototour/romanforum/titusarch/index.htm Arch of Titus] History and photos |
* [http://www.inrometoday.it/phototour/romanforum/titusarch/index.htm Arch of Titus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041109232033/http://www.inrometoday.it/phototour/romanforum/titusarch/index.htm |date=2004-11-09 }} History and photos |
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*[http://yu.edu/cis/activities/arch-of-titus/ YU-CIS: The Arch of Titus Digital Restoration Project] |
* [http://yu.edu/cis/activities/arch-of-titus/ YU-CIS: The Arch of Titus Digital Restoration Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530011027/http://yu.edu/cis/activities/arch-of-titus/ |date=2022-05-30 }} |
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*[http://forward.com/articles/188460/one-mans-campaign-against-the-arch-of-titus-and/ One Man's Campaign Against the Arch of Titus — and How It Changed Italy's Jews, by Morton Satin] |
* [http://forward.com/articles/188460/one-mans-campaign-against-the-arch-of-titus-and/ One Man's Campaign Against the Arch of Titus — and How It Changed Italy's Jews, by Morton Satin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905164401/http://forward.com/articles/188460/one-mans-campaign-against-the-arch-of-titus-and/ |date=2021-09-05 }} |
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*[http://www.go-2-nice-places.com/2014/07/arch-of-titus.html |
* [http://www.go-2-nice-places.com/2014/07/arch-of-titus.html The Arch of Titus history and photos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021223447/http://www.go-2-nice-places.com/2014/07/arch-of-titus.html |date=2014-10-21 }} |
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Revisi terkini sejak 1 Agustus 2023 10.55
41°53′27″N 12°29′19″E / 41.890717°N 12.488585°E Gerbang Titus (bahasa Inggris: Arch of Titus; bahasa Italia: Arco di Tito) adalah suatu gerbang dengan pintu melengkung yang dibangun pada abad pertama Masehi untuk penghormatan,[1] terletak di jalan bernama Via Sacra, Roma, tidak jauh di sebelah tenggara Forum Romawi. Dibangun pada tahun 82 M oleh Kaisar Romawi Domitian sesaat setelah kematian abangnya, Titus, untuk memperingati kemenangan-kemenangan Titus, termasuk Pengepungan Yerusalem pada tahun 70 M.
Gerbang Titus telah menjadi model umum bagi banyak gerbang kemenangan yang didirikan sejak abad ke-16—mungkin yang paling terkenal adalah sebagai ilham bagi Arc de Triomphe yang dibangun pada tahun 1806 di Paris, Prancis, dan diselesaikan pada tahun 1836.
Sejarah
[sunting | sunting sumber]Berdasarkan gaya pemahatan, arsitek kesayangan Domitian, Rabirius, yang diyakini membangun Colosseum, juga dipercaya membangun gerbang ini. Tanpa adanya dokumentasi pada zaman itu, sulit untuk memastikan kebenaran informasi pembangunan pada zaman Romawi hanya dari pengamatan gaya pembuatan.
Pemerian
[sunting | sunting sumber]Gerbang itu berukuran besar dengan kolom-kolom fluted maupun unfluted, yang terakhir merupakan hasil restorasi dari abad ke-19.[2] Spandrel di bagian atas kiri dan kanan gerbang itu memuat personifikasi kemenangan sebagai perempuan-perempuan bersayap. Di antara spandrel-spandrel itu terdapat keystone, di mana berdiri seorang perempuan pada sisi timur dan seorang laki-laki pada sisi barat.[2]
Soffit pada axial archway dihiasi penuh dengan ukiran-ukiran dari apotheosis Titus di tengah-tengah. Program sculptural juga meliputi dua panel ukiran yang berderet dalam jalur jalanan gerbang. Keduanya memperingati perayaan kemenangan dari Titus dan ayahnya Vespasian pada musim panas tahun 71 M.
Panel selatan menggambarkan jarahan-jarahan yang diambil dari Bait Suci di Yerusalem. "Golden Candelabra" atau Menorah menjadi fokus utama dan diukir dengan dalam. Barang-barang suci lain yang diarak dalam prosesi itu adalah "Terompet-terompet Emas" (Gold Trumpets) dan "Meja Persembahan Roti" (Table of Shew bread).[2] These spoils were likely originally colored gold, with the background in blue.[2] In 2012 the Arch of Titus Digital Restoration Project discovered remains of yellow ochre paint on the menorah relief.[3]
Inskripsi
[sunting | sunting sumber]Inskripsi dalam huruf Roman square capitals Berbunyi:
SENATVS
POPVLVSQVE·ROMANVS
DIVO·TITO·DIVI·VESPASIANI·F(ILIO)
VESPASIANO·AVGVSTO
(Senatus Populusque Romanus divo Tito divi Vespasiani filio Vespasiano Augusto)[4]
artinya "Senat dan Rakyat Romawi (menganugerahkan kepada) yang kudus Titus, putra Vespasian Augustus."
Nilai penting
[sunting | sunting sumber]Gerbang itu memberikan gambaran artefak dari periode Bait Allah kedua pada abad pertama Masehi.[5][6]
Menorah yang terukir pada Gerbang itu menjadi model menorah yang digunakan untuk lambang/emblem negara Israel.[7]
Pengaruh arsitektur
[sunting | sunting sumber]Bangunan-bangunan yang dibuat menurut atau diilhami oleh Gerbang Titus termasuk:
- Facade pada Basilica di Sant'Andrea di Mantova (1462) oleh Leon Battista Alberti
- Arc de Triomphe (1806), Paris, Prancis
- National Memorial Arch (1910) pada Valley Forge National Historical Park, Pennsylvania, Amerika Serikat
- "The Soldier's and Sailor's arch" pada Grand Army Plaza, di Brooklyn, New York, Amerika Serikat
- "The arch" pada Washington Square Park, New York
- Gerbang India, New Delhi, India (1931)
- Fusiliers' Arch, Dublin (1907)
Lihat pula
[sunting | sunting sumber]Smarthistory - Arch of Titus[8] |
Referensi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ Sebenarnya bukan merupakan suatu gerbang perayaan kemenangan; Gerbang perayaan kemenangan Titus (triumphal arch of Titus) berada di Circus Maximus.
- ^ a b c d Art and Architecture of the Roman Empire. Bellona Books. 2006. hlm. 45–48. ISBN 978-0-9582693-1-5.
- ^ yu.edu/cis
- ^ CIL 6.945
- ^ Shragai, Nadav (2006-10-19). "First Temple artifacts found in dirt removed from Temple Mount". Haaretz.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-11-02. Diakses tanggal 2013-08-31.
- ^ Bromiley, Geoffrey W., "The international standard Bible encyclopedia", pg. 98 "Usually associated with the báma are the cult objects known as massébá and séra".
- ^ Mishory, Alec. "Israel National Symbols: The State Emblem". Jewish Virtual Library. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2022-05-24. Diakses tanggal 2014-07-30.
- ^ "Arch of Titus". Smarthistory at Khan Academy. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2014-10-08. Diakses tanggal December 19, 2012.
Pranala luar
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Samuel Ball Platner, A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome: Diarsipkan 2023-08-01 di Wayback Machine. Arch of Titus
- Arch of Titus Diarsipkan 2004-11-09 di Wayback Machine. History and photos
- YU-CIS: The Arch of Titus Digital Restoration Project Diarsipkan 2022-05-30 di Wayback Machine.
- One Man's Campaign Against the Arch of Titus — and How It Changed Italy's Jews, by Morton Satin Diarsipkan 2021-09-05 di Wayback Machine.
- The Arch of Titus history and photos Diarsipkan 2014-10-21 di Wayback Machine.
- 1st-century architecture
- 1st-century establishments in Italy
- Ancient Jewish history during the Roman Empire
- Building projects of the Flavian dynasty
- Latin inscriptions
- Triumphal arches in the Roman Forum
- Ancient Roman triumphal arches in Rome
- Ancient Roman buildings and structures in Rome
- Artefak berkaitan dengan Alkitab