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===Through the Renaissance===
===Through the Renaissance===
[[Image:Santa-Maria.jpg|thumb|right|The [[carrack]] [[Santa María (ship)|''Santa María'']] of [[Christopher Columbus]]]]
[[Berkas:Santa-Maria.jpg|thumb|right|The [[carrack]] [[Santa María (ship)|''Santa María'']] of [[Christopher Columbus]]]]
Until the [[Renaissance]], navigational technology remained comparatively primitive. This absence of technology didn't prevent some civilizations from becoming sea powers. Examples include the maritime republics of [[Republic of Genoa|Genoa]] and [[Republic of Venice|Venice]], and the [[Byzantine navy]]. The [[Viking]]s used their [[knarr]]s to explore [[North America]], trade in the [[Baltic Sea]] and plunder many of the coastal regions of Western Europe.
Until the [[Renaissance]], navigational technology remained comparatively primitive. This absence of technology didn't prevent some civilizations from becoming sea powers. Examples include the maritime republics of [[Republic of Genoa|Genoa]] and [[Republic of Venice|Venice]], and the [[Byzantine navy]]. The [[Viking]]s used their [[knarr]]s to explore [[North America]], trade in the [[Baltic Sea]] and plunder many of the coastal regions of Western Europe.


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In the sixteenth century, the use of freeboard and freeing ports become widespread on [[galleon]]s. The English modified their vessels to maximize their firepower and demonstrated the effectiveness of their doctrine, in 1588, by defeating the [[Spanish Armada]].
In the sixteenth century, the use of freeboard and freeing ports become widespread on [[galleon]]s. The English modified their vessels to maximize their firepower and demonstrated the effectiveness of their doctrine, in 1588, by defeating the [[Spanish Armada]].


[[Image:Atakebune2.jpg|thumb|right|A Japanese [[atakebune]] from the 16th century]]At this time, ships were developing in Asia in much the same way as Europe. [[Japan]] used defensive naval techniques in the [[Mongol invasions of Japan]] in [[1281]]. It is likely that the Mongols of the time took advantage of both European and Asian shipbuilding techniques. In Japan, during the [[Sengoku era]] from the fifteenth to seventeenth century, the great struggle for feudal supremacy was fought, in part, by coastal fleets of several hundred boats, including the [[atakebune]].
[[Berkas:Atakebune2.jpg|thumb|right|A Japanese [[atakebune]] from the 16th century]]At this time, ships were developing in Asia in much the same way as Europe. [[Japan]] used defensive naval techniques in the [[Mongol invasions of Japan]] in [[1281]]. It is likely that the Mongols of the time took advantage of both European and Asian shipbuilding techniques. In Japan, during the [[Sengoku era]] from the fifteenth to seventeenth century, the great struggle for feudal supremacy was fought, in part, by coastal fleets of several hundred boats, including the [[atakebune]].


Fifty years before Christopher Columbus, Chinese navigator [[Zheng He]] traveled the world at the head of what was for the time a huge armada. The largest of his ships had nine masts, were {{convert|130|m|ft}} long and had a beam of {{convert|55|m|ft}}. His fleet carried 30,000 men aboard 70 vessels, with the goal of bringing glory to the Chinese emperor.
Fifty years before Christopher Columbus, Chinese navigator [[Zheng He]] traveled the world at the head of what was for the time a huge armada. The largest of his ships had nine masts, were {{convert|130|m|ft}} long and had a beam of {{convert|55|m|ft}}. His fleet carried 30,000 men aboard 70 vessels, with the goal of bringing glory to the Chinese emperor.


===Specialization and modernization===
===Specialization and modernization===
[[Image:Redoutable.jpg|thumb|right|The British ''[[HMS Temeraire (1798)|Temeraire]]'' and French ships ''[[French ship Redoutable (1791)|Redoutable]]'' and ''[[French ship Bucentaure (1804)|Bucentaure]]'' at the [[Battle of Trafalgar]]]]
[[Berkas:Redoutable.jpg|thumb|right|The British ''[[HMS Temeraire (1798)|Temeraire]]'' and French ships ''[[French ship Redoutable (1791)|Redoutable]]'' and ''[[French ship Bucentaure (1804)|Bucentaure]]'' at the [[Battle of Trafalgar]]]]
Parallel to the development of warships, ships in service of marine fishery and trade also developed in the period between antiquity and the Renaissance. Still primarily a coastal endeavor, fishing is largely practiced by individuals --><!---there has to be a better way to say this!--><!--with little other money using small boats.
Parallel to the development of warships, ships in service of marine fishery and trade also developed in the period between antiquity and the Renaissance. Still primarily a coastal endeavor, fishing is largely practiced by individuals --><!---there has to be a better way to say this!--><!--with little other money using small boats.


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During the first half of the eighteenth century, the [[French Navy]] began to develop a new type of vessel, featuring seventy-four guns. This type of ship became the backbone of all European fighting fleets. These ships were {{convert|56|m|ft}} long and their construction required 2,800 oak trees and {{convert|40|km|mi}} of rope; they carried a crew of about 800 sailors and soldiers.
During the first half of the eighteenth century, the [[French Navy]] began to develop a new type of vessel, featuring seventy-four guns. This type of ship became the backbone of all European fighting fleets. These ships were {{convert|56|m|ft}} long and their construction required 2,800 oak trees and {{convert|40|km|mi}} of rope; they carried a crew of about 800 sailors and soldiers.


[[Image:Yacht and tugboat.jpg|thumb|left|A small [[pleasure boat]] and a [[tugboat]] in [[Rotterdam]]]]
[[Berkas:Yacht and tugboat.jpg|thumb|left|A small [[pleasure boat]] and a [[tugboat]] in [[Rotterdam]]]]
Ship designs stayed fairly unchanged until the late nineteenth century. The industrial revolution, new mechanical methods of propulsion, and the ability to construct ships from metal triggered an explosion in ship design. Factors including the quest for more efficient ships, the end of long running and wasteful maritime conflicts, and the increased financial capacity of industrial powers created an avalanche of more specialized boats and ships. Ships built for entirely new functions, such as firefighting, rescue, and research, also began to appear.
Ship designs stayed fairly unchanged until the late nineteenth century. The industrial revolution, new mechanical methods of propulsion, and the ability to construct ships from metal triggered an explosion in ship design. Factors including the quest for more efficient ships, the end of long running and wasteful maritime conflicts, and the increased financial capacity of industrial powers created an avalanche of more specialized boats and ships. Ships built for entirely new functions, such as firefighting, rescue, and research, also began to appear.


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In 2002, there were 1,240 [[warship]]s operating in the world, not counting small vessels such as [[patrol boat]]s. --><!--Adding total tonnage before this next sentence would make it clearer!--><!--The [[United States]] accounted for 3 million tons worth of these vessels, [[Russia]] 1.35 million tons, the [[United Kingdom]] 504,660 tons and [[China]] 402,830 tons. The twentieth century saw many naval engagements during the two [[world war]]s, the [[Cold War]], and the rise to power of naval forces of the two blocs. The world's major powers have recently used their naval power in cases such as the [[United Kingdom]] in the [[Falkland Islands]] and the [[United States]] in [[Iraq]].
In 2002, there were 1,240 [[warship]]s operating in the world, not counting small vessels such as [[patrol boat]]s. --><!--Adding total tonnage before this next sentence would make it clearer!--><!--The [[United States]] accounted for 3 million tons worth of these vessels, [[Russia]] 1.35 million tons, the [[United Kingdom]] 504,660 tons and [[China]] 402,830 tons. The twentieth century saw many naval engagements during the two [[world war]]s, the [[Cold War]], and the rise to power of naval forces of the two blocs. The world's major powers have recently used their naval power in cases such as the [[United Kingdom]] in the [[Falkland Islands]] and the [[United States]] in [[Iraq]].


[[Image:Fuglafjordur fishing boats, Faroe Islands.JPG|thumb|right|The harbor at [[Fuglafjørður]], [[Faroe Islands]] shows seven typical [[Faroe boat]]s used for fishing.]]-->
[[Berkas:Fuglafjordur fishing boats, Faroe Islands.JPG|thumb|right|The harbor at [[Fuglafjørður]], [[Faroe Islands]] shows seven typical [[Faroe boat]]s used for fishing.]]-->
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The size of the world's [[fishing fleet]] is more difficult to estimate. The largest of these are counted as commercial vessels, but the smallest are legion. [[Fishing vessel]]s can be found in most seaside villages in the world. In 1997, the United Nations [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] identified 2.285 million fishing vessels worldwide. An estimated 132.2 million tonnes of fish and shellfish were produced in 2003. In 1990, 29 million fishermen were active in the world.-->
The size of the world's [[fishing fleet]] is more difficult to estimate. The largest of these are counted as commercial vessels, but the smallest are legion. [[Fishing vessel]]s can be found in most seaside villages in the world. In 1997, the United Nations [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] identified 2.285 million fishing vessels worldwide. An estimated 132.2 million tonnes of fish and shellfish were produced in 2003. In 1990, 29 million fishermen were active in the world.-->
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<center><gallery>
<center><gallery>
Image:Line0534.jpg|Two modern [[container ship]]s in [[San Francisco]]
Berkas:Line0534.jpg|Two modern [[container ship]]s in [[San Francisco]]
Image:Hkstarferry.JPG|A [[ferry]] in [[Hong-Kong]]
Berkas:Hkstarferry.JPG|A [[ferry]] in [[Hong-Kong]]
Image:Pilot boat.JPG|A [[pilot boat]] near the port of [[Rotterdam]]
Berkas:Pilot boat.JPG|A [[pilot boat]] near the port of [[Rotterdam]]
Image:IFREMER - Pourquoi pas ?.JPG|The [[research vessel]] [[Pourquoi Pas? (2005)|''Pourquoi pas?'']] at [[Brest (France)|Brest]], [[France]]
Berkas:IFREMER - Pourquoi pas ?.JPG|The [[research vessel]] [[Pourquoi Pas? (2005)|''Pourquoi pas?'']] at [[Brest (France)|Brest]], [[France]]
</gallery></center>
</gallery></center>


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<center><gallery>
<center><gallery>
Image:Carrier.750pix.jpg|American [[aircraft carrier]] ''Harry S. Truman'' and a [[replenishment ship]]
Berkas:Carrier.750pix.jpg|American [[aircraft carrier]] ''Harry S. Truman'' and a [[replenishment ship]]
Image:Uss iowa bb-61 pr.jpg|American battleship ''[[USS Iowa (BB-61)|USS Iowa]]'' fires an artillery salvo
Berkas:Uss iowa bb-61 pr.jpg|American battleship ''[[USS Iowa (BB-61)|USS Iowa]]'' fires an artillery salvo
Image:M1093 Auerbach-Oberpfalz.jpg|German ''[[Ensdorf class minesweeper|Ensdorf class]]'' [[minesweeper (ship)|minesweepers]]
Berkas:M1093 Auerbach-Oberpfalz.jpg|German ''[[Ensdorf class minesweeper|Ensdorf class]]'' [[minesweeper (ship)|minesweepers]]
Image:FS Rapiere.jpg|French landing craft ''Rapière'' near Toulon
Berkas:FS Rapiere.jpg|French landing craft ''Rapière'' near Toulon
</gallery></center>
</gallery></center>


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The simplest fishing boats have a small cabin with a saloon, a deck designed to accommodate fishing, and fishing equipment such as nets and lines. Trawlers have additional gear such as winches and arms. Other devices are used, such as a rear ramp on a stern-trawler, and a skiff on a tuna seiner.
The simplest fishing boats have a small cabin with a saloon, a deck designed to accommodate fishing, and fishing equipment such as nets and lines. Trawlers have additional gear such as winches and arms. Other devices are used, such as a rear ramp on a stern-trawler, and a skiff on a tuna seiner.
<center><gallery>
<center><gallery>
Image:Fishing boat in Cap-Haitien.jpg|Fishing boat in [[Cap-Haïtien]], [[Haïti]]
Berkas:Fishing boat in Cap-Haitien.jpg|Fishing boat in [[Cap-Haïtien]], [[Haïti]]
Image:Chalutier.JPG|A [[Commercial trawler|trawler]] at [[Saint-Nazaire]]
Berkas:Chalutier.JPG|A [[Commercial trawler|trawler]] at [[Saint-Nazaire]]
Image:Bateau ostreicole.jpg|An oyster boat at [[La Trinité-sur-Mer]]
Berkas:Bateau ostreicole.jpg|An oyster boat at [[La Trinité-sur-Mer]]
Image:Albatun Dod.jpg|The ''Albatun Dos'', a tuna boat at work near [[Victoria, Seychelles]]
Berkas:Albatun Dod.jpg|The ''Albatun Dos'', a tuna boat at work near [[Victoria, Seychelles]]
</gallery></center>
</gallery></center>


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<center><gallery>
<center><gallery>
Image:Rheinschiff Temptation I.JPG|[[Riverboat]] ''Temptation'' on the [[Rhine]]
Berkas:Rheinschiff Temptation I.JPG|[[Riverboat]] ''Temptation'' on the [[Rhine]]
Image:RiverboatNatchez.jpg|Riverboat ''Natchez'' on the [[Mississippi River]]
Berkas:RiverboatNatchez.jpg|Riverboat ''Natchez'' on the [[Mississippi River]]
Image:Paris bateau parisien DSC00737.jpg|Commuter boat on the [[Seine]]
Berkas:Paris bateau parisien DSC00737.jpg|Commuter boat on the [[Seine]]
Image:SSEdmundFitzgerald.jpg|The [[lake freighter]] {{SS|Edmund Fitzgerald}}
Berkas:SSEdmundFitzgerald.jpg|The [[lake freighter]] {{SS|Edmund Fitzgerald}}
</gallery></center>
</gallery></center>


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<center><gallery>
<center><gallery>
Image:Dar Pomorza pod zaglami s.jpg|The Polish sailing frigate ''[[Dar Pomorza]]''
Berkas:Dar Pomorza pod zaglami s.jpg|The Polish sailing frigate ''[[Dar Pomorza]]''
Image:House boat, backwaters.JPG|A [[houseboat]] near [[Kerala]]
Berkas:House boat, backwaters.JPG|A [[houseboat]] near [[Kerala]]
Image:Mobile-offshore-drilling-unit.gif|A mobile offshore drilling unit in the [[Gulf of Mexico]]
Berkas:Mobile-offshore-drilling-unit.gif|A mobile offshore drilling unit in the [[Gulf of Mexico]]
Image:Monaco-YellowSubmarine.jpg|A [[bathyscaphe]] at the oceanographic museum in [[Monaco]]
Berkas:Monaco-YellowSubmarine.jpg|A [[bathyscaphe]] at the oceanographic museum in [[Monaco]]
</gallery></center>
</gallery></center>
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Revisi per 14 November 2008 06.46

KRI Dewaruci, sebuah jenis kapal layar milik TNI Angkatan Laut

Kapal, adalah kendaraan pengangkut penumpang dan barang di laut (sungai dsb)[1] seperti halnya sampan atau perahu yang lebih kecil. Kapal biasanya cukup besar untuk membawa perahu kecil seperti sekoci. Sedangkan dalam istilah inggris, dipisahkan antara ship yang lebih besar dan boat yang lebih kecil. Secara kebiasaannya kapal dapat membawa perahu tetapi perahu tidak dapat membawa kapal. Ukuran sebenarnya dimana sebuah perahu disebut kapal selalu ditetapkan oleh undang-undang dan peraturan atau kebiasaan setempat.

Berabad-abad kapal digunakan oleh manusia untuk mengarungi sungai atau lautan yang diawali oleh penemuan perahu. Biasanya manusia pada masa lampau mengunakan kano, rakit ataupun perahu, semakin besar kebutuhan akan daya muat maka dibuatlah perahu atau rakit yang berukuran lebih besar yang dinamakan kapal. Bahan-bahan yang digunakan untuk pembuatan kapal pada masa lampau menggunakan kayu, bambu ataupun batang-batang papirus seperti yang digunakan bangsa mesir kuno kemudian digunakan bahan bahan logam seperti besi/baja karena kebutuhan manusia akan kapal yang kuat. Untuk penggeraknya manusia pada awalnya menggunakan dayung kemudian angin dengan bantuan layar, mesin uap setelah muncul revolusi Industri dan mesin diesel serta Nuklir. Beberapa penelitian memunculkan kapal bermesin yang berjalan mengambang diatas air seperti Hovercraft dan Eakroplane. Serta kapal yang digunakan di dasar lautan yakni kapal selam.

Berabad abad kapal digunakan untuk mengangkut penumpang dan barang sampai akhirnya pada awal abad ke-20 ditemukan pesawat terbang yang mampu mengangkut barang dan penumpang dalam waktu singkat maka kapal pun mendapat saingan berat. Namun untuk kapal masih memiliki keunggulan yakni mampu mengangkut barang dengan tonase yang lebih besar sehingga lebih banyak didominasi kapal niaga dan tanker sedangkan kapal penumpang banyak dialihkan menjadi kapal pesiar seperti Queen Elizabeth dan Awani Dream.

Sejarah

Pra-sejarah

Rakit merupakan desain perahu yang paling sederhana.

Sejarah kapal sejalan dengan petualangan manusia. Perahu yang dikenal pertama kali dikenala pada masa Neolitikum, sekitar 10.000 tahun yang lalu. Kapal-kapal awal ini memiliki fungsi yang terbatas: mereka dapat bergerak di atas air, tapi hanya itu. Terutama digunakan untuk berburu dan memancing. Kano tertua yang ditemukan arkeolog sering dibuat dari batang pohon coniferous, menggunakan peralatan batu sederhana.

Bagian-bagian utama kapal. 1: Smokestack atau Cerobong; 2: Buritan; 3: Propeler dan Kemudi; 4: Portside (sebelah kanan dikenal dengan nama starboard); 5: Jangkar; 6: Bulbous bow; 7: Haluan; 8: Geladak; 9: Anjungan

Untuk menentukan arah, pada masa lalu kapal berlayar tidak jauh dari benua atau daratan. Namun sesuai dengan perkembangan akhirnya para awak kapal menggunakan bintang sebagai alat bantu navigasi dengan alat bantu berupa kompas dan astrolabe serta peta. Ditemukannya jam pasir oleh orang-orang Arab juga ikut membantu navigasi ditambah dengan penemuan jam oleh John Harrison pada abad ke-17. Penemuan telegraf oleh S.F.B Morse dan radio oleh C. Marconi, terlebih lebih penggunaan radar dan sonar yang ditemukan pada abad ke 20 membuat peranan navigator agak tergeser. Satuan kecepatan kapal dihitung dengan knot dimana 1 knot = 1,85200 km/jam.

Menjelang akhir abad ke-20, navigasi sangat dipermudah oleh GPS, yang memiliki ketelitian sangat tinggi dengan bantuan satelit.Selain dari itu system komunikasi yang sangat modern juga menunjang navigasi dengan adanya beberapa macam peralatan seperti radar type Harpa memungkinkan para navigator / Mualim bisa melihat langsung keadaan kondisi laut. Radar harpa ini adalah radar modern yang bisa mendeteksi langsung jarak antara kapal dgn kapal, kapal dengan daratan , kapal dengan daerah berbahaya, kecepatan kapal, kecepatan angin,dan mempunyai daya akurasi gambar yang jelas. Selain dari itu ada lagi system GMDSS (Global Maritime Distress safety system) Suatu system keselamatan pelayaran secara global. Kalau suatu kapal berada dalam kondisi berbahaya system ini akan memancarkan berita bahaya yang berisi posisi kapal, nama kapal, jenis marabahaya,tersebut secara otomatis, cepat, tepat , akurat. Untuk system komunikasi lainnya ada INMARSAT (International Maritime satelite) Suatu system pengiriman berita menggunakan E-Mail, Telephone, Telex, ataupun Faximile.

Jenis-jenis kapal

Kapal sulit untuk diklasifikasikan, terutama karena banyak sekali kriteria yang menjadi dasar klasifikasi dalam sistem yang ada seperti:

Berdasarkan tenaga penggerak

  1. Kapal bertenaga manusia (Pendayung)
  2. Kapal layar
  3. Kapal uap
  4. Kapal diesel atau Kapal motor
  5. Kapal nuklir

Berdasarkan jenis pelayarannya

  1. Kapal permukaan
  2. Kapal selam
  3. Kapal mengambang
  4. Kapal bantalan udara

Berdasarkan fungsinya

  1. Kapal Perang
  2. Kapal penumpang
  3. Kapal barang
  4. Kapal tanker
  5. Kapal feri
  6. Kapal pemecah es
  7. Kapal tunda
  8. Kapal pandu
  9. Tongkang
  10. Kapal tender
  11. Kapal Ro-Ro
  12. Kapal dingin beku
  13. Kapal keruk
  14. Kapal peti kemas / Kapal kontainer

Referensi

Sumber

  1. ^ KBBI dalam jaringan

Pranala luar

Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Kapal.
Diperoleh dari "https://wiki-indonesia.club/w/index.php?title=Kapal&oldid=1814702"