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'''Burung hantu bertanduk''' Amerika merupakan jenis burung dari [[genus]] '''''Bubo'''''. Genus ini memiliki sekitar satu atau dua lusin [[species]] dari keluarga [[burung hantu]], dan dapat ditemukan di berbagai tempat di dunia. Pada awalnya hanya burung hantu yang memiliki jumbai pada telinganya yang dimasukkan ke genus ini.
'''Burung hantu bertanduk''' Amerika merupakan jenis burung dari [[genus]] '''''Bubo'''''. Genus ini memiliki sekitar satu atau dua lusin [[species]] dari keluarga [[burung hantu]], dan dapat ditemukan di berbagai tempat di dunia. Pada awalnya hanya burung hantu yang memiliki jumbai pada telinganya yang dimasukkan ke genus ini.
[[Berkas:White horned owl portrait.jpg|thumb|Seekor burung hantu bertanduk putih sedang menyantap seekor tikus.]]
[[Berkas:White horned owl portrait.jpg|jmpl|Seekor burung hantu bertanduk putih sedang menyantap seekor tikus.]]
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==Systematics==
==Systematics==
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[[mtDNA]] [[cytochrome b|cytochrome ''b'']] [[DNA sequence|sequence]] data supports the decision to consider the [[Snowy Owl]] an eagle-owl [[adaptation|adapted]] to [[Arctic]] conditions and moving it into ''Bubo'', rendering the [[monotypic]] genus ''Nyctea'' invalid.<ref name = olsenetal2002>Olsen ''et al.'' (2002)</ref>
[[mtDNA]] [[cytochrome b|cytochrome ''b'']] [[DNA sequence|sequence]] data supports the decision to consider the [[Snowy Owl]] an eagle-owl [[adaptation|adapted]] to [[Arctic]] conditions and moving it into ''Bubo'', rendering the [[monotypic]] genus ''Nyctea'' invalid.<ref name = olsenetal2002>Olsen ''et al.'' (2002)</ref>


The four fish-owls previously in the genus ''[[Ketupa]]'' were provisionally moved into ''Bubo'' as well.<ref>König ''et al.'' (1999)</ref> However, the mtDNA cytochrome ''b'' data suggests that in this case, to make ''Bubo'' [[monophyletic]] the ''[[Scotopelia]]'' fishing owls would also need to be included there. On the other hand, the genus then becomes quite large and ill-defined, and ''Bubo'' in the expanded sense seems to consist of two distinct [[clade]]s. Thus, the fish and fishing owls can alternatively be united in ''Ketupa'' if some aberrant eagle-owls &ndash; at least the [[Barred Eagle-Owl|Barred]], [[Spot-bellied Eagle-Owl|Spot-bellied]] and [[Usambara Eagle-Owl]]s, perhaps also [[Fraser's Eagle-Owl]] and maybe others &ndash; are moved into that genus too. As some enigmatic eagle-owls remain essentially unstudied and others &ndash; e.g. [[Verreaux's Eagle-Owl]] &ndash; are of unresolved relationships, more research is needed.<ref name = olsenetal2002 />
The four fish-owls previously in the genus ''[[Ketupa]]'' were provisionally moved into ''Bubo'' as well.<ref>König ''et al.'' (1999)</ref> However, the mtDNA cytochrome ''b'' data suggests that in this case, to make ''Bubo'' [[monophyletic]] the ''[[Scotopelia]]'' fishing owls would also need to be included there. On the other hand, the genus then becomes quite large and ill-defined, and ''Bubo'' in the expanded sense seems to consist of two distinct [[clade]]s. Thus, the fish and fishing owls can alternatively be united in ''Ketupa'' if some aberrant eagle-owls at least the [[Barred Eagle-Owl|Barred]], [[Spot-bellied Eagle-Owl|Spot-bellied]] and [[Usambara Eagle-Owl]]s, perhaps also [[Fraser's Eagle-Owl]] and maybe others are moved into that genus too. As some enigmatic eagle-owls remain essentially unstudied and others e.g. [[Verreaux's Eagle-Owl]] are of unresolved relationships, more research is needed.<ref name = olsenetal2002 />


===Living species===
===Living species===
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Several presumed ''Bubo'' fossils have turned out to be from different birds. The Late Eocene/Early Oligocene eared owls ''"Bubo" incertus'' and ''"Bubo" arvernensis'' are now placed in the fossil [[barn-owl]] genera ''[[Nocturnavis]]'' and ''[[Necrobyas]]'', respectively. ''"Bubo" leptosteus'' is now recognized as primitive owl in the genus ''[[Minerva (owl)|Minerva]]'' (formerly ''Protostrix''). ''"Bubo" poirreiri'' from the Late Oligocene or Early Miocene of Saint-Gérard-le-Puy in France, is now placed in ''[[Mioglaux]]''.
Several presumed ''Bubo'' fossils have turned out to be from different birds. The Late Eocene/Early Oligocene eared owls ''"Bubo" incertus'' and ''"Bubo" arvernensis'' are now placed in the fossil [[barn-owl]] genera ''[[Nocturnavis]]'' and ''[[Necrobyas]]'', respectively. ''"Bubo" leptosteus'' is now recognized as primitive owl in the genus ''[[Minerva (owl)|Minerva]]'' (formerly ''Protostrix''). ''"Bubo" poirreiri'' from the Late Oligocene or Early Miocene of Saint-Gérard-le-Puy in France, is now placed in ''[[Mioglaux]]''.


On the other hand, the supposed fossil [[heron]] ''"Ardea" lignitum'' from the [[Late Pliocene]] of [[Plaue]]-Rippersroda (Germany) was apparently an owl and close to ''Bubo'' or more probably actually belongs here. Given its age &ndash; about 2 million years ago or so &ndash; it is usually included in the Eurasian Eagle-Owl today.<ref>Olson (1985): p.167, Mlíkovský (2002)</ref>
On the other hand, the supposed fossil [[heron]] ''"Ardea" lignitum'' from the [[Late Pliocene]] of [[Plaue]]-Rippersroda (Germany) was apparently an owl and close to ''Bubo'' or more probably actually belongs here. Given its age about 2 million years ago or so it is usually included in the Eurasian Eagle-Owl today.<ref>Olson (1985): p.167, Mlíkovský (2002)</ref>
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== Catatan kaki ==
== Catatan kaki ==